Journal articles on the topic 'Degraded rivers'
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Rachelly, Cristina, Volker Weitbrecht, David F. Vetsch, and Robert M. Boes. "Morphological development of river widenings with variable sediment supply." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002007.
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River widening is a common restoration approach to mitigate the adverse effects of past stream alterations on infrastructure and the riparian ecosystem by stabilizing the river bed and enhancing habitat heterogeneity. In this study, two river widening approaches, excavated and dynamic, are described for the case of moderately steep gravel-bed rivers in the Alpine foothills, with a focus on dynamic river widening. As most channelized rivers exhibit ongoing degradation due to the lack of sediment supply and efforts to restore sediment transport are increasing, the consideration of the response of river widenings to variable sediment supply is important. For this purpose, insights from regime theory are applied to river widening and several experimental flume and field studies on channel response to variable sediment supply are reviewed. Dynamic river widenings are expected to be morphologically active in weakly degraded rivers with sufficient sediment supply, while they may not be an appropriate restoration approach for highly degraded rivers due to persistent impairment of morphological activity.
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Lin, Qiaoyan, Raju Sekar, Rob Marrs, and Yixin Zhang. "Effect of River Ecological Restoration on Biofilm Microbial Community Composition." Water 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061244.
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Across the world, there have been increasing attempts to restore good ecological condition to degraded rivers through habitat restoration. Microbial communities developing as biofilms play an important role in river ecosystem functioning by driving organic matter decomposition and ecosystem respiration. However, little is known about the structure and function of microbial communities in riverine systems and how these change when habitat restoration is implemented. Here, we compared the biofilm bacterial community composition using 16S rRNA genes targeted high-throughput Illumina Miseq sequencing in three river types, degraded urban rivers, urban rivers undergoing habitat restoration and forested rivers (our reference conditions). We aimed to determine: (i) the biofilm bacterial community composition affected by habitat restoration (ii) the difference in bacterial diversity in restored rivers, and (iii) correlations between environmental variables and bacterial community composition. The results showed that both water quality and biofilm bacterial community structure were changed by habitat restoration. In rivers where habitat had been restored, there was an increase in dissolved oxygen, a reduction in organic pollutants, a reduction in bacterial diversity and a related developing pattern of microbial communities, which is moving towards that of the reference conditions (forested rivers). River habitat management stimulated the processing of organic pollutants through the variation in microbial community composition, however, a big difference in bacterial structure still existed between the restored rivers and the reference forest rivers. Thus, habitat restoration is an efficient way of modifying the biofilm microbial community composition for sustainable freshwater management. It will, however, take a much longer time for degraded rivers to attain a similar ecosystem quality as the “pristine” forest sites than the seven years of restoration studied here.
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Lashko, Serhii, Inna Shelkovska, Nadiia Halchenko, and Olena Klyuka. "Cartographic analysis of the distribution of degraded lands (on the example of the Рoltava region)." Collected scientific works of Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 197 (December 22, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.197.2021.248332.
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Cartographic analysis can be considered as one of the means of the land monitoringsystem, in particular, by the distribution of degradation processes. The work is proposed to createfor regions of cartogram of total distribution of degraded agricultural land and cartograms offraction of agricultural lands that have undergone water and wind erosion, acidification, salinization,with indispensable drawing on these cartograms of the river network scheme.
The zoning of the Poltava region is presented and analyzed in terms of the total distribution ofdegraded agricultural land, as well as separately by the particles of water, wind erosion,acidification, salinization.According to the relative distribution of degraded agricultural lands (without taking intoaccount the overlap of various types of degradation) within the Poltava region, there are 2 groups ofdistricts of increased land degradation: 1) northern (covers 7 districts – Pyriatyn, Chornukhy, Lubny,Lokhvytsia, Myrhorod, Hadiach, Zinkiv) and 2) southeastern (covers 3 districts – Kobeliaky, NoviSanzhary and Mashivka).Water erosion is inherent in districts with significant difference in heights and largest forestcover. This is primarily Dykanka, Zinkiv, Reshetylivka districts (watershed between rivers of Psel andVorskla), Lokhvytsia and Chornukhy districts (watershed between rivers of Sula and Udai) and theChutove district (watershed between rivers of Vorskla and Orel). Wind erosion covers predominantlynorthwestern, north and southeastern districts – Pyriatyn, Chornukhy, Hrebinka, Lokhvytsia,Hadiach, Mashivka, Novi Sanzhary.Cartograms of distribution of degraded land are supplemented by the river network on them.The method of their creation is described. The cartographic method is substantiated by theinterconnection of the districts of increased acidification of soils with basins of the rivers Udai andVorskla, and the districts of minimum acidification of soils – with the basin of the river Khorol.Salinization of soils of the Poltava region should be associated, obviously not with superficial,and with groundwater. In the future, it is recommended to use for a cartographic analysis of thedistribution of degraded lands additionally maps of groundwater hydroisogyps.
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Gandois, Laure, Alison M. Hoyt, Stéphane Mounier, Gaël Le Roux, Charles F. Harvey, Adrien Claustres, Mohammed Nuriman, and Gusti Anshari. "From canals to the coast: dissolved organic matter and trace metal composition in rivers draining degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesia." Biogeosciences 17, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1897–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1897-2020.
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Abstract. Worldwide, peatlands are important sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and trace metals (TMs) to surface waters, and these fluxes may increase with peatland degradation. In Southeast Asia, tropical peatlands are being rapidly deforested and drained. The blackwater rivers draining these peatland areas have high concentrations of DOM and the potential to be hotspots for CO2 release. However, the fate of this fluvial carbon export is uncertain, and its role as a trace metal carrier has never been investigated. This work aims to address these gaps in our understanding of tropical peatland DOM and associated elements in the context of degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesian Borneo. We quantified dissolved organic carbon and trace metal concentrations in the dissolved and fine colloidal (<0.22 µm) and coarse colloidal (0.22–2.7 µm) fractions and determined the characteristics (δ13C, absorbance, fluorescence: excitation-emission matrix and parallel factor – PARAFAC – analysis) of the peatland-derived DOM as it drains from peatland canals, flows along the Ambawang River (blackwater river) and eventually mixes with the Kapuas Kecil River (whitewater river) before meeting the ocean near the city of Pontianak in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We observe downstream shifts in indicators of in-stream processing. An increase in the δ13C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), along with an increase in the C1∕C2 ratio of PARAFAC fluorophores, and a decrease in SUVA (specific UV absorbance) along the continuum suggest the predominance of photo-oxidation. However, very low dissolved oxygen concentrations also suggest that oxygen is quickly consumed by microbial degradation of DOM in the shallow layers of water. Blackwater rivers draining degraded peatlands show significantly higher concentrations of Al, Fe, Pb, As, Ni and Cd compared to the whitewater river. A strong association is observed between DOM, Fe, As, Cd and Zn in the dissolved and fine colloid fraction, while Al is associated with Pb and Ni and present in a higher proportion in the coarse colloidal fraction. We additionally measured the isotopic composition of lead released from degraded tropical peatlands for the first time and show that Pb originates from anthropogenic atmospheric deposition. Degraded tropical peatlands are important sources of DOM and trace metals to rivers and a secondary source of atmospherically deposited contaminants.
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Tretkoff, Ernie. "Research Spotlight: Rivers rebound as woodlands replace degraded grasslands." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 91, no. 19 (May 11, 2010): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo091i019p00180-02.
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Kefford, Ben J., David Buchwalter, Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, Jenny Davis, Richard P. Duncan, Ary Hoffmann, and Ross Thompson. "Salinized rivers: degraded systems or new habitats for salt-tolerant faunas?" Biology Letters 12, no. 3 (March 2016): 20151072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.1072.
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Anthropogenic salinization of rivers is an emerging issue of global concern, with significant adverse effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Impacts of freshwater salinization on biota are strongly mediated by evolutionary history, as this is a major factor determining species physiological salinity tolerance. Freshwater insects dominate most flowing waters, and the common lotic insect orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies) are particularly salt-sensitive. Tolerances of existing taxa, rapid adaption, colonization by novel taxa (from naturally saline environments) and interactions between species will be key drivers of assemblages in saline lotic systems. Here we outline a conceptual framework predicting how communities may change in salinizing rivers. We envision that a relatively small number of taxa will be saline-tolerant and able to colonize salinized rivers (e.g. most naturally saline habitats are lentic; thus potential colonizers would need to adapt to lotic environments), leading to depauperate communities in these environments.
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Nel, Lyndre. "Riparian conservation management needs habitat quality mapping." Columella : Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18380/szie.colum.2020.7.2.15.
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Riparian habitat quality has a significant influence on the water quality of rivers, primary resources for urban and agricultural use. River water quality deteriorates where normal ecological functioning is disrupted by harmful impacts from nearby land-use types. Important rivers are typically managed and protected by government-led conservation programs. These programs often lack a key tool for efficient conservation management, habitat quality mapping. The Berg River, an important water source in South Africa, was used as a case-study to assess how habitat quality mapping could broaden the current scope of river conservation programs. The river faces threats from nearby urban settlements, industrial areas, mining, encroachment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to develop habitat quality and habitat degradation maps for a section of the Berg River to assess the value that mapping holds for conservation managers and spatial planners. InVEST modelling software and ArcGIS was used to produce these habitat quality maps based on land-use/land-cover and threat impact data. The resulting maps showed several specific locations of heavily threatened and degraded riparian habitat that had not specifically been included in current government conservation management or spatial planning. Habitat quality mapping is an important tool that conservation managers and spatial planners can use to successfully address habitat degradation and protection while facing resource limitations, such as lack of funding. Oversight of degraded riparian habitats will lead to further decreases in river water quality, adversely affecting human welfare and local economies.
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Shanahan, Peter. "A water-quality history of the Blackstone River, Massachusetts, USA: implications for Central and Eastern European Rivers." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0224.
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The Blackstone River is a relatively small river that drains the area around Worcester, Massachusetts, one of first industrialized cities in the United States. Until the 1970s, the river was highly polluted by industrial and municipal wastewaters--not unlike the current situation in degraded rivers in areas of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Today, the Blackstone enjoys considerably improved water quality as the result of two historical processes: continuing investment and improvement in municipal wastewater treatment in response to increasingly stringent U.S. federal water-quality laws, and the control or elimination of industrial discharges. A key factor in the river's restoration was the early development of and continued adherence to a comprehensive basin water-quality plan. A similar planning process is recommended for CEE countries. Nonetheless, achieving acceptable water quality in the Blackstone was a slow process, requiring decades of intensive improvement in wastewater treatment. A similarly slow process can be anticipated in the CEE countries unless cost-effective interim improvements in wastewater treatment are sought.
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Petryshyn, Halyna, Yaryna Onufriv, and Oleh Borshovskyi. "THE ROLE OF THE RIVER IN FORMING OF CITIES OF UKRAINE: LUTSK, TERNOPIL, VINNYTSIA, CHERNIVTSI." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 76 (March 1, 2021): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.76.218-234.
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Numerous cities of Ukraine passed similar historical stages of spatial development, as a result of gradual withdrawal from the rivers. Now the design development of these cities is aimed at restructuring and reclamation of the degraded riverside territories. Cities again return to their roots by seeking the effective means for solving spatial, social and economical problems. Competitiveness of cities is conditioned also by the urban development preferences. The degraded territories have become a potential for the new functional filling and a reserve for searching for a new identity of cities.
The planning of development of riverside territories of the city should take place in the interconnection with the neighboring settlements that are situated in the river valley, since they form the united eco-system of the river basin. A considerable influence on the development of riverside territories have socio-economic conditions. With the help of the architectural-planning means it is possible to regulate the state of the river’s eco-system and to preserve the balance between the nature and anthropogenic influence. V. M. Vadimov sets aside typical models of cities’ development on the riverside territories, where one can observe the interconnection of the planning of city and the river.
By analysing the influence of the rivers on the development of the Ukrainian cities of Luts’k, Ternopil’, Vinnytsia and Chernivtsi one can follow in general the fragmentarity of approaches to modernisation of river embankments, heterogeneity of riverside territories (conservation of a considerable areas of river banks in the natural state and urbanization and various functional use of embankments in some cities), in some places restricted access to the river (is cut off by the private territories), neglected state and outdated conditioning of the riverside spaces. In general, in the analysed Ukrainian cities, transformations of riverside territories are taking place fragmentarily. At present there are no complex developments on formation of the united riverside public space, which would be united by the system of pedestrian connections.
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Wessell, Adele. "‘A very very great part of our life’: Storytelling about the Richmond River." Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00035_1.
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Acts of remembering a river may have a performative function in environmental history and debates around human impact and waterways. The process of remembering and search for meaning are shaped in the present moment when the Richmond is one of the most degraded river systems on the east coast of Australia. Imbued with sentimentality, however, residents speak to the fundamental importance of the river to their lives as they were growing up in and around Lismore. Such histories may provide context for understanding contemporary affective responses to rivers and how emotion shapes our relationships with nature more broadly.
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MOHAMMED, ESSAM YASSIN. "MEASURING THE BENEFITS OF RIVER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING THE CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD: THE CASE OF THE PING RIVER, CHIANG MAI, THAILAND." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 11, no. 03 (September 2009): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333209003403.
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Rivers provide us with general life support, water supply, transportation, waste assimilation, and a wide array of recreation and tourism activities. However, due to undervaluation of the functions of rivers and river ecosystems, rivers of the world have been overexploited or degraded. To tackle the problem of undervaluation, this study measures the benefits of Ping River quality improvement using the contingent valuation method (CVM). The study estimates the lower-bound and higher-bound annual benefits gained by the residents of Chiang Mai District from the river quality improvement as 42,453,000 THB (1.25 million USD) and 102,835,317 THB (3 million USD), respectively. Moreover, in an attempt to explain the determinants of willingness to pay (WTP) statements, it was found that both behavioural and attitudinal factors affect WTP positively. The study also found distance decay, where WTP statements decreased with increased distance. And rather interestingly, male respondents tend to pay more than their female counterparts. Two other socioeconomic factors which affected WTP positively and significantly are education, partly because it can lead to a well paying and stable job, and normally raises the awareness of citizens towards environmental conservation, as well as income.
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Ternus, Raquel Zeni, Gilza Maria de Souza-Franco, Maria Elena Krombauer Anselmini, Douglas João Carlos Mocellin, and Jacir Dal Magro. "Influence of urbanisation on water quality in the basin of the upper Uruguay River in western Santa Catarina, Brazil." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 23, no. 2 (June 2011): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2011000200009.
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AIM: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the limnological characteristics of rivers flowing through urban and rural areas in the upper Uruguay River basin in western Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil. METHODS: Sampling sites in the tributaries were selected along the longitudinal gradient and the different use of the soil in adjacent areas. Samples were collected bimonthly from March 2005 to August 2006. The following were analysed: depth, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), water temperature, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphorus were analysed. RESULTS: In most of the rivers analysed, we found a continuum from the spring to the river mouth that was characterised by a gradual increase in electrical conductivity, COD, phosphorus, alkalinity, nitrite and nitrate. However, an alteration from this pattern was found in rivers passing through urban areas. This deviation was due to high organic matter input poured into the rivers from these areas. CONCLUSIONS: Degraded riparian forest was observed along most of the bodies of water, which facilitates the entry of pollutants. Although the studied area suffers from intense farming activity (agriculture and livestock) and has the highest concentration of swine livestock in the country, the rivers that were most altered from their natural state were those that were influenced by sewage and industrial effluents from urban development.
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Odume, Oghenekaro Nelson, Blessing Nonye Onyima, Chika Felicitas Nnadozie, Gift Ochonogor Omovoh, Thandi Mmachaka, Blessing Odafe Omovoh, Jude Edafe Uku, Frank Chukwuzuoke Akamagwuna, and Francis Ofurum Arimoro. "Governance and Institutional Drivers of Ecological Degradation in Urban River Ecosystems: Insights from Case Studies in African Cities." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 14147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114147.
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The degradation of rivers in urban landscapes is alarming and impaired their ecological functions and the services they provide to society. In African cities, urban rivers are among the most degraded ecosystems, yet ecologically sustainable utilisation of river resources can contribute to and support sustainable urban development. In this paper, we identify and analyse key governance and institutional drivers of ecological change in urban river systems in the Swartkops catchment in South Africa and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in Nigeria. Our results indicate that poor ecological conditions of rivers in the two urban landscapes can be attributed to: (1) a lack of system view of the water value chain and associated infrastructure, (2) ambiguity in roles, responsibilities, and poor accountability, (3) prioritizing short-term social–economic–political agenda over long-term environmental sustainability goals, (4) institutional silos and failure of cooperative governance, and (5) over-centralised, top-down, state-centric governance processes. Strengthening the interactions between actors in the science, policy and practice domains, mainstreaming planning with rivers in integrated urban development plans, and strengthening cooperative and polycentric governance across administrative scales are key governance and institutional processes needed to address the trajectory of urban ecological degradation. Our paper sheds light on the fundamental role of strengthening governance and institutional processes for steering urban rivers toward sustainable paths for city resilience.
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Deason, Jonathan P., John J. Burns, and G. Edward Dickey. "Restoring degraded urban rivers: To whom should we look for payment?" Federal Facilities Environmental Journal 17, no. 1 (2006): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffej.20083.
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Avram, Sorin, Irina Ontel, Carmen Gheorghe, Steliana Rodino, and Sanda Roșca. "Applying a Complex Integrated Method for Mapping and Assessment of the Degraded Ecosystem Hotspots from Romania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111416.
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To meet the global challenges of climate change and human activity pressure on biodiversity conservation, it has become vital to map such pressure hotspots. Large areas, such as nation-wide regions, are difficult to map from the point of view of the resources needed for such mapping (human resources, hard and soft resources). European biodiversity policies have focused on restoring degraded ecosystems by at least 10% by 2020, and new policies aim to restore up to 30% of degraded ecosystems by 2030. In this study, methods developed and applied for the assessment of the degradation state of the ecosystems in a semi-automatic manner for the entire Romanian territory (238,391 km2) are presented. The following ecosystems were analyzed: forestry, grassland, rivers, lakes, caves and coastal areas. The information and data covering all the ecoregions of the Romania (~110,000 km2) were analyzed and processed, based on GIS and remote sensing techniques. The largest degraded areas were identified within the coastal area (49.80%), grassland ecosystems (38.59%) and the cave ecosystems (2.66%), while 27.64% of rivers ecosystems were degraded, followed by 8.52% of forest ecosystems, and 14.05% of lakes ecosystems. This analysis can contribute to better definition of the locations of the most affected areas, which will yield a useful spatial representation for future ecological reconstruction strategy.
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Suharko, Suharko, and Christa D. M. Kusumadewi. "ORGANISASI MASYARAKAT SIPIL DAN RESTORASI SUNGAI: Studi pada Gerakan Memungut Sehelai Sampah di Sungai Karang Mumus di Kota Samarinda." Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif 14, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v14i1.1677.
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The general condition of river in Indonesia is degraded and polluted. River restoration is effort to recover the function and natural condition of river. The government has implemented programs to improve some degraded rivers. Civil society organizations (CSO) and communities have initiated various actions to restore the rivers in some regions. By positioning the concept of river restoration as part of environmental movement, the article describes the Karang Mumus river restoration initiated by a CSO in the city of Samarinda. The CSO has practiced environmental education as an entry point and platform of actions for river restoration. The environmental education has engaged individuals and social groups in the city. They have learned and practiced actions to restore the river. Even though the more actions are still needed to recover the river, to some extent the CSO has been able to put river restoration as a centre of environmental activism in the city. Kondisi umum sungai-sungai di Indonesia adalah rusak dan tercemar. Restorasi sungai adalah upaya untuk mengembalikan fungsi dan kondisi alamiah dari sungai. Pemerintah telah mengimplementasikan berbagai program untuk memperbaiki kondisi sungai yang rusak dan tercemar. Berbagai komunitas dan organisasi masyarakat sipil (OMS) telah mengambil prakarsa untuk melakukan restorasi sungai di sejumlah daerah. Dengan menempatkan restorasi sungai sebagai bagian dari gerakan lingkungan, artikel ini memaparkan gerakan restorasi sungai Karang Mumus di Kota Samarinda. OMS mempraktikkan pendidikan lingkungan sebagai titik masuk dan platform aksi dalam melakukan upaya restorasi sungai. Pendidikan lingkungan telah mampu melibatkan warga individual dan kelompok-kelompok sosial di kota ini. Mereka belajar dan mempraktikan aksi-aksi restorasi sungai. Meskipun masih dibutuhkan lebih banyak aksi, sampai pada tingkat tertentu, OMS telah mampu menempatkan aksi-aksi restorasi sungai Karang Mumus sebagai titik pusat aktivisme lingkungan di Kota Samarinda.
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Wilcox, Bradford P., and Yun Huang. "Woody plant encroachment paradox: Rivers rebound as degraded grasslands convert to woodlands." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 7 (April 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl041929.
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Higueras, M., P. Kerhervé, A. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Calafat, W. Ludwig, M. Verdoit-Jarraya, S. Heussner, and M. Canals. "Biogeochemical characterization of the riverine particulate organic matter transferred to the NW Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2014): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-157-2014.
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Abstract. A large amount of terrestrial organic matter is annually delivered by rivers to the continental shelf, where this material is either degraded, buried or transferred to the deep sea by hydrodynamic processes such as storms. The relative amount of terrestrial organic matter in the marine sediments is often determined by analysing the stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and the C / N ratio of organic matter because the various particulate organic matter (POM) sources have distinct isotopic compositions. With the objective to refine and better interpret POM sources in the marine environment, we have characterized monthly terrestrial POM delivered by eight rivers discharging to the NW Mediterranean Sea: the Rhône, Hérault, Orb, Aude, Têt, Fluvià, Ter and Tordera rivers. These rivers were simultaneously sampled from November 2008 to December 2009 and the concentrations of total suspended matter (TSM), particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PN), as well as their stable isotopic ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were determined. During the survey, three rainstorm events with winds coming from the E–NE and the S–SE impacted the NW Mediterranean. Depending on the direction of incoming winds, the fluvial response (amount of water discharge and TSM) was different. Rivers draining the Alps (Rhône River) and Central Massif (Hérault, Orb, and Aude rivers) were mostly impacted by rainstorms associated with winds coming from the S–SE, while rivers draining the Pyrenees (Têt, Fluvià, and Ter rivers) and the Montseny Massif (Tordera River) were impacted by rainstorms associated with winds coming from the E–NE. In addition, the spatial evolution of water discharges shows a different hydrological regime of the Rhône River, with relatively constant and high water stages and TSM concentrations when compared to coastal rivers, characterized by long periods of low water stages. TSM concentrations are positively correlated to water discharges (high water flows resuspended riverbed sediments) but show an inverse relationship with POC and PN relative contents (mostly due to dilution and by low availability of light in river waters during flood events). TSM in most of the coastal rivers have on average 2.5–3 times higher POC and PN mean contents than the Rhône River (8.5 and 1.5%, respectively, for coastal rivers compared to 3.6 and 0.5%, respectively, for the Rhône River). This discrepancy may be caused by the long drought periods in small coastal Mediterranean watersheds that enhance the eutrophication in studied coastal rivers. The δ13C ratios of organic matter also reflect this discrepancy between high and low water stages with values ranging from −33.2 to −24.5‰. The enriched 13C values (−26.3 ± 0.4‰ for the Rhône River and −26.9 ± 1.2‰ for coastal rivers), measured during high water stages, express mostly a mixture of terrestrial source (plant remains and soils) whereas depleted 13C values (∼ −30‰) associated with low water stages exhibit a source with predominant freshwater algae. The high δ15N mean values (>8‰) found in Têt, Ter and Tordera rivers may underline the importance of denitrification processes as a consequence of the eutrophication and anthropogenic impact.
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Francis, Adam, Raja S. Ganeshram, Robyn E. Tuerena, Robert G. M. Spencer, Robert M. Holmes, Jennifer A. Rogers, and Claire Mahaffey. "Permafrost degradation and nitrogen cycling in Arctic rivers: insights from stable nitrogen isotope studies." Biogeosciences 20, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-365-2023.
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Abstract. Across the Arctic, vast areas of permafrost are being degraded by climate change, which has the potential to release substantial quantities of nutrients, including nitrogen into large Arctic rivers. These rivers heavily influence the biogeochemistry of the Arctic Ocean, so it is important to understand the potential changes to rivers from permafrost degradation. This study utilized dissolved nitrogen species (nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)) along with nitrogen isotope values (δ15N-NO3- and δ15N-DON) of samples collected from permafrost sites in the Kolyma River and the six largest Arctic rivers. Large inputs of DON and nitrate with a unique isotopically heavy δ15N signature were documented in the Kolyma, suggesting the occurrence of denitrification and highly invigorated nitrogen cycling in the Yedoma permafrost thaw zones along the Kolyma. We show evidence for permafrost-derived DON being recycled to nitrate as it passes through the river, transferring the high 15N signature to nitrate. However, the potential to observe these thaw signals at the mouths of rivers depends on the spatial scale of thaw sites, permafrost degradation, and recycling mechanisms. In contrast with the Kolyma, with near 100 % continuous permafrost extent, the Ob River, draining large areas of discontinuous and sporadic permafrost, shows large seasonal changes in both nitrate and DON isotopic signatures. During winter months, water percolating through peat soils records isotopically heavy denitrification signals in contrast with the lighter summer values when surface flow dominates. This early year denitrification signal was present to a degree in the Kolyma, but the ability to relate seasonal nitrogen signals across Arctic Rivers to permafrost degradation could not be shown with this study. Other large rivers in the Arctic show different seasonal nitrogen trends. Based on nitrogen isotope values, the vast majority of nitrogen fluxes in the Arctic rivers is from fresh DON sourced from surface runoff through organic-rich topsoil and not from permafrost degradation. However, with future permafrost thaw, other Arctic rivers may begin to show nitrogen trends similar to the Ob. Our study demonstrates that nitrogen inputs from permafrost thaw can be identified through nitrogen isotopes, but only on small spatial scales. Overall, nitrogen isotopes show potential for revealing integrated catchment wide nitrogen cycling processes.
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Sor, Ratha, Peng Bun Ngor, Savoeurn Soum, Sudeep Chandra, Zeb S. Hogan, and Sarah E. Null. "Water Quality Degradation in the Lower Mekong Basin." Water 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111555.
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The Mekong River is one of the world’s largest rivers, unparalleled in terms of its biodiversity and ecosystem services. As in other regions, sufficient water quality is required to support diverse organisms, habitats, and ecosystems, but in the Mekong region, water quality has not been well studied. Based on biological and physical-chemical data collected over the last two decades, we evaluated spatial-temporal water quality of the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) using biotic and abiotic assessment metrics. We found that during the 2000s, water quality in the LMB was unpolluted, with “very good” metrics for tributary rivers and “good” status for mainstem rivers. However, during the last decade, water quality has been degraded in the LMB, particularly near Vientiane City; the Sekong, Sesan, and Srepok (3S) Rivers; the Tonle Sap Lake system; and the Mekong Delta. Water quality degradation likely corresponds to flow alteration, erosion, sediment trapping, and point and non-point wastewater, which have occurred from rapid hydropower development, deforestation, intensive agriculture, plastic pollution, and urbanization. Regular biomonitoring, physical-chemical water quality assessment, transparent data sharing, and basin-wide water quality standards or management are needed to sustain water quality to support biodiversity and ecosystem function in the LMB.
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Feng, Q., K. N. Endo, and G. D. Cheng. "Towards sustainable development of the environmentally degraded arid rivers of China — a case study from Tarim River." Environmental Geology 41, no. 1-2 (August 31, 2001): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540100387.
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Costa, Francisco, and António Vieira. "Decision Support Tools for River Restoration: The Implementation of the “River Habitat Survey” Methodology on the River Selho (Guimarães Municipality, Northwest Portugal)." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020069.
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The river habitat survey (RHS) system is a method used to assess the physical features and quality of rivers, which was developed to assist in the conservation and recovery of riverside habitats. The RHS takes into account the need to characterize areas of intervention from a hydromorphological point of view, in order to introduce corrective measures aimed at restoring degraded sections and habitats, and increasing local biodiversity. In this paper, we present the results obtained from the application of the RHS methodology to the River Selho, in the municipality of Guimarães (Portugal). The transects that we defined were strongly influenced by anthropic actions that have modified the riverside habitats, the artificialization of the river channel, and the urban occupation of the banks. Taking into account the results, we can point out the main problems that currently affect the hydromorphological quality of the transects analyzed in the River Selho, as well as identify the originating factors: the excessive silting of the watercourse; morphometric changes, with an emphasis on the narrowing and modification of the channel and the banks; as well as the massive destruction of the riparian zone. This study shows that the application of the RHS methodology is a useful tool for the management of degraded riverside areas.
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Berrebi, Patrick, Pierre Campton, and Gaël P. J. Denys. "Molecular characterization of rare anadromous Rhône River brown trout." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 423 (2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2022022.
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The brown trout form the Salmo trutta complex, a diversified assemblage of salmonids. Its native area mainly covers Europe. It can develop three ecological forms or ecotypes, depending on its migratory behaviours: resident, anadromous (going to sea) and lacustrine (going to lakes). The sea trout is the anadromous ecotype, born up river, living at sea where it reaches salmon size, and returning to the river of its birth for spawning. Like other anadromous fish species, this natural ecotype is protected in France. While its distribution along the Atlantic coasts is known, the sea trout is considered absent in the Mediterranean basin. However, some isolated individuals have been observed in the Rhône River and some other rivers from southern France. In order to understand the genetic position of these large specimens swimming upstream in Mediterranean rivers, and despite the degraded DNA due to bad tissue preservation, eight samples of these trout, mainly caught by anglers, were successfully genotyped at seven microsatellite loci and three sequenced at the mitochondrial Control Region. All specimens tested belong to the Atlantic lineage and are probably stocked domestic trout. This study provides preliminary elements for the conservation status of this ecotype in the Mediterranean basin.
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Ligtermoet, Emma, Jane M. Chambers, Halina T. Kobryn, and Jenny Davis. "Determining the extent and condition of riparian zones in drinking water supply catchments in Sarawak, Malaysia." Water Supply 9, no. 5 (December 1, 2009): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.580.
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Land cover within eight drinking water catchments in Sarawak was classified into six categories using satellite imagery and GIS. The categories represented varying levels of vegetation modification from largely undisturbed or mature secondary vegetation (Category 1) through to bare, non-vegetated areas (Category 6). Rivers less than ∼10 m in width were usually ‘invisible’ on satellite images because of dense canopy cover. More than 70% of headwaters in all catchments, except one (Buri Bakong), were not visible, indicating the presence of dense riparian vegetation. For the river sections that were visible on satellite images, 5%–22% of the riparian buffer was highly degraded (completely lacking vegetation). The highest degree of riparian modification occurred in the lowlands, the midland catchment of Tingkas and the highland catchment of Trusan. Although Sarawak government policy requires buffer widths of 5–50 m of natural vegetation to be retained along all streams and rivers in drinking water supply catchments these guidelines were not met at nine of the eleven field sites surveyed. These results suggest that compliance with buffer guidelines is important to water quality in rivers, particularly in logging areas, oil palm plantations and near settlements.
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Keskitalo, Kirsi H., Lisa Bröder, Dirk Jong, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Sergei Davydov, Tommaso Tesi, et al. "Seasonal variability in particulate organic carbon degradation in the Kolyma River, Siberia." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 3 (February 21, 2022): 034007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4f8d.
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Abstract Major Arctic rivers are undergoing changes due to climate warming with higher discharge and increased amounts of solutes and organic carbon (OC) draining into rivers and coastal seas. Permafrost thaw mobilizes previously frozen OC to the fluvial network where it can be degraded into greenhouse gases and emitted to the atmosphere. Degradation of OC during downstream transport, especially of the particulate OC (POC), is however poorly characterized. Here, we quantified POC degradation in the Kolyma River, the largest river system underlain with continuous permafrost, during 9–15 d whole-water incubations (containing POC and dissolved OC—DOC) during two seasons: spring freshet (early June) and late summer (end of July). Furthermore, we examined interactions between dissolved and particulate phases using parallel incubations of filtered water (only DOC). We measured OC concentrations and carbon isotopes (δ13C, Δ14C) to define carbon losses and to characterize OC composition, respectively. We found that both POC composition and biodegradability differs greatly between seasons. During summer, POC was predominantly autochthonous (47%–95%) and degraded rapidly (∼33% loss) whereas freshet POC was largely of allochthonous origin (77%–96%) and less degradable. Gains in POC concentrations (up to 31%) were observed in freshet waters that could be attributed to flocculation and adsorption of DOC to particles. The demonstrated DOC flocculation and adsorption to POC indicates that the fate and dynamics of the substantially-sized DOC pool may shift from degradation to settling, depending on season and POC concentrations—the latter potentially acting to attenuate greenhouse gas emissions from fluvial systems. We finally note that DOC incubations without POC present may yield degradation estimates that do not reflect degradation in the in situ river conditions, and that interaction between dissolved and particulate phases may be important to consider when determining fluvial carbon dynamics and feedbacks under a changing climate.
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Syrjänen, Jukka Tapani, Timo Juhani Ruokonen, Tarmo Ketola, and Pentti Valkeajärvi. "The relationship between stocking eggs in boreal spawning rivers and the abundance of brown trout parr." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 5 (February 10, 2015): 1389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv017.
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Abstract Stocking with eggs has been widely used as a management measure to support degraded salmonid stocks. In Finland, Atlantic salmon and both sea-migrating and lake-migrating brown trout are stocked as eggs, alevins, fry, parr, and smolt, whereas trout are also stocked as mature fish. The aim of this stocking is to improve catches and to support collapsed spawning stocks. We assessed the success of stocking with brown trout eggs in a study of 17 Finnish boreal forest rivers, of which 9 were subject to egg stocking. All rivers contained some naturally spawning trout. In 16 rivers, including non-stocking years and unstocked rivers, egg stocking did not increase the total (wild and stocked) density of 0-year-old parr. However, those rivers with higher existing trout densities in non-stocking years seemed to benefit most from stocking, suggesting some role of river-specific extrinsic factors affecting egg-to-parr survival. In one river monitored for 14 years, only a weak correlation was found between the total density of 0-year-old parr and the number of eggs stocked. However, in nine parr samples from five rivers, the mean proportion of parr derived from stocked eggs was 40%. The mean survival to first autumn parr of egg-stocked and wild individuals was 1.0 and 3.3%, respectively. Probable reasons for the detected low to moderate impact of egg-stocking are (i) large variation in total parr density between years and rivers, (ii) small number of stocked eggs, (iii) placing egg boxes and egg pockets in unsuitable microhabitats, and (iv) unsuitable emergence time of egg-stocked individuals, or other extrinsic factors creating extra mortality. We recommend field and laboratory experiments to improve and standardize stocking methods, and monitoring the connection of wild spawning stocks and parr recruitment. Finally, we encourage fishery authorities to create clear management goals for threatened wild salmonid stocks.
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Medeiros, Raimundo Mainar de, and Romildo Morant de Holanda. "URBANIZATION AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF THE IPOJUCA RIVER – PE, BRAZIL." Journal of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 8, no. 1 (August 28, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29150/jhrs.v8.1.p41-46.
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In the Ipojuca river basin with its course covering 25 municipalities, there are droughts and floods that hit urban areas or areas from the earliest days of civilization, either by the natural geography of the rivers or by human action. With the disordered occupation of its area, the process of urban expansion and structuring of the basin area is continuous, growing and disorderly influencing in a certain way the environment, where the lack of urban management policy is notorious in the sense of minimizing the resulting impacts. The objective is to identify the environmental impacts of the hydrographic basin of the ipojuca river - PE, through the processes of urbanization replacing primary activities with secondary and tertiary activities, transforming the city into an urban area to which people, goods, capital and technologies converge. The research is descriptive-explanatory, based on bibliographical surveys, using deductive, analytical, synthesis and dialectical methods. Deforestation of native vegetation has contributed to the high rates of desertification, silting up of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and contamination of the wells by means of agrochemicals. Disorganized population growth, especially close to water resources, has serious consequences, with great social and environmental damage, which raises the need to manage these areas. It is observed the absence of effective policies, leading to a growing increase in waterborne diseases, causing the suffering of poor populations living with this lack of basic infrastructure. It is concluded that the hydrographic basin of the Ipojuca Riveris very degraded and the best alternative to reverse this situation is to incorporate participatory methodologies that involve the community.
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Balcombe, Stephen R., Fran Sheldon, Samantha J. Capon, Nick R. Bond, Wade L. Hadwen, Nick Marsh, and Sofie J. Bernays. "Climate-change threats to native fish in degraded rivers and floodplains of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 9 (2011): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11059.
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Many aquatic ecosystems have been severely degraded by water-resource development affecting flow regimes and biological connectivity. Freshwater fish have been particularly affected by these changes and climate change will place further stress on them. The Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, represents a highly affected aquatic system with dramatically modified flow regimes. This has impaired the health of its rivers, and potentially limited the adaptive capacity of its biota to respond to a changing climate. Here, we present our predictions of the potential impacts of climate change on 18 native fish species across their distributional ranges against the back-drop of past and continuing water-resource development (WRD). Because most of these species are found across a wide range of geographical and hydrological settings, we classified the MDB into 10 regions to account for likely variation in climate-change effects, on the basis of latitude, elevation and WRD. Cold water-tolerant species will be under greater stress than are warm water-tolerant species. In some regions, the negative impacts on exotic fish such as trout are likely to improve current conditions for native species. Because the impacts of climate change on any given species are likely to vary from region to region, regional fish assemblages will also be differentially affected. The most affected region is likely to occur in the highly disturbed Lower Murray River region, whereas the dryland rivers that are less affected in the northern MDB are likely to remain largely unchanged. Although climate change is a current and future threat to the MDB fish fauna, the continued over-regulation of water resources will place as much, if not more, stress on the remnant fish species.
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Pal, Swades, and Indrajit Mandal. "Impacts of Stone Mining and Crushing on Stream Characters and Vegetation Health of Dwarka River Basin of Jharkhand and West Bengal, Eastern India." Journal of Environmental Geography 10, no. 1-2 (April 25, 2017): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jengeo-2017-0002.
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AbstractDwarka River basin (3882.71 km2) of Eastern India in the Chotonagpur Plateau and Gangetic Plain is highly affected by stone mining and crushing generated dust. In the middle catchment of this basin, there are 239 stone mines and 982 stone crushing units. These produce approximately 258120 tons of dust every year and this dust enters into the river and coats the leaves of plants. On the one hand, this is aggrading in the stream bed, increasing sediment load, decreasing water quality, specifically increasing total dissolved solid, pH, water colour, and it also degrades the vegetation quality. Vegetation quality is also degraded as indicated by decreasing of NDVI values (maximum NDVI in 1990 was 0.70 and in 2016 it was 0.48). Considering all these issues, the present paper intends to identify dust vulnerable zones based on six major driving parameters and the impact of the dust on river morphology, water quality and vegetation quality in different vulnerable zones. Weighted linear combination method (in Arc Gis environment) is used for compositing the selected parameters and deriving vulnerable zones. Weight to the each parameter is assigned based on analytic hierarchy process, a semi quantitative method. According to the results, 579.64 km2(14.93%) of the catchment area is very highly vulnerable: Here 581 rivers have a length of 713 km and these riversare prone to high dust deposition, increased sediment load and water quality deterioration.
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Barinova, Sophia, Alexey Petrov, and Eviatar Nevo. "Comparative analysis of algal biodiversity in the rivers of Israel." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-010-0108-z.
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AbstractComparative analysis of algal communities in the rivers of Israel was completed to highlight the influence of environmental variables on biodiversity. The study revealed that 671 species of algae and cyanobacteria belonging to nine taxonomic divisions were present during 2002–2009 in the Yarqon, Alexander, Hadera, Qishon, Oren, Lower and Upper Jordan, and Zin rivers. The species richness of each river was evaluated by taxonomic structural comparison, geobotanical, hierarchical cluster analysis, and the degree of relatedness for different levels of taxonomic resolution. The analysis revealed close similarity of the Upper Jordan and Oren rivers. The average taxonomic distinctness index showed that the Yarqon, Oren, Upper Jordan, and Qishon communities were partly degraded due to permanent environmental disturbances. The variation in taxonomic distinctness index showed that the Alexander, Yarqon and Hadera communities were formed not only due to anthropogenic factors but also through long-term climatic impact. The most abundant indicator species inhabit low streaming and standing alkaline waters of medium salinity and low to medium organic pollution. The statistical approaches allowed discrimination between climatic and anthropogenic factors that impact upon the riverine biodiversity in semi-arid environments. Analysis shows the influence of anthropogenic factors was strongly modulated by climatic impacts causing a marked decease of species richness from north to south.
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McIntyre, Peter B., Catherine A. Reidy Liermann, and Carmen Revenga. "Linking freshwater fishery management to global food security and biodiversity conservation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 45 (October 24, 2016): 12880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521540113.
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Fisheries are an essential ecosystem service, but catches from freshwaters are often overlooked. Hundreds of millions of people around the world benefit from low-cost protein, recreation, and commerce provided by freshwater fisheries, particularly in regions where alternative sources of nutrition and employment are scarce. Here, we derive a gridded global map of riverine fisheries and assess its implications for biodiversity conservation, fishery sustainability, and food security. Catches increase with river discharge and human population density, and 90% of global catch comes from river basins with above-average stress levels. Fish richness and catches are positively but not causally correlated, revealing that fishing pressure is most intense in rivers where potential impacts on biodiversity are highest. Merging our catch analysis with nutritional and socioeconomic data, we find that freshwater fisheries provide the equivalent of all dietary animal protein for 158 million people. Poor and undernourished populations are particularly reliant on inland fisheries compared with marine or aquaculture sources. The spatial coincidence of productive freshwater fisheries and low food security highlights the critical role of rivers and lakes in providing locally sourced, low-cost protein. At the same time, intensive fishing in regions where rivers are already degraded by other stressors may undermine efforts to conserve biodiversity. This syndrome of poverty, nutritional deficiency, fishery dependence, and extrinsic threats to biodiverse river ecosystems underscores the high stakes for improving fishery management. Our enhanced spatial data on estimated catches can facilitate the inclusion of inland fisheries in environmental planning to protect both food security and species diversity.
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Martinez, Gerardo, Stephen McCord, Charles Driscoll, Svetoslava Todorova, Steven Wu, Julio Araújo, Claudia Vega, and Luis Fernandez. "Mercury Contamination in Riverine Sediments and Fish Associated with Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Madre de Dios, Peru." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081584.
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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in Madre de Dios, Peru, continues to expand rapidly, raising concerns about increases in loading of mercury (Hg) to the environment. We measured physicochemical parameters in water and sampled and analyzed sediments and fish from multiple sites along one ASGM-impacted river and two unimpacted rivers in the region to examine whether Hg concentrations were elevated and possibly related to ASGM activity. We also analyzed the 308 fish samples, representing 36 species, for stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) to estimate their trophic position. Trophic position was positively correlated with the log-transformed Hg concentrations in fish among all sites. There was a lack of relationship between Hg concentrations in fish and either Hg concentrations in sediments or ASGM activity among sites, suggesting that fish Hg concentrations alone is not an ideal bioindicator of site-specific Hg contamination in the region. Fish Hg concentrations were not elevated in the ASGM-impacted river relative to the other two rivers; however, sediment Hg concentrations were highest in the ASGM-impacted river. Degraded habitat conditions and commensurate shifts in fish species and ecological processes may influence Hg bioaccumulation in the ASGM-impacted river. More research is needed on food web dynamics in the region to elucidate any effects caused by ASGM, especially through feeding relationships and food sources.
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Gippel, C. J. "Australia's Environmental Flow Initiative: filling some knowledge gaps and exposing others." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0512.
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Many of Australia's river systems have been seriously degraded by inappropriate management of regulated flows. Other systems are facing threats from future water resources developments. There is a lack of information available to aid in allocation of environmental flows to rivers in order that they are managed in an ecologically sustainable manner. The Environmental Flows Initiative (EFI) is a major Australia-wide R&D program into environmental flows, funded through the Natural Heritage Trust (NHT), and administered by Environment Australia (EA). The program aims to identify environmental values, undertake targeted research to identify risks to river systems and flow requirements to sustain environmental values, to trial flow management options, and to evaluate these trials. The NHT relies on matching funding provided by the State and Territory authorities, and supports integrative approaches with emphasis on works on-the-ground where possible. While the EFI will close significant knowledge gaps, other gaps remain. Some of these relate to development and validation of rapid assessment techniques, understanding the importance of flow variability and how to define it, manipulation of flows to control alien species, developing a system of prioritising rivers for environmental flows, and enhancing flows with other catchment, channel and floodplain rehabilitation measures.
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Komariah, Imas, and Toru Matsumoto. "DECISION MAKING ANDCONSCIOUSNESS OF STAKEHOLDERS FOR RIVER IN INDONESIA." Journal of Sustainable Development Education and Research 1, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jsder.v1i1.6240.
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River restoration in Indonesia is very important to be implemented because the river quality has been degraded. This action aims to improve the quality and function of rivers. Actual action has been done for landscape function. Several river restoration alternatives namely, river restoration species, river restoration ecosystem/landscape, and river restoration of ecosystem services (flood control, raw water, and hydropower plants). This research was done with questionnaire survey which are distributed to experts. The proposed research consists of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with five criteria’s, they are: river water, habitat, cost, landscape, and action. Based on these result several important sub criteria were water quality, water quantity, water use, water usage, biodiversity, species, population, agriculture, and public education. The result showed that the river restoration of ecosystem services (flood control, raw water, hydropower plants) is the most suitable alternative for all expert, but each expert has different suggestion. Furtheremore, the next questionnaire survey include stakeholders and community of watershed, and selecting river restoration public education for community of watershed.
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Sharma, Urvashi. "Effective framework for Environmental-flows estimation for data deficient Indian rivers." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2116.
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Data deficiency is a major problem in recommending appropriate environmental flows (e-flows) requirements for rivers in many parts of the world. Several studies have been done using a variety of e-flows assessment methodologies. Large dams and hydropower projects are major manipulators of the flow regimes resulting in degraded ecosystems ubiquitously. In India attempts have been made to develop e-flows requirements of rivers to maintain a good riverine ecosystem. Most of the studies are based on hydrological methods, which do not take all the variables affecting flow-regimes into consideration. This paper highlights the problems in assessment of e-flows and their on-ground implications in India. In this study, probable solutions to these problems are suggested a conceptual framework for data deficient areas is proposed. This framework is based upon extensive baseline surveys of fluvial morphology, ecology and of indigenous population. Framework has six steps namely: monitoring the baseline conditions, setting up objectives, hydrological analysis, ecological analysis, climatic anomalies incorporation and recommendations. Finally, e-flows recommendations are made based on hydrological studies, habitat suitability curves and area of inland water body which should be maintained in the river basin. All these recommendations are compared and suitable e-flows recommendations are made based on studied variables. The review also suggests for bottom-up approach for e-flows assessment i.e. e-flows assessment and application should be done on small tributaries of rivers in initial phase of projects and those methods which deliver satisfactory results should only be applied to larger rivers.
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Lee, Sang-Woo, Soon-Jin Hwang, Jae-Kwan Lee, Dong-Il Jung, Yeon-Jae Park, and Ji-Tae Kim. "Overview and application of the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program (NAEMP) in Korea." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 47 (2011): S3—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2011016.
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This paper provides an overview of the development and application of the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program (NAEMP) in Korea, which uses biological and habitat–riparian criteria for river/stream and watershed management. Development of NAEMP began in 2003, with recognition by the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the limitations of applying chemical parameters (e.g., biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)) as the principal targets of water environment management. Ecosystem health criteria under NAEMP were developed from 2003 to 2006. Candidate sites for monitoring were also screened and established across the country. NAEMP was implemented in 2007, and since then a standard protocol of nationwide monitoring based on multi-criteria has been implemented to assess the ecological condition of rivers and streams. The monitoring results indicate that many Korean rivers and streams are severely degraded, with biological conditions that are much worse than their water chemistry suggests. In 2009, 24% of rivers and streams were in classes C (Fair) and D (Poor) for BOD, but more than 71, 53, and 27% were categorized as Fair to Poor according to fish, diatom, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, respectively. NAEMP is promising in that the results have already had great impacts on policy making and scientific research relevant to lotic water environment and watershed management in Korea. In the future, NAEMP results will be used to develop more aggressive regulations for the preservation and restoration of rivers/streams, riparian buffer areas and watersheds. Another future aim of the NAEMP is to develop aquatic ecological modeling based on the monitoring results.
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Selemani, Juma R., Jing Zhang, Ying Wu, Alfred N. N. Muzuka, Karoli N. Njau, Guosen Zhang, Maureen K. Mzuza, Arafa Maggid, Miao Zhang, and Lijun Qi. "Distribution of organic carbon: possible causes and impacts in the Pangani River Basin ecosystem, Tanzania." Environmental Chemistry 15, no. 3 (2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en17185.
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Environmental contextUnderstanding the sources of organic carbon and its spatial and seasonal variation is essential for implementing measures to control water pollution. There is, however, only limited information about organic carbon in east African rivers. This study reports the distribution of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the Pangani River Basin, using isotopes to trace sources of carbon to the basin and its flux to the Indian Ocean. AbstractThere is limited information on organic carbon in African rivers, especially from the eastern side. Here, we report distribution and impacts of total suspended matter (TSM), and dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC & POC) in the Pangani River Basin (PRB) ecosystem together with their fluxes to the Indian Ocean. δ13C was also used to trace sources of carbon in the basin. Results showed that the basin is supplied with carbon from allochthonous sources dominated by C3 plants, with higher levels of TSM and DOC in the wet season than in the dry season. Several factors, including altitude, temperature, rainfall, lithology and anthropogenic activities, have a significant influence on the seasonal and spatial distribution of organic carbon in the basin. High discharge in the wet season mobilised terrestrial organic carbon to elevate concentrations of DOC, POC and TSM. Mean concentrations of DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), POC and TSM in PRB were in ranges comparable to that in other tropical rivers but their fluxes were lower than in most tropical rivers around the world. Diverting water from the river for irrigation and hydroelectric power production was one of the factors that reduced the flux of carbon. Observed hypoxic conditions in the reservoir indicates that the quality of water for human and aquatic ecosystem health is possibly threatened by a high level of organic carbon; furthermore, the trends of increasing population, deforestation, temperature and rainfall will likely increase the concentration of organic carbon in the future. Better management of waste, afforestation and reforestation are recommended to restore degraded natural forest, so as to reduce uptake of organic carbon from the terrestrial environment.
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Growns, Ivor, Iris Wing Tsoi, Mark Southwell, Sarah Mika, Sam Lewis, and Ben Vincent. "The effects of hydrology on macroinvertebrate traits in river channel and wetland habitats." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.04.12.
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Abstract Increased need for freshwater for human uses from the mid-1900s has severely impacted rivers and floodplain wetlands so that they are some of the most seriously degraded environments in the world. Research and monitoring in this area to date has focused on understanding ‘flow-ecology’ relationships, without investigating the mechanisms underlying them. The use of species traits offers a tool for defining mechanistic connections between biotic responses and environmental conditions. We examined nine macroinvertebrate trait categories in both wetlands and channels to determine whether their profiles responded to hydrology in the Gwydir River system in the northern Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Trait responses were shown for the wetlands but not the river channels. Twelve traits showed positive relationships with the time the wetlands were connected to their river channels. It is unclear the reason(s) why the river channel invertebrate traits did not respond to hydrology. However, the use of environmental flows in the river systems may be important to other aspects of macroinvertebrate assemblages such as their role in food webs to support higher-order consumers.
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Grant, T. R. "Current and Historical Occurrence of Platypuses, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, around Sydney." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98257.
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No formal survey of platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) distribution around the greater Sydney area has previously been carried out. However, using 126 records of 0. anatinus from various sources (Pre-1900 (7), 1900-69 (43), 1970-89 (57), 1990-96 (19)), an assessment of the current and historical occurrence of the species in this area has been made. The species has been observed regularly since European settlement in the upper reaches of the Nepean River and its tributaries above the sites of the current Sydney water storages. Apparently once common in the Nepean River between the current water storages and the Warragamba River junction, the species is now seldom observed in this section of the river. It was previously more common in the lower reaches of the Nepean and upper Hawkesbury Rivers and platypuses are still occasionally recorded in this part of the river system. The species also still occurs upstream of the Lake Yarrunga storage in the Kangaroo River. It is currently found in streams of the Lake Illawarra catchment and the south coast, as far south as Berry, and in the Wollondilly and Coxs Rivers upstream of Lake Burragorang. Platypuses are no longer reported from the streams flowing through the Wollongong metropolitan area. Some recent records exist for the Sydney metropolitan area, but most are from national parks. The river systems around Sydney, Wollongong and their satellite settlements have been severely degraded by a range of human activities since early European settlement. At present it is not possible to attribute changes in 0. anatinus distribution to any single human activity over that period.
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Dehodiuk, S. E., Е. G. Degodiyk, and Yu P. Borko. "Basin-centric approach to the sustainable development of agriculture in the context of climate change." Agriculture and plant sciences: theory and practice, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54651/agri.2021.02.01.
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The aim is to develop conceptual principles of sustainable development of the agrosphere and reproduction of degraded riverbeds of small rivers under climate change. Methods. Methodology and methods of system approach, monitoring, statistical analysis, and synthesis of scientific data. Results. It has been determined the ecological condition in Ukraine and the world has been by the manifestations of degradation processes in terrestrial ecosystems and small river basins on the principle of causation. It has been suggested the conceptual bases of restoration of channels of small rivers and their basins by carrying out engineering, culture-technical works in channels and floodplains of small rivers, the organization of adaptive landscaping of the territory, and also carrying out agro-, chemo-, bio- and phyto-meliorations in their basins without disturbance the basis of erosion and giving impetus to self-renewal of natural fauna and flora. In the processes of nature restoration, the leading role of domestic science in the methodological and methodological support of projects has been identified, and importance is attached to the restoration of natural biodiversity and biologization in agricultural systems. We proposed to create a state mortgage land bank with a concentration in it of land fees of ecological funds with the involvement of domestic and foreign investment. It is recommended to test the idea in several model pools of soil-climatic zones with further replication in Ukraine and the spread of technology beyond its borders. Conclusions. А systematic approach is needed to carry out reclamation works in the basins of small rivers is to implement the basin approach. To implement the program, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine must adopt the Law of Ukraine “On Agriculture, Sustainable Development of the Biosphere and Ecological Nature Management”, the project of which was developed at the NSC “Institute of Agriculture of NAAS”. The NSC “Institute of Agriculture of NAAS” with appropriate financial and personnel support on a multifunctional basis can perform the functions of a methodological center for the development of methodology and techniques of land management and reclamation in the process of restoring small river basins.
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Mahmood, Arslan, Jing-Cheng Han, Muhammad Wajid Ijaz, Altaf Ali Siyal, Muhammad Ahmad, and Maryam Yousaf. "Impact of Sediment Deposition on Flood Carrying Capacity of an Alluvial Channel: A Case Study of the Lower Indus Basin." Water 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 3321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203321.
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Impacts of climate change and human-made interventions have altered the fluvial regime of most rivers. The increasingly uncertain floods would further threaten the flow delivery system in regions such as Pakistan. In this study, an alluvial reach of the Indus River below Kotri barrage was investigated for the geomorphologic effects of sediments deposited over the floodplain as well as the influences on the downstream flood-carrying capacity. The hydrodynamic modeling suite HEC-RAS in combination with ground and remotely sensed data were used to undertake this analysis. Results suggest that the morphology of the river reach has degraded due to depleted flows over a long period and hydrological extremes that have led to excessive sediment deposition over the floodplain and an enhancement in flood water extension possibility over the banks. A deposition of 4.3 billion cubic meters (BCM) of sediment increased the elevation of the channel bed which in turn reduced a 17.75% flood-carrying capacity of the river reach. Moreover, the excessive deposition of sediments and the persistence of low flows have caused a loss of 48.34% bank-full discharges over the past 24 years. Consequently, the river’s active reach has been flattened, with a live threat of left levee failure and the inundation of the populous city of Hyderabad. The study would gain insights into characterizing the impacts associated with a reduction in the flood-carrying capacity of the alluvial channel on account of the inadequate sediment transport capacity after heavy flow regulations.
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Zhu, Haili, Peng Gao, Zhiwei Li, Jiangtao Fu, Guorong Li, Yabin Liu, Xilai Li, and Xiasong Hu. "Impacts of the Degraded Alpine Swamp Meadow on Tensile Strength of Riverbank: A Case Study of the Upper Yellow River." Water 12, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092348.
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In the meandering riverbank of the Upper Yellow River (UYR), the native alpine swamp meadow (AS) has continuously degenerated into an alpine meadow (AM) due to climate change and intensified grazing. Its implication on river morphology is still not well known. This study examined this effect by in situ measurings of (1) physical properties of roots and their distribution in the soil-root mixture of the upper bank layer, and (2) the tensile strength in terms of excavating tests for triggering cantilever collapses of AS and AM riverbanks. The results showed that the root number in AS was significantly greater than that in AM, though the root distribution in both was similar. Also, the average tensile strength of individual roots in AS was 31,310 kPa, while that in AM was only 16,155 kPa. For the soil-root mixture, it decreased from 67.39 to 21.96 kPa. The weakened mechanical property was mainly ascribed to the lessened root number and the simpler root structure in the soil-root mixture of AM that reduces its ability to resist the external force. These findings confirmed that healthy AS can enhance bank stability and delay the development of tensile cracks in the riverbank of the meandering rivers in the UYR.
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Sekar, Raju, Xin Jin, Shuang Liu, Jing Lu, Jianwei Shen, Yingya Zhou, Ziyang Gong, Xueying Feng, Shengjie Guo, and Wenlong Li. "Fecal Contamination and High Nutrient Levels Pollute the Watersheds of Wujiang, China." Water 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040457.
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Freshwaters in China are affected by point and non-point sources of pollution. The Wujiang District (Suzhou City, China) has a long history of canals, rivers, and lakes that are currently facing various water quality issues. In this study, the water quality of four rivers and a lake in Wujiang was assessed to quantify pollution and explore its causes. Seventy-five monthly samples were collected from these water bodies (five locations/samples per area) from August to October 2020 and were compared with nine control samples collected from a water protection area. Fifteen physicochemical, microbiological, and molecular–microbiological parameters were analyzed, including nutrients, total and fecal coliforms, and fecal markers. Significant monthly variation was observed for most parameters at all areas. Total phosphorus, phosphates, total nitrogen, ammonium–nitrogen, and fecal coliforms mostly exceeded the acceptable limits set by the Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection. The LiPuDang Lake and the WuFangGang River were the most degraded areas. The studied parameters were correlated with urban, agricultural, industrial, and other major land use patterns. The results suggest that fecal contamination and nutrients, associated with certain land use practices, are the primary pollution factors in the Wujiang District. Detailed water quality monitoring and targeted management strategies are necessary to control pollution in Wujiang’s watersheds.
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Duong, Thi Thuy, Hai Yen Nguyen, Thi Phuong Quynh Le, Trung Kien Nguyen, Thi Thu Huong Tran, Nhu Da Le, Dinh Kim Dang, Thi Nguyet Vu, Virginia Panizzo, and Suzanne McGowan. "Transitions in diatom assemblages and pigments through dry and wet season conditions in the Red River, Hanoi (Vietnam)." Plant Ecology and Evolution 152, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2019.1627.
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Background and aims – Biomonitoring is an important tool for assessing river water quality, but is not routinely applied in tropical rivers. Marked hydrological changes can occur between wet and dry season conditions in the tropics. Thus, a prerequisite for ecological assessment is that the influence of ‘natural’ hydrological change on biota can be distinguished from variability driven by water quality parameters of interest. Here we aimed to (a) assess seasonal changes in water quality, diatoms and algal assemblages from river phytoplankton and artificial substrates through the dry-wet season transition (February–July 2018) in the Red River close to Hanoi and (b) evaluate the potential for microscopic counts and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments for biomonitoring in large tropical rivers.
Methods – River water (phytoplankton) and biofilms grown on artificial glass substrates were sampled monthly through the dry (February–April) to wet (May–August) season transition and analysed via microscopic and HPLC techniques.
Key results – All phototrophic communities shifted markedly between the dry and wet seasons. Phytoplankton concentrations were low (c. thousands of cells/mL) and declined as the wet season progressed. The dominant phytoplankton taxa were centric diatoms (Aulacoseira granulata and Aulacoseira distans) and chlorophytes (Scenedesmus and Pediastrum spp.), with chlorophytes becoming more dominant in the wet season. Biofilm diatoms were dominated by Melosira varians, and areal densities declined in the wet season when fast-growing pioneer diatom taxa (e.g. Achnanthidium minutissimum, Planothidium lanceolatum) and non-degraded Chlorophyll a concentrations increased, suggesting active phytobenthos growth in response to scour damage. Otherwise, a-phorbins were very abundant in river seston and biofilms indicating in situ Chlorophyll a degradation which may be typical of tropical river environments. The very large range of total suspended solids (reaching > 120 mg/L) and turbidity appears to be a key driver of photoautotrophs through control of light availability.
Conclusions – Hydrological change and associated turbidity conditions exceed nutrient influences on photoautotrophs at inter-seasonal scales in this part of the Red River. Inter-seasonal differences might be a useful measure for biomonitoring to help track how changes in suspended solids, a major water quality issue in tropical rivers, interact with other variables of interest.
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Perkins, Daniel M., Toby Hull, Niamh Bubb, Alex Cunningham, Rory Glackin, Thomas Glen, Stacey Smith, and Bella Davies. "Putting the “Beaver” Back in Beverley Brook: Rapid Shifts in Community Composition following the Restoration of a Degraded Urban River." Water 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 3530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243530.
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Widespread habitat degradation has caused dramatic declines in aquatic biodiversity. Reconfiguring channels and adding physical structures to rivers has become common practice in order to reinstate natural processes and restore biodiversity. However, the effectiveness of such measures is often questioned, especially in urban settings where overriding factors (e.g., water quality) might constrain biotic responses to increased habitat heterogeneity. We monitored invertebrate and fish communities before and up to five years after extensive restoration of Beverley Brook, a small, urban river flowing through a Royal Park in London, UK. Total invertebrate density was 5–148% higher with restoration across the monitoring period, and there was an increase in evenness but not invertebrate richness. Riverflies (Ephmemeroptera and Trichoptera) and crustaceans (Amphipoda, Asellidae) showed marked increases in density with restoration, suggesting improved flow, enhanced water quality, and greater quantity of basal resources. Fish biomass increased by 282% with restoration as did fish richness and the average body mass of three common fish species. Our results provide evidence for the effectiveness of common restoration methods in increasing standing stocks across trophic levels, from basal resources to apex predators. However, we primarily observed changes in the density of existing taxa rather than the development of novel assemblages, suggesting that large-scale factors, such as water quality and the lack of adequate source populations, might be important for understanding changes in biodiversity following river restoration.
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Suhail, Tayyaba, Sadia Allah Ditta, Altaf Ali Siyal, and Kamran Ansari. "MAPPING OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL LANDUSE AND LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING SATELLITE DATA- A CASE STUDY OF SUKKUR-KOTRI INDUS REACH." Earth Sciences Pakistan 5, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2021.48.51.
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The riparian zone is an ecological corridor for the rivers, forests, and lakes where the transition of water occurs between flora, fauna, and alluvial soil. It functions as a barrier to protect the riparian cities from floods, a retainer to hold the sediments transported in the water body, and a purifier in an order to adsorb the harmful dissolved solids present in the river flow. At some rivers, where the riparian zone has been degraded, the natural vegetation is observed to be under-functioning, consequently decreasing the water quality. The anthropogenic activities on river beds e.g agriculture are a reason for riparian degradation. In this study, the riparian zone of River Indus’s reach between the Sukkur and Kotri barrages is observed to identify the varying land covers and land temperature ranges due to agricultural invasion that could threaten the river ecosystem and sustainability. In a low flood period, less moisture on the river bed facilitates the detection of mature Rabi crops through the Landsat satellite. Acquired Imageries were classified for natural vegetation and agricultural area using the Visible bands. Land Surface Temperature (LST) was calculated from the pixels of the Thermal band. The images for 1999, 2003, 2010, 2015, 2018, and 2019 for February were utilized for the processing. Results demonstrated that in 1999, the 45.4% area of the Sukkur-Kotri reach was under the natural vegetation cover and decreased up to 14.2% area in 2019. In 1999, 22.5% of the reach area was under agricultural farming and increased up to 60% of the area in 2019. Analysis of surface temperature demonstrated that the areas having high temperatures are under natural vegetation cover, which is being reduced. And the areas having low temperatures are under agricultural farming, which is being increased inside the riparian zone.
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Khadim, Hussein Jabar, and Hasanain Owaid Oleiwi. "Assessment of Water Quality in Tigris River of AL-Kut City, Iraq by Using GIS." E3S Web of Conferences 318 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131804001.
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The concerns about water contaminants affect most developing countries bypassing rivers over them. The issue is challenging to introduce water quality within the allowed limits for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes. In the present study, physical-chemical parameters measurements of water samples taken from eleven stations were collected during six months in 2020 through flow path along the whole length of Tigris River inside AL Kut city (center of Wassit government) were investigated for six parameters are total hardness TH, hydrogen ion pH, biological oxygen demand BOD5, total dissolved solids TDS, nitrate NO3, and sulfate SO4. The water quality analysis results were compared with the maximum allowable limit concentration recommended by World Health Organization WHO and Iraqi limitation spastically; TH, BOD5, TDS, and SO4 had an average value of 421, 62, 813, and 376 mg/l, respectively. The spatial distribution of six water quality parameters within the studied area was carried out by implementing the Quantum Geography Information System QGIS technique established on the Inverse Distance Weighted IDW method to produce the interpolation predicted maps of stations along the river in Al Kut city. The results showed water quality degraded and an increase in the concentrations observed for all parameters along the river path, especially at the last two stations due to attributed to human activities, land use and industrialization, and outfall of sewerage flow to the river directly without treatment. Spatial distribution is essential to give a thorough understanding of the river's contamination reality. This makes it easier to understand, analyze and find the appropriate treatments and solutions to the problem of water quality.
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Kannaujiya, Azad. "Physicochemical Parameters of Gomati River at Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh (India)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36461.
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Gomati River originate from Madhoganj Tanda village in Pilibhit district, U.P. it passes through the district of Shahjahanpur, kheri, Hardoi, Sitapur, Janpur and ultimately merge in Ganga. River water is significant for every living organism as well as aquatic life. Water pollution is a major global problem. Modernization and urbanization have polluted the river water and degraded the status. All over the world we are seeing that drain is the main source of water pollution especially for rivers flowing within the city. This drain generally carries industrial effluent, domestic waste, sewage and medicinal waste resulting in poor water quality. Gomati River receives industrial as well as domestic waste from various drains of Lucknow city. As Gomati river is the only source of surface water near the communities. A total 20 parameters namely Temperature, pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Total solids (TS), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD) Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium as ca, Magnesium as Mg, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulphate as So4, Nickel as Ni, Lead as Pb, and Zinc as Zn where analysed and their variation is discussed to obtain the impact of effluents on water quality. From the result it was found higher than the permissible limit of WHO and BIS.
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Shadananan Nair, K. "Impact of climate change and anthropogenic pressure on the water resources of India: challenges in management." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (October 17, 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-63-2016.
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Abstract. Freshwater resources of India are getting fast degraded and depleted from the changing climate and pressure of fast rising population. Changing intensity and seasonality of rainfall affect quantity and quality of water. Most of the rivers are polluted far above safety limits from the untreated domestic, industrial and agricultural effluents. Changes in the intensity, frequency and tracks of storms salinate coastal aquifers. Aquifers are also under the threat from rising sea level. Groundwater in urban limits and industrial zones are far beyond safety limits. Large-scale destruction of wetlands for industries and residential complexes has affected the quality of surface and groundwater resources in most parts of India. Measures to maintain food security and the new developments schemes such as river linking will further deteriorate the water resources. Falling water availability leads to serious health issues and various socio-economic issues. India needs urgent and appropriate adaptation strategies in the water sector.
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Knaepkens, Guy, Liesbet Bruyndoncx, Johan Coeck, and Marcel Eens. "Spawning habitat enhancement in the European bullhead (Cottus gobio), an endangered freshwater fish in degraded lowland rivers." Biodiversity and Conservation 13, no. 13 (December 2004): 2443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:bioc.0000048448.17230.40.
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