Academic literature on the topic 'Degraded rivers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Degraded rivers"
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Rachelly, Cristina, Volker Weitbrecht, David F. Vetsch, and Robert M. Boes. "Morphological development of river widenings with variable sediment supply." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002007.
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River widening is a common restoration approach to mitigate the adverse effects of past stream alterations on infrastructure and the riparian ecosystem by stabilizing the river bed and enhancing habitat heterogeneity. In this study, two river widening approaches, excavated and dynamic, are described for the case of moderately steep gravel-bed rivers in the Alpine foothills, with a focus on dynamic river widening. As most channelized rivers exhibit ongoing degradation due to the lack of sediment supply and efforts to restore sediment transport are increasing, the consideration of the response of river widenings to variable sediment supply is important. For this purpose, insights from regime theory are applied to river widening and several experimental flume and field studies on channel response to variable sediment supply are reviewed. Dynamic river widenings are expected to be morphologically active in weakly degraded rivers with sufficient sediment supply, while they may not be an appropriate restoration approach for highly degraded rivers due to persistent impairment of morphological activity.
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Lin, Qiaoyan, Raju Sekar, Rob Marrs, and Yixin Zhang. "Effect of River Ecological Restoration on Biofilm Microbial Community Composition." Water 11, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061244.
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Across the world, there have been increasing attempts to restore good ecological condition to degraded rivers through habitat restoration. Microbial communities developing as biofilms play an important role in river ecosystem functioning by driving organic matter decomposition and ecosystem respiration. However, little is known about the structure and function of microbial communities in riverine systems and how these change when habitat restoration is implemented. Here, we compared the biofilm bacterial community composition using 16S rRNA genes targeted high-throughput Illumina Miseq sequencing in three river types, degraded urban rivers, urban rivers undergoing habitat restoration and forested rivers (our reference conditions). We aimed to determine: (i) the biofilm bacterial community composition affected by habitat restoration (ii) the difference in bacterial diversity in restored rivers, and (iii) correlations between environmental variables and bacterial community composition. The results showed that both water quality and biofilm bacterial community structure were changed by habitat restoration. In rivers where habitat had been restored, there was an increase in dissolved oxygen, a reduction in organic pollutants, a reduction in bacterial diversity and a related developing pattern of microbial communities, which is moving towards that of the reference conditions (forested rivers). River habitat management stimulated the processing of organic pollutants through the variation in microbial community composition, however, a big difference in bacterial structure still existed between the restored rivers and the reference forest rivers. Thus, habitat restoration is an efficient way of modifying the biofilm microbial community composition for sustainable freshwater management. It will, however, take a much longer time for degraded rivers to attain a similar ecosystem quality as the “pristine” forest sites than the seven years of restoration studied here.
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Lashko, Serhii, Inna Shelkovska, Nadiia Halchenko, and Olena Klyuka. "Cartographic analysis of the distribution of degraded lands (on the example of the Рoltava region)." Collected scientific works of Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 197 (December 22, 2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.197.2021.248332.
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Cartographic analysis can be considered as one of the means of the land monitoringsystem, in particular, by the distribution of degradation processes. The work is proposed to createfor regions of cartogram of total distribution of degraded agricultural land and cartograms offraction of agricultural lands that have undergone water and wind erosion, acidification, salinization,with indispensable drawing on these cartograms of the river network scheme.
The zoning of the Poltava region is presented and analyzed in terms of the total distribution ofdegraded agricultural land, as well as separately by the particles of water, wind erosion,acidification, salinization.According to the relative distribution of degraded agricultural lands (without taking intoaccount the overlap of various types of degradation) within the Poltava region, there are 2 groups ofdistricts of increased land degradation: 1) northern (covers 7 districts – Pyriatyn, Chornukhy, Lubny,Lokhvytsia, Myrhorod, Hadiach, Zinkiv) and 2) southeastern (covers 3 districts – Kobeliaky, NoviSanzhary and Mashivka).Water erosion is inherent in districts with significant difference in heights and largest forestcover. This is primarily Dykanka, Zinkiv, Reshetylivka districts (watershed between rivers of Psel andVorskla), Lokhvytsia and Chornukhy districts (watershed between rivers of Sula and Udai) and theChutove district (watershed between rivers of Vorskla and Orel). Wind erosion covers predominantlynorthwestern, north and southeastern districts – Pyriatyn, Chornukhy, Hrebinka, Lokhvytsia,Hadiach, Mashivka, Novi Sanzhary.Cartograms of distribution of degraded land are supplemented by the river network on them.The method of their creation is described. The cartographic method is substantiated by theinterconnection of the districts of increased acidification of soils with basins of the rivers Udai andVorskla, and the districts of minimum acidification of soils – with the basin of the river Khorol.Salinization of soils of the Poltava region should be associated, obviously not with superficial,and with groundwater. In the future, it is recommended to use for a cartographic analysis of thedistribution of degraded lands additionally maps of groundwater hydroisogyps.
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Gandois, Laure, Alison M. Hoyt, Stéphane Mounier, Gaël Le Roux, Charles F. Harvey, Adrien Claustres, Mohammed Nuriman, and Gusti Anshari. "From canals to the coast: dissolved organic matter and trace metal composition in rivers draining degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesia." Biogeosciences 17, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1897–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1897-2020.
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Abstract. Worldwide, peatlands are important sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and trace metals (TMs) to surface waters, and these fluxes may increase with peatland degradation. In Southeast Asia, tropical peatlands are being rapidly deforested and drained. The blackwater rivers draining these peatland areas have high concentrations of DOM and the potential to be hotspots for CO2 release. However, the fate of this fluvial carbon export is uncertain, and its role as a trace metal carrier has never been investigated. This work aims to address these gaps in our understanding of tropical peatland DOM and associated elements in the context of degraded tropical peatlands in Indonesian Borneo. We quantified dissolved organic carbon and trace metal concentrations in the dissolved and fine colloidal (<0.22 µm) and coarse colloidal (0.22–2.7 µm) fractions and determined the characteristics (δ13C, absorbance, fluorescence: excitation-emission matrix and parallel factor – PARAFAC – analysis) of the peatland-derived DOM as it drains from peatland canals, flows along the Ambawang River (blackwater river) and eventually mixes with the Kapuas Kecil River (whitewater river) before meeting the ocean near the city of Pontianak in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We observe downstream shifts in indicators of in-stream processing. An increase in the δ13C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), along with an increase in the C1∕C2 ratio of PARAFAC fluorophores, and a decrease in SUVA (specific UV absorbance) along the continuum suggest the predominance of photo-oxidation. However, very low dissolved oxygen concentrations also suggest that oxygen is quickly consumed by microbial degradation of DOM in the shallow layers of water. Blackwater rivers draining degraded peatlands show significantly higher concentrations of Al, Fe, Pb, As, Ni and Cd compared to the whitewater river. A strong association is observed between DOM, Fe, As, Cd and Zn in the dissolved and fine colloid fraction, while Al is associated with Pb and Ni and present in a higher proportion in the coarse colloidal fraction. We additionally measured the isotopic composition of lead released from degraded tropical peatlands for the first time and show that Pb originates from anthropogenic atmospheric deposition. Degraded tropical peatlands are important sources of DOM and trace metals to rivers and a secondary source of atmospherically deposited contaminants.
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Tretkoff, Ernie. "Research Spotlight: Rivers rebound as woodlands replace degraded grasslands." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 91, no. 19 (May 11, 2010): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo091i019p00180-02.
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Kefford, Ben J., David Buchwalter, Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, Jenny Davis, Richard P. Duncan, Ary Hoffmann, and Ross Thompson. "Salinized rivers: degraded systems or new habitats for salt-tolerant faunas?" Biology Letters 12, no. 3 (March 2016): 20151072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.1072.
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Anthropogenic salinization of rivers is an emerging issue of global concern, with significant adverse effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Impacts of freshwater salinization on biota are strongly mediated by evolutionary history, as this is a major factor determining species physiological salinity tolerance. Freshwater insects dominate most flowing waters, and the common lotic insect orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies) are particularly salt-sensitive. Tolerances of existing taxa, rapid adaption, colonization by novel taxa (from naturally saline environments) and interactions between species will be key drivers of assemblages in saline lotic systems. Here we outline a conceptual framework predicting how communities may change in salinizing rivers. We envision that a relatively small number of taxa will be saline-tolerant and able to colonize salinized rivers (e.g. most naturally saline habitats are lentic; thus potential colonizers would need to adapt to lotic environments), leading to depauperate communities in these environments.
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Nel, Lyndre. "Riparian conservation management needs habitat quality mapping." Columella : Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18380/szie.colum.2020.7.2.15.
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Riparian habitat quality has a significant influence on the water quality of rivers, primary resources for urban and agricultural use. River water quality deteriorates where normal ecological functioning is disrupted by harmful impacts from nearby land-use types. Important rivers are typically managed and protected by government-led conservation programs. These programs often lack a key tool for efficient conservation management, habitat quality mapping. The Berg River, an important water source in South Africa, was used as a case-study to assess how habitat quality mapping could broaden the current scope of river conservation programs. The river faces threats from nearby urban settlements, industrial areas, mining, encroachment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to develop habitat quality and habitat degradation maps for a section of the Berg River to assess the value that mapping holds for conservation managers and spatial planners. InVEST modelling software and ArcGIS was used to produce these habitat quality maps based on land-use/land-cover and threat impact data. The resulting maps showed several specific locations of heavily threatened and degraded riparian habitat that had not specifically been included in current government conservation management or spatial planning. Habitat quality mapping is an important tool that conservation managers and spatial planners can use to successfully address habitat degradation and protection while facing resource limitations, such as lack of funding. Oversight of degraded riparian habitats will lead to further decreases in river water quality, adversely affecting human welfare and local economies.
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Shanahan, Peter. "A water-quality history of the Blackstone River, Massachusetts, USA: implications for Central and Eastern European Rivers." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0224.
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The Blackstone River is a relatively small river that drains the area around Worcester, Massachusetts, one of first industrialized cities in the United States. Until the 1970s, the river was highly polluted by industrial and municipal wastewaters--not unlike the current situation in degraded rivers in areas of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Today, the Blackstone enjoys considerably improved water quality as the result of two historical processes: continuing investment and improvement in municipal wastewater treatment in response to increasingly stringent U.S. federal water-quality laws, and the control or elimination of industrial discharges. A key factor in the river's restoration was the early development of and continued adherence to a comprehensive basin water-quality plan. A similar planning process is recommended for CEE countries. Nonetheless, achieving acceptable water quality in the Blackstone was a slow process, requiring decades of intensive improvement in wastewater treatment. A similarly slow process can be anticipated in the CEE countries unless cost-effective interim improvements in wastewater treatment are sought.
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Petryshyn, Halyna, Yaryna Onufriv, and Oleh Borshovskyi. "THE ROLE OF THE RIVER IN FORMING OF CITIES OF UKRAINE: LUTSK, TERNOPIL, VINNYTSIA, CHERNIVTSI." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 76 (March 1, 2021): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.76.218-234.
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Numerous cities of Ukraine passed similar historical stages of spatial development, as a result of gradual withdrawal from the rivers. Now the design development of these cities is aimed at restructuring and reclamation of the degraded riverside territories. Cities again return to their roots by seeking the effective means for solving spatial, social and economical problems. Competitiveness of cities is conditioned also by the urban development preferences. The degraded territories have become a potential for the new functional filling and a reserve for searching for a new identity of cities.
The planning of development of riverside territories of the city should take place in the interconnection with the neighboring settlements that are situated in the river valley, since they form the united eco-system of the river basin. A considerable influence on the development of riverside territories have socio-economic conditions. With the help of the architectural-planning means it is possible to regulate the state of the river’s eco-system and to preserve the balance between the nature and anthropogenic influence. V. M. Vadimov sets aside typical models of cities’ development on the riverside territories, where one can observe the interconnection of the planning of city and the river.
By analysing the influence of the rivers on the development of the Ukrainian cities of Luts’k, Ternopil’, Vinnytsia and Chernivtsi one can follow in general the fragmentarity of approaches to modernisation of river embankments, heterogeneity of riverside territories (conservation of a considerable areas of river banks in the natural state and urbanization and various functional use of embankments in some cities), in some places restricted access to the river (is cut off by the private territories), neglected state and outdated conditioning of the riverside spaces. In general, in the analysed Ukrainian cities, transformations of riverside territories are taking place fragmentarily. At present there are no complex developments on formation of the united riverside public space, which would be united by the system of pedestrian connections.
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Wessell, Adele. "‘A very very great part of our life’: Storytelling about the Richmond River." Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00035_1.
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Acts of remembering a river may have a performative function in environmental history and debates around human impact and waterways. The process of remembering and search for meaning are shaped in the present moment when the Richmond is one of the most degraded river systems on the east coast of Australia. Imbued with sentimentality, however, residents speak to the fundamental importance of the river to their lives as they were growing up in and around Lismore. Such histories may provide context for understanding contemporary affective responses to rivers and how emotion shapes our relationships with nature more broadly.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Degraded rivers"
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Bartholomew, Scott J. "Evaluation of revegetation techniques used on degraded agricultural land in the Central Avon Catchment, Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1998. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1433.
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The agricultural region in the central Avon catchment is declining in both arable land and native vegetation. This decline has been due to the clearance of large tracts of native vegetation and its subsequent replacement by exotic crops and pasture species. The loss of vegetation has led to regional land degradation in the form of soil erosion and land salinisation. Therefore, changes in land management practices are required to make agricultural production more compatible with land conservation. Revegetation using native plants is the only management solution that integrates both land and ecological conservation with agricultural productivity. The continuation of current agricultural land use will therefore depend on the development of effective methods of revegetation. The land manager predominantly has a choice between directly sowing seeds and or planting nursery seedlings as methods of revegetation on degraded land. The widespread problem of land degradation in the Avon catchment dictates that the revegetation method chosen must be effective in terms of both seedling establishment and cost on a broad scale. To determine which method is most effective in revegetation, a series of laboratory and field trials were conducted. A trial was conducted in seed germination incubators to determine the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on seed viability. The genetics of the seed stock had a significant influence on germination between different biolocalities. Similarly, environmental factors such as different temperature regimes also had a significant influence on seed germination. Consequently, a relationship was established between optimum germination temperature and the average mean winter temperature of the biolocality where the seed was collected. This suggests that temperature may influence seed genetics and subsequent germination, which varied according to the biolocality. The identification of environmental parameters that influenced seed germination provided a basis for comparison between direct seeding versus planted nursery seedlings in the field. The number of seedlings established in the second and third year at York was greater for direct seeding than from planted nursery seedlings with the exception of two species belonging to the Leguminosae family. However, the failure of seedlings from either method to become established in the field at Tammin emphasised the need to employ a post-sowing and planting management programme. The costs of seedling establishment using the direct seeding method was approximately one sixth the cost of nursery seedlings with the exception of Kennedia prostrata. The cost and time invested in revegetation programmes necessitates that the optimum seed biolocality should be selected in order to produce the most effective plant establishment from direct seeding in the field. Biolocality selection based on geographical distance alone did not produce conclusive criteria for effective revegetation. However, the matching of biogeographical regions and climatic conditions with the site of revegetation produced the most effective plant establishment. This predominantly resulted in the selection of a local species but in some situations biolocalities from further afield with a similar climate, also proved effective. The invasion of weeds at both the York and Tammin trial sites emphasise the potential effects on the establishment of native vegetation. The growth (height & stem width) of nursery seedlings was significantly reduced while the growth height decreased and the mortality of direct seeded seedlings increased when subjected to weed competition. Reversing the trend in land and ecological degradation within the central Avon catchment can only be achieved through a revegetation programme that integrates nature conservation with agricultural productivity. Direct seeding is a cost effective method of plant establishment provided that adequate attention is given to pre-seed treatment, seed quality testing, selection of the optimum seed biolocality, soil contour and profile preparation and post sowing control of both weed and predators. However, revegetation of degraded land using nursery seedlings can be just as effective when the cost of seed is expensive and difficult to germinate. If the central Avon wheatbelt is to continue to function as the 'bread bowl' of Western Australia then the establishment of native vegetation can only be achieved through the use of direct seeding methods on a broad scale. Current land management practises and the conservation of the remaining remnant vegetation will not maintain a sustainable agricultural based economy or adequately represent existing biodiversity in the central Avon catchment.
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Powell, Rebecca. "Geomorphological connectivity and sensitivity examined in a recently degraded gravel-bed stream: implications for river-floodplain rehabilitation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/53722.
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The study of river complexity and sensitivity to future human land-use activities and climate change is a fast growing field within the discipline of fluvial geomorphology. Associated with this is a need to improve river rehabilitation and catchment management approach, design and effectiveness. This study aimed to investigate drivers of the recent geomorphological sensitivity of the Baviaanskloof River-floodplain, an upland system in South Africa, by integrating the concepts of geomorphological connectivity and Panarchy. The understanding generated was used to evaluate the approach of the State agency, Working for Wetlands (WfWet), to river-floodplain rehabilitation in the catchment.The concepts of geomorphological connectivity and Panarchy provide useful frameworks for understanding interactions between geomorphological processes and structure across scales of space and time. Geomorphological connectivity explains the degree to which water and sediment is linked in a river landscape, determined by the distribution of erosional and depositional landforms (Brierley et al. 2006; Fryirs et al. 2007a; Fryirs et al. 2007b). Panarchy attempts to explain lagged response to disturbances, non-linear interactions, and sudden shifts in system state, and has been applied largely to ecological systems. Panarchy theory, when combined with the concept of geomorphological connectivity, provides a guiding framework for understanding river complexity in greater depth. The first results chapter of this study investigated river long-term and recent geomorphological history, towards understanding the nature and timing of river geomorphological cycling between erosion and deposition. Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating of alluvial fan and floodplain sedimentary units was conducted, for analysis of river-floodplain long-term history (100s to 1 000s of years). Interviews with 11 local landowners, combined with analysis of historic aerial imagery and river-floodplain topographic surveys, provided a means of describing recent (last few decades) geomorphological dynamics. The results indicated that the Baviaanskloof is naturally a cut- and-fill landscape over scales of several hundred to thousands of years, characterized by the alternation between phases of high fluvial energy and alluvial fan expansion, and low energy conditions associated with floodplain accretion. Recent and widespread river-floodplain degradation was compressed into a short period of approximately 30 years, suggesting that one or more drivers have pushed the system beyond a threshold, resulting in increased water and sediment connectivity. The second results chapter investigated the role of human land-use activities and flooding frequency and magnitude, as drivers of recent river-floodplain degradation. Human impacts were investigated by describing land-use activities for the preceding 80 years, and relating these activities to changes in river-floodplain form and behavior. Temporal trends in flood events of different frequency and magnitude were investigated by analyzing rainfall data, integrated with landowner reports of flood-inducing rainfall magnitudes. The findings indicated that human land-use activities have been an important driver of recent river- floodplain degradation, through the enhancement of water and sediment connectivity across spatial scales of the catchment. Episodic and high magnitude floods synergized with human driven increased connectivity, precipitating stream power and geomorphological threshold breaches, resulting in a shift in river behaviour. The third results chapter investigated the influence of tributary-junction streams and fans on the geomorphological form, behavior and sensitivity of the Baviaanskloof River. Local- scale topographic impacts of tributary fans and streams were described using topographic surveys and geomorphological mapping techniques. Tributary streams form a major control on the behaviour of the river, by influencing the degree of coarse sediment connectivity with the main channel. Although tributary fans buffer the river from disturbances occurring in the wider catchment, they initiate topographic variations along the floodplain, influencing local-scale patterns of deposition and erosion along the river. The main river responds to water and sediment inputs from tributary junction streams by locally adjusting longitudinal slope, maintaining an overall constant slope of 0.0066 m/m. The response of the Baviaanskloof River to tributary junction fans and streams is however variable, and is fashioned by complex interactions between geomorphological and anthropogenic factors. The final two chapters of the thesis evaluate the findings of the study within the context of river-floodplain rehabilitation approaches in South Africa, and within the theoretical, philosophical and methodological context of the research. The first of these two chapters evaluates the approach of the WfWet programme to river-floodplain rehabilitation in the Baviaanskloof. The chapter indicates that the present practice of WfWet is to reinstate a pre-degradation state, which is not suited to the Baviaanskloof River-floodplain, since the river-floodplain has passed a geomorphological threshold, resulting in a new set of interacting processes and landforms. The author presents a conceptual model illustrating the existence of geomorphological adaptive cycles interacting across spatial and temporal scales, thereby attempting to explain a river Panarchy specific to the Baviaanskloof. From this conceptual model, a hierarchical rehabilitation framework, targeting geomorphological processes and structure situated at different spatial and temporal scales of the landscape is suggested. The final chapter discusses the implications of integrating the concepts of geomorphological connectivity and river Panarchy theory in studies of river complexity and sensitivity to geomorphological change. The author suggests that there is scope for further investigation of the application of the two concepts within the discipline of fluvial geomorphology, particularly with regard to developing quantitative approaches to measuring and describing connectivity and Panarchy.
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Rodrigues, Daily Daleno de O. "Realce Automático de Imagens Subaquáticas em Rios da Amazônia." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2015. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4072.
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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The enhancement of underwater images in applications in the area of Amazonian rivers has been increasingly required and needs further study especially where the rivers have high turbidity and low light. There is increasingly demand for automatic enhancement methods to carry out monitoring of fauna and flora intensive rivers, as well as for the maintenance of pipelines and underwater cables. The enhancement methods specified, developed and validated for using in the rivers of the Amazonia are faced with the problem of imaging quality. The research related to underwater am environments of the Amazon has to dead with high turbidity of the water, caused mainly due to particles in suspension and interaction of light with the environment. The underwater images extraction with satisfiable visibility of the environments of Amazonian rivers has become extremely indispensable and relevant, given that there are natural treasures still unexplored into the depths of these rivers, as well as there is need to maintain the underwater part of the transportation system gas LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) Coari-Manaus. Given this promising scenario, this study aims to improve these images by applying techniques of enhancement using nonlinear filters, which promote the minimization of the light interaction characteristics with the environment, loss of contrast and color in images extracted from turbid underwater environments. The method was experimentally validated with images acquired from simulations of underwater scenes and images acquired in outdoor underwater environments. The proposed method is compared to two other techniques of highlighting or enhancement of images. As in this study, these techniques also require a single image as input. The results return images with enhanced visual quality, considering a large set of experiments with simulation data and real outdoors scenes.
O realce de imagens subaquáticas em aplicações na região dos rios amazônicos é cada vez mais requisitado e carece de um estudo mais aprofundado especialmente nos casos em que os rios apresentam alto índice de turbidez e baixa luminosidade. Estes rios têm demandado cada vez mais métodos de realce automáticos que realizem o monitoramento de sua fauna e flora, bem como manutenção de dutos e cabos subaquáticos. Os métodos de realce especificados, desenvolvidos e validados para uso nos rios da região, se deparam com o problema da qualidade de captação de imagens. As pesquisas relacionadas aos ambientes subaquáticos da Amazônia são prejudicadas pelo alto nível de turbidez de suas águas, causadas principalmente devido às partículas em suspensão e à interação da luz com o meio. A extração de imagens subaquáticas de visibilidade adequada aos ambientes dos rios amazônicos em geral, tem se demonstrado imprescindível e relevante, haja vista que, existem tesouros naturais ainda inexplorados nas profundezas desses rios. Por outro lado, verifica-se a necessidade de manutenção da parte subaquática do sistema de transporte de gás GLP (Gás Liquefeito de Petróleo) Coari-Manaus. Diante deste cenário promissor, este trabalho objetiva a melhoria dessas imagens através da aplicação de técnicas de realce com uso de filtros não lineares, que promovam a minimização das características da interação da luz com o meio, perda de contraste e cores em imagens extraídas de ambientes subaquáticos turvos. O método proposto é comparado a duas outras técnicas de realce ou melhoria de imagens que, como neste trabalho, também requerem uma única imagem como entrada. Os resultados obtidos retornam imagens com melhor qualidade visual, considerando-se um grande conjunto de experimentos realizados com dados de simulação e cenas reais obtidas em ambientes externos.
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BARBALHO, Maria Gonçalves da Silva. "Processos erosivos lineares nas bacias dos Rios Claro e dos Bois, afluentes do Rio Araguaia no Estado de Goiás: relações com a cobertura vegetal e uso da terra." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/333.
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Maria Goncalves da Silva.pdf: 7545290 bytes, checksum: d2d0b32033e574f5829cacf879cb1d63 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010-08-19The pattern of land use and occupation of the Cerrado associated with the expansion of the agricultural frontier, in the last 40 years, has been interpreted as causing environmental impacts observed him during this period, especially those related to intensive deforestation and indiscriminate use of areas with soils with low or null agricultural capability, although capable of extensive pastures. The Erosion processes have been described as the most significant, positioned after the remarkable loss of biodiversity, the most important and extensive in area. The present thesis analyzes the relationship between the land use valued at historical series started in the decade of 1975, agricultural suitability of land use pattern and the erosion and silting sites of the two combined basins for purposes of this study, called basins of the rivers Claro and Bois, tributaries of the upper Araguaia river in the state of Goiás. This area was considered in previous studies as the most affected by deforestation among the five sub-basins that make up the upper Araguaia river basin. The research was based an integrated analysis of the physical environment and biota components of the focus area, with base on remote sensing and GIS and pedotransfer criteria. The results are presented as scientific papers and reveal that the most intensive phase of deforestation occurred in the 1980s, when the Forest Formations were most penalized originally, followed by the Savanna Formations, that the conversion occurred in favor of extensive pastures, for which the area has good suitability soil and relief associates; that the numerous of linear erosion impacts, 395 linear erosion features placed in degraded pastures are concentrated in these areas, which predominate low discrepancies between suitability and actual use. As evidenced in the spatial analysis, it is confirmed the presence of 395 linear erosion features associated with degraded pastures. It is concluded that the area supports the pattern of initial occupation of the Cerrado by its conversion to pasture and that environmental impacts arising from the management of them more than this type of use.
O padrão de uso e ocupação das terras do Cerrado associado à expansão de fronteira agrícola, nos últimos 40 anos, tem sido interpretado como o causador dos impactos ambientais nele constatados nesse período, sobretudo os relativos ao desmatamento intensivo e indiscriminado de áreas com solos com baixa ou nula aptidão agrícola, ainda que aptos a pastagem extensiva. Os processos erosivos têm sido apontados como os mais significativos, posicionados após a perda notável da biodiversidade, o mais importante e extenso em área. A presente tese analisa a relação entre o uso do solo avaliado em série histórica iniciada na década de 1975, a aptidão agrícola das terras e os focos erosivos e de assoreamento das duas bacias conjugadas para fins deste trabalho, denominadas bacias dos rios Claro e dos Bois, afluentes do alto rio Araguaia, no Estado de Goiás. Essa área foi considerada em trabalhos anteriores como a mais afetada pelos desmatamentos dentre as cinco principais sub-bacias que compõem a alta bacia do rio Araguaia. A pesquisa baseou-se na análise integrada dos componentes do meio físico e biótico da área focada, com base em sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento e em pedotransferência. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de artigos científicos e revelam que a fase mais intensiva do desmatamento deu-se na década de 1980, que as Formações Florestais foram inicialmente as mais penalizadas, seguindo-se as Formações Savânicas; que a conversão deu-se em favor das pastagens extensivas, para o que a área apresenta boa aptidão dos solos e relevo associados; que os numerosos impactos erosivos lineares concentram-se nessas áreas, ainda que seja onde predominam discrepâncias baixas entre aptidão e o uso atual. Como evidenciado na análise espacial, constatou-se a presença de 395 focos erosivos lineares associados às áreas de pastagens degradadas. Conclui-se que a área corrobora o padrão de ocupação inicial do Cerrado por sua conversão em pastagem e que os impactos ambientais derivam mais do manejo das mesmas do que desse tipo de uso.
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Reis, Benedito Jorge dos. "Assessment of the areal expansion of the activity of sand extraction in the alluvial plains of the Paraíba do Sul River between Jacareí and Pindamonhangaba for the period from 1993 to 2003." Universidade de Taubaté, 2005. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=213.
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The activity of mineral extraction in the Valley of Paraíba do Sul River occurs in a vulnerable environment and is responsible for environmental impacts on the alluvial plain. When this activity is developed without technical criteria a predatory exploration results, generating changes in the environment and raising questions from the concerned community. Since 1993, several methodologies to recover degraded areas were proposed to minimize the impacts of the extraction of sand. Some produced positive results and others failed. This work had the objective to create a data basis in a Geographic Information System to evaluate the degree of impact of the activity of sand extraction in the alluvial plain of the Paraíba Valley, in the segment between Jacareí and Pindamonhangaba, for the period from 1992 to 2003 and to give support to licensing, monitoring of the environmental law enforcement and control of the activity of sand mining. Using the software SPRING and Landsat imagery, ETM+ scenes 218/76 and 219/76, a georeferenced database was created for production of maps and quantification of sand extraction areas. The use of images of different acquisition dates made it possible the assessment of the evolution of the activity in the area. Field work allowed the comparison of results from the two methods for degraded areas recovery, i.e. eforestation and natural regrowth. Using data from the weather station of the Department of Agrarian Sciences of the University of Taubaté and an EXCELTM spreadsheet, the climatological water balance and the potential evapotranspiration were calculated to estimate the amount of evaporation from the water surface left by the sand extraction process. Thus, it was possible to estimate the impact of water loss to the atmosphere due to this activity. The data basis integrated in a GIS platform developed in this work represented a technological advancement for the control actions and fiscalization and allowed the assessment of the area expansion and the impact of the loss of water for the atmosphere due to evaporation due to sand mining.A atividade de extração mineral no Vale do Paraíba do Sul, praticada em um ambiente vulnerável, é responsável por alterações ambientais na planície aluvial. Essa atividade quando conduzida sem critérios técnicos se constitui numa exploração predatória e gera alterações no Meio Ambiente e pressões por parte da comunidade. Desde 1993, várias etodologias de recuperação de áreas degradadas foram propostas para minimizar os impactos da extração de areia. Alguns produziram resultado e outras não. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo criar um banco de dados baseado em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas para se avaliar a evolução e o grau de interferência da atividade de extração de areia na planície aluvial do Vale do Paraíba, no trecho entre Jacareí e Pindamonhangaba, no período de 1993 a 2003 e, dar suporte ao licenciamento, fiscalização e controle da atividade de mineração de areia. Utilizando-se o software SPRING e imagens do satélite Landsat sensor ETM+, cenas 218/76 e 219/76, produziu-se um banco de dados georreferenciado para produção de mapas e quantificação da área ocupada pela extração de areia. A incorporação de imagens de diferentes períodos possibilitou acompanhamento da evolução da atividade na região. Avaliações em campo permitiram a comparação dos resultados obtidos na recuperação de áreas degradadas com revegetação e regeneração natural. Utilizando-se os dados da estação climatológica do Departamento de Ciências Agrárias da UNITAU e uma planilha desenvolvida em ambiente EXCELTM, foi calculado o Balanço Hídrico Climatológico e a estimativa de evapotranspiração potencial, utilizada para se estabelecer a evaporação causada pelas cavas de areia resultantes da mineração. Dessa forma, com a área total de lagos artificiais obtidas do banco de dados georreferenciado foi possível calcular o volume de água perdido para atmosfera por evaporação e a relevância dessa perda no Balanço Hídrico da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Paraíba do Sul. O SIG produzido a partir deste trabalho representou um avanço tecnológico para as ações de controle e fiscalização; possibilitando conhecer quantitativamente a evolução da área minerada, e avaliar o impacto da perda de água para a atmosfera por evaporação.
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Azevedo, Laryssa Cristina Medina. "Estudo da degrada??o de misturas polim?ricas ? base de PEBD, amido, quitosana e fibra de coco em diferentes ambientes aquosos." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1316.
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Water quality is related to the anthropogenic impact on water resources and their availability, and this quality is regulated by the National Environmental Council - CONAMA, through resolutions 357 of 2005 and 396 of 2008, from the boundaries quality standards of water bodies. The materials of organic origin, including natural polymers have an inherent tendency to degradation. The presence of oxidizable or hydrolysable groups in the chains of these polymers, in addition to hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity characteristics and degree of conformational flexibility of the chain are factors that contribute to the biodegradation of the polymer. Water pollution by hydrocarbons, including biodegradable polymers, can be an environment conducive to the presence of potentially degrading microorganisms from a variety of recalcitrant molecules released in the middle. The combination of different types of environmental effects can cause slow or fast decay, which depends on the predominant factor or degrading agent (photochemical, thermal, chemical, hydrolysis, oxidation, biodegradation). This work was carried out an investigation into the quality of water facilities (river water - RW distilled water - DW and water with nutrients - NW) after the biodegradation of polymeric blends and composites containing low density polyethylene (LDPE), thermoplastic starch (TPS), chitosan (Ch) Coconut fiber (CF). The samples were subjected to biodegradation test water in these media for a period of fifty-two days. After the test period may be seen that mixtures of TPS/Ch and TPS/CF undergone the process of biodegradation, confirmed the almost complete loss of their mass, increased conductivity, in spite of the turbidity values and the consumed oxygen concentration, decrease in the last days of rehearsal. As expected mixtures containing LDPE (LDPE/TPS, LDPE/TPS/Ch and LDPE/TPS/CF) showed less weight loss, and lower turbidity and O2 consumption in the chemical degradation of organic matter. Comparing the results of different means water, as expected, the results conductivity and pH of the river water (RW) were higher than the values found for the water with nutrients (NW) and distilled water (DW). The turbidity values and concentration of O2 consumed in the COD for the different blends containing LDPE as shown depended on the diffusion of water in the various polymeric materials and consequently influence the first stage of biodegradation, i.e., water penetration into the material surface attack of the chemical bonds of the amorphous phase and converting long chain of biodegradable polymers into smaller pieces and eventually into soluble fragments
A qualidade da ?gua est? relacionada com o impacto antropog?nico sobre os recursos h?dricos e sua disponibilidade, e essa qualidade ? regulamentada pelo Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente ? CONAMA, atrav?s das resolu??es 357 de 2005 e 396 de 2008, a partir do quadro dos limites dos padr?es de qualidade dos corpos h?dricos. Os materiais de origem org?nica, incluindo pol?meros naturais t?m uma tend?ncia inerente para degrada??o. A presen?a de grupos oxid?veis ou hidrolis?veis nas cadeias desses pol?meros, al?m das caracter?sticas de hidrofilicidade e hidrofobicidade e o grau de flexibilidade conformacional da cadeia s?o fatores que contribuem para a biodegrada??o do pol?mero. A polui??o das ?guas por hidrocarbonetos, incluindo pol?meros biodegrad?veis, pode ser um ambiente prop?cio ? presen?a de microrganismos potencialmente degradadores de uma variedade de mol?culas recalcitrantes liberadas no meio. A combina??o de diferentes tipos de efeitos ambientais pode causar deteriora??o r?pida ou lenta, a qual depende do fator predominante ou do agente degradante (fotoqu?mica, t?rmica, qu?mica, hidr?lise, oxida??o, biodegrada??o). Neste trabalho foi realizada uma investiga??o da qualidade de meios h?dricos (?gua de rio ? AR, ?gua destilada ? AD e ?gua com nutrientes ? AN) ap?s o ensaio de biodegrada??o de blendas e comp?sitos polim?ricos contendo polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), amido termopl?stico (TPS), quitosana (Q) e fibra de coco (FC). As amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de biodegrada??o nestes meios h?dricos pelo per?odo de cinquenta e dois dias. Ap?s o per?odo de ensaio pode-se verificar que as misturas de TPS/Q e TPS/FC sofreram o processo de biodegrada??o, confirmado pela quase total perda de suas massas, aumento da condutividade, apesar dos valores de turbidez e da concentra??o de oxig?nio consumido, diminu?rem nos ?ltimos dias de ensaio. Como esperado as misturas contendo PEBD (PEBD/TPS, PEBD/TPS/Q e PEBD/TPS/FC) apresentaram menor perda de massa, al?m de menor turbidez e consumo de O2 na degrada??o qu?mica da mat?ria org?nica. Comparando os resultados dos diferentes meios h?dricos, como j? era esperado, os resultados valores de condutividade e pH da ?gua de rio (AR) foram maiores do que os valores encontrados para a ?gua com nutrientes (AN) e ?gua destilada (AD). Os valores de turbidez e DQO, para as diferentes misturas contendo PEBD, como mostrado, dependeram da difus?o da ?gua nos diferentes materiais polim?ricos e consequentemente influenciaram na primeira fase da biodegrada??o, isto ?, penetra??o da ?gua na superf?cie do material, ataque das liga??es qu?micas da fase amorfa e convers?o das longas cadeias doe pol?meros biodegrad?veis em partes menores, e, eventualmente, em fragmentos sol?veis
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SANTOS, Filipe Vieira Fernandes dos. "A degrada??o ambiental e a exclus?o social: estudo de caso do Munic?pio de Lorena/SP." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1510.
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Historically, the region of ?Vale do Para?ba? has suffered a severe depredation of its forest richness and in the last 50 years a considerable demographic expansion associated with an intense and diversified industrial development has intensified the degradation of its natural resources. This paper studies Tabo?o, Mandi and Quatinga brooks, and these three have some common characteristics: they are watersheds in the municipality of Lorena and the tributaries of the right bank of the Para?ba do Sul river. They born in the rural area and in a transversal way, they cross the city through rural and urban-industrial landscapes and conservation areas. The three brooks face problems such as lack of basic sanitation, waste disposal and irregular occupation of permanent preservation areas. The aim of this study is to analyze the sensibility of the environmental degradation indicators along to these three water bodies in relation to the ?lex? (Exclusion Index), which is obtained through the Exclusion Map method. The Exclusion Map uses intra-municipal data from a demographic census of 2010, carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and its goal is to diagnose socio-economic indicators in different parts of the territory, that are more related to the environmental degradation and, consequently, to corroborate for a continuo process of public policies formulation that are dedicated to seek a sustainable development.
A regi?o do Vale do Para?ba historicamente sofreu intensa depreda??o de suas riquezas florestais e nos ?ltimos 50 anos consider?vel expans?o demogr?fica que associada a um desenvolvimento industrial intenso e diversificado, intensificou a degrada??o de seus recursos naturais. Este trabalho estuda os ribeir?es Tabo?o, Mandi e Quatinga, os tr?s possuem caracter?sticas em comum: s?o microbacias do munic?pio de Lorena, afluentes da margem direita do Rio Para?ba do Sul, nascem na zona rural e cortam o munic?pio na transversal passando por paisagens rurais, urbano-industriais e de ?reas de preserva??o. Os tr?s ribeir?es enfrentam problemas como falta de saneamento b?sico, descarte de res?duos e ocupa??o irregular das ?reas de preserva??o permanente. O estudo visa analisar a sensibilidade dos indicadores de degrada??o ambiental ao longo destes corpos d'?gua em rela??o ao Iex (?ndice de Exclus?o), que ? obtido atrav?s do m?todo do Mapa de Exclus?o, que utiliza dados intra-municipais do Censo Demogr?fico de 2010, realizado pelo IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica), com objetivo de diagnosticar os indicadores s?cio-econ?micos, nas diferentes parcelas do territ?rio, que se relacionam com maior signific?ncia ? degrada??o ambiental e assim, corroborar para um processo cont?nuo de formula??o de pol?ticas p?blicas voltadas ? busca por um desenvolvimento sustent?vel.
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Vieira, Elisa Hardt Alves. "O licenciamento ambiental de portos de areia da bacia do rio Corumbataí como instrumento para a recuperação de áreas de preservação permanente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-09052006-153754/.
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Este trabalho avaliou se os instrumentos legais do licenciamento ambiental da extração de areia contribuem para a recuperação das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP), além disso, investigou as condições e os recursos dos órgãos envolvidos e o grau de informação dos proprietários. A área de estudo foi a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Corumbataí, localizada no Estado de São Paulo. A estratégia de estudo se baseou: a) na análise dos processos de licenciamento ambiental e mineral dos 36 empreendimentos existentes na bacia; b) na análise de campo dos plantios em APP de 21 portos de extração de areia de leito de rio; c) em entrevistas com 15 empreendedores e 15 funcionários dos cinco principais órgãos envolvidos. Foi verificado que a maioria dos órgãos envolvidos apresentam alguma dificuldade na atribuição de suas funções dentro do licenciamento, o que reside principalmente da carência de recurso humano, além da carência de recursos financeiros e materiais e de condições de preparo dos técnicos envolvidos. As irregularidades ambientais e legais dos portos de areia são função de uma soma de fatores, entre eles, a falta de informação e negligência dos empreendedores e a lentidão e os elevados custos do licenciamento ambiental e mineral. A avaliação final mostrou que 52% dos plantios podem ser classificados como ruins, 38% como regulares e somente 10% puderam ser considerados como bom e ótimo. Na maioria das vezes, as técnicas de reflorestamento utilizadas não atenderam aos critérios mínimos para o restabelecimento da estrutura e da função de uma floresta. Foi evidenciado ainda uma situação preocupante de perda de biodiversidade, uma vez que a maioria dos plantios e projetos de reflorestamento possui baixa diversidade em espécies e uma tendência à homogeneidade florística quando comparado com áreas naturais. Chama a atenção o insucesso dos plantios efetivados. Grande parte deles apresentou alta mortalidade, baixa densidade, baixa cobertura do solo por sombreamento da copa, fisionomia florestal sem estrutura vertical bem definida, serapilheira ausente ou escassa e regeneração ausente ou de baixas quantidade e qualidade. Os projetos de recuperação por reflorestamento não são satisfatoriamente cumpridos pelos empreendedores e a maioria mostrou uma listagem florística idêntica a de outros projetos. Além disso, se fossem implementados, na sua maioria, não garantiriam a manutenção da biodiversidade natural das matas ciliares. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se inferir que os atuais instrumentos legais do licenciamento ambiental dos portos de areia não estão contribuindo para a recuperação das APP da Bacia do Rio Corumbataí. Entretanto, o licenciamento ambiental da atividade parece estar contribuindo com a conservação das matas naturais ainda existentes na bacia, em função da atual política ambiental de não desmatamento de novas matas em APP.The purposes of this work were to evaluate whether the environmental licensing legislation for sand mining contributes to the recovery of the riparian vegetation of the Permanent Preservation Areas (river buffer zones), as well as the conditions and resources availability of the involved agencies, and the land owners information level. The study area was the Corumbatai River basin, located in the State of São Paulo. The study strategy involved: a) the analysis of the environmental licensing procedures of the 36 existing mining sites in the river basin; b) field analysis of the seedlings growth in the revegetated areas in the 21 sand mining sites; c) interviews with 15 entrepreneurs and 15 officers of the five main agencies involved. It was observed that most agencies have problems with their own attributions in the licensing process, mainly owing to human resource deficiencies, lack of financial and material resources, and poor conditions for the adequate technical capacitating of the responsible officers. The environmental and legal irregularities of the sand mining sites are due to several factors, such as entrepreneurs misinformation and negligence, slowness and high costs involved in the environmental and mineral licensing. A final evaluation showed that 52% of the revegetation areas could be classified as bad, 38% as regular, and only 10% could be considered good or excellent. Generally, the revegetation techniques used did not meet the minimal criteria for reestablishing the riparian forest structure and function. A worrying situation regarding biodiversity loss was also evidenced, since most of the revegetation projects presented low species diversity and a tendency to floristic homogeneity, as compared to what is observed in natural areas. Most of the revegetated areas showed high mortality rate, low density, little soil cover due to canopy shading, poorly defined vertical structure, absense or inadequate litter and absence or low regeneration quantity and quality. Revegetation projects are not succesfully accomplished by the entrepreneurs and most of them showed an identical floristic list of species to those found in previous projects. Moreover, if such projects were implemented, they would probably not guarantee the maintenance of the natural biodiversity of riparian forests. According to the results, it can be inferred that the current environmental licensing legislation of sand mining sites are not contributing to the recovery of the riparian vegetation in the Corumbatai River basin. However, the environmental licensing of the sand mining activity may seem to be contributing to the conservation of the remaining natural forests in the basin, due to the current environmental policy that prohibities the cutting of riparian forests.
Books on the topic "Degraded rivers"
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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Rehabilitation of Large Scale Water Resource Systems (1995 Yaroslavl, Russia (Federation)). Restoration of degraded rivers: Challenges, issues and experiences. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1998.
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Loucks, Daniel P., ed. Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2.
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Loucks, Daniel P. Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998.
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Novotny, Vladimir, and László Somlyódy, eds. Remediation and Management of Degraded River Basins. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57752-9.
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Loucks, Daniel P. Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and. Springer, 1998.
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P, Loucks Daniel, ed. Restoration of degraded rivers: Challenges, issues, and experiences. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
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Novotny, Vladimir, and Laszlo Somlyody. Remediation and Management of Degraded River Basins: With Emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2012.
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1938-, Novotny Vladimir, and Somlyódy L, eds. Remediation and management of degraded river basins: With emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe. Berlin: Springer, 1995.
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Novotny, Vladimir, and Laszlo Somlyody. Remediation and Management of Degraded River Basins: With Emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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Preliminary floodplain restoration plan for a 1-mile portion of the Scott River degraded by past gold dredging. Yreka, CA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Klamath River Fish and Wildlife Office, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Degraded rivers"
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Vasiliev, Oleg F. "Siberian Rivers and Their Environmental Problems." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 277–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_17.
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Boettcher, Roland, and Jürgen Köngeter. "Computer-Supported Restoration of Rivers in Germany." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 347–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_20.
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Pedroli, Bas, and Jos Dijkman. "River Restoration in European Lowland River Systems." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 211–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_12.
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Loucks, Daniel P., and A. B. Avakyan. "Restoration of Degraded water Resource Systems: Issues, Opportunities, Challenges and Experiences." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 3–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_1.
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Mikheev, A. N. "Problems of Large-Scale Basins of Russia." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 179–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_10.
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Orlob, G. T. "Environmental Consequences of Water Resource Development in California." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 187–209. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_11.
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Racický, M., J. Ostrolucký, M. Puchnerová, and L. Zboril. "Environmental Restoration of Surface and Groundwater in the Upper Tisza Basin." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 229–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_13.
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Schilling, Kyle E. "United States Water Resources Experience Related to European Water Management Concerns." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 243–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_14.
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Seversky, I. V., and I. M. Malkovsky. "Ili-Balkhash Basin: The State and Prospects of Nature Management." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 255–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_15.
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Turkman, Ferhat. "The Development Plan of the Transboundary Euphrates-Tigris Basin and Environmental Considerations." In Restoration of Degraded Rivers: Challenges, Issues and Experiences, 263–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2894-2_16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Degraded rivers"
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Weishar, Lee, and John Teal. "The Role of Adaptive Management in the Restoration Degraded Diked Salt Hay Farm Wetlands." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)61.
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Cindy Tan Soo Yun and Ang Chung Huap. "Isolation of potential total petroleum hydrocarbon degraders from river sediments." In 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssr.2010.5773884.
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Dvalashvili, G. "PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEGRADED RELIEF IN THE RIVER KVIRILA BASIN, WEST GEORGIA." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/5.2/s20.096.
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Ivanova, Anastasia. "Consumul chimic de oxigen în apele râului Prut." In Simpozion "Modificări funcționale ale ecosistemelor acvatice în contextul impactului antropic și al schimbărilor climatice". Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975151979.05.
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Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined in water samples from the Prut River during 2020. Mean values of CODMn and CODCr ranged from 3.5 to 9.0 mg O2/L (5.5 ± 1.2 mg O2/L) and from 12 to 45 mg O2/L (22 ± 8.7 mg O2/L) respectively. The analysis of the results demonstrates the existence in the waters of the Prut River of easily degradable organic substances (an indicator of fresh and permanent pollution) and those that are difficult to degrade. According to the requirements of the Regulation on the quality of surface waters, the water from the Prut River for the period studied in accordance to the chemical oxygen demand with manganese is assigned to quality class I-II (very good – good), and after chemical oxygen demand with chrome – to class II-III (good – moderately polluted).
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Kiflu, Bereket, and Steve J. Hensel. "Life Extension of the 9975 Package As a Storage Container: Thermal Analysis." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65054.
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The 9975 shipping package is used to store plutonium bearing material with a heat release of up to 19 Watts at the Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River Site (SRS). Individual 9975 packages have been used to store these materials for nearly 15 years. The 9975 package contains non-metallic components such as the elastomeric dual O-ring seals, used to ensure containment at the vessel closures, and a fiberboard over pack which provides impact and fire resistance to the containment vessels. These non-metallic components degrade during long term storage, particularly when higher heat generating contents are packaged. Degraded fiberboard properties result in higher peak internal 9975 package material temperatures during a fire accident event. The thermal performance of the 9975 shipping package was evaluated for a sequential accident consisting of a fire and drop which locally ruptures the outer drum. The package is exposed to an off-normal 58.3°C (137°F) ambient temperature prior to being fully engulfed in a fire for 1.5 hours at 815.6°C (1500°F). Subsequently the fiberboard smolders for 1.0 hour at 760°C (1400°F) at the location of drum rupture, followed by cool down to the ambient temperature. The thermal evaluation considered both the beginning-of-life (as-designed) condition and after 20 years of service as a plutonium material storage container. The results of the evaluation demonstrate that the 9975 shipping package maintains containment during initial and after 20 years of service. The maximum Primary Containment Vessel dual O-ring temperatures during the facility fire-drop-smoldering accident are 163.9°C (327°F) and 186.1°C (367°F) for beginning of life and after 20 years of service, respectively, which are within the allowable accident temperature limit of 204.4°C (400°F). Thus, the 9975 shipping package meets its intended function to provide containment.
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Guerrero, Hector N., Mark D. Fowley, and David J. Sherwood. "Irradiation and Temperature Effects on Anti-Foam Agent Performance in a Non-Newtonian Waste Slurry Simulant." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78247.
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Foaming tests were performed in a bench-scale foam column and 1/9th-scale mechanically-agitated mixing system at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) for a simulant of waste slurry from the Hanford Tank 241-AZ-101. This featured additions of DOW Corning Q2-3183A antifoam agent (AFA) to prevent foaming, especially in the evaporators. These waste slurries (typically 15 wt% solids) are particularly prone to particle-stabilized foaming. Previous studies have shown that up to 20% of the polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) portion of the AFA mixture is degraded by radiation. The high temperature (90°C) for 48 hrs of a caustic leaching process may have a similar effect on the polymer. The objective of this study was to determine how well degraded AFA works. Key results are that: • Without addition of this AFA, the 1/9th-scale system had about 100% foaming at 1 mm/s air velocity and the bench-scale system had over 400% foaming for an air flow of 10 mm/s. • The effect of irradiating 350 ppm AFA was to increase foaming from 6% to 30% in the foam column and 7.6% to 13.7% in the 1/9th-scale system at an air flow of 1 mm/s at room temperature. • The effect of heating the AFA to 90°C was to increase foaming by a factor of 1.6 in the foam column. But while the effectiveness of the irradiated AFA was reduced, it still provided a significant reduction in foaming. AFA additions required to mitigate the combined effects of high temperature and radiation were also determined.
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Mengjing Xia, Zhaohua Lu, Wendong Tao, Zhimei Liu, Ying Miao, and Dingyu Pei. "Effects of paper mill effluent, sludge and wheat straw residue on remediation of heavily degraded coastal saline wetlands in Yellow River Delta, China." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781544.
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Endsley, Stephen L. "Saxton Nuclear Experimental Corporation, Containment Vessel (CV) Concrete Removal: Decommissioning in a Flood Plan." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4685.
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The Saxton Nuclear Experimental Corporation (SNEC) constructed and operated a nuclear reactor in rural Pennsylvania as an early demonstration project. The 23.5 MWth pressurized water reactor (PWR) operated from 1962 through 1972, and completed operations with failed fuel experiments. The facility was placed into SAFSTOR and decommissioning activities began in the mid 1990’s. The reactor facility was sited on the banks of a Pennsylvania river within the immediate one hundred year floodplain. Because of the elevated groundwater levels at the site, completion of the decommissioning process would prove to be challenging. The containment was constructed as a vertical steel cylinder of 11/16” (1.75 cm) thick carbon steel, one hundred and nine feet (33 meters) tall with a diameter of fifty feet (15.25 meters). The bottom of the containment vessel was torispherical steel located approximately fifty feet below grade in the flood plain of Central Pennsylvania’s Juniata River. Construction of the vessel included an internal concrete structure that was designed as the ballast to prevent flotation of the vessel, and provided mechanical structure for the reactor and equipment installation. The steel cylinder provided the forms for the internal concrete installation. The initial phase of decommissioning for the reactor containment consisted of the complete removal of the reactor and associated components, and was completed in the late 1990’s without regard to stabilization requirements required to maintain the stability of containment. Due to concerns of possible radioactive material between the concrete structure and the steel shell, it was decided that the internal concrete would be removed. Removal of the concrete constituted removal of the ballast material and possibly degraded the structural integrity of the CV. Therefore, stabilization of the steel cylinder was required to prevent uplift (flotation) and/or deformation of the steel shell. This stabilization required the installation of a bedrock anchoring system, internal and external anti-buckling steel beam stiffener rings, and a complete site dewatering system. TLG Services completed concrete removal in October of 2002, and this paper will provide information and details of the complex concrete removal project, project challenges, and lessons learned.
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Chang, Zhengping, Zhongqi Wang, Jinming Zhang, Yuan Yang, and Yonggang Kang. "Investigation of Riveting Parameters Influence on the Riveted Joints Deformation During Slug Rivet Installation." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66618.
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Slug rivet is widely used in aircraft assembly due to the higher interference fit level and the longer fatigue life. However, the inhomogeneity of riveting interference value along the thickness direction of the aircraft panels always leads to inevitable deformation, which significantly degrades the dimensional accuracy of the final products. In this study, a quantitative model is established to describe the relationship between several riveting parameters (i.e. squeezing force, buck cavity, upsetting rise time, upsetting dwell time and clamping force between sheets) and the deformation of a formed slug rivet joint. Then the coefficient of variance (CV) is introduced to evaluate the homogeneity of deformation. Subsequently, an optimized combination of the presented parameters is obtained by using finite element method (FEM) simulation so as to generate more uniform deformation. Finally, the FEM model is validated by a series of orthogonal experiments conducted in G86 fully automated C-frame riveting machine and the results show that the squeezing force and the buck cavity are the main significant factors and contributors to the riveted joints deformation, and the sequence of this effect from the high to low are: upsetting dwell time, clamping force, and upsetting rise time. The results also indicate that the developed FE model can be used for further analysis, including the prediction of large component riveting deformation and the mechanical properties of riveted joint.
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Sindelar, Robert L., Poh-Sang Lam, Andrew J. Duncan, Bruce J. Wiersma, Karthik H. Subramanian, and James B. Elder. "Development and Application of Materials Properties for Flaw Stability Analysis in Extreme Environment Service." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26660.
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Discovery of aging phenomena in the materials of a structure may arise after its design and construction that impact its structural integrity. This condition can be addressed through a demonstration of integrity with the material-specific degraded conditions. Two case studies of development of fracture and crack growth property data, and their application in development of in-service inspection programs for nuclear structures in the defense complex are presented. The first case study covers the development of fracture toughness properties in the form of J-R curves for rolled plate Type 304 stainless steel with Type 308 stainless steel filler in the application to demonstrate the integrity of the reactor tanks of the heavy water production reactors at the Savannah River Site. The fracture properties for the base, weld, and heat-affected zone of the weldments irradiated at low temperatures (110°–150°C) up to 6.4 dpaNRT and 275 appm helium were developed. An expert group provided consensus for application of the irradiated properties for material input to acceptance criteria for ultrasonic examination of the reactor tanks. Dr. Spencer H. Bush played a lead advisory role in this work. The second case study covers the development of fracture toughness for A285 carbon steel in high level radioactive waste tanks. The approach in this case study incorporated a statistical experimental design for material testing to address metallurgical factors important to fracture toughness. Tolerance intervals were constructed to identify the lower bound fracture toughness for material input to flaw disposition through acceptance by analysis.