Academic literature on the topic 'Deformations of D-Structures'

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Journal articles on the topic "Deformations of D-Structures"

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Hassan, S. F. "O(d,d;R) deformations of complex structures and extended worldsheet supersymmetry." Nuclear Physics B 454, no. 1-2 (1995): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(95)00384-5.

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Cingolani, Matteo, Gioia Fusaro, Giulia Fratoni, and Massimo Garai. "Influence of thermal deformations on sound absorption of three-dimensional printed metamaterials." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 6 (2022): 3770–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011552.

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Acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) are designed with complex geometrical shapes to obtain unconventional sound-absorbing performances. As additive manufacturing is particularly suited to print complex structures in a more straightforward and controllable way, AMMs often exploit three-dimensional (3-D) printing techniques. However, when exposed to different temperature conditions, such structures can be affected by geometrical deformations, especially when they are polymer-based. This can cause a mismatch between the experimental data and the expected theoretical performance; therefore, it is import
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AKTAY, Şirin. "D-Homothetic Deformations and Almost Paracontact Metric Manifolds." Fundamentals of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54974/fcmathsci.1240849.

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In this study, we determine some of the classes of almost paracontact metric structures which are invariant under D-homothetic deformations. We write the Riemannian curvature tensor, the Ricci tensor and the scalar curvature when the characteristic vector field is Killing. In addition, we give examples.
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KAPUSTIN, ANTON. "TOPOLOGICAL STRINGS ON NONCOMMUTATIVE MANIFOLDS." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 01, no. 01n02 (2004): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887804000034.

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We identify a deformation of the N=2 supersymmetric sigma model on a Calabi–Yau manifold X which has the same effect on B-branes as a noncommutative deformation of X. We show that for hyperkähler X such deformations allow one to interpolate continuously between the A-model and the B-model. For generic values of the noncommutativity and the B-field, properties of the topologically twisted sigma-models can be described in terms of generalized complex structures introduced by N. Hitchin. For example, we show that the path integral for the deformed sigma-model is localized on generalized holomorph
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Eriksen, Eivind. "Computing Noncommutative Deformations of Presheaves and Sheaves of Modules." Canadian Journal of Mathematics 62, no. 3 (2010): 520–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cjm-2010-015-6.

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AbstractWe describe a noncommutative deformation theory for presheaves and sheaves of modules that generalizes the commutative deformation theory of these global algebraic structures and the noncommutative deformation theory of modules over algebras due to Laudal.In the first part of the paper, we describe a noncommutative deformation functor for presheaves of modules on a small category and an obstruction theory for this functor in terms of global Hochschild cohomology. An important feature of this obstruction theory is that it can be computed in concrete terms in many interesting cases.In th
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Correa, Francisco, and Olaf Lechtenfeld. "Algebraic integrability of PT -deformed Calogero models." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2038, no. 1 (2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2038/1/012007.

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Abstract We review some recents developments of the algebraic structures and spectral properties of non-Hermitian deformations of Calogero models. The behavior of such extensions is illustrated by the A 2 trigonometric and the D 3 angular Calogero models. Features like intertwining operators and conserved charges are discussed in terms of Dunkl operators. Hidden symmetries coming from the so-called algebraic integrability for integral values of the coupling are addressed together with a physical regularization of their action on the states by virtue of a PT -symmetry deformation.
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Yuge, K., N. Iwai, and N. Kikuchi. "Optimization of 2-D structures subjected to nonlinear deformations using the homogenization method." Structural Optimization 17, no. 4 (1999): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207005.

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He, Kuan, Youfeng Zou, Zhigang Han, and Jilei Huang. "Time-Series InSAR Technology for Monitoring and Analyzing Surface Deformations in Mining Areas Affected by Fault Disturbances." Remote Sensing 16, no. 24 (2024): 4811. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244811.

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Faults, as unique geological structures, disrupt the mechanical connections between rock masses. During coal mining, faults in the overlying strata can disturb the original stress balance, leading to fault activation and altering the typical subsidence patterns. This can result in abnormal ground deformation and significant damage to surface structures, posing a serious geological hazard in mining areas. This study examines the influence of a known fault (F13 fault) on ground subsidence in the Wannian Mine of the Fengfeng Mining Area. We utilized 12 Sentinel-1A images and applied SBAS-InSAR, S
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Shaw, Amit, and D. Roy. "Improved Procedures for Static and Dynamic Analyses of Wrinkled Membranes." Journal of Applied Mechanics 74, no. 3 (2006): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2338057.

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An analysis of large deformations of flexible membrane structures within the tension field theory is considered. A modification of the finite element procedure by Roddeman et al. (Roddeman, D. G., Drukker, J., Oomens, C. W. J., Janssen, J. D., 1987, ASME J. Appl. Mech. 54, pp. 884–892) is proposed to study the wrinkling behavior of a membrane element. The state of stress in the element is determined through a modified deformation gradient corresponding to a fictive nonwrinkled surface. The new model uses a continuously modified deformation gradient to capture the location orientation of wrinkl
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Vilfayeau, Jerome, David Crépin, François Boussu, Damien Soulat, and Philippe Boisse. "Numerical Modelling of the Weaving Process for Textile Composite." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.472.

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Due to advancements made in 3D weaving process [1] and, in order to develop 3D textile structure as reinforcement of composite material for aeronautic application, a good prediction of the geometry and the mechanical properties of the 3D woven unit cell is required. Due to the complexity of these textile architectures, realistic geometric representations [2] of fabrics are often difficult to obtain especially for 3D woven fabrics, but these descriptions are necessary to define meshes for finite element computation [3]. At present, existing tools which model and define, early at a mesoscopic sc
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deformations of D-Structures"

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ROSSI, FEDERICO ALBERTO. "D-Complex Structures on Manifolds: Cohomological properties and deformations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/41976.

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In questa tesi studiamo alcune proprietà delle "Varietà Doppie" o D-Varietà. In particolare studiamo la teoria delle deformazioni di D-Strutture e di D-Strutture CR, e troviamo una condizione che è equivalente alla classica condizione di Maurer-Cartan che descrive l'integrabilità di deformazioni di D-Strutture. Successivamente prestiamo attenzione alla coomologia delle D-Varietà, provando che una versione D-complessa del del-delbar-Lemma non può essere vera per D-varietà compatte. Inoltre sono stabilite alcune proprietà di sottogruppi speciali della coomologia di de-Rham, ottenute studiando il
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Recio, Molina Juan Antonio. "Hydraulic stability of geotextile sand containers for coastal structures effect of deformations and stability formulae." Clausthal-Zellerfeld Papierflieger, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987276026/04.

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Bassa, Bruno. "Contribution à l’étude d’éléments finis de type coque sans degrés de liberté en rotation ou à formulation solide pour des simulations numériques de l’emboutissage et du retour élastique." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0113/document.

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La thèse présente une méthodologie pour construire des éléments finis de type « solide-coque » avec intégration réduite en vue des applications à la simulation de la mise en forme tel que l’emboutissage des tôles où ces éléments finis doivent présenter de bonnes aptitudes à modéliser la flexion mais également les situations de laminage de la tôle. A partir des éléments volumiques à 8 nœuds et 3 degrés de liberté par nœud (les 3 composantes du déplacement), un neuvième nœud est rajouté au centre de l’élément. Ce neuvième nœud n’est pourvu que d’un seul degré de liberté, le déplacement le long d
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Rollenske, Sönke [Verfasser]. "Nilmanifolds : complex structures, geometry and deformations / Sönke Rollenske." 2007. http://d-nb.info/985385464/34.

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Stelzig, Philipp Emanuel [Verfasser]. "Homogenization of many-body structures subject to large deformations and noninterpenetration / Philipp Emanuel Stelzig." 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000121763/34.

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Recio, Molina Juan Antonio [Verfasser]. "Hydraulic stability of geotextile sand containers for coastal structures : effect of deformations and stability formulae / von Juan Antonio Recio Molina." 2008. http://d-nb.info/987929720/34.

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Yi-HsuanLi and 李怡萱. "R & D of Gradient Structure Design Effects on Plastic Deformation of Ti-6Al-4V Porous Materials." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xen4cc.

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Books on the topic "Deformations of D-Structures"

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Rozenblyum, Nick, and Dennis Gaitsgory. Study in Derived Algebraic Geometry : Volume II: Deformations, Lie Theory and Formal Geometry. American Mathematical Society, 2020.

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Study in Derived Algebraic Geometry : Volume II: Deformations, Lie Theory and Formal Geometry. American Mathematical Society, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Deformations of D-Structures"

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Oral S.Ü., Çetin K.O., Erol O., İnci G., and Delice M. "Performance assessment of Izmirspor metro station." In Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-801-4-1541.

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Within the scope of this manuscript, 3-D finite element assessments performed for Izmir-Turkey Metro Project, İzmirspor Station will be presented with field ground deformation monitoring data for comparison purposes. Metro Tunnels were constructed using the New Austrian Method (NATM) and excavation of Izmirspor station structure was performed by cut and cover. The Station judged to be very critical and difficult to execute due to its relatively shallow depth, proximity to residential structures and complex geometry consisting of elevator tunnels, shafts, station tunnels and inclined s
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Tanaka, Yoshiyuki, Volker Klemann, and Zdeněk Martinec. "An Estimate of the Effect of 3D Heterogeneous Density Distribution on Coseismic Deformation Using a Spectral Finite-Element Approach." In International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2023_236.

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AbstractThe advancement of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) has enabled monitoring of mass transport and solid-Earth deformation processes with unprecedented accuracy. Coseismic deformation is modelled as an elastic response of the solid Earth to an internal dislocation. Self-gravitating spherical Earth models can be employed in modelling regional to global scale deformations. Recent seismic tomography and high-pressure/high-temperature experiments have revealed finer-scale lateral heterogeneities in the elasticity and density structures within the Earth, which motivates us to quant
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Mannacio, Francesco, Fabrizio Di Marzo, Marco Gaiotti, Massimo Guzzo, Cesare Mario Rizzo, and Marco Venturini. "Shock Characterization of Fiberglass Composite Laminates: Numerical and Experimental Comparison." In Progress in Marine Science and Technology. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/pmst220048.

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When subjected to a no contact underwater explosions (UNDEX), naval composite structures show highly nonlinear deformations. In this paper, fiberglass composite laminates are characterized dynamically. Experimentally, modal analyses are carried out to determine the modal parameters of the specimens, while dedicated shock tests are performed using the MIL S 901 D Medium Weight Shock Machine to measure their shock deformations. Numerically, finite element model is built up, running both modal and implicit dynamic analyses to predict the structural response of different E-Glass laminates. In the
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Klokočník, Jaroslav, Aleš Bezděk, and Jan Kostelecký. "Gravity field aspects for identification of cosmic impact structures on Earth." In In the Footsteps of Warren B. Hamilton: New Ideas in Earth Science. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2553(21).

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ABSTRACT We studied the following proven as well as hypothetical impact craters (among others), and some of the relevant results are reviewed in this chapter: (1) a hypothetical impact structure in Saginaw Bay, Great Lakes, Michigan; (2) a putative impact crater basin under the ice of Antarctica in Wilkes Land; (3) two recently discovered subglacial impact craters in Greenland; (4) a possible huge impact crater in Kotuykanskaya in a remote area of Siberia near the proven impact crater Popigai; and (5) a hypothetical impact object Burckle on the bottom of the Indian Ocean. They were tested usin
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Ogawa, Yujiro, and Shin’ichi Mori. "Gravitational sliding or tectonic thrusting?: Examples and field recognition in the Miura-Boso subduction zone prism." In Plate Tectonics, Ophiolites, and Societal Significance of Geology: A Celebration of the Career of Eldridge Moores. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2552(10).

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ABSTRACT Discrimination between gravity slides and tectonic fold-and-thrust belts in the geologic record has long been a challenge, as both have similar layer shortening structures resulting from single bed duplication by thrust faults of outcrop to map scales. Outcrops on uplifted benches within the Miocene to Pliocene Misaki accretionary unit of Miura-Boso accretionary prism, Miura Peninsula, central Japan, preserve good examples of various types of bedding duplication and duplex structures with multiple styles of folds. These provide a foundation for discussion of the processes, mechanisms,
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Lin Wei-te and Robb Richard A. "Patient Specific Physics-based Model for Interactive Visualization of Cardiac Dynamics." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2000. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-914-1-182.

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Cardiac disorders result mainly from defects in cardiac structure or failure to generate and regulate electrical impulses. Knowledge of the structure, motion patterns, local deformation, and associated electrical activation patterns of the heart is necessary for precise diagnosis and treatment. Electrical and mechanical performance of the heart is strongly influenced by the anisotropic nature of myocardial tissue. Diffusion-encoded MR imaging provides in vivo myocardial fiber track information that can be used for precise simulation of cardiac conduction and contraction. We propose a method th
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Hosseinzadeh, Saeed, and Kristjan Tabri. "Numerical Investigation of Hydroelastic Response of a Three-Dimensional Deformable Hydrofoil." In Progress in Marine Science and Technology. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/pmst200029.

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The present study is concerned with the numerical simulation of Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) on a deformable three-dimensional hydrofoil in a turbulent flow. The aim of this work is to develop a strongly coupled two-way fluid-structure interaction methodology with a sufficiently high spatial accuracy to examine the effect of turbulent and cavitating flow on the hydroelastic response of a flexible hydrofoil. A 3-D cantilevered hydrofoil with two degrees-of-freedom is considered to simulate the plunging and pitching motion at the foil tip due to bending and twisting deformation. The defined
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Cameron B.M. and Robb R.A. "Patient Specific Dynamic Geometric Models From Sequential Volumetric Time Series Image Data." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-942-4-40.

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Generating patient specific dynamic models is complicated by the complexity of the motion intrinsic and extrinsic to the anatomic structures being modeled. Using a physics-based sequentially deforming algorithm, an anatomically accurate dynamic four-dimensional model can be created from a sequence of 3-D volumetric time series data sets [1]. While such algorithms may accurately track the cyclic non-linear motion of the heart, they generally fail to accurately track extrinsic structural and non-cyclic motion. To accurately model these motions, we have modified a physics-based deformation algori
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Tsutsumi Yohei, Otani J., Mukunoki T., Chevalier B., Takano D., and Hazarika H. "Direct shear behavior of sand and tire chips using X-ray CT and DEM simulation." In Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials. IOS Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-822-9-746.

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One cost effective application of mixed sand with tire chips is to use them behind retaining structures as reducing earth pressure and to use its highly permeable nature of this type of materials as an agent for reducing liquefaction induced deformation. However, the precise mechanical properties of tire chips and mixed sand with tire chips have not been clarified yet. The objective of this paper is to investigate the shear behavior of tire chips and mixed sand with tire chips. First of all, the direct shear test which is one of the typical tests to obtain strength and deformation characterist
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Chen, Chuanmin, Fuyu Wang, and Weijie Yang. "First Principles Study of Different Atomic Exposure Terminals for Cu Adsorption on the Attapulgite (200) Surface." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde230323.

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The geometric structure, electronic structure, and charge transfer of transition metal Cu atoms adsorbed on different adsorption sites on three different termination surfaces (Mg/Al-O, Si1-O, and Si2-O) of Attapulgite (ATP) (200) slab were systematically studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculation method. The calculated results show that the adsorption energy of Cu adsorbed on the O atom Hcp site of the ATP (200) Mg/Al-O termination surface has the smallest adsorption energy and the most stable adsorption structure; the calculations and analysis of the density of states reveal that
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Conference papers on the topic "Deformations of D-Structures"

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Swaisgood, Logan, and Anubhav Datta. "Towards a 3-D Fluid-Structure Interface for Helicopter Rotors." In Vertical Flight Society 81st Annual Forum and Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4050/f-0081-2025-242.

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The emergence of three-dimensional Computational Structural Dynamics for helicopter rotors warrants the development of a higher fidelity fluid-structure interface that can replace the one-dimensional sectional airload interface commonly used for coupled analysis with Computational Fluid Dynamics. Three methods of progressively higher fidelity are examined for imposing airloads onto the structure. These are defined as level-III, II, and I, based on fluid stresses, patch forces, and sectional airloads (baseline), respectively. A model problem investigating a 3-D cylindrical shell with large defo
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Garg, Ajay. "2-D Finite Element Analysis of Engineering Components." In ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1995 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1995-0741.

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Abstract Design and analysis of engineering components can be categorized under the theory of continuum mechanics, plates/shells or beams. Closed form solutions for determining deformations and stresses are available for simple structures with simple boundary conditions. In the cases of complex structures, boundary conditions and loads, analytical solutions are not readily available. Finite element analysis (FEA) can be performed to resolve the simulation barrier of these analytically indeterminate structures. Similar to analytical approach, FEA can simulate the components through solid, plate
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Kumar, Ram, Deepak Kumar, and Bapon Paul. "Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of 2-D Jacket Structure Considering Joint Nonlinearity." In ASME 2024 43rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2024-124560.

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Abstract Jacket structures are recognized for their fixed-base design and inherent structural stiffness among the most critical offshore engineering structures. This rigidity, stemming from their solid connection to the foundation, results in a slightly shorter natural time period than their floating structures. Comprising a framework of interconnected tubular members with rigid connections, jacket structures offer durability and stability in the challenging offshore environment. However, the operational performance of these jacket structures is significantly influenced by dynamic forces arisi
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Kim, Jihyeon, and Narakorn Srinil. "3-D Numerical Simulations of Subsea Jumper Transporting Intermittent Slug Flows." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77299.

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Subsea jumper is the steel pipe structure to connect wellhead and subsea facilities such as manifolds or processing units in order to transport the produced multiphase flows. Generally, the jumper consists of a goalpost with two loop structures and a straight pipe between them, carrying the multiphase oil and gas from the producing well. Due to the jumper pipe characteristic geometry and multi-fluid properties, slug flows may take place, creating problematic fluctuating forces causing the jumper oscillations. Severe dynamic fluctuations cause the risk of pipe deformations and resonances result
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Sofla, Aarash Y. N., Dana M. Elzey, and Haydn N. G. Wadley. "An Antagonistic Flexural Unit Cell for Design of Shape Morphing Structures." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62149.

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An antagonistic flexural unit cell (AFC) concept for the design and fabrication of novel 2-D and 3-D lightweight shape morphing structures is introduced. A fully reversible flexural shape changing cell utilizing opposing one-way shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators is shown to require no spring-like bias elements. The SMA actuating elements are arranged such that the actuation (contraction) of one of them stretches the other one in the cell, preparing it to be actuated later to reverse a flexural displacement. This antagonistic operation allows fully reversed cyclic operation. The focus of this
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Kabova, Yu O., and O. A. Kabov. "Heater Size Effect on 3D Liquid Film Flow." In ASME 2007 5th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2007-30095.

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Thin liquid films may provide very high heat transfer intensity and may be used for cooling of microelectronic equipment. Investigation of the influence of size of hot spots on 3-D structures, occurring at the film surface, is the main objective of the present work. Calculations were carried out for a rectangular heater of different width. It was obtained that there is a heater size effect on 3D liquid film deformations. Film pattern changes in spanwise direction with the heater size. Calculations have been done for various liquid Reynolds numbers.
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Kabir, Mobashar, Tasneem Pervez, Farooq K. S. Al-Jahwari, and Sayyad Zahid Qamar. "Modeling of Human Femoral Bone Idealized As Functionally Graded and Laminated Composite Structure." In ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2023-112920.

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Abstract Femur, the largest bone in the human skeletal system, provides critical mechanical support in bearing internal and external loads. It is a sophisticated natural composite with a complex hierarchical construction of multiple layers having varying material properties. This research work explores modeling approaches focusing on localized behavior of bone material under lateral loads. Small elements taken from cross-sections of femur bone are considered for analysis. To simplify the analysis, it is assumed that the chosen elements can be idealized as plate structures. Two representative b
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Stensrud, E., G. Hamre, G. Løvoll, et al. "Artificial Intelligence as a Means to Automate Detection of Defects in Inspection of Hull Structures." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4043/35708-ms.

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This paper reports on the status from further development from the outcome of an R&D project developing a digital twin of a physical asset. The asset in this case is a ship tank, and the digital twin is populated with both new and historic data representing the condition of the asset, such as video, point clouds from laser scans, and thickness measurements. The data are collected by autonomous drones equipped with video camera, LIDAR, and UT sensor. AI algorithms then "inspect" the data and detect anomalies such as corrosion, cracks, and deformations. Use of the automated drone improves sa
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Molinari, G., M. Quack, A. F. Arrieta, M. Morari, and P. Ermanni. "Design and Realization of a Compliant Adaptable Wing." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7531.

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This paper presents the design, optimization, realization and testing of a novel wing morphing concept based on compliant structures actuated by Macro Fiber Composites. The geometry of the compliant morphing ribs is determined through multidisciplinary optimizations. The static and dynamic behavior of the wing, and the effect of activating the actuators, is assessed using 3-D aeroelastic simulations. The performance and manufacturability of a wing designed according to this approach are investigated. The achieved active deformations produce sufficient roll control authority to replace conventi
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Samadani, S., A. A. Aghakouchak, and J. Mirzadeh Niasar. "Nonlinear Analysis of Offshore Platforms Subjected to Earthquake Loading Considering the Effects of Joint Flexibility." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79851.

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In a conventional method of structural analysis, for modeling and analysis of jacket type offshore platforms, member connections are assumed to be rigid. In this method, members are rigidly connected which means there is no axial or rotational deformation at the end of brace member relative to chord axis. However in reality local deformations occur at chord surface due to applied loads from braces, which mean tubular joints are considerably flexible especially in non linear range of deformations. Therefore results of analysis based on rigid connections assumption differ from real behavior of t
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