Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déformations localisées'
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Mokni, Moncef. "Relations entre déformations en masse et déformations localisées dans les matériaux granulaires." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10185.
Full textMuriel, Gerbault. "Modélisation numérique de la naissance des déformations localisées : exemple du flambage lithosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00522321.
Full textGerbault, Muriel. "Modélisation numérique de la naissance des déformations localisées : exemple du flambage lithosphérique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20025.
Full textNiño, Fernando. "Modélisation numérique de la déformation localisée et de l'activité tectonique des failles." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20019.
Full textKeryvin, Vincent. "Contribution à la modélisation de l'endommagement localisé." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2370.
Full textAl, Nemer Rana. "Effect of two-phase fluid percolation on remodeling of geo-materials." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0012.
Full textThe goal of carbon neutrality relying massively on the renewable energy sources can be accelerated by considering underground CO2 sequestration and underground storage of (i) hydrogen produced by the water electrolysis from renewable electricity, and (ii) synthesized methane produced by the methanation. However, the injection of these fluids into deep saline aquifers, can trigger local instabilities in the form of fluid fingering, which are precursors of macroscopic instabilities such as micro-seismicity, subsidence or ground swelling. The interaction between the injected fluid, the residential one and the host porous medium is a complex problem. To investigate the response of a solid skeleton percolated by an unsteady bi-phasic flow, an original bi-axial machine adapted to partially saturated geo-materials and providing a hydro-mechanical control, has been set-up. Drainage experiments have been conducted on mechanically loaded water-saturated sand samples by injecting air via an imposed capillary pressure. A testing protocol detailing the steps required to achieve successful drainage test, starting from sample preparation to air injection, has been established. Thanks to a high resolution optical system, the air infiltration through preferential pathway(s) within the granular medium, has been acquired. The monitoring of the propagating finger(s) has required the development of robust algorithm allowing the automatic interface detection for the set of available images. In addition, the skeleton remodeling driven by the fluid percolation has been quantified via finite- element based digital image correlation. The coupling between interface propagation and localized strains has been quantitatively measured as function of the mechanical loading, controlled by the effective stress. The results have shown a correlation between mechanical loading and the heterogeneous percolation in the form of fingering and localized strains
Soriano, Ilaria. "Bandes de déformation localisée dans les sables faiblement cimentés : l'exemple de Bédoin (Sud de la France)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI047.
Full textAn attempt to study the role of heterogeneities in the occurrence of deformation bands in weakly cemented sands was performed. Depositional structures and later deformation processes were considered as heterogeneities. In artificially cemented samples, they were observed to induce localised deformation across them, but this behaviour was not analysed in natural sands due to the complexity of extracting them from the field without altering their structure.The investigation was performed by using weakly clay-cemented sands from Bédoin (Southern France), whose outcrops are cross-cut by deformation bands. Small chunks of undisturbed cemented sand and of deformation bands were used to prepare polished thin sections, whereas large blocks of material were collected with an innovative field sampler and carried to the laboratory to extract intact samples for mechanical testing.From image analysis with Scanning Electron Microscopy of the thin sections, syntaxial quartz overgrowths were found everywhere, in increasing quantity from undisturbed and dilation band, to single-strand, multi-strand, and finally cluster. The observation of quartz overgrowths and of kaolinite illitization, inside and outside deformation bands, has led to extend the maximum burial depth estimated for the Bédoin outcrops to 2 – 3 km.From the mechanical tests performed with syn-deformation X-ray Computed Tomography, it emerged that depositional layers developed a low degree of shear (at about 0.5 – 1 MPa of confining pressure). However, localised deformation was more affected by other types of heterogeneities: on one hand, a region of enhanced porosity triggered the formation of a shear band across the enhanced pore; on the other hand, an elongated pore surrounded by thick clay cement layer moved the localised deformation far from the pore, instead of triggering it close by. Similarly, a pre-existing dilation band did not attract further localised deformation, but it only partially reactivated showing further dilation with shear.In parallel with tests on natural material, tests on artificially cemented and uncemented sands were performed under the same conditions applied to the natural ones. The cemented samples were composed of the same Bédoin sand cemented with two different clay contents (15% and 20%) fabricated with an innovative cementation procedure and without replicating the heterogeneities observed in the natural material. Natural samples showed earlier, fewer, and sharper bands than the artificially cemented ones, which developed broader networks of shear bands in the samples. The difference in mechanical behaviour is attributed to the heterogeneities, which revealed high mechanical resistance since none of them – region of enhanced porosity, elongated pore, pre-existing dilation band - collapsed under compression. In artificially prepared samples, the cement content was proportional to the sample resistance, but this was reported always lower than the natural samples resistance.X-ray Computed Tomography was also performed on some deformation band samples, in order to calculate porosity and permeability through image processing. Porosity reported a reduction from an average of 30% in undisturbed sands to values lower than 10% in single-strand bands and closer to zero in multi-strand bands. Porosity in the dilation band core was similar to that of undisturbed sands, but it reported contours with half value (about 15%). Permeability was reported to reduce of 3 – 4 orders of magnitude from undisturbed sands to single- and multi-strand bands, whereas the dilation band was one order of magnitude lower than the undisturbed sand.The role of heterogeneities was demonstrated to be not always influent on the localised deformation in the cemented sands of Bédoin. In the absence of heterogeneities, less intense and a more distributed strain localisation would be promoted, e.g., in the form of network of bands
Bao, Chengheri. "Analyse par interférométrie laser de la striction diffuse et localisée dans des tôles d'aciers." Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0014/document.
Full textThe evolution of the plastic strain localization field of ductile metals was followed by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) during a uniaxial tensile test. It was shown that the mathematical model, a system of two crossing straight bands, describes accurately the evolution of the strain rate field from diffuse necking up to rupture. The physical characteristics of the localization, such as the width of the bands, their orientations and maximum strain rates were identified quantitatively. Their evolutions were followed and analyzed from several influencing factors, which are both microscopic, such as grain size and crystal structure, and macroscopic, like the geometry of the specimen and the direction in which the specimen were cut with respect to the rolling direction, and the pulling speed. It has been found that the bands narrow down during the necking process and their orientations were also changing. These evolutions, the necking mode and the transition between the diffuse and localized necking are influenced differently by these factors
Couture, Cyrille. "Caractérisation du comportement mécanique de grès poreux en condition triaxiale vraie : déformation diffuse et localisée, effet de l'anisotropie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI058.
Full textThe objective of this doctoral thesis consists in the characterization of diffuse and localized deformations during monotonic loading of both isotropic and anisotropic porous sandstones. In particular, the kinematics of emerging and persistent strain localization structures are investigated in a combination of complementary experimental, analytical and numerical approaches, exploring the effect of different true triaxial loading paths in the octahedral plane.A series of experimental loading tests have been performed in a laboratory environment comprising a high pressure true triaxial apparatus (TTA), which is designed to provide access to full-field measurements of one of the sample surfaces at high spacial and temporal resolutions. Important developments contributed in this work enabled to extend the capabilities for this apparatus to perform invariant controlled loading paths, while acquiring direct strain measurements from a combination of strain gauges and digital image correlation (DIC). Using this apparatus, two experimental campaigns have been realized, focusing on the mechanical characterization of both a well-studied isotropic Vosges sandstone and a newly studied anisotropic Vosges sandstone. The later sandstone has been selected for the organization of its granular fabric in thin bedding plane layers of variable porosity. The results from these series of mechanical loading experiments contribute an original insight into the emergence and development of localized deformation during different stages of loading. A combined analysis is performed on the evolution of the macroscopic stress-strain responses, full-field measurements of incremental strains through DIC, as well as post-mortem x-ray tomography. Additionally, in this investigation exploring rarely considered loading paths, the independent role of the mean stress, the Lode angle and the orientation of the bedding planes is systematically studied according to their respective influence on the material strength, the manifestation of localized structures and the transition towards a ductile behavior of the material.In terms of analytical development, a bifurcation analysis is proposed for a novel three invariant model, validated with experimental results obtained for the isotropic sandstone. This theoretical model, proved to be successful in predicting both the deformation band inclination and the dilatancy angle of the material at failure.In parallel, a double scale model based on numerical homogenization is presented. In this approach, a macro 2D finite element model (FEM) is coupled to a micro 3D discrete element model (DEM) at the particle scale of a representative elementary volume (REV) in the frame of a hierarchical scheme (FEMxDEM), with second gradient regularization. This model is extended in the scope of this work to the study of cemented granular materials, with the development of a frictional-cohesive damageable contact law, implemented at the DEM level. In an extensive series of true triaxial loading simulations, the hierarchical numerical model is used to explore both the influence of different micro-structural arrangements (DEM) and heterogeneities at the sample scale (FEM). In this respect, two types of anisotropies resulting from heterogeneities defined at each scales are further investigated. The mechanical response and localized deformation, emerging from the micro-scale constitutive model, is shown to display significant correspondence with experimental observations in the studied Vosges sandstones.This combination of advanced experimental, analytical and numerical studies contributes a unique insight into important and open questions regarding the mechanical response and deformation processes of cemented granular materials
Largeau, Ludovic. "Etude de plasticité des semi-conducteurs III-V sous chargement localisé : du massif au film mince." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2313.
Full textWe have studied the indentation plasticity of bulk samples and self-standing films of GaAs and InP using original analysing techniques. We have determined the strain field along the loading axis by FIB and TEM. We have developed an analysis based on CBED to determine the crystal polarity of (001) GaAs plane views. By this technique, we determined the character of dislocations contained in the asymmetric rosette arms. We performed indentation tests at 350-400°C on (011) GaAs and InP films of thicknesses between 150 and 250 µm in order to study the influence of the free bottom surface. For InP, we have shown that plastic flow is conservative. We have developed a model based on the punching mechanism to predict the critical shear stress by observation of deformed patterns. For GaAs, we have developed a model taking into account the stronger difference mobility between and dislocations that leads to an asymmetric gliding mechanism throughout the sample and around the indent site
Khalifat, Nada. "Déformation directionnelle d’une bicouche lipidique guidée par un gradient chimique localisé : application à la dynamique des cristae mitochondriales." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066063.
Full textElettro, Hervé. "Le treuil élasto-capillaire : de la soie d'araignée aux actionneurs intelligents." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066229/document.
Full textThis PhD work aimed to understand and recreate artificially a self-assembling mechanism involving capillarity and elasticity present in spider silk. The primary function of the micronic glue droplets that exist on spider capture silk is to provide the spider web with adhesive properties. These droplets play yet another role: the dramatic enhancement of silk mechanical properties, as well as the preservation of the integrity of the web structure. The localization of the buckling instability within the glue droplets, site of over-compression due to the capillary meniscii implies that under compression this special drop-on-fibre system behaves like a liquid, whereas under tension it has a classical elastic spring regime. Spiders have thus found a way to create liquid-solid mechanical hybrids.The first part of my thesis aimed to the characterization of natural samples, which allowed in the second part to build a completely artificial system that mimics the natural samples, through fabrication of centimeter-long micronic soft fibres. The simple addition of a wetting liquid droplet made for an effective system with mechanical properties quantitatively close to that of spider capture silk.Fine characterization of the created drop-on-coilable-fibre systems yielded very good agreement between experimental results and predictions from numerical simulations and a analogy with phase transition, especially for properties such as the threshold for activation, the existence of an hysteresis and the coiling morphology. All those results added up to the design of unconventional techniques in field such as metamaterials and micro-fabrication
Martin, Frantz. "Etude in situ par microscopie à force atomique de la corrosion localisée d' un acier inoxydable 304L." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00425409.
Full textMartin, Frantz. "Étude in situ par microscopie à force atomique de la corrosion localisée d'un acier inoxydable 304L." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00425409.
Full textEl, Bied Amine. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation du comportement des roches granulaires : écrouissage, radoucissement et rupture en mode localisé." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005601.
Full textGupta, Jyoti. "Intergranular stress corrosion cracking of ion irradiated 304L stainless steel in PWR environment." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0031/document.
Full textIASCC is irradiation – assisted enhancement of intergranular stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel. It is a complex degrading phenomenon which can have a significant influence on maintenance time and cost of PWRs’ core internals and hence, is an issue of concern. Recent studies have proposed using ion irradiation (to be specific, proton irradiation) as an alternative of neutron irradiation to improve the current understanding of the mechanism. The objective of this study was to investigate the cracking susceptibility of irradiated SA 304L and factors contributing to cracking, using two different ion irradiations; iron and proton irradiations. Both resulted in generation of point defects in the microstructure and thereby causing hardening of the SA 304L. Material (unirradiated and iron irradiated) showed no susceptibility to intergranular cracking on subjection to SSRT with a strain rate of 5 × 10-8 s-1 up to 4 % plastic strain in inert environment. But, irradiation (iron and proton) was found to increase intergranular cracking severity of material on subjection to SSRT in simulated PWR primary water environment at 340 °C. Correlation between the cracking susceptibility and degree of localization was studied. Impact of iron irradiation on bulk oxidation of SA 304L was studied as well by conducting an oxidation test for 360 h in simulated PWR environment at 340 °C. The findings of this study indicate that the intergranular cracking of 304L stainless steel in PWR environment can be studied using Fe irradiation despite its small penetration depth in material. Furthermore, it has been shown that the cracking was similar in both iron and proton irradiated samples despite different degrees of localization. Lastly, on establishing iron irradiation as a successful tool, it was used to study the impact of surface finish and strain paths on intergranular cracking susceptibility of the material
Mansouri, Lotfi zoher. "Analyse des instabilités plastiques dans les matériaux ductiles endommageables : application à la prédiction de la striction et de la formabilité des tôles métalliques." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0059/document.
Full textDiffuse and localized necking are precursors to ductile fracture, and represent one of the main causes of metal parts rejection during forming operations. The implementation of theoretical and computational tools to predict the occurrence of these defects turns out to be necessary for economic and environmental reasons. These tools require in part the introduction of an appropriate behavior model in order to reproduce the physical phenomena involved during forming operations. Such a behavior model is then coupled to a plastic instability indicator providing the ability to reliably predict diffuse and localized necking. In the present work, we considered a micromechanical damage models based on Gurson's approach, which were coupled to different plastic instabilities criteria, based on Bifurcation Analysis. The numerical implementation of these models was carried within the implicit finite element code Abaqus/Standard. With regard to the damage models, several integration schemes were tested to analyze their performance and robustness when the behavior exhibits softening effect. The approach combining the Gurson's damage model and necking criteria has been applied for the prediction of formability limits of several metallic materials. The obtained results allowed establishing a theoretical and numerical classification between the necking criteria used in this work
Stanic, Andjelka. "Solution methods for failure analysis of massive structural elements." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2383/document.
Full textThe thesis studies: the methods for failure analysis of solids and structures, and the embedded strong discontinuity finite elements for modelling material failures in quasi brittle 2d solids. As for the failure analysis, the consistently linearized path-following method with quadratic constraint equation is first presented and studied in detail. The derived path-following method can be applied in the nonlinear finite element analysis of solids and structures in order to compute a highly nonlinear solution path. However, when analysing the nonlinear problems with the localized material failures (i.e. materialsoftening), standard path-following methods can fail. For this reason we derived new versions of the pathfollowing method, with other constraint functions, more suited for problems that take into account localized material failures. One version is based on adaptive one-degree-of-freedom constraint equation, which proved to be relatively successful in analysing problems with the material softening that are modelled by the embedded-discontinuity finite elements. The other versions are based on controlling incremental plastic dissipation or plastic work in an inelastic structure. The dissipation due to crack opening and propagation, computed by e.g. embedded discontinuity finite elements, is taken into account. The advantages and disadvantages of the presented path-following methods with different constraint equations are discussed and illustrated on a set of numerical examples. As for the modelling material failures in quasi brittle 2d solids (e.g. concrete), several embedded strong discontinuity finite element formulations are derived and studied. The considered formulations are based either on: (a) classical displacement-based isoparametric quadrilateral finite element or (b) on quadrilateral finite element enhanced with incompatible displacements. In order to describe a crack formation and opening, the element kinematics is enhanced by four basic separation modes and related kinematic parameters. The interpolation functions that describe enhanced kinematics have a jump in displacements along the crack. Two possibilities were studied for deriving the operators in the local equilibrium equations that are responsible for relating the bulk stresses with the tractions in the crack. For the crack embedment, the major-principle-stress criterion was used, which is suitable for the quasi brittle materials. The normal and tangential cohesion tractions in the crack are described by two uncoupled, nonassociative damage-softening constitutive relations. A new crack tracing algorithm is proposed for computation of crack propagation through the mesh. It allows for crack formation in several elements in a single solution increment. Results of a set of numerical examples are provided in order to assess the performance of derived embedded strong discontinuity quadrilateral finite element formulations, the crack tracing algorithm, and the solution methods
Doktorska disertacija obravnava: (i) metode za porušno analizo trdnih teles in konstrukcij, ter (ii) končne elemente z vgrajeno močno nezveznostjo za modeliranje materialne porušitve v kvazi krhkih 2d trdnih telesih. Za porušno analizo smo najprej preučili konsistentno linearizirano metodo sledenja ravnotežne poti skvadratno vezno enačbo (metoda krožnega loka). Metoda omogoča izračun analize nelinearnih modelov, ki imajo izrazito nelinearno ravnotežno pot. Kljub temu standardne metode sledenja poti lahko odpovedo,kadar analiziramo nelinearne probleme z lokalizirano materialno porušitvijo (mehčanje materiala). Zatosmo izpeljali nove različice metode sledenja poti z drugimi veznimi enačbami, ki so bolj primerne zaprobleme z lokalizirano porušitvijo materiala. Ena različica temelji na adaptivni vezni enačbi, pri katerivodimo izbrano prostostno stopnjo. Izkazalo se je, da je metoda relativno uspešna pri analizi problemov zmaterialnim mehčanjem, ki so modelirani s končnimi elementi z vgrajeno nezveznostjo. Druge različicetemeljijo na kontroli plastične disipacije ali plastičnega dela v neelastičnem trdnem telesu ali konstrukciji.Upoštevana je tudi disipacija zaradi širjenja razpok v elementih z vgrajeno nezveznostjo. Prednosti inslabosti predstavljenih metod sledenja ravnotežnih poti z različnimi veznimi enačbami so predstavljeni naštevilnih numeričnih primerih. Za modeliranje porušitve materiala v kvazi krhkih 2d trdnih telesih (npr. betonskih) smo izpeljali različne formulacije končnih elementov z vgrajeno močno nezveznostjo v pomikih. Obravnavane formulacije temeljijo bodisi (a) na klasičnem izoparametričnem štirikotnem končnem elementu bodisi (b) na štirikotnem končnem elementu, ki je izboljšan z nekompatibilnimi oblikami za pomike. Nastanek in širjenje razpoke opišemo tako, da kinematiko v elementu dopolnimo s štirimi osnovnimi oblikami širjenja razpoke in pripadajočimi kinematičnimi parametri. Interpolacijske funkcije, ki opisujejo izboljšano kinematiko, zajemajo skoke v pomikih vzdolž razpoke. Obravnavali smo dva načina izpeljave operatorjev, ki nastopajo v lokalni ravnotežni enačbi in povezujejo napetosti v končnem elementu z napetostmi na vgrajeni nezveznosti. Kriterij za vstavitev nezveznosti (razpoke) temelji na kriteriju največje glavne napetosti in je primeren za krhke materiale. Normalne in tangentne kohezijske napetosti v razpoki opišemo z dvema nepovezanima, poškodbenima konstitutivnima zakonoma za mehčanje. Predlagamo novi algoritem za sledenje razpoki za izračun širjenja razpoke v mreži končnih elementov. Algoritem omogoča formacijo razpok v več končnih elementih v enem obtežnem koraku. Izračunali smo številne numerične primere, da bi ocenili delovanje izpeljanih formulacij štirikotnih končnih elementov z vgrajeno nezveznostjo in algoritma za sledenje razpoki kot tudi delovanje metod sledenja ravnotežnih poti
Do, Xuan Nam. "Localized failure in dynamics for brittle and ductile materials." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2356.
Full textFailure of engineering materials and structures can be considered as a result of a complex interplay between different physical phenomena such as nucleation of cavities, microcracks,microvoids and other irreversible processes. These micro-defects eventually coalesce into one or more macro-cracks leading to a decrease in the load-bearing capability and finally, to failure of the structure under consideration. Prevention of failure of structures and structural parts has always been a critical subject and a major concern in engineering. This thesis aims to represent localized failure in non linear materials without mesh dependency. Of special interest will be the case of dynamic strain-softening. Localized phenomena are taken into account by using the embedded strong discontinuities approach in which the displacement field is enhanced to capture the discontinuity. Based upon this approach, a one-dimensional model for elasto-plastic bar capable of representing failure for ductile materials with combined hardening in FPZ-fracture process zone and softening with embedded strong discontinuities was first developed. Results comparing the proposed one-dimensional model to (semi-) analytical works are presented. It was shown that the proposed strategy provides mesh independent solutions. Strain increases in the softening domain with a simultaneous decrease of stress. The problem unloads elastically outside the strain softening region. The strain energy is found to vanish. The model was also compared with a one dimensional damage model capable of representing the dynamic fracture for elasto-damage bar with combined hardening in fracture process zone - FPZ and softening with strong embedded discontinuities to find a good agreement between two models. A two-dimensional finite element model was developed, capable of describing both the diffuse damage mechanism accompanied by initial strain hardening and subsequent softening response of the structure. The results of several numerical simulations, performed on classical mechanical tests under slowly increasing loads such as Brazilian test or three-point bending test were analyzed. The proposed dynamics framework is shown to increase computational robustness. It was found that the final direction of macro-cracks is predicted quite well and that influence of inertia effects on the obtained solutions is fairly modest especially in comparison among different meshes. This two-dimensional model was expanded further into the two dimensional continuum viscodamage-embedded discontinuity model to help briefly explore the implementation of the second order mid-point scheme that can provide improved results under limitation of viscous regularization of localized failure damage model