Academic literature on the topic 'DEFORMATION INDICES'
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Journal articles on the topic "DEFORMATION INDICES"
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Futamura, Shingo, and Arthur A. Goldstein. "PREDICTION AND SIMULATION OF TIRE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON DEFORMATION INDEX CONCEPT." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.84853.
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ABSTRACT Tire performances such as wear, traction, and rolling resistance have been explained by the hysteretic energy loss of tread compounds under cyclic deformations. Loss factor, tan δ, is often used as the property responsible for energy loss. However, dynamic modulus is also reported to affect energy loss and tire performance. In this review, the modulus effect on energy loss is related to the deformation type through the deformation index. The index can be determined experimentally based on tire performance data or analytically through finite element analysis (FEA). Deformation indices of passenger tire rolling resistance, wet traction, and dry traction were determined experimentally based on tire tests. Using FEA, the energy losses and deformation indices were calculated for all elements of a rolling truck tire. The indices vary widely depending on where the element is located. Deformation indices are summarized on a tire component basis and converted into an Excel spreadsheet. The spreadsheet can be used to compute rolling resistance changes arising from component compound substitutions. The deformation index concept is applied to thermomechanical analysis, where it simplifies the fully coupled iterative FEA method into a noniterative computational method. The novelty of this method is in its application to transient thermomechanical problems. The method's simplicity and accuracy are demonstrated using examples.
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Yoshii, Yuichi, Tomoo Ishii, and Shinsuke Sakai. "MEDIAN NERVE DEFORMATION DURING FINGER MOTION IN CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME: CORRELATION BETWEEN NERVE CONDUCTION AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC INDICES." Hand Surgery 18, no. 02 (January 2013): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021881041350024x.
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To compare the median nerve deformation indices between carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients and controls, 60 wrists of asymptomatic volunteers and 40 wrists of idiopathic CTS patients were evaluated by ultrasound. CTS was diagnosed through clinical findings and nerve conduction studies. Deformation indices, which were determined by the ratios of the nerve cross-sectional area, perimeter, aspect ratio, and circularity in finger extension and flexion positions, were measured. The deformation indices were compared between patients and controls. The correlation coefficients between distal motor latency and deformation indices were measured in CTS patients. There were significant differences between patients and controls in the deformation indices of perimeter, aspect ratio, and circularity. There was a mild correlation between distal latency and deformation indices of the perimeter and circularity (correlation coefficient 0.315 and 0.342). The deformation indices of perimeter and circularity might be useful to identify the nerve conduction severity of CTS.
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Silva, Taciano Oliveira da, Heraldo Nunes Pitanga, Mateus Henrique Ribeiro Rodrigues, Juliana de Paula Rezende, Geraldo Luciano de Oliveira Marques, and Felipe de Andrade Simões. "Study of the mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures in terms of creep and Superpave compaction parameters." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 45 (August 26, 2022): e60212. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v45i1.60212.
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This was a study on the mechanical behavior of hot asphalt mixtures with regard to permanent deformation, considering static creep tests and the parameters derived from the Superpave compaction curve. For the asphalt mixture production, mineral aggregates and two types of asphalt binder (CAP 50/70 and AMP 60/85) were used. These mixtures were designed using the Superpave methodology and compacted in the content and number of gyrations according to the design. For the design condition, asphalt mixtures using the conventional CAP 50/70 asphalt binder showed better workability and lower deformation than asphalt mixtures with the AMP 60/85 polymer binder. Furthermore, the influence of asphalt binder content on the behavior of asphalt mixtures in relation to permanent deformation and compaction indices was studied, considering the maximum number of gyrations in the design. Regarding this investigation, asphalt mixtures with higher asphalt binder content tend to show higher permanent deformation and better workability. Complementarily, the compaction curve indices (Construction Densification Index, CDI; modified Traffic Densification Index, TDIm and Locking Point, LP) were correlated with parameters obtained from static creep tests (total deformation after the recovery period, Dt; creep modulus, CM and curve inclination, Icurve) through curves obtained by the correlation between these indices. Based on this analysis, a good correlation was found between the results of static creep tests and compaction indices, showing the potential of these indices for predicting the mechanical behavior of the analyzed mixtures in relation to the development of permanent deformations.
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Liu, He Zhi, Nan Ding, Dong Qin, and Jing Yang Liu. "The Determination of Deformation Monitoring Indices Using Lifting Wavelet and Multi-Component Cloud Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 3001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.3001.
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As one of the most significant indices to estimate dam behavior, the study of deformation monitoring indices has become a hot spot recently. In this paper, a method based on lifting wavelet and multi-component cloud model is proposed. For this method, the time dependent component which can evaluate the dam behavior is decomposed and reconstructed by lifting wavelet firstly. According to the time dependent component, those monitoring data which can reflect the present situation of dam could be chosen. After that, compute the deformation monitoring indices of each component based on the valid data through the multi-component cloud model. And then the deformation monitoring indices of dam as well as the certainty degrees could be acquired finally. The proposed approach is tested with cloud model based on the whole monitoring data and typical small probability method relies on 1% and 5% significance level respectively. Experimental results show that this proposed method yields an excellent performance in calculating the dam safety deformation monitoring indices, which could be utilized in actual projects.
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Kulyabin, Alexander, and Edvard T. Musaev. "SUSY and Tri-Vector Deformations." Symmetry 14, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14122525.
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We analyze conditions for a tri-vector deformation of a supergravity background to preserve some supersymmetry. Working in the formalism of the SL(5) exceptional field theory, we present its supersymmetry transformations and introduce an additional USp(4) transformation to stay in the supergravity frame. This transformation acts on local indices and deforms BPS equations of exceptional field theory. The requirement for the deformation to vanish is the desired condition. The condition is shown to be consistent with previous results on bi-vector deformations.
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Mohamed El-Dessouky, Hassan, Ahmed A. Hamza, Ahmed E. Belal, T. Z. N. Sokkar, and Khaled M. Yassien. "Interferometric Studies for the Annealing Effects on the Necking Deformation along Polypropylene Fibers." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 2, no. 2 (June 2007): 155892500700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892500700200201.
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An automated multiple-beam Fizeau fringes in transmission technique was used with a fiber-drawing device to detect necking deformation along polypropylene (PP) fibers axis under different conditions of annealing process. The refractive indices, refractive index profiles and crystallinity were calculated along the annealed PP fibers at different draw ratios. The annealing temperature controls the propagation of necking deformation along PP fibers axis that stretched at low draw ratios (D< 2). The necking deformations along PP fibers axis due to fast drawing process could be avoided when PP fibers were annealed at the temperature of 120°C. Microinterferograms are given for illustrations.
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Lyu, Mingyuan, Yinghai Ke, Xiaojuan Li, Lin Zhu, Lin Guo, and Huili Gong. "Detection of Seasonal Deformation of Highway Overpasses Using the PS-InSAR Technique: A Case Study in Beijing Urban Area." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183071.
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In urban areas, deformation of transportation infrastructures may lead to serious safety accidents. Timely and accurate monitoring of the structural deformation is critical for prevention of transportation accidents and assurance of construction quality, particularly in areas with regional land subsidence, such as the city of Beijing. In this study, we proposed a method for the detection of seasonal deformation of highway overpasses using the integration of persistent scatterers Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) techniques and seasonal indices, i.e., deformation concentration degree (DCD) and deformation concentration period (DCP) indices. Taking eastern Beijing urban area as a case study area, we first used the PS-InSAR technique to derive time series surface deformation based on 55 TerraSAR-X images during 2010–2016. Then, we proposed DCD and DCP indices to characterize seasonal deformation of 25 highway overpasses in the study area, with DCD representing to what degree the annual deformation is distributed in a year, and DCP representing the period on which deformation concentrates in the year. Our results showed that the maximum annual deformation rate reached −141.3 mm/year in Beijing urban area, and the PS-InSAR measurements agreed well with levelling measurements (R2 > 0.97). For PS pixels with DCD ≥ 0.3, the monthly deformation showed obvious seasonal patterns with deformation values during some months greater than those during the other months. DCP revealed that the settlement during autumn and winter was more serious than that in spring and summer. The seasonal patterns seemed to be related to the location, structure, and construction age of the overpasses. The upper-level overpasses, the newly constructed overpasses, and those located in the subsidence area (rate < −40 mm/year) tended to show a greater seasonal pattern. The seasonal deformation variations were also affected by groundwater-level fluctuation, temperature, and compressible layer.
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Reant, Patricia, Alexandre Metras, Dominique Detaille, Annabel Reynaud, Philippe Diolez, Beatrice Jaspard-Vinassa, Raymond Roudaut, et al. "Impact of Afterload Increase on Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation Indices." Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 29, no. 12 (December 2016): 1217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.09.006.
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Choi, Young-Jun, and Jihun Yum. "Semi-continuity of the Diederich–Fornaess and Steinness indices." International Journal of Mathematics 31, no. 13 (October 29, 2020): 2050107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x20501074.
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Suzuki, Ryohei, Yohei Mochizuki, Hiroki Yoshimatsu, Takahiro Teshima, Hirotaka Matsumoto, and Hidekazu Koyama. "Determination of multidirectional myocardial deformations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 12 (February 3, 2017): 1283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x17691896.
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Objectives Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a primary disorder of the myocardium, is the most common cardiac disease in cats. However, determination of myocardial deformation with two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in cats with various stages of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has not yet been reported. This study was designed to measure quantitatively multidirectional myocardial deformations of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Methods Thirty-two client-owned cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 14 healthy cats serving as controls were enrolled and underwent assessment of myocardial deformation (peak systolic strain and strain rate) in the longitudinal, radial and circumferential directions. Results Longitudinal and radial deformations were reduced in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, despite normal systolic function determined by conventional echocardiography. Cats with severely symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy also had lower peak systolic circumferential strain, in addition to longitudinal and radial strain. Conclusions and relevance Longitudinal and radial deformation may be helpful in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Additionally, the lower circumferential deformation in cats with severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may contribute to clinical findings of decompensation, and seems to be related to severe cardiac clinical signs. Indices of multidirectional myocardial deformations by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography may be useful markers and help to distinguish between cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and healthy cats. Additionally, they may provide more detailed assessment of contractile function in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DEFORMATION INDICES"
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BOISSON, DOMINIQUE. "Etude geologique du massif du nord d'haiti (hispaniola - grandes antilles)." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066771.
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Le massif du nord est un edifice cretace et tertiaire polyphase appartenant a la bordure nord de l'orogene caraibe. Son etude stratigraphique et petrographique permet d'y distinguer : une logique de depot post-danienne caracterisee par : une sedimentation neogene essentiellement detritique : deux cycles de plate-forme carbonatee (l'un a l'eocene et l'autre au miocene inferieur) separes par une discordance fini-eocene et une lacune locale de sedimentation oligocene. Tous ces terrains sont supportes par l'ensemble volcano-sedimentaire de l'arc cretace recoupe par plusieurs generations d'intrusifs; le chimisme de cet ensemble indique clairement son appartenance a une lignee calco-alcaline d'arc insulaire. Le substratum de cet ensemble affleure tres peu et est constitue de roches basiques et ultrabasiques d'age inconnu. L'inventaire des differentes structures qui affectent les terrains du massif du nord combine aux contraintes stratigraphiques conduit a y retenir six episodes de deformation
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Lénat, Jean-François. "Structure et dynamique internes d'un volcan basaltique intraplaque oceanique : le piton de la fournaise (ile de la reunion)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2E394.
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Evolution de l'ile de la reunion, exemple de volcanisme intraplaque, plus particulierement du piton de la fournaise ou au cours des 500 000 dernieres annees, la tectonique d'effondrement a ete sub-continue et s'est manifestee par des caldeiras. Leur migration marque un deplacement des reservoirs dans l'edifice. Le glissement du grand brule semble sub-contemporain de la phase d'effondrement de l'enclos. L'activite recente est concentree sur le cone central a sa base et le long des rifts zones. Les transferts de magma entre les zones profondes et le reservoir superficiel ne sont pas continus. Les donnees de surveillance, depuis 1980 permettent de caracteriser les phenomenes precurseurs des eruptions et les mecanismes des intrusions et de la fracturation. Les consequences volcanotectoniques des deformations remanentes associees aux intrusions frequentes dans la zone centrale sont etudiees en terme de prevision et de l'evolution du volcan a moyen terme
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Taverna, Joël. "Modélisation mécanique des déformations de la lithosphère." Grenoble 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10084.
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Les objectifs de cette these sont de decrire les mecanismes de deformations de la lithosphere en regime compressif, et le controle impose par les parametres mecaniques sur la maniere dont le raccourcissement horizontal est accommode (par la formation de plis, de chevauchements, ou encore par epaississement homogene). Nous avons etudie la nature des instabilites susceptibles de se developper en utilisant des calculs analytiques bases sur la resolution des equations de navier-stokes ainsi que leur evolution pour des taux de deformation importants a partir de modeles analogiques et de calculs numeriques par la methode des elements finis. Les calculs analytiques ont permis de determiner l'influence des differents parametres mecaniques de la lithosphere sur le developpement d'instabilites. En domaine oceanique, le raccourcissement est essentiellement accommode par la formation de plis affectant l'ensemble de la lithosphere. Les parties fragiles de la lithosphere et les contrastes de densite controlent la croissance des instabilites. Deux series d'experiences analogiques ont ensuite permis de confirmer les resultats precedents et d'etudier l'evolution tridimensionnelle d'instabilites lithospheriques apres l'apparition de la fracturation. En domaine continental, le passe tectonique et les heterogeneites mecaniques qui en resultent joue un role essentiel pour l'initiation des plis. Les heterogeneites initiales peuvent favoriser l'apparition de failles aux depends des plis de grandes longueurs d'onde puis la subsidence des portions de lithosphere ainsi delimitees. Les structures ainsi formees s'apparentent a des bassins compressifs. Leur longueur d'onde reste cependant controlee en partie par celle des plis lithospheriques. Ces resultats ont ete completes par des calculs numeriques bases sur la methode des elements finis. Les plis ne se developpent qu'apres plastification complete des parties fragiles de la lithosphere oceanique ou continentale.
Books on the topic "DEFORMATION INDICES"
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Zydroń, Tymoteusz. Wpływ systemów korzeniowych wybranych gatunków drzew na przyrost wytrzymałości gruntu na ścinanie. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-46-5.
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The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.
Book chapters on the topic "DEFORMATION INDICES"
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Rouse, Paulo Carrillo. "Higher localized analytic indices and strict deformation quantization." In Deformation Spaces, 91–111. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-9680-3_4.
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El Koundi, Mourad, Radhia Mansour, and Abdessalem El Ghali. "Detecting Recent Deformation Patterns Using Geomorphometric Indices and Remote Sensing: A Case Study from the Sahel of Sfax (Eastern Tunisia)." In Advances in Remote Sensing and Geo Informatics Applications, 269–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01440-7_63.
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Xu, Q., T. LaCouture, and Y. Che. "Stereo Imaging of Internal Fiducials Indicates Intrafractional Tumor Deformation during CyberKnife SBRT." In IFMBE Proceedings, 1930–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29305-4_508.
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Crampin, Stuart, Gulten Polat, Yuan Gao, David B. Taylor, and Nurcan Meral Ozel. "Shear-Wave Splitting Indicates Non-Linear Dynamic Deformation in the Crust and Upper Mantle." In Advances in Nonlinear Geosciences, 35–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58895-7_2.
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Rebai, Noamen, Ali Chaieb, Abdelkader Moussi, and Slimene Sedrette. "Evaluation of Morphometric Indices SL, LP, AD for the Spatial Analysis of Neotectonics and Recent Crustal Deformations Case study: Atlas Central, Tunisia." In Mapping and Spatial Analysis of Socio-economic and Environmental Indicators for Sustainable Development, 87–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21166-0_8.
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Ting, T. T. C. "Antiplane Deformations." In Anisotropic Elasticity. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195074475.003.0006.
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As a starter for anisotropic elastostatics we study special two-dimensional deformations of anisotropic elastic bodies, namely, antiplane deformations. Not all anisotropic elastic materials are capable of an antiplane deformation. When they are, the inplane displacement and the antiplane displacement are uncoupled. The deformations due to inplane displacement are plane strain deformations. Associated with plane strain deformations are plane stress deformations. After defining these special deformations in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 we present some basic solutions of antiplane deformations. They provide useful references for more general deformations we will study in Chapters 8, 10, and 11. The derivation and motivation in solving more general deformations in those chapters become more transparent if the reader reads this chapter first. The solutions obtained in those chapters reduce to the solutions presented here when the materials are restricted to special materials and the deformations are limited to antiplane deformations. In a fixed rectangular coordinate system xi (i=1, 2, 3), let ui, σij, and εij be the displacement, stress, and strain, respectively. The strain-displacement relations and the equations of equilibrium are . . .εij = 1/2 (ui,j + uj,i),. . . . . . (3.1 -1) . . . . . .σij,j =0,. . . . . . (3.1 - 2). . . in which repeated indices imply summation and a comma stands for differentiation. The stress-strain laws for an anisotropic elastic material can be written as σij = Cijks εks or εij = Sijksσks, . . .(3.1 - 3). . . where Cijks and Sijks are, respectively, the elastic stiffnesses and compliances.
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Sengupta, Sudipta. "A Comprehensive Study of the Structural Geology of the Schirmacher Hills." In Geoscientific Investigations From the Indian Antarctic Program, 68–83. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4078-0.ch003.
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The Precambrian basement of the Schirmacher Hills records multiple episodes of deformation, metamorphism, migmatization, and emplacement of successive generations of mafic and felsic bodies. The earliest tectono-thermal event (D1/M1), preserved in some mafic and ultramafic enclaves, indicates deformation at great crustal depth. The mineralogical assemblage of these enclaves indicates early high temperature (900o C) and high-pressure (10 Kbar) granulite facies conditions. The second tectono-thermal event also showed deformation under granulite facies metamorphism (D2/M2) under 800-850oC and 8 Kbar. The third group of events (D3/M3) is the most dominant in this region and involved deformation under amphibolite facies conditions with synchronous emplacement of granites and mafic dykes and culminated in regional thrusting, producing a regional inversion where the granulates were emplaced over the amphibolite facies rocks. The later events created upright folds and vertical shear zones under amphibolite facies conditions.
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Huang, Delong, XiaoDong Bai, Xiaoli Chen, Guanyu Xu, and Aiping Tang. "Simulation of Deformation Transfer Coefficient of Pipe Bend Buried Based on Shaking Table Test and Goodman Contact Element." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia210259.
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Due to the large difference of stiffness between pipe and soil, the movement of the two can not be coordinated under seismic. Therefore, the deformation transfer between pipe and soil is a very important research content in the study of pipe failure. At present, scholars have done less research on the pipe-soil deformation transfer of elbow. In this paper, the fitting formula of deformation transfer coefficient of buried elbow under seismic action was obtained by scale shaking table test of pipe bend and 3D finite element model based on Goodman contact element. Then, the test results are compared with the calculation results of the fitting formula and the simulation results of the finite element method to verify the rationality of the fitting formula and analyze the change law of the deformation transfer coefficient at the elbow of the pipe, including the influence of different pipe diameters, buried depth, wall thickness, soil properties, and elbow angles. It is confirmed that these factors have a great influence on the deformation transfer between the pipe and soil, which indicates that the fitting formula of the deformation transfer coefficient at the elbow is of huge significance to the earthquake resisting design of pipe.
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Gualtieri, Marco. "Generalized Kähler Metrics from Hamiltonian Deformations." In Geometry and Physics: Volume II, 551–80. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802020.003.0023.
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This chapter provides a new characterization of generalized Kähler structures in terms of the corresponding complex Dirac structures. It then gives an alternative proof of Hitchin’s partial unobstructedness for holomorphic Poisson structures. Its main application is to show that there is a corresponding unobstructedness result for arbitrary generalized Kähler structures. That is, it shows that any generalized Kähler structure may be deformed in such a way that one of its underlying holomorphic Poisson structures remains fixed, while the other deforms via Hitchin’s deformation. Finally, it indicates a close relationship between this deformation and the notion of a Hamiltonian family of Poisson structures.
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Bokstein, Boris S., Mikhail I. Mendelev, and David J. Srolovitz. "Thermodynamics of stressed systems." In Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Materials Science. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198528036.003.0009.
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As every school child knows, the difference between a solid and a liquid is that a liquid takes the shape of the container in which it is placed while the shape of a solid is independent of the shape of the container (providing the container is big enough). In other words, we must apply a force in order to change the shape of a solid. However, the thermodynamic functions described heretofore have no terms that depend on shape. In this chapter, we extend the thermodynamics discussed above to include such effects and therefore make it applicable to solids. However, since this is a thermodynamics, rather than a mechanics text, we focus more on the relationship between stress and thermodynamics rather than on a general description of the mechanical properties of solids. We start out discussion of mechanical deformation by describing the change of shape of a solid. We define the displacement vector at any point in the solid u(x, y, z) as the change in location of the material point (x, y, z) upon deformation: that is, ux(x, y, z) = x' - x, where the prime indicates the coordinates of the material that was at the unprimed position prior to the deformation. In linear elasticity, we explicitly assume that the displacement vector varies slowly from point to point within the solid where i and j denote the directions along the three axes, x, y, and z. Consider the small parallel-piped section of a solid with perpendicular edges shown in Fig. 7.1. We label the first corner as O, located at position (xO, yO, zO) and subsequent corners as A, B, . . . located at positions (xA, yA, zA), (xB, yB, zB), . . . The edge lengths are Δx, Δy, and Δz such that, for example, xA = xO + Δx. As a result of the deformation, the material originally at point O is displaced to point O' with coordinates (x'O, y'O, z'O).
Conference papers on the topic "DEFORMATION INDICES"
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Jiang, Liwei, Qiulin Tang, and Katsuyuki Taguchi. "Cardiac deformation indices derived from motion estimated x-ray computed tomography." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Robert M. Nishikawa and Bruce R. Whiting. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2008079.
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Khitrov, Egor. "LINKING THE DEFORMATION MODULI AND CONE INDICES OF FOREST AND PEATLAND SOILS." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/3.2/s13.039.
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Venkataramana, K., V. Bhasin, K. K. Vaze, and H. S. Kushwaha. "B2' Stress Indices for Elbows Using Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2689.
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Nuclear power plants are designed to withstand earthquake loads without severe damage under service level D conditions. Under earthquake induced reversing dynamic load, nuclear power plant components may undergo plastic deformation. Plastic deformation in class I nuclear power plant piping systems is limited by Equation (9) of ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code [14], Section III, NB-3652. In the year 2000, the ASME B&PV Code was revised to accommodate reversing dynamic loading in which the failure mode is fatigue ratcheting, instead of plastic collapse. This modified equation [16] contains B2′ index, which is given as a fraction of B2 index where, B2 is defined for monotonic loading [17]. In this study a new definition is proposed for calculating B2′ stress index which is given by B2′ = MCLcyclicRange,straightpipe/MCLcyclicRange,component, where MClcyclicRange is the range of collapse moment. Incremental elastic-plastic nonlinear finite element analyses are performed considering both material and geometric nonlinearities. Kinematic hardening, isotropic hardening and elastic-perfectly plastic material models have been used to model the material behavior during plastic deformation. Load deflection curves are obtained and from these curves collapse loads for monotonic and cyclic loading are determined. B2 and B2′ stress indices are computed for elbows using the proposed equation. The computed stress indices are compared with ASME Code values.
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Venkataramana, K., V. Bhasin, K. K. Vaze, A. K. Ghosh, and H. S. Kushwaha. "Calculation of B2′ Stress Indices for Elbows Using Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61814.
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Nuclear power plant components are designed to withstand reversed dynamic loading like earthquake loading. Such reversed dynamic loads may induce plastic deformation in nuclear power plant components like pipe elbows. Plastic deformation in nuclear power plant components is limited by equation (9) of ASME Boiler &Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, NB-3652. ASME B&PV Code was revised in the year 2000 to accommodate plastic ratcheting as a mode of failure instead of plastic collapse under reversed dynamic load. The modified Code contains B2′ index, which is given as 2/3 rd of B2 index for butt-welded elbows. In the earlier work [1] B2′ indices were determined for several elbows using quasi-static nonlinear finite element analysis. In the present work an attempt is made to determine the ratio B2/B2′ for elbows using plastic nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis. Elbows of different sizes were considered in the present study. For each elbow linear static, linear dynamic, plastic nonlinear static and plastic nonlinear transient dynamic analyses are carried out to determine B2′ index in terms of B2 index. Elastic-perfectly plastic material model is used for the elbows. Collapse loads are obtained under static and dynamic conditions. Load vs. deflection curves are obtained for elbows under linear static and nonlinear quasi-static analyses. Deflection vs. time-curves are obtained from linear dynamic and plastic nonlinear dynamic analyses. The ratio B2/B2′ is computed for elbows of different sizes. The computed stress indices are compared with the Code values.
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Eppinger, Rolf H. "On the Development of a Deformation Measurement System and Its Application Toward Developing Mechanically Based injury Indices." In 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/892426.
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Gavillot, Yann, Andrew Meigs, Tammy M. Rittenour, Frank J. Sousa, Daniel F. Stockli, Doug Yule, and M. Malik. "LINKING BEDROCK EXHUMATION, FLUVIAL TERRACES, AND GEOMORPHIC INDICES TO CONSTRAIN DEFORMATION RATES AT MULTIPLE TIMESCALES ACROSS THE HIMALAYAN DEFORMATION FRONT IN THE KASHMIR HIMALAYA, NORTHWEST INDIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-304914.
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Negahdar, Mohammadreza, Neal Dunlap, Albert Zacarias, A. Cahid Civelek, Shiao Y. Woo, and Amir A. Amini. "Comparison of indices of regional lung function from 4-D X-ray CT: Jacobian vs. strain of deformation." In 2013 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2013.6556558.
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De Schryver, Thomas, Jan Kips, Abigail Swillens, and Patrick Segers. "Effects of Plaque on Carotid Wall Deformation Studied Using a Finite Element Model." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206449.
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It is well established that atherosclerosis alters the biomechanics of the arterial wall. In more advanced stages of the disease, atherosclerosis leads to formation of plaques, which can cause life-threatening events such as stroke or myocardial infarction when they rupture. The carotid artery is of special interest when screening patients for cardiovascular disease because of its superficial nature, which makes it easy to study with ultrasound. In addition, as it is particularly susceptible to plaque formation, it is a potential source of stroke. A lot of research effort is dedicated to the identification of plaques prone to rupture (the vulnerable plaque), using invasive (for coronary) and non-invasive ultrasound techniques for superficial arteries such as the carotid. As these vulnerable plaques can not be distinguished from stable plaques on a pure morphological basis other indices have to be found. It is commonly believed that detailed analysis of stresses and strains in the vessel wall may provide the necessary information to make this distinction.
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Nitu, Iulia, Sorina Cernat, and Loredana Neagu Frăsin. "References on the Bakery Quality of Wheat Harvest in Teleorman County." In G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/15.
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In the course of time, grains have been and will always be a group of plants of utmost importance to the human existence and activity. Among these, wheat is the main crop used as raw material in the milling-bakery sector (basic food sector). I considered it appropriate to develop a study in Teleorman county on the bakery quality of the varieties of wheat. We analyzed the quality of the production by several indices for 4 varieties of wheat (Boema, Dropia, Flamura 85, Fundulea 4): wet gluten content, dry gluten content, deformation index, gluten index. Determining these indices the laboratory analyzes were performed in two repetitions, for 3 years. We studied pure varieties, as well as mixtures between them in different proportions.
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Szabo, Gyula, and Karoly Varadi. "FE Model Of A Cord-Rubber Railway Brake Tube Subjected To Extreme Operational Loads On A Reverse Curve Test Track." In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0139.
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In certain cases, rolling stocks and railway vehicle components, i.e. brake tubes need to operate under extreme conditions such as at sub-zero temperature (e.g. -40°C) and on a reverse curve track, when displacements of the suspension points of the tubes cause large deformations in tubes. In this paper, displacements of the suspension points of the tubes are determined by a kinematic model validated by a draw and buffing gear test [1]. Afterwards, FE simulation has been carried out at minimum and maximum suspension point distance based on these displacements for the investigation of stress, strain states and possible failure considering the case of internal pressure and no internal pressure. Equivalent strain, stress and Tsai-Hill failure indices are much below the criterial values, so failure is not probable. The straight section between the curves of opposite curvatures reduces deformation in tubes in the critical positions leading to lower strain, stress and failure index values.
Reports on the topic "DEFORMATION INDICES"
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Fallas, K. M., and R. B. MacNaughton. Bedrock geology, Ramparts River southeast, Northwest Territories, NTS 106-G southeast. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329408.
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The southeast Ramparts River map area (NTS 106-G/SE) covers part of the northern Mackenzie Mountains and Peel Plateau, Northwest Territories. Bedrock exposures in the area include carbonate and siliciclastic strata ranging from Neoproterozoic (Tonian) to Cretaceous age. These strata were deformed in Cretaceous to Eocene time by folding and contractional faulting associated with Cordilleran deformation. Major structures include the Deadend fault, Tawu anticline, Stony anticline, and Shattered Range anticline. A set of minor pre-Cordilleran extensional faults is preserved within Neoproterozoic strata of the Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup, and are locally associated with diabase or gabbro dykes assigned to the Gunbarrel magmatic event (~780 Ma). Truncation of Neoproterozoic units beneath the sub-Cambrian unconformity indicates tilting or folding of strata before Cambrian time. A second major unconformity between Devonian and Cretaceous strata is marked by low-angle truncation of Paleozoic strata beneath Cretaceous units.
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Boily-Auclair, É., P. Mercier-Langevin, P. S. Ross, and D. Pitre. Alteration and ore assemblages of the LaRonde Zone 5 (LZ5) deposit and Ellison mineralized zones, Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp, Abitibi, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329637.
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The LaRonde Zone 5 (LZ5) mine is part of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp and is located in the southern part of the Abitibi greenstone belt in northwestern Quebec. The LZ5 deposit consists of three stacked mineralized corridors: Zone 4, Zone 4.1, and Zone 5. Zones 4 and 4.1 are discontinuous satellite mineralized corridors, whereas Zone 5 represents the main mineralized body. The mineralized zones of the LZ5 deposit and adjacent Ellison property (Ellison A and B zones) are hosted in the strongly-deformed, 2699-2695 Ma transitional to calcalkaline, intermediate to felsic, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Bousquet Formation upper member, which is part of the Blake River Group (2704-2695 Ma). Zones 4, 4.1, and 5 at the LZ5 mine are hosted in intermediate volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Westwood andesitic to rhyodacitic unit (unit 5.1a), which forms the base of the upper member of the Bousquet Formation. The Ellison Zone A is hosted higher up in the stratigraphic sequence within a newly described intermediate volcanic unit. The Ellison Zone B is hosted in felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Westwood feldsparphyric rhyolite dome (subunit 5.3a-(b)). Mineralization in all three zones of the LZ5 deposit consists of discordant networks of millimeter- to centimeter-thick pyrite ±chalcopyrite ±sphalerite ±pyrrhotite veins and veinlets (10-20 % of the volume of the rock) and, to a lesser extent, very finely disseminated pyrite and boudinaged veins (less than or equal to 5 vol. % each) in strongly altered host rocks. Gold commonly occurs as microscopic inclusions in granoblastic pyrite and at the triple junction between recrystallized grains. The veins, stockworks, and disseminations were intensely folded and transposed in the steeply south-dipping, east-west trending S2 foliation. The vein network is at least partly discordant to the stratigraphy. A distal alteration halo envelops the LZ5 mineralized corridors and consists of a sericite-carbonate-chlorite- feldspar ±biotite assemblage. A proximal sericite-carbonate-chlorite-pyrite-quartz- feldspar-biotite ±epidote alteration assemblage is present within the LZ5 mineralized zones. A local proximal alteration assemblage of sericite-quartz-pyrite is also locally developed within Zone 4 and Zone 5 of the LZ5 deposit. Mass gains in Fe2O3 (t) and K2O, and mass losses in CaO, MgO, Na2O, and locally SiO2, are characteristic of the LZ5 alteration zones. The Ellison zone A and B are similar to LZ5 in terms of style of mineralization, but thin (10-20 cm) veins or bands of semi-massive to massive, finely recrystallized disseminated pyrite (0.1-1 mm) are distinctive. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite are also slightly more abundant in the mineralized corridors of the Ellison property and are usually associated with elevated gold grades. The zones are also slightly richer than at LZ5 in terms of gold and silver content, but narrower and less continuous in general. The Ellison Zone A is characterized by gains in Fe2O3 (t) and K2O and losses in CaO, MgO, Na2O, and SiO2. Gains in Fe2O3 (t) and local gains in K2O, MgO, and MnO, and losses in CO2, Na2O, P2O5, and SiO2, characterize the felsic host rocks of the Zone B corridor. The style of mineralization at LZ5 (pyrite ±chalcopyrite veins and veinlets, ±disseminated pyrite with low base metal content), its setting (i.e. in rocks of intermediate composition at the base of the upper member of the Bousquet Formation), and the geometry of its ore zones (stacked lenses of sulfide veins and veinlets, without massive sulfide lenses) differ from the other major deposits of the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp. Despite these differences, this study indicates that the LZ5 and Ellison mineralized corridors are of synvolcanic hydrothermal origin and have most likely been formed by convective circulation of seawater below the seafloor. An influx of magmatic fluids from the Mooshla synvolcanic intrusive complex or its parent magma chamber could explain the Au enrichment at LZ5, as has been suggested for other deposits of the camp. Evidence for a pre-deformation synvolcanic mineralization at LZ5 includes ductile deformation and recrystallization of the sulfides, the stacked nature of its ore zones, subconcordant alteration halos that envelop the mineralized corridors, evidence that the mineralized system was already active when the LZ5 lenses were deposited and control on mineralization by primary volcanic features such as the permeability and porosity of the volcanic rocks.
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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak, and Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.
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LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF DAMAGED STEEL GIRDER. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.227.
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A steel girder bridge over a highway was found damaged by a truck running underneath. The collision damage in the girder was mainly the deformation of the lower flange and the bent of the web plate, but the buckling of the transverse stiffener and the separation of the transverse stiffener from the web were also noted. The influence of the damage on the safety of the bridge had to be evaluated, and yet the load-carrying capacity of a girder damaged by collision has not been investigated very much. In the present study, based on the data obtained from this bridge, the load-carrying capacity of the deformed girder is studied. To be specific, the deformation of the main girder due to collision is reproduced by the finite element analysis and the damaged steel girder is loaded to evaluate the loadcarrying capacity. The result indicates that the collision damage of the girder deformation, even if quite large, would not necessarily threaten the safety of the bridge.