Academic literature on the topic 'Deficit of micronutrients'
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Journal articles on the topic "Deficit of micronutrients"
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Fatonah, Siti, Moh Sulchan, and Muchlis Achsan Udji Sofro. "Macronutrients, micronutrients intake and inflammation in hemodialysis patients." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1193.
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Inflammation in hemodialysis patients occurs since before undergoing hemodialysis. Inflammation is associated with an increase in oxidative stress. Hemodialysis patients are at risk for macronutrients and micronutrients deficiencies which can influence the increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intake of micronutrients and inflammatory status in hemodialysis patients. This study was a cross-sectional study with 76 hemodialysis patients (40 male and 36 female) who attended in two hemodialysis centers of Kendal, Indonesia. After obtaining the written consent, then patients were interviewed food intake consisting of macronutrient and micronutrient intake. Macronutrient and micronutrient intake are obtained by the semi quantitative food frequency method and classified as a deficit (<100% adequacy level) and normal/ more (≥100% adequacy level), according to specific recommendations for individuals undergoing dialysis. Serum albumin was examined using the Brom Cresol Purple (BCP) method with a low category (<3.5 mg.dL-1) and normal (3.5 – 4.5 mg.dL-1). The hs-CRP serum was examined using the ELISA method and categorized as low (<1 mg.L-1), moderate (1 – 3 mg.L-1) and high (> 3 mg.L-1). A descriptive analysis was performed. The results of this study showed that 88.2% deficit energy intake, 84.2% deficit protein intake, 85.5% deficit of vitamin A intake, 85.5% deficit of vitamin C intake, 100% deficit of vitamin E intake, 98, 7% deficit zinc intake , 92.1% deficit copper intake. 63.2% subjects are low level of serum albumin and 61.8% subjects is high level of hs-CRP serum. Macronutrient and micronutrient intake in most hemodialysis patients shows deficit. The serum albumin of most hemodialysis patients shows low level. Serum hs-CRP most hemodialysis patients show high level.
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Rucklidge, Julia J., Chris M. Frampton, Brigette Gorman, and Anna Boggis. "Vitamin–mineral treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial." British Journal of Psychiatry 204, no. 4 (April 2014): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.132126.
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BackgroundThe role of nutrition in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is gaining international attention; however, treatments have generally focused only on diet restriction or supplementing with one nutrient at a time.AimsTo investigate the efficacy and safety of a broad-based micronutrient formula consisting mainly of vitamins and minerals, without omega fatty acids, in the treatment of ADHD in adults.MethodThis double-blind randomised controlled trial assigned 80 adults with ADHD in a 1:1 ratio to either micronutrients (n = 42) or placebo (n = 38) for 8 weeks (trial registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12609000308291).ResultsIntent-to-treat analyses showed significant between-group differences favouring active treatment on self- and observer- but not clinician-ADHD rating scales. However, clinicians rated those receiving micronutrients as more improved than those on placebo both globally and on ADHD symptoms. Post hoc analyses showed that for those with moderate/severe depression at baseline, there was a greater change in mood favouring active treatment over placebo. There were no group differences in adverse events.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence of efficacy for micronutrients in the treatment of ADHD symptoms in adults, with a reassuring safety profile.
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Kodentsova, V. M., and D. V. Risnik. "Vitamin-mineral supplements for correction of multiple micronutrient deficiency." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 11 (August 8, 2020): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-11-192-200.
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Multiple micronutrient deficiency (simultaneous insufficient supply of the organism with several vitamins at once (vitamin D, B group), as well as calcium, magnesium, zinc and iodine, and not an isolated deficiency of any one micronutrient is characteristic of a significant part of the Russian population throughout the year, regardless of places of residence. The growing need of the organism at different periods of life (puberty, pregnancy, breastfeeding, aging), various diseases, drug therapy, the period of convalescence, stress, the use of various diets, enrichment of the diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fiber, religious observance, adverse environmental factors further increase the risk of multiple micronutrient deficiencies. Micronutrients (vitamins and essential minerals) are closely interconnected into complex metabolic networks, which provide maintaining homeostasis and health. Deficiency of each of the essential micronutrients is a risk factor for the development of a particular disease, and simultaneous multiple micronutrient deficiency creates a “causality network” of not just one, but several diseases at once. Conversely, an adequate or optimal sufficiency of the body with all micronutrients, respectively, creates a “network of conditions ensuring the prevention of the disease”, due to the full implementation of all processes dependent on them in the body. This means that replenishing inadequate food intake of scarce micronutrients is an important way to maintain health and longevity. Given the variety of vitamin-mineral supplements, it is important to choose the right supplement. The maximum effectiveness to maintain the body’s vitamin and mineral status at the optimum level will be ensured by the intake of not individual micronutrients, but vitamin and mineral supplements containing a complete set of vitamins in doses close to the physiological needs of the body and basic minerals (calcium, magnesium, zinc and iodine), the deficit of which is characteristic for the Russian population.
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Suliburska, Joanna, Katarzyna Skrypnik, and Agata Chmurzyńska. "Folic Acid Affects Iron Status in Female Rats with Deficiency of These Micronutrients." Biological Trace Element Research 195, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01888-z.
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Abstract Although simultaneous supplementation with iron and folic acid is justified, the potential interactions between these micronutrients are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of oral iron and folic acid, administered together or separately, on iron concentration in tissues in rats with a deficiency of both these micronutrients. In the first stage of the experiment (28 days), 150 8-week-old female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a control group (C; n = 30) fed the standard diet and to a study group (n = 120) fed a diet deficit in iron and folate. The study group was then randomly divided to four groups: D group fed a deficit diet, FE group fed a deficit diet with iron gluconate, the FOL group fed a deficit diet with folate acid, and the FEFOL group fed a deficit diet with iron gluconate and folate acid. After 2, 10, and 21 days of supplementation, ten animals from each group were killed. Morphological parameters were measured in whole blood. Iron concentration was assayed in serum, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, and kidneys. Folic acid supplementation more significantly decreased iron concentrations in the pancreas and spleen than in the D group after 10 and 21 days of supplementation. Moreover, the combination of iron with folic acid markedly decreased iron levels in the liver and spleen, in comparison with iron alone, after 10 and 21 days of the experiment. In conclusion, folic acid affects iron status in female rats deficient in these micronutrients in moderate and long-term supplementation.
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Lesourd, Bruno. "Nutritional factors and immunological ageing." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65, no. 3 (August 2006): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2006507.
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Undernutrition profoundly affects immune responses, particularly at the extremities of life: in infants and in the elderly. The present review focuses on this interrelationship in the elderly. It describes three different stages of ageing: stage 1, healthy ageing, which is observed in very healthy elderly individuals who have no nutritional deficit; stage 2, common ageing, which is observed in most elderly individuals in whom various micronutrient deficits are found; stage 3, pathological ageing, which is observed in patients with protein–energy deficiency. Stage 1, primary immune ageing, is essentially characterized by changes in T-cell subsets but no change in T-cell function; T-cell function is reduced only in the very elderly (>90 years old). Stage 2, secondary immune ageing, is influenced by micronutrient deficits that may be corrected by providing nutritional supplements. Furthermore, immune responses may also be enhanced by supplementation of subjects who have no micronutrient deficits, indicating that the immune system of elderly individuals is highly susceptible to the influence of micronutrients. In stage 3, tertiary immune ageing, the immune responses are strongly related to the decreased nutritional status. In these patients decreased immune responses lead to long-lasting acute-phase responses, which induce greater use of nutritional reserves during disease and lead to increased frailty. As nutritional status has a marked effect on immune responses in elderly individuals, nutritional therapy should be given to elderly individuals who have nutrient deficits, and perhaps also to individuals who do not have nutrient deficits in order to promote healthy ageing and extend the lifespan.
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Drepa, Elena, Roman Pshenichniy, Marina Ponomarenko, Elena Golosnaya, and Lyudmila Petrova. "Effect of the next-generation stimulants on the yielding capacity of winter wheat in moisture deficit conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128502020.
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In the conditions of the Stavropol Krai arid region the single nutrient fertilizer treatment of winter wheat does not always justify the costs expended due to the moisture deficit during the growing season. In this regard, one of current promising areas is the additional combined use of chemical fertilizers, growth-stimulating agents and micronutrients intended for seed and vegetative plant treatment. In 2018–2020 a research was conducted into the effect of the VL 77 growth stimulants and the Orakul Semena, Orakul Multikompleks, and Orakul Sera Activ micronutrient complexes at different growth and development stages during winter wheat cultivation in the volatile weather conditions of the Stavropol Krai arid region. The research establishes the effectiveness of the combined use of the next-generation stimulants during winter wheat cultivation on chestnut soils in the conditions of the Stavropol Krai arid region. The highest yield of the Idilliya winter wheat variety (4.68 t/ha) was achieved by initially dressing the seeds with the VL 77 growth stimulants combined with the Orakul Semena micronutrient complex and treating the seeds with the VL 77 growth stimulants in combination with the Orakul Multikompleks micronutrient complex during the spring growth resumption period. The second treatment of vegetative plants during the flag leaf stage stimulated their growth, but moisture deficit reduced the yields by 2.3%. Still, the yields obtained exceeded the test yields by 4.3%. On average, during the three years of research the growth stimulant and micronutrient complex treatment boosted the yielding capacity in moisture deficit conditions by 4.6–5.1%. The cost effectiveness concurrently increased from 66.0% to 89.0%.
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Tithi, MA, MA Mannan, MAR Khan, and MM Rahman. "Growth and Yield of Wheat as Influenced by Micronutrients Under Water Deficit Condition." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 24, no. 1 (September 7, 2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v24i1.55552.
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Crop productivity is greatly affected by drought stress. In order to evaluate the effects of Zn and Fe micronutrients on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety BARI Gom 29, a pot experiment was conducted at the Agronomy research field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University during November 2018 to March 2019. Two water regimes i.e. control (80% of field capacity) and drought (40% of field capacity) were maintained throughout the growing season. Micronutrients Zn and Fe viz. i) ZnSO4.7H2O and Fe3SO4.7H2O @22 kgha-1were applied in soil before sowing; ii) ZnSO4.7H2O solution and Fe3SO4.7H2O solution @ 5% of each were applied as foliar spray at flowering stage following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The results indicated that drought stress affected negatively wheat growth such as plant height, fresh weight of leaf, stem, root and total weight of plant as well as yield. Zn and Fe mitigate the drought effects in wheat which ultimately improve the growth and the yield. Among the micronutrients, Fe (Fe3SO4.7H2O) was found more effective when it was applied as foliar spray @ 5% solution for increasing the growth and yield of wheat under water deficit stress condition. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2021, 24(1): 119-128
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Pasandi, Mokhtar, Mohsen Janmohammadi, Amin Abasi, and Naser Sabaghnia. "Oil characteristics of safflower seeds under different nutrient and moisture management." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nbec-2018-0009.
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Abstract Safflower is one of the most important oilseed crops in semi-arid regions. The soil of semi-arid areas often encounters micronutrient deficiencies. However, nutrients imbalance seems to affect the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the oil as well as plant growth. Current experiment was carried out to evaluate the impact of different application practices (soil application and foliar spray) of micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn) on oil content, fatty acid profile and yield components of safflower under full and limited irrigations. Results showed that all of investigated traits were significantly affected by fertilizer treatment and irrigation system. The highest seed protein content was recorded for plants grown by soil application of Zn under limited irrigation condition. The highest oil content was achieved by soil application of Zn under full irrigation condition. The water deficit significantly reduced some qualitative characteristics such as oleic acid, palmitic aid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, iodine value and saponification value. The highest head number per plant, seed number per head and seed yield recorded in plants grown by soil application of Fe and Zn under full irrigation condition. Although the use of micronutrients improved qualitative characteristics in comparison with control, the best qualitative characteristics were achieved with the soil application of Zn and Fe. The elimination of micronutrient deficiencies and the balanced supply of nutrients through soil along with optimal and timely irrigation can significantly increase the efficiency of safflower production systems and improve the quality of the oil.
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Rosi, Eleonora, Silvia Grazioli, Filippo Maria Villa, Maddalena Mauri, Erica Gazzola, Marco Pozzi, Massimo Molteni, and Maria Nobile. "Use of Non-Pharmacological Supplementations in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Critical Review." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061573.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents, with environmental and biological causal influences. Pharmacological medication is the first choice in ADHD treatment; recently, many studies have concentrated on dietary supplementation approaches to address nutritional deficiencies, to which part of non-responses to medications have been imputed. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of non-pharmacological supplementations in children or adolescents with ADHD. We reviewed 42 randomized controlled trials comprised of the following supplementation categories: polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), peptides and amino acids derivatives, single micronutrients, micronutrients mix, plant extracts and herbal supplementations, and probiotics. The reviewed studies applied heterogeneous methodologies, thus making it arduous to depict a systematic overview. No clear effect on single cognitive, affective, or behavioral domain was found for any supplementation category. Studies on PUFAs and micronutrients found symptomatology improvements. Peptides and amino acids derivatives, plant extracts, herbal supplementation, and probiotics represent innovative research fields and preliminary results may be promising. In conclusion, such findings, if confirmed through future research, should represent evidence for the efficacy of dietary supplementation as a support to standard pharmacological and psychological therapies in children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Oliveira, Vanessa de Souza, Augusto Miguel Nascimento Lima, Alessandra Monteiro Salviano, Luís Henrique Bassoi, and Giuliano Elias Pereira. "HEAVY METALS AND MICRONUTRIENTS IN THE SOIL AND GRAPEVINE UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION STRATEGIES." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 1 (February 2015): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20150284.
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Soils under natural conditions have heavy metals in variable concentrations and there may be an increase in these elements as a result of the agricultural practices adopted. Transport of heavy metals in soil mainly occurs in forms dissolved in the soil solution or associated with solid particles, water being their main means of transport. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the heavy metal and micronutrient content in the soil and in the grapevine plant and fruit under different irrigation strategies. The experiment was carried out in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. The treatments consisted of three irrigation strategies: full irrigation (FI), regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), and deficit irrigation (DI). During the period of grape maturation, soil samples were collected at the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 cm. In addition, leaves were collected at the time of ripening of the bunches, and berries were collected at harvest. Thus, the heavy metal and micronutrient contents were determined in the soil, leaves, and berries. The heavy metal and micronutrient contents in the soil showed a stochastic pattern in relation to the different irrigation strategies. The different irrigation strategies did not affect the heavy metal and micronutrient contents in the vine leaves, and they were below the contents considered toxic to the plant. In contrast, the greater availability of water in the FI treatment favored a greater Cu content in the grape, which may be a risk to vines, causing instability and turbidity. Thus, adoption of deficit irrigation is recommended so as to avoid compromising the stability of tropical wines of the Brazilian Northeast.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deficit of micronutrients"
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Gordon, Heather Ann. "An investigation into the effects of micronutrients on mood and behaviour in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) : a pilot study using a single case ABABA design with six-month follow-up." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/11016.
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders characterised by impairments in attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Pharmacological and behavioural treatments have been shown to be effective in treating ADHD. However, with 30% of the population that do not respond or respond poorly to pharmacological treatments, and the growing concerns over the long-term impact stimulants may have on the developing brain, investigation into alternative treatments for ADHD is necessary. More recently research has investigated the effectiveness of EMPowerplus (EMP+), a formula containing a wide range of vitamins and minerals in treating ADHD in adults.
The current research examined the effect of EMP+ in treating ADHD in children, following a single-case ABABA design, with a six-month follow-up. Fourteen children between 8 and 12 years of age diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD took part in the study. Following the baseline assessment, participants took part in an open-label trial of EMP+ for eight weeks, after which EMP+ was withdrawn for four weeks, and then had a final eight weeks on EMP+ and a final four weeks off the micronutrients. A follow-up was conducted approximately six-months after the end of the study. Modified Brinley plots revealed decreased ADHD behaviours, improved mood and improvements in overall functioning during the intervention phases and a reversal in symptoms, decrease in mood and overall functioning during the withdrawal phases. Cohen’s d effect sizes, 95% confidence intervals and t-tests confirmed statistically significant change between the intervention and withdrawal phases.
The current study provides further evidence for the potential of micronutrient interventions as a treatment option for children with ADHD. Further research utilising double-blind placebo-controlled studies is warranted.
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Sinn, Natalie. "Omega-3 fatty acids, micronutrients and cognitive and behaviour problems associated with child attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." 2006. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au:8081/1959.8/46377.
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This thesis concerns the role of nutrients in cognitive and behaviour problems associated with child attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Study 1 investigated relationships between Conners' ADHD Index ratings, fatty acid deficiency symptoms (FADS), and cognitive performance in a normal population of children. Studies 2 and 3 comprised a 30 week intervention trial investigating effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on ADHD symptoms in 7-12 year old children with high ADHD scores.
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Petříčková, Dagmar. "Mikronutrienty u domácí parenterální výživy." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-397461.
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The topic of the diploma thesis is micronutrients at home parenteral nutrition. In the theoretical part, parenteral nutrition is analyzed, including advantages and disadvantages, indications and contraindications. Intestinal failure is described as the most basic indication for the introduction of long-term / home parenteral nutrition. Following is the characterization and classification of micronutrients and a description of the consequences of their deficiency or surplus. Micronutrients are particularly important as cofactors and coenzymes in enzymatic reactions that would not be possible without them. The key question is whether the plasma levels show the actual state of the stock of the micronutrient in the organism, if the drop in most of the micronutrients that we find in patients reflects the actual deficiency to be substituted, or whether this decrease is an expression of their shift to other segments, the severity of the health condition. In the practical part of the diploma thesis are evaluated the levels of selected micronutrients (vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, iron) in the group of patients with indication of home parenteral nutrition. The evaluation was based on laboratory analysis of patients' results. Key words: Parenteral nutrition, micronutrients, deficiency, surplus
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Černá, Martina. "Vliv zákroků metabolické chirurgie u obézních pacintů na kalciofosfátový metabolismus a sérovou koncentraci některých mikronutrientů." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445761.
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This thesis focuse on bariatric-metabolic surgery and its impact on serum concentrations of various metabolic parameters. The thesis is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. Basic facts about bariatric-metabolic surgery such as its history, indications, contraindications, surgical methods and their results, nutrition after surgery and the frequency of micronutrient's deficits are described in the theoretical part. Furthermore, information about calcium-phosphate metabolism and metabolites such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin K, parathyroid hormone and osteomarkers is also included. The influence of nutrition and nutritional status on the quality of bone tissue is also mentioned. Last section of the theoretical part is focused on the important vitamins and minerals. The practical part discusses measurements of selected metabolites in serum before and half a year after the surgery. Results of questionnaires which were given to respondents are also included. Questionnaires were focused on lifestyle, nutrition, physical activities and whether the patients take some supplements of micronutrients and protein concentrates. The goal of this work is to evaluate the effect of the surgery on serum concentrations of metabolic parameters and their effect on the health and...
Books on the topic "Deficit of micronutrients"
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Pettifor, John M. Micronutrient Deficiencies during the Weaning Period and the First Years of Life (NESTLE NUTRITION WORKSHOP SERIES). Edited by John M. Pettifor. Karger, 2004.
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Cohen, Jonathan, and Shaul Lev. Parenteral nutrition in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0207.
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Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a technique of artificial nutrition support, which consists of the intravenous administration of macronutrients, micronutrients, and water. PN has become integrated into intensive care unit (ICU) patient management with the aim of preventing energy deficits and preserving lean body mass. The addition of PN to enteral nutrition is known as supplemental PN. Parenteral feeding should be considered whenever enteral nutritional support is contraindicated, or when enteral nutrition alone is unable to meet energy and nutrient requirements. International guidelines differ considerably regarding the indications for PN. Thus, the ESPEN guidelines recommend initiating PN in critically-ill patients who do not meet caloric goals within 2–3 days of commencing EN, while the Canadian guidelines recommend PN only after extensive attempts to feed with EN have failed. The ASPEN guidelines advocate administering PN after 8 days of attempting EN unsuccessfully. Several studies have demonstrated that parenteral glutamine supplementation may improve outcome, and the ESPEN guidelines give a grade A recommendation to the use of glutamine in critically-ill patients who receive PN. Studies on IV omega-3 fatty acids have yielded promising results in animal models of acute respiratory distress syndrome and proved superior to solutions with omega -6 compositions. The discrepancy between animal models and clinical practice could be related to different time frames.
Book chapters on the topic "Deficit of micronutrients"
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McAnally, Heath B. "Preoperative Nutritional Management." In Preoperative Optimization of the Chronic Pain Patient, 165–86. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190920142.003.0008.
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Malnutrition in the developed world generally comprises both excess of calories with poor macronutrient (carbohydrate—protein—fat) proportioning, and deficit of multiple micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients). These excesses, deficits, and imbalances all confer health risks, and many are associated with the development of systemic inflammation and chronic pain. In the perioperative context, malnutrition is also associated with suboptimal surgical outcomes; from a nutrient deficiency standpoint, compromised wound healing and increased incidence of infections are seen. From a caloric excess standpoint, obesity confers markedly increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. Most of the evidence-based literature supports the use of so-called immunonutrition preoperatively in populations at risk. As with all of the lifestyle modification issues discussed in this book, enhancement of patients’ intrinsic motivation and thoughtful identification and replacement of maladaptive habits with better alternatives are of the essence.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Micronutrients." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0016.
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Micronutrients needed by plants are Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo, Cl, Ni, Co, V, Si, and Na. The required amounts of each of these elements is very small but still essential for desirable plant growth and reproduction. These elements must be applied to soils cautiously for the range between deficient and toxic is very small. It is unwise to use a fertilizer containing all of these micronutrients. Any one of them may already be high enough in soils to cause toxicity from that particular element. If a micronutrient is suspected of being deficient, it would be wise to get soil tests and plant tissue tests to corroborate your suspicions. If a micronutrient is deficient, one should apply only the amount recommended but no more. Sometimes a toxicity of an element is more difficult to correct than a deficiency. Copper, iron, manganese, cobalt, and zinc can be present in soils as (a) several types of precipitates, (b) adsorbed onto the surface of soil particles, (c) present in primary minerals (rocks) and secondary minerals (clays), and (d) present as complex ring compounds. These forms may or may not be available to plants. Precipitates of Cu, Fe, Mn, or Zn often form in soils at high pH (after liming Fig. 14.1). This may occur in soils near buildings from the lime used in the mortar. Soil acids dissolve the lime into Ca++ or Mg++ that migrate into the soil raising the pH and cause these micronutrients to precipitate. Often an Fe deficiency is evident, particularly on acid-loving plants, such as azaleas, rhododendrons, or hollies. If this is extensive, the soil near the buildings may need to be replaced. With limited areas, the soil can be acidified by adding elemental S near the plants affected. The elements Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn can exist as soluble forms or precipitates, depending on the pH of the soil. The soluble forms as cations are present when soils have poor internal drainage (poorly drained soils), whereas the oxides of these elements are present where the soil is well aerated.
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Devakumar, Delan, and Patricia Rondó. "Maternal nutrition." In Oxford Textbook of Global Health of Women, Newborns, Children, and Adolescents, edited by Delan Devakumar, Jennifer Hall, Zeshan Qureshi, and Joy Lawn, 117–21. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794684.003.0024.
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Optimising maternal nutrition can improve the health of the mother and her child, both in the short term and decades later. Pregnancy places greater demands on the woman in terms of energy requirements and micronutrients and it can result in deficiency-related disease. For the foetus, impaired antenatal nutrition can affect development and growth, increasing the risk of premature birth and birth defects. Lasting effects on development are mediated by epigenetic and hormonal changes. In low-resource settings, women’s diets are likely to be deficient in both quantity and quality. Improving the overall maternal diet (quantity, diversity, and availability) is paramount, but the ways to do this are still to be elucidated. For many, especially those in conflict-afflicted regions, improving food security (i.e. access to food) and dietary diversity is most important. Fortification or supplementation may be useful in some settings and ideally should start before conception.
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C. Williams, Adrian, and Lisa J. Hill. "Inequality: The Dangers of Meat Haves and Have-Nots in a Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide World." In Meat and Nutrition. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96748.
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Our evolution and recent history can be seen as a “World Hunt” for meat as part of an omnivorous diet. Meat contains key micronutrients namely Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) and methyl-donors with deficits causing pellagra, an archetypal disease of poverty. Inequality is a leading ultimate risk factor invoked in the aetiology of common diseases let alone threats from climate change and pandemic triggered catastrophes. We hypothesize that the origin of inequality was our evolutionary and nutritional move from equal to unequal sharing of the meat supply some 10–20 thousand years ago. High meat intake may have bioengineered powerful ruling classes and lower intake the proletariat with higher fertility, but inferior (brain) health. A fairer quantity of a safer meat intake in future should moderate global variances of fertility, height, health, and prosperity. Death rates of acute infections including emergent zoonoses (such as COVID-19) and chronic infections (such as TB) should fall as might the incidence of some diseases of affluence. Meat justice by improving human capital could make redundant superficial markers, such as skin colour, used to discriminate against peoples and heal a divided world.