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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Pinto, Fábio de Assis, Paula Netto, Kleber de Sousa Pereira, and Terezinha Maria Castro Della Lucia. "Repertoire of Defensive Behavior in Africanized Honey Bees (Hymenoptera – Apidae): Variations in Defensive Standard and Influence of Visual Stimuli." EntomoBrasilis 9, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 06–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i1.456.

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Abstract. The Africanized honey bees (AHB) are known by the high productivity and tolerance against pathogens and parasites such Varroa destructor. Besides these beneficial characteristics, the AHB are considered highly defensive and generally urges caution in management. However, little is known about the behavioral aspects of AHB in Brazilian beekeeping. In this context, our objectives were to evaluate the repertoire of defensive behavior (DB) in AHB emphasizing the relevance of environmental and visual stimuli, as well as the aggressiveness gradient among Brazilian colonies. The aspects related to defensive behavior were measured by Stort method with some adaptations. We found differences between colonies in the speed of first attack and attack intensity (p<0.05%), although the DB patterns were not affected by temperature and period of evaluations. All attacks began in the black part of sphere target; however after the first sting both parts (black and white) were attacked. This fact indicates that even the visual clues have a relevant role in colony defense; chemical signs (alarm pheromones) maintain the target and act in attack increase. We also identified a great variation in defensive pattern among the studied colonies that was indeed expected due to high genetic variability present in AHB. The DB evaluation plays an important role in colony selection and genetic improvement based on beneficial characters such as high honey production and low aggressiveness during management.Repertório do Comportamento Defensivo em Apis mellifera L. africanizada (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Variações nos Padrões Defensivos e Influência de Estímulos VisuaisResumo. As abelhas africanizadas (AHB) são conhecidas por sua alta produtividade e tolerância a patógenos e parasitas como o ácaro Varroa destructor. Em contraste às características vantajosas, as AHB são consideradas altamente defensivas necessitando de certos cuidados em seu manejo. Entretanto, poucos estudos relatam características específicas sobre os padrões de comportamento de AHB na apicultura brasileira. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o repertório do comportamento defensivo (DB) em AHB, identificando a importância de condições climáticas e estímulos visuais nesta característica, bem como gradiente de agressividade dentre as colônias. Os aspectos relacionados ao comportamento defensivo foram avaliados pelo método de Stort com adaptações. Foram encontradas diferenças entre as colônias em relação à velocidade do primeiro ataque e intensidade de ataque (p<0.05%), por outro lado os padrões de DB não foram afetados pela variação de temperatura durante os períodos de avaliação. Todos os ataques se iniciaram pela parte preta da esfera alvo, contudo após o primeiro ataque ambos os lados (preto e branco) sofreram ataques. Tal fato indica que embora as pistas visuais possuam um papel relavente na defesa das colônias, sinais químicos (feromônios de alarme) atuam na manutenção e aumento do possível alvo. Pôde-se também identificar uma grande variação nos padrões defensivos dentre as colônias estudadas, fator esperado devido a grande variabilidade genética presente em AHB. Por sua vez, a avaliação do DB possui um importante papel na seleção e melhoramento de colônias visando à seleção de características benéficas como alta produtividade de mel e baixa agressividade durante o manejo.
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Shea-Atallah, Ruthmarie. "A Defense of Defensive Medicine." Ethics & Medics 39, no. 6 (2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em201439611.

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Thomas, Sandra P. "In Defense of Defensive Pessimism." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 32, no. 1 (January 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2011.535350.

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4

Sarig, Oded H., and Eli Talmor. "In defense of defensive measures." Journal of Corporate Finance 3, no. 3 (June 1997): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1199(96)00016-8.

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5

Gallo, Richard L. "Defensive Defensins: A Response to the Commentary “In Defense of Skin”." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 125, no. 1 (July 2005): x—xi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23770.x.

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6

Bajgorić, Sanja, and Muris Đug. "DIFFERENCES OF SITUATIONAL AND MOTOR ABILITIES IN DEFENSE AT THE WORLD JUNIOR HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIP." Sport Scientific And Practical Aspects: International Scientific Journal of Kinesiology 18, no. 2 (2021): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51558/1840-4561.2021.18.2.71.

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The research was conducted in order to determine the differences in situational-motor abilities in the defense of men's junior national teams at the 2013 World Handball Championship. Situational - motor abilities in the defense of the national team of Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to the national teams of Croatia, France, Sweden and Spain were analyzed. The following variables were used to determine differences in defense: SKODEKUK / PR - total - average number of jumps in defense of the whole team, SKODUK / PR1 - total - average number of jumps in defense first player of defense, SKODUK / PR2 - total - average number of jumps in defense second defensive player, SKODUK / PR3 - total - average number of defensive jumps third defensive player, SKODUK / PR4 - total - average number of defensive jumps fourth defensive player, SKODUK / PR5 - total - average number of defensive jumps fifth defensive player and SKODUK / PR6 - total - average number of jumps in the sixth defense player. To determine the partial quantitative differences of variables, which measure the total and average number of attempts to perform an element in the area of situational - motor abilities in defense, we used the mean difference of mean (hereinafter MD), which calculated the average values of selected variables. The average values of variables for the assessment of situational - motor abilities in defense were also calculated. The variable SKODUK / PR4 - total - average number of jumps in the defense of the fourth player shows a statistically significant negative difference in the jumps in the defense of the fourth player between the fourth player in the defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the fourth player in the defense of Croatia and Sweden. In the variable SKODUK / PR6 - total - average number of jumps in the defense of the sixth defense player, a statistically significant negative difference can be seen between the sixth player in the defense of the national team of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the sixth player in the defense of Sweden. Key words: handball, juniors, World Championship, defense, situational - motor abilities
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7

Nasiri, Mansour, Reza Donyavi, and Yarali Dousti. "The Mediating Role of Defensive Mechanisms in the Relationship between Social Phobia and Alexithymia in University Students." Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery 30, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jhnm.30.4.2041.

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Abstract Introduction: Psychological factors play a key role in people's emotional responses to different social situations. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of defense mechanisms in the relationship between social phobia and alexithymia, in the students of Farhangian University, Sari City, Iran. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical, correlational study that specifically used structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all students of the Farhangian University of Sari city, Iran, in the academic year of 2019-2020. A sample of 234 people was recruited with the available sampling method. The social phobia inventory, defense mechanism questionnaire, and Toronto alexithymia scale were used to measure the research variables. Finally, the proposed model was evaluated using structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that social phobia variables, undeveloped defensive mechanisms, and psychotic defensive mechanisms are positively correlated with alexithymia. Also, there is a significant negative correlation between developed defensive style and alexithymia (P = 0.001). The results indicated significant correlations of social phobia (r = 0.28), undeveloped defensive style (r = 0.31), psychotic defensive style (r = 0.28), and developed defensive style (r = -0.30) with alexithymia (P = 0.001). Moreover, the research model was approved: defensive mechanisms mediate the relationship between social phobia and alexithymia in the students. The defensive mechanisms and social phobia affect 48% of the alexithymia variable. Conclusion: The students with adaptive defensive mechanisms experience lower social phobia and alexithymia symptoms. Also, social phobia indirectly affects alexithymia through the mediating role of defense mechanisms.
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Azmi, Farha, Munawwar Husain, Suman Vashist, and Jawed A. Usmani. "In Defense of Defensive Nursing Practice." International Journal of Nursing Care 2, no. 2 (2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-8651.2014.01262.9.

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Husain, Munawwar, Arshad Anjum, Amir Usmani, Jawed A. Usmani, and Mubarak Alshariam. "In defense of defensive forensic medicine." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 20, no. 6 (August 2013): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2013.03.032.

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10

Santos, Fernando Jorge Lourenço dos, Bernardo Brito, Bruna Rodrigues, Bruno Ferreira, C´átia Pereira, Cátia Ferreira, Teresa Figueiredo, and Mário Espada. "Análise observacional das ações dos guarda-redes de futebol jovem." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 21, no. 3 (September 23, 2021): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.468651.

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El portero tiene un papel importante en el proceso ofensivo y defensivo de un equipo de fútbol. El objetivo del estudio era analizar las acciones ofensivas y defensivas de los GR U-17 del fútbol, utilizando la metodología observacional. GR Sub-17 (n=4) fue analizado en Se analizaron treinta partidos del campeonato del distrito de AF Lisboa. La muestra observacional consistió en 286 acciones defensivas y 790 acciones ofensivas. Utilizamos los sistemas de observación de las acciones técnico-tácticas ofensivas y defensivas de los porteros. Las acciones observadas fueron codificadas utilizando el programa informático LINCE versión 1.3. El procesamiento de datos se realizó a través de análisis descriptivos, de la prueba U-Mann Whitney para comparar las acciones en la condición de local y visitante y estadísticas gráficas. Verificamos en las acciones defensivas un mayor número de ocurrencias en forma de intervención fuera de gol (n=140; 4.66±2.57), acción como la última defensa (n=102; 3.4±2.34), forma de ejecución técnica con ambas manos (n= 205; 6,83±3,32) y zona final de la acción técnica 1 (n=155; 5,16±3,19). En las acciones ofensivas registramos más ocurrencias para la forma en que la pelota llegó al portero a través del retardo (n=263; 8.76±3.89), inicio de la acción en la zona 1(n=205; 13,30±4,72), patada de objetivo corto de acción técnica (n=191; 6,36±3,99), ataque posicional de decisión táctica (n=498; 16.60±5.87), fin de la acción de mantenimiento de la posesión (n=593; 19,76±5,81) y zona final de la acción 5 (n=131; 4,36±3,47). En el proceso defensivo, la acción del portero tiene una enorme preponderancia como la última defensa y defensa de la portería. En el proceso ofensivo, las acciones técnicas con los pies son relevantes en la participación en la construcción del ataque posicional. La acción de los porteros está influenciada por la condición del visitante. The goalkeeper (GK) has a major role in the offensive and defensive process of a soccer team. The aim of the study focused on the analysis of the offensive and defensive actions of the U-17 soccer GK, using observational methodology. U-17 GK (n=4) was analyzed in thirty Lisbon FA U-17 championship games. The observational sample consisted of 286 defensive actions and 790 offensive actions. We used the observational systems of the offensive and defensive technical-tactical GK’ actions. The actions observed were codified using the LINCE version 1.3 computer program. Data processing was performed through descriptive analysis, of the U-Mann Whitney test to compare actions in home and away condition and graphical statistics. We verified in the defensive actions a higher number of occurrences in the intervention form come off from goal (n=140; 4.66±2.57), action as last defender (n=102; 3.4±2,34), technical execution form with two hands (n= 205; 6.83±3.32) and final zone of technical action 1 (n=155; 5.16±3,19). In the offensive actions we recorded more occurrences for ball arrives the GK through back pass (n=263; 8.76±3.89), start of the action in zone 1 (n=205; 13.30±4.72), technical action short goal kick (n=191; 6.36±3.99), tactical decision positional attack (n=498; 16.60±5.87), final action maintenance of ball possession (n=593; 19.76±5.81) and final zone of action 5 (n=131; 4.36±3.47). In the defensive process, the action of the GKs has enormous preponderance in the action as the last defense and goal defense. In the offensive process, technical actions with the feet are relevant in the positional attack construction participation. The GK’ action is influenced by the condition of home game or visitor. O guarda-redes (GR) tem uma ação preponderante no processo ofensivo e defensivo de uma equipa de futebol. O objetivo do estudo centrou-se na análise das ações ofensivas e defensivas do GR sub-17 de futebol, recorrendo à metodologia observacional. Foram analisados GR Sub-17 (n=4) em 30 jogos do campeonato distrital da AF Lisboa. A amostra observacional foi de 286 ações defensivas e 790 ações ofensivas. Utilizámos os sistemas de observação das ações técnico-táticas ofensivas e defensivas dos GR. As ações observadas foram codificadas recorrendo ao software informático LINCE versão 1.3. O tratamento de dados foi realizado através da análise descritiva, do teste U-Mann Whitney para comparar as ações na condição de casa e fora e estatística gráfica. Verificámos nas ações defensivas maior número de ocorrências na forma de intervenção saída da baliza (n=140; 4.66±2.57), ação como último defesa (n=102; 3.4±2.34), forma de execução técnica com as duas mãos (n= 205; 6.83±3.32) e zona final da ação técnica 1 (n=155; 5.16±3.19). Nas ações ofensivas registámos mais ocorrências para forma de chegada da bola ao GR através de atraso (n=263; 8.76±3.89), início da ação na zona 1 (n=205; 13.30±4.72), ação técnica pontapé de baliza curto (n=191; 6.36±3.99), decisão tática ataque posicional (n=498; 16.60±5.87), final da ação manutenção da posse de bola (n=593; 19.76±5.81) e zona final da ação 5 (n=131; 4.36±3.47). No processo defensivo, a ação dos GR tem enorme preponderância como último defesa e defesa da baliza. No processo ofensivo as ações técnicas com os pés são relevantes na participação na construção do ataque posicional. A ação dos GR é influenciada pela condição de visitado ou visitante.
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11

Chassang, Sylvain, and Gerard Padró i Miquel. "Defensive Weapons and Defensive Alliances." American Economic Review 99, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.2.282.

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12

Li, Ran, Ming Wang, Yang Wang, Meredith C. Schuman, Arne Weinhold, Martin Schäfer, Guillermo H. Jiménez-Alemán, Andrea Barthel, and Ian T. Baldwin. "Flower-specific jasmonate signaling regulates constitutive floral defenses in wild tobacco." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 34 (August 7, 2017): E7205—E7214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703463114.

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Optimal defense (OD) theory predicts that within a plant, tissues are defended in proportion to their fitness value and risk of predation. The fitness value of leaves varies greatly and leaves are protected by jasmonate (JA)-inducible defenses. Flowers are vehicles of Darwinian fitness in flowering plants and are attacked by herbivores and pathogens, but how they are defended is rarely investigated. We used Nicotiana attenuata, an ecological model plant with well-characterized herbivore interactions to characterize defense responses in flowers. Early floral stages constitutively accumulate greater amounts of two well-characterized defensive compounds, the volatile (E)-α-bergamotene and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPIs), which are also found in herbivore-induced leaves. Plants rendered deficient in JA biosynthesis or perception by RNA interference had significantly attenuated floral accumulations of defensive compounds known to be regulated by JA in leaves. By RNA-seq, we found a JAZ gene, NaJAZi, specifically expressed in early-stage floral tissues. Gene silencing revealed that NaJAZi functions as a flower-specific jasmonate repressor that regulates JAs, (E)-α-bergamotene, TPIs, and a defensin. Flowers silenced in NaJAZi are more resistant to tobacco budworm attack, a florivore. When the defensin was ectopically expressed in leaves, performance of Manduca sexta larvae, a folivore, decreased. NaJAZi physically interacts with a newly identified NINJA-like protein, but not the canonical NINJA. This NINJA-like recruits the corepressor TOPLESS that contributes to the suppressive function of NaJAZi on floral defenses. This study uncovers the defensive function of JA signaling in flowers, which includes components that tailor JA signaling to provide flower-specific defense.
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Torres, M. S., A. P. Singh, N. Vorsa, T. Gianfagna, and J. R. Author. "Were endophytes pre-adapted for defensive mutualism?" NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3087.

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Defensive mutualism in many grass endophytes involves herbivore deterrence, enhanced disease suppression and drought tolerance. According to our current understanding of the mechanisms, these defensive effects are unique features of the fungi and specific fungal qualities are responsible for each. We examined a selection of species of family Clavicipitaceae for defensive traits including ergot alkaloids and loline production and development of endophytic and epiphytic mycelial states. When features responsible for defensive effects are mapped onto phylogenetic trees showing relationships in the family, it is apparent that all defensive features of endophytic fungi pre-existed evolution of endophytism. We suggest that once endophytism evolved, the alkaloids and other fungal-mediated defensive features switched from previous functions to serve host defense functions. Defensive mutualism in the Clavicipitaceae endophytes naturally evolved through use of pre-existing fungal features after the step to endophytism was made. Keywords: Clavicipitaceae, defensive mutualism, endophytes, ergot alkaloids, loline alkaloids
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Lobato, Maria Inês, Walter José Koff, Tiago Crestana, Camila Chaves, Jaqueline Salvador, Analídia Rodolpho Petry, Esalba Silveira, et al. "Using the Defensive Style Questionnaire to evaluate the impact of sex reassignment surgery on defensive mechanisms in transsexual patients." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 31, no. 4 (October 16, 2009): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462009005000007.

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Objective: To evaluate the impact of sex reassignment surgery on the defense mechanisms of 32 transsexual patients at two different points in time using the Defensive Style Questionnaire. Method: The Defensive Style Questionnaire was applied to 32 patients upon their admission to the Gender Identity Disorder Program, and 12 months after they had undergone sex reassignment surgery. Results: There were changes in two defense mechanisms: anticipation and idealization. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of the mature, neurotic and immature categories. Discussion: One possible explanation for this result is the fact that the procedure does not resolve gender dysphoria, which is a core symptom in such patients. Another aspect is related to the early onset of the gender identity disorder, which determines a more regressive defensive structure in these patients. Conclusion: Sex reassignment surgery did not improve the defensive profile as measured by the Defensive Style Questionnaire.
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WASTELL, COLIN A. "Defensive Focus and the Defense Style Questionnaire." Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 187, no. 4 (April 1999): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199904000-00004.

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Montgomery, Evan Braden. "Breaking Out of the Security Dilemma: Realism, Reassurance, and the Problem of Uncertainty." International Security 31, no. 2 (October 2006): 151–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.31.2.151.

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In the debate between offensive and defensive realism, a central issue is whether major powers can overcome the uncertainty that drives the security dilemma. Whereas offensive realists maintain that states cannot know others' motives and intentions, defensive realists argue that states can reveal their preferences by altering their military posture. Defensive realists have, how- ever, presented an incomplete account of the constraints and opportunities associated with military reassurance. To demonstrate its motives, a security- seeking state must take actions that will often increase its vulnerability to potential aggressors. Although offense-defense variables have been invoked to address the constraint of vulnerability, the conditions usually considered most favorable for reassurance—differentiation between offense and defense and an advantage for the latter—make it no easier to achieve. A defensive advantage makes reassurance difficult by encouraging all states to adopt defensive capa- bilities and by requiring large concessions to reveal benign motives. Only when offense and defense are differentiated and the balance between them is neutral can states reveal their motives without also endangering their security. These arguments are illustrated with three empirical examples: the Anglo- German naval race, Nikita Khrushchev's troop cuts, and Mikhail Gorbachev's arms limitation and arms control policies.
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Mohan, Pilla Vaishno, Shriniket Dixit, Amogh Gyaneshwar, Utkarsh Chadha, Kathiravan Srinivasan, and Jung Taek Seo. "Leveraging Computational Intelligence Techniques for Defensive Deception: A Review, Recent Advances, Open Problems and Future Directions." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062194.

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With information systems worldwide being attacked daily, analogies from traditional warfare are apt, and deception tactics have historically proven effective as both a strategy and a technique for Defense. Defensive Deception includes thinking like an attacker and determining the best strategy to counter common attack strategies. Defensive Deception tactics are beneficial at introducing uncertainty for adversaries, increasing their learning costs, and, as a result, lowering the likelihood of successful attacks. In cybersecurity, honeypots and honeytokens and camouflaging and moving target defense commonly employ Defensive Deception tactics. For a variety of purposes, deceptive and anti-deceptive technologies have been created. However, there is a critical need for a broad, comprehensive and quantitative framework that can help us deploy advanced deception technologies. Computational intelligence provides an appropriate set of tools for creating advanced deception frameworks. Computational intelligence comprises two significant families of artificial intelligence technologies: deep learning and machine learning. These strategies can be used in various situations in Defensive Deception technologies. This survey focuses on Defensive Deception tactics deployed using the help of deep learning and machine learning algorithms. Prior work has yielded insights, lessons, and limitations presented in this study. It culminates with a discussion about future directions, which helps address the important gaps in present Defensive Deception research.
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Chae, Lee-Ann. "Pacific Resistance." Social Theory and Practice 44, no. 1 (2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract201811929.

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It is widely believed that some wars are just, and that the paradigm case of a just war is a defensive war. A familiar strategy used to justify defensive war is to infer its permissibility from the case of self-defensive killing. I show, however, that the permission to defend oneself does not justify killing, but instead calls for nonviolent resistance. I conclude that on the account of self-defense I develop, the appropriate way to respond to a war of aggression is not by prosecuting a defensive war, but by engaging in a form of nonviolence I call pacific resistance.
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Hereth, Blake. "Self-Defense for Theists." Journal of Analytic Theology 10 (October 21, 2022): 246–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12978/jat.2022-10.011104070407.

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According to Theistic Defensive Incompatibilism, common theistic commitments limit the scope or explanation of permissible self-defense. In this essay, I offer six original arguments for Theistic Defensive Incompatibilism. The first four arguments concern narrow proportionality: the requirement that the defensive harm inflicted on unjust threateners not exceed the harm they threaten. Hellism, Annihilationism, and Danteanism each imply that narrow proportionality is rarely satisfied, whereas Universalism implies that killing never harms. The final two arguments concern wide proportionality, or the requirement that defensive harm not excessively harm non-liable third parties. Omnisubjectivity and Divine Love imply that wide proportionality is rarely satisfied.
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Schroeder, B., E. Stange, and J. Wehkamp. "Humanes Beta-Defensin 1: Aus der Defensive gelockt." Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 50, no. 11 (November 13, 2012): 1171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312865.

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21

Fried, Yoram. "Strike First or Wait Defensively: The Formulation of the idf’s Fighting Strategy after Israel’s War of Independence." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 38, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03801003.

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Two facts related to the fighting strategy adopted by the Israel Defense Forces (idf) following the first Israeli-Arab War of 1948 are well accepted. The first is that after the war, the idf adopted a ‘defensive-offensive’ strategy. The second is that in 1953 this strategy was replaced by an ‘offensive-defensive’ strategy. Over the years, researchers have suggested several explanations for this change. However, opinions remain divided. This article argues that although the ‘offensive-defensive’ strategy was preferred particularly by officials in the planning and operational departments, they reluctantly chose the ‘defensive-offensive’ strategy for economic and strategic reasons. Only a few years later, however, after re-evaluating the premises on which the ‘defensive-offensive’ strategy had been based, the idf switched gears and returned to the strategy it had wanted from the beginning: to strike first.
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Ponomareva, Irina V. "Defensive-coping behaviour in teenagers and adolescents." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Educational Acmeology. Developmental Psychology 10, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2304-9790-2021-10-2-150-157.

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The article presents data on studying correspondence between psychological defense mechanisms and coping strategies in teenage and adolescent years within the context of a unified system of self-regulation and adaptation. The relevance of research into defensive-coping behavior is conditioned by the need to understand interaction between defense mechanisms and coping strategies in teenage years and adolescence, as well as to solve the practical problem, i.e. to improve adaptive capabilities of adolescents and young men in stressful situations by reducing non-constructive forms of defensive-coping behavior. The purpose of the study is to investigate the interconnection between defense mechanisms and coping strategies as an individual makes a transition from teenage to adolescent years. Supposedly, defense mechanisms and coping strategies can both complement and contradict each other in teenage and adolescent years. The study was carried out on a sample (N = 203) consisting of representatives of teenage (n = 94, aged 12 to 15) and adolescent age groups (n = 109, aged 17 to 19), who attended general education and vocational schools of the town of Lipetsk. We used the following techniques: Life style index (R. Plutchik et al.), SACS test (S. Hobfoll). Based on the factor analysis, we singled out 4 styles of defensive-coping behaviour in teenagers (which explain 56.2% of general dispersion) and 5 styles of defensive-coping behaviour in adolescents (which explain 62.1% of general dispersion). We determined the factorial structure of the defensive-coping behavior of adolescents and young men. The analysis of the variables of the identified factors established the following: 1) problem-oriented coping strategies are in opposition to the defensive mechanism of regression; 2) immature forms of defense mechanisms (regression and substitution) "support" non-constructive coping strategies; 3) in adolescence, problem-oriented coping is used more actively. To ensure positive result in counseling practice with adolescents and young men, it is important to work with both non-constructive coping strategies and immature defenses.
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23

Bradley, Margaret M., Brad Moulder, and Peter J. Lang. "When Good Things Go Bad." Psychological Science 16, no. 6 (June 2005): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01558.x.

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For humans, the threat of painful shock greatly potentiates the reflexive startle blink. Moreover, viewing unpleasant, compared with pleasant, pictures also prompts heightened startle reflexes, suggesting that the startle reflex indexes general defensive activation. In this study, pleasant or unpleasant pictures were used to signal shock threat in order to explore how previous affective associations modulate new defensive reactions. When cuing threat of shock, pleasant and unpleasant pictures prompted physiological profiles consistent with defensive activation, indicating that threat of shock renders previously pleasant cues aversive. For unpleasant pictures only, defensive startle was potentiated even when these cues signaled safety. Taken together, the data indicate that (a) regardless of their intrinsic affective meaning, cues signaling shock threat prompt somatic and autonomic reactions consistent with defense, and that (b) intrinsically unpleasant cues continue to prompt defensive activation even when the context of their presentation is specifically nonthreatening.
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24

Dawidczyk, Andrzej. "National Defensive and Defense Strategies. Selected Planning Problems." Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP 76 (December 21, 2020): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5979.

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The overall objective of undertaken research is to present national reflection on defense in Poland, in particular an image of the defense planning culture. The article focuses on issues of defense strategy planning as a part of the complete state defensive strategy and indicates the necessary directions for changes in the essence of defense planning in the light of changes in the security and defense environment of Poland in the 21st century. In the study use has been made of an analysis and a critical review of normative documents, strategies and doctrines. The collected data allow the indication of changes of an application nature (projection method) to the theory of strategic planning in the field of national defense. This allowed proving that the future desired position of Poland in regional and even continental Europe depends on the anticipated direction of development of Polish defense potential, defense system, and of course, a clearly expressed strategy. The most important element of the three listed ones is naturally the strategy, the preparation of which requires regular cycles of strategic reviews, which are unfortunately not feasible in Poland. The article also emphasizes the importance of assuring the stability of the planning system, the basic element of which are experts, and whose regular fluctuation as a result of constant political changes causes a considerable destabilization of the planning system. Finally, attention is drawn to the fact that the defense strategy must take into account the complexity and unpredictability of the security environment – which are its basic features today.
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25

Akavia, Gideon Y. "Defensive defense and the nature of armed conflict." Journal of Strategic Studies 14, no. 1 (March 1991): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402399108437438.

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26

Khan, Fahad, Sara Ahmed, Hira Husain Khan, Ateeba Ayesha Khan, Romesa Sajjad, and Tayyab Raza Fraz. "DEFENSIVE MEDICINE;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 06 (December 10, 2014): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.06.2627.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of defensive medicine among doctors of Civil Hospital and Jinnah Hospital Karachi and to introduce it towards the community of doctors. Material And Methods: 200 doctors from different wards of Civil Hospital Karachi and Jinnah Hospital Karachi played crucial role in filling of Performa which was especially designed for this research. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Site of Study: Civil and Jinnah Hospital Karachi. Duration: January 01, 2013 to December 31, 2013. Results: 47.9% doctors already knew about defensive medicine while 52.1% didn’t. 40.7% doctors avoid invasive procedures while 50.3% don’t. 92.4% of doctors care for high risk patients while 7.6% avoid caring for them. 109 out of 190 doctors agree and 30 doctors strongly agree about the practice of defensive medicine, 34 doctors are neutral and the rest of them disagree with its practice. Mostly ordered tests are CBC 78.9%, urine D/R 3.2%, 1.1% stool D/R, 1.6% MRI, 2.2% CT scan, 1.1% UCE, 2.7% blood cultures, 0.5% LFTs 9.1% other tests and the doctors with experience of 10 or 15 years are found ordering only CBC mostly. Conclusions: The conclusion obtained from the results shows that most of the participants were experienced doctors but many of them were unaware of the defensive medicine and in spite of that too great number of doctors strongly believe in its practice. Majority of the doctors were found caring for high risk patients. However the prevalence and practice of defensive medicine reduced among doctors having experience of more than 5 years.
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27

Hancocks, Stephen. "Defensive dentistry." British Dental Journal 199, no. 9 (November 2005): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4812965.

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28

WEINBERG, ALVIN M. "Defensive deterrent." Nature 324, no. 6098 (December 1986): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324610b0.

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29

Miguel Ariza, Luis. "Defensive Eating." Scientific American 292, no. 5 (May 2005): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0505-25.

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30

Steinmetz, George. "Defensive Anthropology." Postcolonial Studies 17, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 436–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2014.963928.

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31

Bell, Jen. "Defensive position." Nature Reviews Immunology 1, no. 2 (November 2001): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35100552.

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32

Zimmerman, Holden. "Defensive Humanitarianism." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.26397.

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During World War I, the Swiss state interned nearly 30,000 foreign soldiers who had previously been held in POW camps in Germany, France, Britain, Belgium, Austria, and Russia. The internment camp system that Switzerland implemented arose from the Swiss diplomatic platform of defensive humanitarianism. By offering good offices to the belligerent states of WWI, the Swiss state utilized humanitarian law both to secure Swiss neutrality and to alleviate, to a degree, the immense human suffering of the war. The Swiss government mixed domestic security concerns with international diplomacy and humanitarianism. They elevated a domestic policy platform to the international diplomatic level and succeeded in building enough trust between the party states to create an internment system that reconceptualized the treatment of foreign soldiers from the holding of prisoners to the healing of men.
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33

Stix, Gary. "Defensive Driving." Scientific American 267, no. 3 (September 1992): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0992-164b.

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34

Lee, Anne Margaret. "Defensive moves." Nature 435, no. 7039 (May 2005): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nj7039-244a.

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35

Lowther, Lindsey. "Defensive Biometrics." Computer 47, no. 11 (November 2014): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.2014.313.

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36

Schuring, Arnold G. "DEFENSIVE OTOLOGY." Otology & Neurotology 14, no. 5 (September 1993): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129492-199309000-00019.

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37

Hancocks, Stephen. "Defensive dentistry." British Dental Journal 217, no. 7 (October 2014): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.863.

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38

Bethune, D. W., I. Hardy, J. D. Kneeshaw, R. D. Latimer, and V. P. Argent. "Defensive medicine." Anaesthesia 40, no. 6 (February 22, 2007): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb10909.x.

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39

TAN, S. Y. "Defensive Medicine." Family Practice News 42, no. 10 (June 2012): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(12)70437-1.

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40

McGregor, Iain S., Robert Adamec, Newton S. Canteras, Robert J. Blanchard, and D. Caroline Blanchard. "Defensive behavior." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 29, no. 8 (January 2005): 1121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.05.004.

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41

Miller, Robert M. "Defensive horsemanship." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 17, no. 5 (May 1997): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(97)80006-8.

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42

TAN, S. Y. "Defensive Medicine." Internal Medicine News 45, no. 9 (May 2012): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(12)70417-1.

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43

Clark, John R. "Defensive Medicine." Air Medical Journal 34, no. 6 (November 2015): 314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2015.08.004.

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44

Johns, Andrew R. "Defensive Psychiatry." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 12, no. 10 (October 1988): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.12.10.458.

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45

Kirkwood, Kenneth. "Defensive Doping." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 36, no. 2 (February 29, 2012): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723512437350.

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46

Qie, Xiaohu, Ruoming Pang, and Larry Peterson. "Defensive programming." ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 36, SI (December 31, 2002): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/844128.844134.

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47

Boyd, Michelle. "Defensive Development." Urban Affairs Review 43, no. 6 (July 2008): 751–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087407313581.

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48

Kapp, Marshall B. "Defensive Medicine." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 258, no. 9 (September 4, 1987): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03400090060031.

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49

King, Kayla C. "Defensive symbionts." Current Biology 29, no. 3 (February 2019): R78—R80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.028.

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50

Chawla, Apoorva, and Richard B. Gunderman. "Defensive Medicine." Academic Radiology 15, no. 7 (July 2008): 948–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2007.12.025.

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