Journal articles on the topic 'Defensive space'
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Rezazadeh, Nasibeh, and Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi. "Architectural Green Spaces Design of Medical Centers with Passive Defense Approach." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 2 (October 18, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n2p69.
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Since medical centers, from the perspective of civil defense, are considered as centers of critical urban land, therefore, it is essential the criteria and defensive mechanisms to comply in design. One of these strategies would be taking advantage of the vegetation in a hospital. From this perspective, the use of vegetation in the hospital needs to scientific and expertise comments by the expert in the green space who is familiar with knowledge of passive defense. In this study, it is tried the principles of architectural green spaces design of medical centers to discuss from an architectural defensive approach and passive defense. For this purpose, using descriptive-analytic method and library research tool, the role of security in outer space of the medical centers are investigated, and in the end, a set of strategies for architectural design of green space for a therapeutic complex in order to reduce the vulnerability of human resources and improve security will be presented, by taking advantage of the fundamental concepts of passive defense. The present research achievements in the designing of green spaces for the medical centers will be useful in line with promoting passive defense purposes.
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He, Yanfeng, Chie-Peng Chen, Rung-Jiun Chou, Haifeng Luo, and Jing-Shoung Hou. "Exploring the Transformation in the ‘Spirit of Place’ by Considering the Changed and Unchanged Defensive Spaces of Settlements: A Case Study of the Wugoushui Hakka Settlement." Land 10, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050490.
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Over generations, economic development has accelerated traditional settlements in Taiwan while losing traditional culture. In Hakka villages, this is manifested in the changes in defensive spaces, the ‘spirit of place,’ and land use. Although some progress has been made through research into related issues, a correlated view has been missing. To explore the connection between the ‘spirit of place’ and defensive spaces in Wugoushui, a traditional representative settlement in Taiwan, this paper probes three questions: What are the changes in defensive spaces? What are the changes in the spirit of place? What are the connections between them? Taking the sixteen criteria of secure defensive space as the theoretical foundation, through more than a year of structured observations and in-depth interviews with ten representative residents, and based on context analysis and site analysis of the information collected, this paper has concluded that, although the actual functionality of Wugoushui settlement’s spiritual, behavioural, and physical defences have disappeared, cultural characteristics related to the settlement traditions, including religious beliefs, trust, sense of belonging, street network, nodes, institutions, territory, and social networks, constitute a concrete manifestation of the defensive space and the spirit of place as of today. This research contributes to developing a theory of the relevance of the spirit of place to the defensive space of settlements from a sustainability perspective and improving the cultural preservation and land management of traditional settlements.
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Bufacchi, R. J. "Approaching threatening stimuli cause an expansion of defensive peripersonal space." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 1927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00316.2017.
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When sudden environmental stimuli signaling threat occur in the portion of space surrounding the body (defensive peripersonal space), defensive responses are enhanced. Recently Bisio et al. (Bisio A, Garbarini F, Biggio M, Fossataro C, Ruggeri P, Bove M. J Neurosci 37: 2415–2424, 2017) showed that a marker of defensive peripersonal space, the defensive hand-blink reflex, is modulated by the motion of the eliciting threatening stimulus. These results can be parsimoniously explained by the continuous monitoring of environmental threats, resulting in an expansion of defensive peripersonal space when threatening stimuli approach.
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Bufacchi, R. J., M. Liang, L. D. Griffin, and G. D. Iannetti. "A geometric model of defensive peripersonal space." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00691.2015.
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Potentially harmful stimuli occurring within the defensive peripersonal space (DPPS), a protective area surrounding the body, elicit stronger defensive reactions. The spatial features of the DPPS are poorly defined and limited to descriptive estimates of its extent along a single dimension. Here we postulated a family of geometric models of the DPPS, to address two important questions with respect to its spatial features: What is its fine-grained topography? How does the nervous system represent the body area to be defended? As a measure of the DPPS, we used the strength of the defensive blink reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the hand (hand-blink reflex, HBR), which is reliably modulated by the position of the stimulated hand in egocentric coordinates. We tested the goodness of fit of the postulated models to HBR data from six experiments in which we systematically explored the HBR modulation by hand position in both head-centered and body-centered coordinates. The best-fitting model indicated that 1) the nervous system's representation of the body area defended by the HBR can be approximated by a half-ellipsoid centered on the face and 2) the DPPS extending from this area has the shape of a bubble elongated along the vertical axis. Finally, the empirical observation that the HBR is modulated by hand position in head-centered coordinates indicates that the DPPS is anchored to the face. The modeling approach described in this article can be generalized to describe the spatial modulation of any defensive response.
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Versace, Viviana, Stefania Campostrini, Luca Sebastianelli, Leopold Saltuari, and Markus Kofler. "Modulation of exteroceptive electromyographic responses in defensive peripersonal space." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00554.2018.
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The cutaneous silent period (CSP) to noxious finger stimulation constitutes a robust spinal inhibitory reflex that protects the hand from injury. In certain conditions, spinal inhibition is interrupted by a brief burst-like electromyographic activity, dividing the CSP into two inhibitory phases (I1 and I2). This excitatory component is termed long-loop reflex (LLR) and is presumed to be transcortical in origin. Efficient defense from environmental threats requires sensorimotor integration between multimodal sensory afferents and planning of defensive movements. In the defensive peripersonal space (DPPS) immediately surrounding the body, we interact with objects and persons with increased alertness. We investigated whether CSP differs when the stimulated hand is in the DPPS of the face compared with a distant position. Furthermore, we investigated the possible role of vision in CSP modulation. Fifteen healthy volunteers underwent CSP testing with the handheld either within 5 cm from the nose (near) or away from the body (far). Recordings were obtained from first dorsal interosseous muscle following index (D2) or little finger (D5) stimulation with varying intensities. A subgroup of subjects underwent CSP recordings in near and far conditions, both with eyes open and with eyes closed. No inhibitory CSP parameter differed between stimulation in near and far conditions. LLRs occurring following D2 stimulation were significantly larger in near than far conditions at all stimulus intensities, irrespective of subjects seeing their hand. Similar to the hand-blink reflex, spinally organized protective reflexes may be modulated by corticospinal facilitatory input when the hand enters the DPPS of the face. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present findings demonstrate for the first time that a spinally organized protective reflex, the cutaneous silent period (CSP), may be modulated by top-down corticospinal facilitatory input when the stimulated hand enters the defensive peripersonal space (DPPS) of the face. In particular, the cortically mediated excitatory long-loop reflex, which may interrupt the CSP, is facilitated when the stimulated hand is in the DPPS, irrespective of visual control over the hand. No spinal inhibitory CSP parameter differs significantly in or outside the DPPS.
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Graziano, Michael S. A., and Dylan F. Cooke. "Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior." Neuropsychologia 44, no. 6 (January 2006): 845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.09.009.
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Graziano, Michael S. A., and Dylan F. Cooke. "Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior." Neuropsychologia 44, no. 13 (2006): 2621–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.09.011.
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Byrne, D. J., David Morgan, Kymie Tan, Bryan Johnson, and Chris Dorros. "Cyber Defense of Space-based Assets: Verifying and Validating Defensive Designs and Implementations." Procedia Computer Science 28 (2014): 522–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.03.064.
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Smith, Naomi, and Peter Walters. "Desire lines and defensive architecture in modern urban environments." Urban Studies 55, no. 13 (October 25, 2017): 2980–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017732690.
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Public space is being increasingly managed by defensive architecture, surveillance and other subtle filtering mechanisms to make it more palatable and attendant to the needs of capital. This reinforces social boundaries, making space inhospitable to those people whose presence is not welcome, and serves to ‘discipline’ city inhabitants into primarily consumption based modes of interacting with and in the city. However, disenfranchised urban populations still find ways to exist in and navigate these spaces. The purpose of this article is to highlight these ways by introducing the concept of ‘desire lines’ as a means of overcoming or re-imagining defensive space. We use Deleuze and Guattari’s theory of desire as productive force, combined with De Certeau’s notion of ‘walking the city’, to explore how individuals and social movements might practically, and in a metaphorical sense, create new collective paths, creating ‘desire lines’ of resistance and change within what is often an increasingly unforgiving and dominated urban environment, created by and for capital at the expense of a vibrant public realm.
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Binnington, Chris, and Alessio Russo. "Defensive landscape architecture in modern public spaces." Ri-Vista. Research for landscape architecture 19, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 238–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rv-11421.
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By 2030, we should have universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible green and public places, especially for women and children, the elderly, and people with disabilities, according to the Sustainable Development Goals. However, the increasing privatisation of land and gentrification of the urban landscape is putting a limit on the amount of public space available for people to express themselves and use the city as they desire. This paper investigates and reviews the literature on defensive architecture, as well as its historical foundations, definitions, implementation, and reason for existence. The findings provide a clear reflection on the growing awareness of extreme defensive landscape architecture typologies such as spikes and other aggressive measures. Finally, the paper offers worldwide best-practice examples and recommendations for ensuring inclusion and safety in public spaces. We argue that in order to design sustainable public spaces, a holistic approach that considers both intangible values and social inclusion is required.
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Bennett, Simon. "Defensive capacity: the influence of the facilitation‐regulation space." Journal of Risk Research 11, no. 5 (July 2008): 597–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669870701802788.
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Mobbs, Dean, Drew B. Headley, Weilun Ding, and Peter Dayan. "Space, Time, and Fear: Survival Computations along Defensive Circuits." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 24, no. 3 (March 2020): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.12.016.
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Barloscio, D., L. Parenti, M. Bartolotta, M. Vergari, R. Ferrucci, A. Priori, E. Santarcangelo, et al. "71. Cerebellum modulates defensive response within the peripersonal space." Clinical Neurophysiology 127, no. 12 (December 2016): e340-e341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.083.
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Bocci, T., R. Ferrucci, L. Parenti, D. Barloscio, M. Vergari, F. Cortese, A. Priori, and F. Sartucci. "P191 Cerebellum and defensive behavior within the peripersonal space." Clinical Neurophysiology 128, no. 3 (March 2017): e108-e109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.311.
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Bufacchi, Rory John, and Gian Domenico Iannetti. "Gravitational cues modulate the shape of defensive peripersonal space." Current Biology 26, no. 21 (November 2016): R1133—R1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.025.
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Fang, Feng, Yuanli Cai, and Faryar Jabbari. "3D optimal defensive guidance strategy with safe distance." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 15 (June 20, 2019): 4285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219856193.
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This work investigates the active defense problem wherein a target aircraft launches a defending missile (i.e. a defender) to intercept an attacking missile in three-dimensional (3D) space. The novelty of this work includes: adding a safe distance for the target, which protects the target from being influenced by defensive interception, and designing a new 3D defensive guidance strategy without linearization to meet different guidance requirements. The defensive guidance strategy combines the approach of analyzing 3D pursuit-evasion engagement and the optimal control to obtain the guidance law. The approach derives the analytical solutions of 3D pursuit-evasion engagement, and a fast algorithm to predict the trajectory of attacking missile is proposed based on these analytical solutions. The advantages of this guidance strategy include incorporation of the added safe distance requirement directly without hindering the ability of the optimal guidance law to meet other requirements, and straight-forward extension for advanced scenarios where multi-defenders intercept the attacking missile simultaneously from different directions. The performance of the 3D defensive guidance law is evaluated via simulations.
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Moreira, Pedro Emilio Drumond, Raphael Brito e. Sousa, Juan Carlos Pérez Morales, Pablo Juan Greco, María Perla Moreno Arroyo, and Gibson Moreira Praça. "Comportamiento táctico de jugadores de fútbol de diferentes posiciones, durante una temporada deportiva (Tactical behaviour of soccer players from different playing positions throughout a season)." Retos, no. 39 (April 6, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i39.75970.
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El estudio comparó el comportamiento y el desempeño táctico de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol de diferentes posiciones, durante una temporada deportiva. Participaron en el estudio defensores (n=seis), centrocampistas (n=15) y atacantes (n=nueve), (media=14.1 años; desviación estándar=0.6). Se aplicó la prueba de campo de FUT-SAT, que posibilita la evaluación de la incidencia de los principios tácticos ofensivos y defensivos, así como el porcentaje de acierto ofensivo y defensivo. Para realizar el análisis de los datos se utilizó un ANOVA de dos vías para la comparación de los principios tácticos en las posiciones (defensores, centrocampistas y atacantes) durante la temporada. Los resultados mostraron que los atacantes realizaron más acciones en el principio ofensivo de espacio que los defensores y centrocampistas, durante toda la temporada (p = .04). Además, se verificó una mejora del rendimiento táctico (p =.001) y cambios en los principios de unidad ofensiva y cobertura defensiva, en todas las posiciones (p =.001).
Abstract. This study aimed at comparing tactical behavior and performance of soccer players from different playing positions throughout a season. The sample was composed of defenders (n=six), midfielders (n=15) and forwards (n=nine) (mean age 14.1, standard deviation=0.6). The players were evaluated using the FUT-SAT field test, which allows the evaluation of offensive and defensive incidence of tactical principles, as well as the percentage of positive tactical actions. Data were compared by a two-way ANOVA considering the factor “playing position” (defender, midfielder, and forward) throughout the season. Forwards carried out more actions on the offensive principle of space and width than defenders and midfielders throughout the season (p = .04). In addition, an improvement in tactical performance was verified (p = .001), as well as some variations regarding the incidence of offensive unity and defensive coverage actions throughout the season in all positions (p = .001).
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dos Santos, Joaquim Manuel Rodrigues. "Reshaping the Urban Space in Portuguese Fortified Cities." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144214566960.
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In the early nineteenth century, the (obsolete) Portuguese urban fortifications were frequently ruined and suffering from a gradual desertion around them. With the emergence of patrimonial concerns, those defensive structures began being considered as historical and cultural monuments. As a result, the isolation of these monuments became a common practice that often created public green areas (gardens and parks) framing monuments, giving them a picturesque image. The consequences of these rehabilitation actions on urban fortifications in Portugal are analyzed here, focusing particularly on those that created new public green spaces within and around urban areas. In fact, the shape of several Portuguese cities was conditioned by those interventions: not only were breathing areas conceived in the middle of dense urban masses, allowing their fruition by local populations, but also some ancient urban belts associated with former defensive needs were recovered by those interventions.
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Castellano, Julen, and David Álvarez. "Uso defensivo del espacio de interacción en fútbol. (Defensive use of the interaction space in soccer)." RICYDE. Revista internacional de ciencias del deporte 9, no. 32 (April 1, 2013): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2013.03203.
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Denman, Derek S. "On fortification: Military architecture, geometric power, and defensive design." Security Dialogue 51, no. 2-3 (December 13, 2019): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619889470.
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Fortification calls to mind images of high walls establishing clear lines between inside and outside and immobilizing enemies. However, even the most seemingly inert fortifications rely on subtle forms of mobility and more elaborate spatial relations. This article examines fortification as a technique of power in which warfare, the design of the built environment, and the organization of space are intertwined. Where research on fortification tends to emphasize the symbolic, sovereign aspirations of wall-building, the approach advanced here focuses on the spatial technologies and infrastructural projects of military architecture and engineering that remake space through martial means. The article follows the trajectory within military architecture by which linear fortifications became defense in depth and asks how transformations of ‘depth’ in contemporary warfare have come to integrate more complex, non-linear notions of space and time. By tracing the ways in which the curtain wall of Vauban’s bastion fortress transformed into the radar curtain, I argue that fortification constitutes a ‘becoming war’ in which ‘defensive’ war intensifies organized violence. As such, the concept of fortification proves indispensable for understanding the reinforced boundaries and delineated pathways cutting across the global space of contemporary warfare.
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Versace, Viviana, Stefania Campostrini, Luca Sebastianelli, Leopold Saltuari, and Markus Kofler. "T128. Modulation of exteroceptive electromyographic responses in defensive peripersonal space." Clinical Neurophysiology 129 (May 2018): e52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.04.129.
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Qian, Haoyue, and Xiangping Gao. "Representing strangers in personal space triggers coding of defensive hand movement." Neuropsychologia 158 (July 2021): 107909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107909.
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Lightfoot, Jay M. "The applicability of expert systems to a space-based defensive shield." Space Policy 10, no. 4 (November 1994): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-9646(94)90002-7.
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Johnson-Groh, Mara. "Cosmic particles probe ancient archeological site." Scilight 2023, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 011101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0016773.
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Hunley, Samuel B., Arwen M. Marker, and Stella F. Lourenco. "Individual Differences in the Flexibility of Peripersonal Space." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 1 (January 2017): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000350.
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Abstract. The current study investigated individual differences in the flexibility of peripersonal space (i.e., representational space near the body), specifically in relation to trait claustrophobic fear (i.e., fear of suffocating or being physically restricted). Participants completed a line bisection task with either a laser pointer (Laser condition), allowing for a baseline measure of the size of one’s peripersonal space, or a stick (Stick condition), which produces expansion of one’s peripersonal space. Our results revealed that individuals high in claustrophobic fear had larger peripersonal spaces than those lower in claustrophobic fear, replicating previous research. We also found that, whereas individuals low in claustrophobic fear demonstrated the expected expansion of peripersonal space in the Stick condition, individuals high in claustrophobic fear showed less expansion, suggesting decreased flexibility. We discuss these findings in relation to the defensive function of peripersonal space and reduced attentional flexibility associated with trait anxieties.
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Abdelmonem, Mohamed Gamal. "Fear in disguise: defensive architecture and façade permeability in shaping the urban experience of Belfast’s public spaces." Architectural Research Quarterly 26, no. 2 (June 2022): 130–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135522000392.
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This article investigates architectural responses to everyday sociospatial practices in public spaces in the postconflict urban landscape of Belfast, where public buildings and façades impact pedestrian flows and movement patterns in the public space. While the city has an extended history of vibrant public spaces and active urban life throughout the first half of the twentieth century, devastating memories of the so-called Troubles leave imprints of division across the city’s public spaces. Inscribed by memories of conflict and violence, ground floor façades are mainly solid, disengaging, and do not encourage fluid movement across their thresholds. This article argues that the architectural design of public buildings and spaces characterise attributes of a reciprocal reproduction of memories of fear. A comparative analysis of the architecture of four different public spaces in Belfast city centre highlights factors that inform the relationship between the building façades, ease of accessibility, and use of the public space.
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Hochstein, Stefan, Dirk Hohenstein, and Andreas Hohmann. "Goal Shot Analysis in Elite Water Polo—World Cup Final 2018 in Berlin." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031298.
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The subject of this game analysis was the throwing behavior of the world class players under competition match conditions during the final “World Cup Water Polo” tournament 2018 in Berlin. Specifically, we analyzed (a) the situational dependence of concrete environmental conditions (“constraints”) of successful throwing actions as well as (b) the goal throw biomechanics concerning throwing speed. Therefore, player’s and ball positions were recorded by video cameras as well as high-speed cameras. Based on the positions and trajectories parameters such as goal throw speed, Voronoi-cells as well as team centroids were calculated. The area of the Voronoi-cells differs concerning defending and attacking teams as well as between successful and non-successful teams and can be used as an indicator for goal or no goal. Under semi-collective tactical aspects, the comparison of the offensively and defensively controlled field areas (collective space control) between successful and unsuccessful goal throws shows that in the case of successful attacking completions, the attacking team (in the sum of its six players) each controlled significantly more field area in front of the opponent’s goal than the six defensive players together with their goalkeeper. In the case of unsuccessful attacking attempts, this area ratio was exactly reversed, i.e., the defensive team dominated the space.
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Taha, Mai. "The Egyptian revolution in and out of the juridical space: an inquiry into labour law and the workers' movement in Egypt." International Journal of Law in Context 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552314000044.
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AbstractSince the spark of the Egyptian revolution in January 2011, issues of political party law reform, constitutional declarations, and the institution of free and fair elections have taken the lead in mainstream politics, and at times, relegated the role of organised labour to mere economistic agitation and disruption of an already ‘disrupted’ life, in the eyes of the Egyptian public. In contrast to mainstream depiction of the labour movement as a ‘single issue’ movement, this paper shows the decisive political role of labour struggles that took place both inside and outside the judicial and legal systems, in the years leading up to the events of 25 January. This paper identifies the diversity of tactics used by the labour movement, and its unique approach to legality – a defensive legality approach, where legality and illegality are both taken seriously as legitimate tactics of resistance. The defensive legality approach recognises the violence and coerciveness of the legal form, as well as the tactical potential of recourse to the legal system to defend the labour movement. The experience of Egyptian workers in the wake of the 25 January revolution reveals the politics and the limits of law, as well as the significance of tactically and defensively using the law.
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Jaime, Matheus De Oliveira, Leandro Rechenchosky, Vanessa Menezes Menegassi, Paulo Henrique Borges, João Cláudio Braga Pereira Machado, and Wilson Rinaldi. "The influence of the opponent's quality on team offensive efficacy in youth football: an observational study with sequential analysis (La influencia de la calidad del oponente en la eficacia ofensiva del equipo en el fútbol juvenil: un estudio observacio." Retos 44 (November 4, 2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.89389.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the opponent’s quality on teams’ offensive efficacy of a Brazilian youth football team. The sample comprised 1.304 offensive sequences, from a U-17 team of the Paraná championship. The offensive sequences were divided according to the opponent’s quality (“high quality”, “intermediate quality” and “low quality”). Team’s offensive patterns were analysed through Lag Sequential Analysis. Thus, SoccerEye and SDIS-GSEQ software’s were used (p≤.05; z≥1.96). Offensive patterns with efficacy occurred mainly from directly ball recoveries (lag -5: z=3.13; lag -3: z=2.93), with progression through ball conduction (lag -4: z=2.85; lag -3: z=2.40; lag -2: z=2.64) and dribble (lag -5: 2.62; lag -2: z=2.51; lag -1: z=2.13; 1.97), playing between the lines against the opponent's last defenders’ line (lag -1: z=3.42; 2.72; 2.05; lag 0: z=4.65; 5.06; 3.15; 3.02) or performing rupture unmarks for the empty space between the goalkeeper and the last defensive line (lag -4: z=3.11; lag -1: z=3.48; lag 0: z=4.13; 7.80). Pressed numerical equality in game centre at defensive zones stimulated the possession loss (lag -2: z= 2.06; lag -1: z=3.01; lag 0: z=3.41; 1.96), demonstrating the importance of the numerical and spatial relationship for the effectiveness of actions. The opponent’s quality generated some oscillations in the patterns, nonetheless, in most patterns this team maintained similar behaviours. Considering this youth team, it is suggested that players be encouraged, regardless of the opponent's quality, to advance quickly from the defensive field; dominates the spaces between the lines; perform dribble, ball conduction and rupture unmarks towards the space between the goalkeeper and the opponent's last defensive line; in addition to pressing the opponent into their own field.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la influencia de la calidad del oponente en la eficacia ofensiva de un equipo de fútbol Juvenil de Brasil. Se analizaron 1.304 secuencias ofensivas, extraído de 17 partidos de este equipo en el Campeonato Sub-17 de Paraná, 2019. Las secuencias ofensivas se dividieron según la calidad del oponente ("alta calidad", "calidad intermedia" y "baja calidad"). Los patrones ofensivos del equipo se analizaron a través del análisis secuencial de retardos. Por lo tanto, se utilizaron los softwares SoccerEye y SDIS-GSEQ (p≤.05; z≥1.96). Los patrones ofensivos con eficacia ocurrieron principalmente a partir de recuperaciones directas de balón (lag -5: z=3.13; lag -3: z=2.93), con progresión a través de conducción (lag -4: z=2.85; lag -3: z=2.40; lag -2: z=2.64) y gambeta (lag -5: 2.62; lag -2: z=2.51; lag -1: z=2.13; 1.97), jugando entre líneas contra la última línea de defensores del oponente (lag -1: z=3.42; 2.72; 2.05; lag 0: z=4.65; 5.06; 3.15; 3.02) o realizando desmarques de ruptura para el espacio vacío entre el portero y la última línea de defensa (lag -4: z=3.11; lag -1: z=3.48; lag 0: z=4.13; 7.80). La igualdad numérica presionada en el centro de juego en las zonas defensivas estimuló la pérdida de posesión (lag -2: z= 2.06; lag -1: z=3.01; lag 0: z=3.41; 1.96), demostrando la importancia de la relación numérica y espacial para la efectividad de las acciones. La calidad del oponente generó algunas oscilaciones en los patrones, sin embargo, en la mayoría de los patrones este equipo mantuvo comportamientos similares. Teniendo en cuenta este equipo juvenil, se sugiere que se aliente a los jugadores, independientemente de la calidad del oponente, a avanzar rápidamente desde el campo defensivo; dominar los espacios entre líneas; realizar gambeta, conducción y desmarques de ruptura hacia el espacio entre el portero y la última línea defensiva del adversario; además de presionar al oponente en su propio campo.
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Faria, Debora Raquel, Claudia Robbi Sluter, Alessandro Filla Rosaneli, and Silvana Philippi Camboim. "Defensive Architecture Mapping: a case study in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-73-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In Brazil, some aspects of the urban reality are not in the official maps. Those aspects are either informal urban elements, built without conventional parameters, or exclusive and exclusionary elements build by a privileged part of society, such as in gated communities. Informal or not, a significant part of these elements does not hold building permits. Furthermore, they are difficult to be represented in maps. The disconnection between the formal and the informal city results in a considerable amount of information that is not represented in official cartography. Thus, the lack of representation of certain urban elements in maps and urban plans is also a socio-spatial segregation symptom. One of the most representative features of Brazilian socio-spatial segregation is the so-called macro urban segregation, in which the higher-class neighborhoods are concentrated in some specific regions, completely separated from the poor communities (VILLAÇA, 2000). This fact explains the reason why the informal settlement areas, like slums, are excluded from many urban zoning plans and formal cartographic representations.</p><p>In addition to the irregular settlements, the urban landscape is endowed with smaller scale elements that also generate social exclusion and interfere in the urban and public space, both in material and immaterial ways. Immaterial aspects, such as civility, democracy, and the use of space, are difficult and complex to represent in maps. In turn, the material aspects that cause segregation are not in the maps either. Among the urban reality aspects that are difficult to be mapped, defensive architecture, also named hostile architecture, is the focus of the research work presented here. We consider defensive architecture any construction or object used to control or segregate the urban space, especially the common public space, defining who is allowed to use or access certain areas. Therefore, the elements deployed for this purpose are present in the urban landscape in different forms: protective iron grids, gates, metal spikes, sprinklers, thorn bushes or any other material strategy to control the space.</p><p>All these strategies are related to the physical and social segregation of the territory and they assured the use of public space only by some selected groups of people. Nevertheless, the traditional mapping does not follow the fast spread of defensive strategies, making difficult their monitoring and the understanding of their effect on the city. As already mentioned, the architectural elements responsible for exclusionary practices are not registered neither in building permits nor urban plans. Consequently, they are not in any official mapping. Considering that official cartography depicts and represents established policies for the territory occupation – the retrenchment and control to the access and the rights to the territory do not occur only on international borders, the discussion about territorialization, also, implicates excluding or including people within particular boundaries, such as within urban spaces (PETER VANDERGEEST and NANCY LEE PELUSO, 1995).</p><p>Motivated by these issues, this research is oriented by how cartography can operate as a spatial analysis instrument to understand the hostile architecture consequences in the public space. Once traditional mapping practices do not include informal elements, such as defensive architecture, our research hypothesis is that the study, classification, and mapping of these elements require diverse arrangements, besides the official ways of representation, such as collaborative mapping and in situ data surveying. The work is in progress and it started in 2017, with the study on the advance of defensive elements over Curitiba city landscape. Curitiba is a municipality in the south of Brazil. In this study, a small area in the city center was defined, and the defensive elements were inventoried and mapped. The region chosen for data surveying was the <i>Sete de Setembro</i> Avenue which has a particular architectural type: public galleries &ndash; originally projected to assure the pedestrians a safe walk and to extend sidewalks and public space as well. However, currently, the galleries host many forms of hostile architecture, especially large flowerpots and iron gates that completely close the covered sidewalk. The initial research work results stimulated us to propose a research project about exclusionary architecture and authoritarianism in the center city of Curitiba. Therefore, in 2018, the fieldwork was redone more systematically. At that point, we designed and generated a group of maps. The purpose of this work is to act as a pilot for a larger analysis, throughout the extended center of the city.</p><p>The design and generation of the maps were developed by the theory of thematic mapping. We firstly defined the map users and their needs. Based on the users’ needs and the spatial analysis they will perform when the maps are ready, we established which urban features would be depicted on the maps. Knowing the urban features to be mapped we could determine the maps’ scales, thus, the level of map generalization. The next step was to defined the features classification. In the end, we developed the cartographic language to design the maps’ symbols, and we built the maps. As some results, we understand that the main user of those maps is the researcher responsible for the study "Architecture of exclusion and authoritarianism: control of the use of public space in the city center of Curitiba." The main objective of the research is to evaluate how design, architecture and urban planning contribute to the conformation of exclusionary public spaces in the center of Curitiba. Thus, a GIS software helped to evaluate the positioning of hostile elements, and it allowed understanding which places are most prone to be modified with exclusionary architecture.</p><p>The GIS also helps in achieving some specific objectives, such as identifying where the current legal structure influences on the landscape and on the limitation of public space use; verifying how the advance of private spaces over common use spaces, such as residential or commercial buildings, and galleries contribute to the quality of the public space; inventorying elements of hostile architecture (pines on benches, flowerpots on facades, railings) under the galleries of the avenue; and classifying the elements and the degree of restriction they exert under the public space. In order to improve the analysis and data mapping, two groups of hostile architecture classes were defined. The first refers to the type of hostile element, based on the 2017 survey: (1) blockages or private appropriations of public space, private appropriations of covered walks, with tables and chairs used in a restricted and commercial way, as an extension of commercial establishments; (2) hostile furniture, urban furniture placed in front of commercial establishments and residential condominiums (waste bins, bicycle racks, plants pots, skewers and sprinklers); and (3) the gates or grids, which close the galleries partially or totally. The second group os classes is related to the exclusion level that each element provokes: high, medium or low.</p><p>As a result of the map design, four maps were created. The thematic maps titles are “covered galleries location”, “defensive equipment location”, “hostile and defensive equipment”, and “degree of exclusion”. As an in-progress study, the pilot project described here is fruitful with regards to the possibility of its application in wider study areas, such as entire neighbourhoods. Among the processes that most aided in the studies, the possibility of easy inclusion of points in virtual platforms, like MyMaps or OpenStreetMap was the most productive. This has motivated the creation of collaborative maps (still in development), which enables any person to insert points on them. We also consider that the collaborative process brings benefits not only to facilitate the mapping of elements of exclusion, but to involve the academic community in the research and, at the same time, to raise questions about the process of construction of public space. Furthermore, the official mapping is tied to some agendas, despite the new tools available to democratize cartography. Thus, collaborative mapping is a form of enabling collective construction of a database, besides allowing the integration of several media (text, video, images and audios) with the traditional mapping.</p>
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Chen, Wen-Cheng, Wan-Lun Tsai, Huan-Hua Chang, Min-Chun Hu, and Wei-Ta Chu. "Instant Basketball Defensive Trajectory Generation." ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3460619.
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Tactic learning in virtual reality (VR) has been proven to be effective for basketball training. Endowed with the ability of generating virtual defenders in real time according to the movement of virtual offenders controlled by the user, a VR basketball training system can bring more immersive and realistic experiences for the trainee. In this article, an autoregressive generative model for instantly producing basketball defensive trajectory is introduced. We further focus on the issue of preserving the diversity of the generated trajectories. A differentiable sampling mechanism is adopted to learn the continuous Gaussian distribution of player position. Moreover, several heuristic loss functions based on the domain knowledge of basketball are designed to make the generated trajectories assemble real situations in basketball games. We compare the proposed method with the state-of-the-art works in terms of both objective and subjective manners. The objective manner compares the average position, velocity, and acceleration of the generated defensive trajectories with the real ones to evaluate the fidelity of the results. In addition, more high-level aspects such as the empty space for offender and the defensive pressure of the generated trajectory are also considered in the objective evaluation. As for the subjective manner, visual comparison questionnaires on the proposed and other methods are thoroughly conducted. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better performance than previous basketball defensive trajectory generation works in terms of different evaluation metrics.
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de Borst, Aline W., and Beatrice de Gelder. "Threat Detection in Nearby Space Mobilizes Human Ventral Premotor Cortex, Intraparietal Sulcus, and Amygdala." Brain Sciences 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030391.
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In the monkey brain, the precentral gyrus and ventral intraparietal area are two interconnected brain regions that form a system for detecting and responding to events in nearby “peripersonal” space (PPS), with threat detection as one of its major functions. Behavioral studies point toward a similar defensive function of PPS in humans. Here, our aim was to find support for this hypothesis by investigating if homolog regions in the human brain respond more strongly to approaching threatening stimuli. During fMRI scanning, naturalistic social stimuli were presented in a 3D virtual environment. Our results showed that the ventral premotor cortex and intraparietal sulcus responded more strongly to threatening stimuli entering PPS. Moreover, we found evidence for the involvement of the amygdala and anterior insula in processing threats. We propose that the defensive function of PPS may be supported by a subcortical circuit that sends information about the relevance of the stimulus to the premotor cortex and intraparietal sulcus, where action preparation is facilitated when necessary.
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Wang, Lin Feng, and Yu Li Guo. "Structure Analysis of Xuanfu in Ming Dynasty." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6650.
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This paper picks Xuanfu one of the military towns in the “Nine frontiers” as an example to research the defensive space along the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty. Analyzes space-defensiveness of Xuanfu town from some different points of view, such as the stratagem intention of location、function setting、urban form evolvement and spirit imago. Analyzes the historical causes of the town’s space, summarizes the space characteristic of military town a typical type of urban form and the influence of the special history background.
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BERNAT, Paweł. "The Inevitability of Militarization of Outer Space." Safety & Defense 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/sd.43.
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At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, we witness a progressive increase of strategic importance of artificial satellites and other orbital systems, which is a consequence of the ever-accelerating development of space technologies that include weapons systems. The outer space becomes a theatre for a potential conflict. The states possessing sufficient technological potential will further develop and expand those systems, both defensive (for eliminating threats) and offensive (securing the military advantage and serving as a deterrent) to secure their current and future interests.The main argument of the paper demonstrates the necessity, from the perspective of the strong outer space sector players like the USA, Russia, China, to further develop space weapon systems and military units of space corps.
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Cooke, Dylan F., and Michael S. A. Graziano. "Sensorimotor Integration in the Precentral Gyrus: Polysensory Neurons and Defensive Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 4 (April 2004): 1648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00955.2003.
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The precentral gyrus of monkeys contains a polysensory zone in which the neurons respond to tactile, visual, and sometimes auditory stimuli. The tactile receptive fields of the polysensory neurons are usually on the face, arms, or upper torso, and the visual and auditory receptive fields are usually confined to the space near the tactile receptive fields, within about 30 cm of the body. Electrical stimulation of this polysensory zone, even in anesthetized animals, evokes a specific set of movements. The movements resemble those typically used to defend the body from objects that are near, approaching, or touching the skin. In the present study, to determine whether the stimulation-evoked movements represent a normal set of defensive movements, we tested whether they include a distinctive, nonsaccadic, centering movement of the eyes that occurs during defensive reactions. We report that this centering movement of the eyes is evoked by stimulation of sites in the polysensory zone. We also recorded the activity of neurons in the polysensory zone while the monkey made defensive reactions to an air puff on the face. The neurons became active during the defensive movement, and the magnitude of this activity was correlated with the magnitude of the defensive reaction. These results support the hypothesis that the polysensory zone in the precentral gyrus contributes to the control of defensive movements. More generally, the results support the view that the precentral gyrus can control movement at the level of complex sensorimotor tasks.
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Petrova, Irina. "The current state of counteracting means of military and civilian satellite constellations functioning." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 5 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760022728-7.
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International space activities are regulated by seven main documents that had come into effect between the 1963–1974 period. For almost half a century, the world order has been changed, scientific and technological progress has made significant changes in the quality of using the near-Earth space environment. Offensive and defensive space assets have changed also. This article systematizes the means of counterspace capabilities and evaluates the counterspace potential of China, India and Iran on the basis of this systematization.
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Mali, Prashant. "Defining Cyber Weapon in Context of Technology and Law." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2018010104.
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This article describes how the interconnected world of today, or the cyber space so often called, is easily accessible through a wide array of devices and has an impact and reach beyond geo-political boundaries Owing to high levels of connectivity and the nature of E-governance activities today, the cyber space is rapidly becoming a potential global battlefield for cyber warfare among various state and non-state entities. An effective cyber weapon in this space is like an indicator of cyber power, its nature being offensive or defensive. Parameters of effectiveness and reliability range from the type of developer of the weapon, whether state or non-state to its longevity in time and technology and others like possibility of an economic implementation along with the scope of its usage. This article is aimed at analyzing existing definitions, opinions and notions about cyber weapons and defining the term cyber weapon from a techno-legal perspective, which could be universally acceptable and have characteristics of enforceability across all domains: civil, criminal & defense applications.
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Filonova, M. S. "Realization of Collective Security in the Common Soviet Space." Contemporary problems of social work 6, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2412-5466-2020-6-3-56-62.
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the purpose of this work is to carry out an analysis of the impact of CSTO on ensuring collective security and stability in the post-Soviet space. The study revealed that the relevance of the chosen topic is due to the importance of regional systems of collective security as one of the key actors of international law, acting as instruments for maintaining stability in the world, as the problem of maintaining its protection remains fundamentally important regardless of time. In 27 years of existence, the Collective Security Treaty Organization has become a truly strong military-defensive union, evolving from the Collective Security Treaty into a full-scale organization of cooperation in the political and military spheres.
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PĂUN, D., and L. PĂUN. "Permissive and Limiting Factors in the Game of Football – 1-4-3-3." Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series IX Sciences of Human Kinetics 14(63), no. 2 (2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2021.14.63.2.8.
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Tactical components brought in the game vocabulary words like placement, strategy, positive or negative transition, fluency, ball line, covered or uncovered ball, words that bring improved importance versus other components of training, obviously without underestimating their importance in football. In the football game, a player’s placement depends on tasks drawn by the coach on the offensive and defensive phases. The game result is submitted, by the weather, the field surface, superiority or inferiority of players on the field. There are some elements of success, like a play without the ball, balanced position of the field, the movement of the ball played faster towards players (who move simultaneously to take possession) continuous players’ movement on the field. That is in order to offer the player a solution for passing the ball, while the others set on the free space, doubled by movements related to the zone of the ball, pressing the opponents on the defensive phase by closing spaces and lanes, so giving a few solutions for tactical game system 1-4-3-3.
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Khramova, Tatiana, and Alexandra Troitskaya. "Constitutional Defence Against the “Enemies” of Democracy: Theoretical Considerations and the Russian Experience." Russian Law Journal 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-2-28-48.
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Democratic constitutional order is occasionally threatened by anti-democratic forces, and thus, requires special protection. The concept of militant democracy has been developed to provide adequate defensive mechanisms. In this article, we discuss positive aspects of their application, but also highlight the risks of abusing these defensive mechanisms. Essentially, the problems are associated with narrowing the political space and favouring the dominant political force. Fragile democracies, including Russia, are particularly vulnerable to such exposure. A targeted study of Russian legislation and the caselaw of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has allowed us to identify the prerequisites for effective implementation of the doctrine of self-defence in line with the principles of constitutionalism.
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Sambo, C. F., B. Forster, S. C. Williams, and G. D. Iannetti. "To Blink or Not to Blink: Fine Cognitive Tuning of the Defensive Peripersonal Space." Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 37 (September 12, 2012): 12921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0607-12.2012.
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Syphard, Alexandra D., and Jon E. Keeley. "Factors Associated with Structure Loss in the 2013–2018 California Wildfires." Fire 2, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030049.
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Tens of thousands of structures and hundreds of human lives have been lost in recent fire events throughout California. Given the potential for these types of wildfires to continue, the need to understand why and how structures are being destroyed has taken on a new level of urgency. We compiled and analyzed an extensive dataset of building inspectors’ reports documenting homeowner mitigation practices for more than 40,000 wildfire-exposed structures from 2013–2018. Comparing homes that survived fires to homes that were destroyed, we investigated the role of defensible space distance, defensive actions, and building structural characteristics, statewide and parsed into three broad regions. Overall, structural characteristics explained more of a difference between survived and destroyed structures than defensible space distance. The most consistently important structural characteristics—having enclosed eaves, vent screens, and multi-pane windows—were those that potentially prevented wind-born ember penetration into structures, although multi-pane windows are also known to protect against radiant heat. In the North-Interior part of the state, active firefighting was the most important reason for structure survival. Overall, the deviance explained for any given variable was relatively low, suggesting that other factors need to be accounted for to understand the full spectrum of structure loss contributors. Furthermore, while destroyed homes were preferentially included in the study, many “fire-safe” structures, having > 30 m defensible space or fire-resistant building materials, were destroyed. Thus, while mitigation may play an important role in structure survival, additional strategies should be considered to reduce future structure loss.
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ЕЛИЗАРОВ, Михаил Владимирович. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PEACEFUL EXPLORATION OF OUTER SPACE: PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 17, no. 3(65) (October 22, 2021): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2021.3.18.
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This paper examines the efficiency of the international legal framework governing activities of States in outer space in view of the existing gaps within it allowing for space weaponization and the use of force in outer space. Purpose: the paper attempts to answer the following question – is there a clear line between peaceful exploration and militarization of outer space, and is it legally permissible to deploy anti-satellite and anti-missile systems in outer space? Methods: the study employs general scientific methods, legal interpreting and forecasting. Results: the following conclusions have resulted from the study: the 1967 Outer Space Treaty does not cover potentially harmful activities of States in outer space; there is no general agreement on the definition of «space weapon»; the line that's drawn between peaceful space exploration and militarization appears to be blurry; the emphasis in understanding the term «peaceful» has shifted towards the meaning of «non-aggressive»; non-aggressive military uses of space allow for the deployment of defensive weapon systems in space.
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He, Li. "Analysis on Derivative Mechanism of Liuzhou Urban Architecture, Qing~Minguo." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.3.
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This paper figures out that during Qing ~Minguo, defensive settlements including Hakka enclosed dwelling and castle-type building were taken as the fundamental units, which plays an important role in Liuzhou urban morphological evolution. Compared with the instances in the different histories, this paper illustrates the derivative processes wherein the defensive type of architecture was gradually geared to the local culture and constructed requirement. According to the comparisons of space patterns, this paper comprehensively analyzed the urban architecture features of Liuzhou. This paper further explores some historical phenomena, taking watchtower as the basic code of typological selection which gained afresh its cultural connotations in different historical periods accordingly. Lastly it generalizes two internal principles on the derivative mechanism of the urban architecure in this period.
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Vieira, Joana B., Stephen R. Pierzchajlo, and Derek G. V. Mitchell. "Neural correlates of social and non-social personal space intrusions: Role of defensive and peripersonal space systems in interpersonal distance regulation." Social Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2019.1626763.
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Yoshioka, Kanta, Kanta Matsuzawa, Tomoya Ikuta, Sae Maruyama, and Mutsuaki Edama. "Changes in Medial Elbow Joint Space When Elbow Valgus Stress Is Applied at Different Limb Positions and Loads In Vivo." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 232596712110459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211045981.
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Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury is a common sports injury among overhead-throwing athletes and causes medial elbow pain and instability. UCL injury is generally diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings, and image evaluation. To standardize the method for evaluating elbow valgus instability, more information is needed regarding changes in the medial elbow joint space (JS) in healthy elbows. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to measure the JS during the application of elbow valgus stress at different elbow flexion angles and loads and to clarify the presence of defensive muscle contractions during elbow valgus stress. It was hypothesized that the JS will differ according to different limb positions and loads and that defensive contractions will occur when elbow valgus stress is >90 N. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Elbow joints on the nondominant side were examined in 20 healthy male university students (mean age, 21 ± 0.2 years) at 30°, 60°, and 90° of elbow flexion. To create valgus stress on the elbow, loads of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 N were applied with a Telos stress device and with gravity stress on the forearm. The medial JS was measured ultrasonographically during the application of elbow valgus stress. Electrodes were attached to the pronator teres muscle, and defensive muscle contractions were measured using electromyography during the application of elbow valgus stress. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t tests were used to compare the JS at each elbow angle and each valgus stress load, and the Bonferroni method was used as a post hoc test. Results: At 30° of elbow flexion, the JS was significantly higher at 30 N versus 0 N and at 60 N versus 0 or 30 N ( P ≤ .018 for all). At 60° of flexion, the JS was significantly higher at 30 N versus 0 N, at 60 N versus 0 and 30 N, and at 90 N versus 0, 30, and 60 N ( P ≤ .024 for all). At 90° of elbow flexion, the JS was significantly higher at 30 N versus 0 N and at 60 N versus 0 and 30 N ( P ≤ .028 for all). Defensive muscle contraction did not occur at any elbow flexion angles at elbow valgus stress ≤60 N. Conclusion: The lack of muscular contraction at elbow valgus stress ≤60 N may reflect the function of the medial collateral ligament. Clinical Relevance: Elbow valgus stress ≤60 N allows for the evaluation of the joint opening.
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De la Paz, Javiera F., Consuelo Anguita-Salinas, César Díaz-Celis, Francisco P. Chávez, and Miguel L. Allende. "The Zebrafish Perivitelline Fluid Provides Maternally-Inherited Defensive Immunity." Biomolecules 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10091274.
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In the teleost egg, the embryo is immersed in an extraembryonic fluid that fills the space between the embryo and the chorion and partially isolates it from the external environment, called the perivitelline fluid (PVF). The exact composition of the PVF remains unknown in vertebrate animals. The PVF allows the embryo to avoid dehydration, to maintain a safe osmotic balance and provides mechanical protection; however, its potential defensive properties against bacterial pathogens has not been reported. In this work, we determined the global proteomic profile of PVF in zebrafish eggs and embryos, and the maternal or zygotic origin of the identified proteins was studied. In silico analysis of PVF protein composition revealed an enrichment of protein classes associated with non-specific humoral innate immunity. We found lectins, protease inhibitors, transferrin, and glucosidases present from early embryogenesis until hatching. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments done with this fluid demonstrated that the PVF possessed a strong agglutinating capacity on bacterial cells and protected the embryos when challenged with the pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. Our results suggest that the PVF is a primitive inherited immune extraembryonic system that protects the embryos from external biological threats prior to hatching.
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Ayas, Selahattin, Aysegül Gündüz, Feray Karaali Savrun, and Meral Erdemir Kiziltan. "P82-T The effect of defensive peripersonal space on somatosensory blink reflex in episodic migraine." Clinical Neurophysiology 130, no. 7 (July 2019): e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.04.443.
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Cudworth, Erika. "Posthuman Community in the Edgelands." Society & Animals 25, no. 4 (July 20, 2017): 384–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341452.
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This paper draws on a study of companion animals in human households and public spaces, deploying material gained by ethnographic observation and interviews with dog walkers in urban and rural contexts. The communities which are the subject of this study frequent public places that might be described as “Edgeland” space where dogs and “dog people” meet. It is argued the relationships between cross-species packs of people and dogs that develop over time in the routine practice of walking are micro-communities inclusive of both dogs and their human companions. These might be understood as posthuman social forms with particular characteristics of inclusivity, diversity, and reconstitution. Human members of such communities are also invested in, and defensive of, Edgeland spaces and engaged in practices of care for both human and canine walkers.
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Mercado-Hernández, Valentín, Daniel Duclos-Bastías, and Frano Giakoni-Ramírez. "Diferencias en las acciones defensivas y ofensivas de porteros clasificados y no clasificados a la Copa del Mundo FIFA 2018 (Differences in defensive and offensive actions of qualified and non-qualified goalkeepers at the 2018 FIFA World Cup)." Retos 44 (February 3, 2022): 928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v44i0.90807.
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El estudio de las acciones ofensivas y defensivas del portero requiere especial atención para lograr identificar los indicadores de rendimiento y el éxito de la ejecución de las acciones de porteros en el fútbol. Del mismo modo, se debe poner énfasis en evidenciar parámetros acerca de la importancia del nivel del equipo sobre el éxito de las acciones del portero. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer las acciones ofensivas y defensivas que realizan los porteros y determinar si se presentan diferencias entre porteros de selecciones nacionales clasificados y no clasificados a la fase eliminatoria de la copa del mundo de la FIFA Rusia 2018. Se analizaron 48 partidos de la competición. Los resultaron mostraron que se realizó una mayor ejecución de acciones ofensivas (n = 2213) que defensivas (n = 1419). Los porteros de selecciones clasificadas obtuvieron valores altos en blocaje medio (M = 1,02 ±1,21), pase (M = 5,20 ±5,07) y pase con balón en movimiento (M = 2,55 ± 2,11) mientras que los porteros de selecciones no clasificadas obtuvieron valores altos en blocaje bajo (M = 2,25 ±1,78) y saque (M = 5,). Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p > 0,05) en las variables de reducción de espacio, balon suelto, blocaje en dos tiempos, despeje y pase.
Abstract. The study of the goalkeeper's offensive and defensive actions requires special attention in order to identify performance indicators and the success of the execution of goalkeeping actions in football. In the same way, emphasis should be placed on evidencing parameters about the importance of the level of the team on the success of the goalkeeper's actions. The aim of this study is to know the offensive and defensive actions performed by goalkeepers and to determine if there are differences between goalkeepers of national teams qualified and not qualified for the knockout phase of the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018. Forty-eight matches of the competition were analysed. The results showed that more offensive (n = 2213) than defensive (n = 1419) actions were performed. Goalkeepers of ranked teams obtained high values in medium blocking (M = 1.02 ±1.21), passing (M = 5.20 ±5.07) and passing with ball in motion (M = 2.55 ± 2.11) while goalkeepers of unranked teams obtained high values in low blocking (M = 2.25 ±1.78) and serving (M = 5,). Significant differences (p > 0.05) were obtained in the variables of space reduction, loose ball, two-time blocking, clearance and passing.