Academic literature on the topic 'Defenses – economic aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Defenses – economic aspects"
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Simone, N. "Social cohesion and artistic resources, Two Clinical cases." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S872—S874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1848.
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IntroductionTwo emblematic clinical cases will be addressed in this poster. The purpose of the poster is to relate the aspect of how the artistic resources of psychiatric patients are useful to improve social cohesion.ObjectivesCorrelate psychotherapy work on superior defenses to social cohesion and clinical improvement.MethodsPsychopharmacotherapy. Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. Psychiatric rehabilitation.Social jutice idex (Schraad-Tishler, 2015) and BES (Istat 2015) as sources of social cohesion indicators.ResultsIn the first case we have a man with ciclotimic personality disorder and substace abuse with psicotic episodes. Previously, the patient underwent repeated hospitalizations . Once the therapeutic relationship was hooked up and introduced in addition to pharmacological treatment, a psychotherapy also aimed at activating personal resources, the patient began to take an interest in the activity of a street artist. Over time and with the improvement of this activity, aspects of social cohesion have been highlighted in the social context. Social relations both linked to work and affective activity, as well as friends; improvement of the economic situation both through the economic return of this activity and through associative loans linked to this activity; an improvement of social inclusion and non-discrimination in the cities where the artistic activities were carried out; the use of fixed environmental spaces where the activity can be carried out. These aspects have favored a recovery that has reached the complete economic independence of the patient, the establishment of a family unit of their own, the progressive remission of the toxicophilic relapses and therefore the psychotic imbalances they induce.In a second case, we have a 30-year-old patient with a severe depressive disorder, with narcissistic, paranoid and obsessive personality traits, graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts and with an artistic production both before and after the illness. In addition pharmacological therapy, the patient began psychotherapeutic interventions on the enhancement of superior defenses such as sublimation through artistic activity. So she began to rededicate herself to the artistic activity , she however progressively improved the recovery aspects for a long period of time up to living, working and emotional autonomy. During this path the aspects of social cohesion were also decisive, such an economic autonomy linked to the work activity of an employee in an art gallery, a progressive social inclusion, the conquest of spaces where you can exhibit your works and an increase in trust both towards the family and towards health workers and towards friends and work relationships.Image:Image 2:Image 3:ConclusionsIn this Clinical cases and others not reported exist correlation between psychotherapy work on superior defenses to social cohesion and clinical improvement.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Dewi, Liza Dwi Ratna, and Eko Putra Boediman. "Interpreting Symbols of Cultural Identity Jatiwangi Clay." LONTAR: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/lontar.v12i1.8281.
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In 2012, the Central Government of the Republic of Indonesia projected the West Java Strategic Industrial Zone called the Rebana Triangle with 3 points: Cirebon City, Subang Regency, and Majalengka Regency. Since then, a large wave of modern industrialization has entered this area and affected all aspects of community life, including the threat to the existence of local cultural identity. This research aims to explore the meanings of 3 cultural symbols produced by the Jatiwangi Art Factory (JAF), a community of artists based in the Jatiwangi District, Majalengka Regency. Stuart Hall's concept of Cultural Identity serves as the reference basis, and Roland Barthes' Semiotics is used as the research analysis method. The research subjects are JAF, and the research objects are the 3 cultural symbols created by JAF. Data collection was conducted through informal discussions, field observations, the internet, and literature studies from 2000 to 2023. The results of the research show that: the Rampak Genteng Festival is a process of forming strong cultural defenses in mental, geographical, and political spaces. Clay Music is a dominant process of forming defenses in mental space. Meanwhile, Terakota City is the formation of cultural identity defenses in geographical, political, social, and economic spaces.
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Shaidurova, Natalia, and Mária Homokyová. "The Methodology of Tax Records for the Support of Tax Management." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2020-0060.
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AbstractTax policy is associated with the use and application of taxes and their instruments, which serve to influence macroeconomic and microeconomic processes in the economy. We can derive the tax policy from the applied economic policy of the state. The objectives of economic policy are aimed in particular at strengthening the effectiveness of the market mechanism, reducing pension and property inequality, as well as strengthening the internal and external stability of the state. In securing them, the state must take into account many internal, as well as international aspects, focused not only on economic but also on political, social, defenses, ethical and other interests. The individual goals that the state sets by its economic policy can be effectively achieved through goal-oriented policies that form part of economic policy. The state’s social policy, unemployment policy, tax policy, etc. fulfil their role. These policies then have a retroactive effect on the economic policy of the state. The subject or goal of tax policy is the application of tax principles and measures so that taxes serve to promote the economic, social and political goals of the state.
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Galkin, S. S. "LENDING RIGHT AND INSOLVENCY ESTATE." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 7 (September 16, 2020): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.71.7.121-129.
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The article analyzes the practical aspects of inclusion the lending right into the insolvency estate. Based on the analysis of existing legal regulations and judicial practice of their application, there are existing restrictions on the inclusion of lending rights in the insolvency state. These restrictions are analysed from a balance of interests of the owner, the debtor and his creditors, as well as the correct distribution of economic costs while providing priority protection to each of these entities. Based on the concept of flexible legal regulation, the author formulates possible approaches (de lege ferenda and de lege lata) to solving this problem. The article focuses on the definition of the elements of the theoretical concept of a flexible system of protecting rights in insolvency. This concept includes, for example, the following aspects: firstly, the need to relativize those absolute defenses that can directly negatively affect the general economic well-being (In this case, the insolvency estate), secondly, the enforcement search for the scope of the protection provided should be carried out by judicial weighing and procedural assessment of various relevant factors, as well as the corresponding gradation of legal consequences, which should be identified by legislator or superior court.
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Saleha, Saleha, Raldi Hendro Koestoer, and Lukijanto Lukijanto. "Ketahanan pantai terhadap bahaya banjir dan erosi: Studi komparasi Portsmouth (Inggris) dan Semarang (Indonesia)." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.9.1.p.9-16.
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Tidal flood and erosion are familiar phenomena in coastal areas that have an impact on the destruction of facilities and infrastructure (water, waste management, drainage) as well as environmental damage which is marked by a decrease in the quality of life of the community. However, the community persisted and chose to stay in the area and the population was increasing from year to year. Community resilience can be seen from several aspects: economic, social, infrastructure, and health. Building community resilience depends on social relationships, networks, and connectedness among communities. This paper reviews and compares the level of community resilience in Portsmouth (UK) and Semarang (Indonesia) to the erosion and flood disasters that hit these regions. With the descriptive comparative method, it is studied how the community's resilience to floods and abrasion is studied. The analysis results show that despite adequate defenses, Portsmouth’s resilience faces a higher economic risk of disasters and the resulting residual risks. Changes that occur on the coast of Semarang City have made people have to carry out a learning process to maintain their lives in the context of adaptation to the social, political, economic, and ecological environment in which the population lives.
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Milano, Anthony F., and Gill P. Beck. "Medical Malpractice Defense: The Predictive and Protective Power of Mortality, Survival, and Life Expectancy." Journal of Insurance Medicine 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17849/insm-48-1-1-5.1.
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Introduction.—The defense of medical malpractice presents a significant challenge to Assistant United States Attorneys (AUSAs). A medical malpractice claim consists of proof of: (1) duty, (2) breach of the duty, (3) causation, and (4) damages. Often the breach of the duty and the causation elements present complex medical issues involving multiple specialties and subspecialties of medicine. A considerable amount of time is required to prepare the defense pertaining to the alleged breach of the duty and causation elements. The damages aspect of the medical malpractice case is often not given equal treatment and may not be fully developed. As a result, damage awards can be surprisingly high once the breach of the standard of care and the causation defenses fail. Purpose.—The purpose of this article is to underscore the importance of developing the damages aspect of the case. This article will demonstrate through a case study the power of using fact-based medical-actuarial risk statistics and life expectancy testimony to limit, by thousands if not millions of dollars, economic damages to impairment-specific “years of life lost” in medical-malpractice torts. The important points to remember are that from the moment a case is assigned to an AUSA, the AUSA must: (1) focus as much, if not more, attention on damages; (2) execute a discovery strategy that ensures all aspects of damages are thoroughly investigated; and (3) retain the appropriate experts, including, in appropriate cases, an expert on medical risk appraisal and life expectancy.
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Sales, Samantha, and Rodrigo Cantu. "Committed capitalism." Sociedade e Estado 36, no. 2 (August 2021): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-202136020004.
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Abstract This article presents contributions from pragmatic sociology to the debate on the commitment of economic actors to socio-environmental causes. Given the controversy about the achievements of their engagement, we propose the notion of committed capitalism and seek to understand it through the moral ground of its critiques, defenses and the construction of its normativity. We aim to emphasize two dimensions observed in contemporary capitalism: the declared commitment to a cause and the efforts of actors to stabilize a compromise among distinct orders of worth (market, industrial, and civic) and create devices that actualize it in the world. Drawing on a textual corpus of Brazilian newspapers, we examine the interplay of critiques of corporate social responsibility, corporate sustainability, and social finance, as well as their responses. As a result, we present a framework of internal and external critiques of the compromise that allow us to understand the contours of the moral dimension that underpins some crucial aspects of contemporary capitalism.
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Boscheck, Ralf. "The EU’s Digital Markets Act: Regulatory Reform, Relapse or Reversal?" Intereconomics 59, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ie-2024-0032.
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Abstract As of 7 March 2024, the EU Commission began to enforce its controversial Digital Markets Act (DMA). This article sheds light on the recent debate. It lists the dos and don’ts of the DMA as well as stakeholder reactions to them before tracing some of the underlying motivations and reasoning that emerge from the EU’s current policy reversal with reference to dealing with abuse of dominant positions in line with Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Following this, the paper reviews economic aspects of digital platforms, concerns about market foreclosure and essential facility as well as appropriate remedies before closing with a discussion of the challenges in stipulating and enforcing efficient rules to govern digital platforms. It is argued that the DMA ought to be rewritten to stipulate clear and cogent legal standards, return to a strengthened system of ex post control and provide platforms with the opportunity to deliver efficiency defenses as part of corporate self-regulation.
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Tushnet, Mark. "The Legitimation of the Administrative State: Some Aspects of the Work of Thurgood Marshall." Studies in American Political Development 5, no. 1 (1991): 94–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000171.
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The judicial role in the construction of the twentieth-century state was decisively structured by the interaction of developments in jurisprudence and by changes in the organization of the regulation of economic activity. Individual judges brought their backgrounds and political predispositions to the task as well, and we will gain a full understanding of the judicial role in structuring the state only by integrating biography, jurisprudence, and political economy. This article examines the work of Justice Thurgood Marshall in constructing the post-New Deal settlement of the relations among people in their capacity as consumers, people in their capacity as workers, and capital. That settlement was expressed in legal forms that departed from the common law doctrines that had for two centuries provided one of the legitimating ideologies of social relations. With the construction of the administrative state came the need to reconstitute not only the legal structures that supported the agencies of government, but also the ideological structures that explained the legitimacy of these innovations. While legal academics articulated carefully thought out defenses of the administrative state, judges provided the citizenry with less developed but, perhaps, more easily understood ideologies. Justice Marshall's work in areas of labor law and civil procedure provides insight into the dimensions of the legal legitimation of the administrative state, while his unique experience as a lawyer and his place within the Court illuminate the importance of biographical factors in a full explanation of the construction of the legal structures of the administrative state.
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Jargin, Sergei V. "War in Ukraine: Social and Medical Perspective." International Journal of Business and Management (IJBM) 2, no. 1 (April 4, 2023): 32–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56879/ijbm.v2i1.17.
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This review discusses social and medical aspects of the war in Ukraine. If the world is becoming multipolar, armed conflicts of various magnitude may become permanent. International tension contributes to the increase in the birth rate: it is believed that the population growth strengthens defenses and sovereignty. Environmental degradation and the depletion of non-renewable resources are proportional to the population size. A reasonable option would be the global leadership centered in developed countries. Potential benefits include conflict prevention, environmental and population management, taking into account ecological and economic conditions in different regions. Large projects can be implemented to improve the quality of life and create jobs, which would be a reasonable alternative to excessive military spending. If the global power shifts to Russia, it will come along with losses of certain values. The quality of many services, products and foodstuffs will decline. Autocratic management style would spread also in the healthcare and science. Several examples from the field of healthcare are discussed here. Confidence-building measures, international trust and reliability are needed. Ukraine must become a testing ground for the international cooperation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Defenses – economic aspects"
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Shewchuk, David. "World systems theory and military expenditures : a comparison of Sweden and Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64110.
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Ifestos, Panayiotis J. "Some aspects of external relations and foreign policy of the European Community: European political cooperation and defense / security issues." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213536.
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Simpson, Katherine Hannah. "Public choice for flood defence." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22596.
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Why do we want to value the environment? Environmental assets provide a flow of goods and services over time which benefit mankind. Valuing these services contributes towards their protection and enhancement, however many of these benefits cannot be valued in traditional markets and as such rely on non-market valuation techniques. One of these is contingent valuation (CV) which directly asks respondents whether they are willing to pay for an improvement in the good or service. This thesis seeks to explore methodological issues associated with this method by undertaking a CV survey to elicit willingness to pay (WTP) for a new type of flood defence (managed realignment) on the Tay Estuary, Scotland. One challenge for survey designers is to provide high quality, readily understandable information to mitigate bias in WTP estimates. This thesis contributes to the information provision literature by examining whether prior knowledge or new information has a greater effect on the WTP estimate when controlling for respondent experience and familiarity with the good. A field experiment was designed to test for respondent’s prior knowledge; allow for varying levels of information to be presented to respondents and identify information acquisition for each respondent. Specifically tested was the notion that respondents who learn the most about the good during the survey process will have a more robust WTP estimate. Results were mixed: a causal relationship between information provision and learning was established with respondents in the higher treatment groups scoring higher in the second quiz. However, there was no relationship identified between prior knowledge, information provision and WTP. Personal motivations were the strongest predictors of WTP: those who were most concerned about flood risk and who lived closest to the proposed flood defence were willing to pay the most. A second issue in CV is consequentiality. Carson and Groves (2007) argue that for a survey to produce meaningful information about respondent’s preferences the respondent must view their responses as potentially influencing the supply of the public good. This thesis seeks add to this relatively new literature by exploring the observable factors which may influence respondents perceived consequentiality; specifically the effects of familiarity and information. Respondents were asked to state how confident they were that the results of the survey would be used by policy makers on a Likert scale ranging from “very unconfident” through to “very confident”. Results conformed to the Carson and Groves knife edge result: consequential respondents had significantly different WTP distributions compared to inconsequential and unsure respondents and were willing to pay significantly more towards the scheme. Consequential respondents also conformed the theoretical considerations of construct validity whilst inconsequential respondents did not. Respondents with more prior knowledge also appeared to be more likely to perceive the survey as consequential, although this was not consistent across all treatment groups. There is a concern that WTP and consequentiality are endogenous: respondents who want the policy to go ahead may be more likely to state the survey is consequential and state a high WTP in the hope these responses combined contribute to the policy maker’s decision. From a policy perspective the high level of support for the new scheme was encouraging and in contrast to previous findings on preferences for managed realignment. From a flood risk management perspective a “miss-match” between actual and perceived flood risk was highlighted, with many respondents stating they were not at risk from flooding when they in fact were. This is potentially concerning as respondents may not be taking adequate steps to protect their home from future flood risks. Overall it is recognised that values derived from the CV survey form one small part of the planning process and while informative, the decision for a scheme to take place should not be based on these values alone.
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Khwela, Gcwelumusa Chrysostomus. "Challenges of arms transfers facing the emerging supplier states in the new international political economy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53324.
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Thesis (MMil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fundamental motivation for emerging arms suppliers to produce arms was the desire to overcome their position of dependence in the system of arms production and transfers. However, their predicament as late entrants into the system castigated them to fail in this endeavour. This failure is based on three criteria, which also assist in the identification of emerging suppliers. Firstly, the weaponry they produce is far below the sophistication characterised by higher levels of technological advancement. Secondly, they can only produce one or two advanced weapon systems. Finally, they rely on the leading suppliers for certain sophisticated components of weapon systems which they cannot produce themselves and as a result, become so dependent that they, with an exception of a few, are unable to go beyond the simple reproduction or retrofitting of existing weapon systems. The capability to produce arms was restrictedly extended to certain states in the post-war era, and even those states that obtained such a capability were confmed to producing small arms and platforms for naval vessels. Those states that went beyond these capabilities did so with the assistance of other states or specialists, the initial intention being to meet domestic requirements, and ultimately to dispose surplus Second World War equipment in the re-transfer market. The emerging supplier states' intention to develop indigenous arms industries was driven by the political urge to reduce their reliance on the leading suppliers and to nationalise the arms production process for import substitution in order to meet domestic security needs. Since the emerging suppliers began the process of defence industrialisation from the importation of complete weapon systems to import substitution, and ultimately to the promotion of exports, they mainly relied on technology imported from the leading suppliers. On the one hand, the leading suppliers attempted to hinder the efforts of emerging suppliers to promote arms exports so as to protect their oligopolistic share of the arms market through tightening the controls and regulations on technological supplies. On the other, the emerging suppliers were impelled to promote their arms exports in order to overcome the saturation of their domestic markets, to utilise effectively their arms production capacities, and to positively affect their balance of payments through the procreation of foreign exchange returns. This study reached the following conclusions and inferences: 1. The arms trade has evolved to be characterised by the transfer of military technology, which did not feature in the arms transactions of the previous periods. 2. The gap between the leading and emerging suppliers is widening with regard to the sophistication of technological capabilities, and accordingly the stratification within the arms production and transfer system is sustainable and reinforced, thus making it hard for the lower tiers to progress beyond their current status. 3. The emerging suppliers' share of and contribution into the arms market is constricted, and as such they specialise in specific (often uncomplicated) weapon systems that constitute niches in the global market. 4. The unfolding arms production and transfer system is characterised by a fiercely competitive atmosphere, and consequently, only those states that can subsidise or integrate their efforts are enabled to sustain an advanced arms production faculty. 5. As the emerging suppliers begin to introduce more and more of their wares into the market, the costs of research and development begin to soar in the same manner as those of the leading suppliers, thus urging them to become more export-oriented. 6. Participants in the system will be compelled to relinquish their comparative technological superiority in order to survive, thus narrowing the gap between the capabilities possessed by both the leading and the emerging suppliers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderliggende motivering van opkomende wapenverskaffers om wapens te produseer word toegeskryf aan 'n behoefte om hulle relatiewe afhanklikheid in die stelsel van wapenproduksie en - handel te oorkom. Boonop het die laat toetrede tot die stelsel hierdie opkomende verskaffers se kanse tot sukses verder belemmer. Die rede vir die onsuksesvolle toetrede word gebasseer op drie kriteria (wat ook dien as identifiserende eienskappe van opkomende wapenverskaffers). Eerstens, die wapens wat opkomende verskaffers lewer skiet tekort aan die vereiste gesofistikeerde standaarde van die gevestigde wapenprodusente. Tweedens, hulle kan slegs een of twee gevorderde wapenstelsels produseer. Derdens, sekere komponente van wapenstelsels word verkry by die gevestigde verskaffers, wat lei tot afhanklikheid tot so 'n mate dat die opkomende verskaffer se vermoëns beperk word tot eenvoudige reprodusering of herinstallasies van bestaande stelsels. Trouens, in die post-oorlog tydperk is die vermoë om wapens te produseer doelbewus beperk tot sekere state wat 'n afgebakende reeks van handwapens en uitrusting vir vloot vaartuie kon vervaardig. State wat verby hierdie vermoë beweeg het, het dit gedoen met behulp van ander state of spesaliste, oorspronklik met die oog op die huishoudelike behoefte maar ook om ontslae te raak van surplusse uit die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. 'n Politieke begeerte om in hulle eie sekuriteitsbehoeftes te voorsien deur middel van invoersubstitusie, het die opkomende verskaffers genoop om ontslae te raak van die afhanklikheid op gevestigde verskaffers en om die wapenproduseringsproses te nasionaliseer. Hulle het hoofsaaklik gesteun op ingevoerde tegnologie om die verdedigingsbedryf te industrialiseer. Die proses het so verloop: volledige wapenstelsels is ingevoer, daarna het invoersubstitusie plaasgevind, en daarna 'n bevordering van uitvoere. Gevestigde verskaffers het endersyds probeer om (deur middel van strenger kontrole en regulasies of tegnologiese ware) die opkomende verskaffers te verhoed om hulle oligopolistiese houvas op die mark te belemmer en andersyds moes opkomende verskaffers noodgedwonge hulle uitvoere bevorder om te voorkom dat die plaaslike mark versadig word. Die laasgenoemde aspek het ook die betalingsbalans van opkomende verskaffers positief beinvloed as gevolg van die inkomste uit buitelandse valuta. Hierdie studie kom tot die volgende aanames en gevolgtrekkings: 1. Wapenhandel het só ontwikkel dat die oordrag van militêre tegnologie die hoofkenmerk geword het in die stelsel - 'n ongekende kenmerk tot dusver in die ontwikkelingsgang van internasionale wapenhandel. 2. Die gaping van tegnologiese vermoëns tussen opkomende en gevestigde wapenverskaffers word groter en daarmee saam word die stratifikasie in wapenproduksie en -lewering volhoubaar en versterk, wat lei tot 'n beperking op die vermoë van opkomende verskaffers om vooruitgang te maak. 3. Opkomende verskaffers se aandeel in en bydrae tot wapenmarkte bly beperk en spesialiseer daarom op spesifieke (meestalongekompliseerde) wapenstelsels wat gemik is op sekere nisse in die wêreldmark. 4. Die ontluikende wapenproduksie en -handelsisteem is uiters kompeterend, met die gevolg dat slegs state wat hulle pogings kan subsidieer of integreer in staat is om gevorderde fasiliteite te onderhou. 5. Met die toenemende aanbod vanaf opkomende verskaffers, styg die kostes van navorsing en ontwikkeling vir beide die opkomende en die gevestigde verskaffer wat weer beide dwing om hulle uitvoere te beklemtoon. 6. Deelnemers in die stelsel sal gedwing word om hulle vergelykende tegnologiese voorsprong prys te gee om te oorleef in die stelsel, waarna die gaping tussen die vermoëns van opkomende en gevestigde verskaffers verminder sal word.
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Vassallo, Marco <1971>. "In defence of modeling simultaneity for a correct approximation of cultural aspects: implications for food consumers studies with latent variables." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6026/1/Vassallo_Marco_tesi.pdf.
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Dealing with latent constructs (loaded by reflective and congeneric measures) cross-culturally compared means studying how these unobserved variables vary, and/or covary each other, after controlling for possibly disturbing cultural forces. This yields to the so-called ‘measurement invariance’ matter that refers to the extent to which data collected by the same multi-item measurement instrument (i.e., self-reported questionnaire of items underlying common latent constructs) are comparable across different cultural environments. As a matter of fact, it would be unthinkable exploring latent variables heterogeneity (e.g., latent means; latent levels of deviations from the means (i.e., latent variances), latent levels of shared variation from the respective means (i.e., latent covariances), levels of magnitude of structural path coefficients with regard to causal relations among latent variables) across different populations without controlling for cultural bias in the underlying measures. Furthermore, it would be unrealistic to assess this latter correction without using a framework that is able to take into account all these potential cultural biases across populations simultaneously. Since the real world ‘acts’ in a simultaneous way as well. As a consequence, I, as researcher, may want to control for cultural forces hypothesizing they are all acting at the same time throughout groups of comparison and therefore examining if they are inflating or suppressing my new estimations with hierarchical nested constraints on the original estimated parameters. Multi Sample Structural Equation Modeling-based Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MS-SEM-based CFA) still represents a dominant and flexible statistical framework to work out this potential cultural bias in a simultaneous way. With this dissertation I wanted to make an attempt to introduce new viewpoints on measurement invariance handled under covariance-based SEM framework by means of a consumer behavior modeling application on functional food choices.
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Vassallo, Marco <1971>. "In defence of modeling simultaneity for a correct approximation of cultural aspects: implications for food consumers studies with latent variables." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6026/.
Full textAbstract:
Dealing with latent constructs (loaded by reflective and congeneric measures) cross-culturally compared means studying how these unobserved variables vary, and/or covary each other, after controlling for possibly disturbing cultural forces. This yields to the so-called ‘measurement invariance’ matter that refers to the extent to which data collected by the same multi-item measurement instrument (i.e., self-reported questionnaire of items underlying common latent constructs) are comparable across different cultural environments. As a matter of fact, it would be unthinkable exploring latent variables heterogeneity (e.g., latent means; latent levels of deviations from the means (i.e., latent variances), latent levels of shared variation from the respective means (i.e., latent covariances), levels of magnitude of structural path coefficients with regard to causal relations among latent variables) across different populations without controlling for cultural bias in the underlying measures. Furthermore, it would be unrealistic to assess this latter correction without using a framework that is able to take into account all these potential cultural biases across populations simultaneously. Since the real world ‘acts’ in a simultaneous way as well. As a consequence, I, as researcher, may want to control for cultural forces hypothesizing they are all acting at the same time throughout groups of comparison and therefore examining if they are inflating or suppressing my new estimations with hierarchical nested constraints on the original estimated parameters. Multi Sample Structural Equation Modeling-based Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MS-SEM-based CFA) still represents a dominant and flexible statistical framework to work out this potential cultural bias in a simultaneous way. With this dissertation I wanted to make an attempt to introduce new viewpoints on measurement invariance handled under covariance-based SEM framework by means of a consumer behavior modeling application on functional food choices.
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Caralp, Adrien. "Economie de la défense et industries des petits Etats européens : diversité et recomposition des capacités industrielles nationales au niveau de la construction de plateformes dans un secteur en mutation." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0125/document.
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Alors que la période qui suit la fin de la guerre froide est caractérisée par une restructuration profonde des industries de la défense au niveau mondial, la plupart des études portent sur les mutations à l’œuvre au sein des principaux pays producteurs et de quelques grands pays émergents. Face à cette situation, ce travail doctoral s’intéresse plus spécifiquement au cas des « petits Etats ». La littérature spécialisée tend en effet généralement à considérer qu’après la fin de la course aux armements qui caractérise la période de l’affrontement bipolaire, seules les principales puissances conserveraient la maîtrise de la conception d’armements sophistiqués alors que les Etats aux budgets militaires significativement plus faibles n’auraient d’autre possibilité que d’accepter un rôle de plus grande subordination à travers une modalité principale : l’intégration au sein des chaînes de valeur des principaux producteurs mondiaux en tant que fournisseurs de systèmes, sous-systèmes et composants. Dans ce cadre, la capacité à concevoir des plateformes (véhicule, navire, sous-marin, avion, hélicoptère…) échapperait définitivement aux « petits Etats » et serait le seul apanage des grandes puissances. Partant du constat du maintien de capacités au niveau de la construction de plateformes dans plusieurs « petits Etats » européens, ce travail s’interroge sur les conditions dans lesquelles ces derniers sont parvenus à conserver un tel niveau de compétence industrielle. Organisé autour de quatre études de cas (Suisse, Finlande, Pays-Bas et Suède) dans trois secteurs distincts (terrestre, naval et aéronautique militaire), il cherche à comprendre si ces capacités constituent un héritage du passé tôt ou tard condamné à disparaître, ou si elles s’insèrent dans des stratégies viables et potentiellement transposables à d’autres trajectoires nationales. Pour ce faire, ce travail commence par revenir sur les apports des principales recherches françaises dans le champ de l’économie de la défense, puis il mobilise les travaux de Michael Porter sur le positionnement concurrentiel et sur les déterminants de l’avantage concurrentiel national afin de les appliquer à l’étude des industries militaires des « petits Etats »While the period that follows the end of the cold war is still characterized by a deep restructuring of the world defense industries, most of the studies focus on the changes at work within the main producing nations and a few large developing countries. By contrast, this doctoral dissertation focuses more specifically on the situation of the “small states”. Specialized literature tends to suggest that following the arms race that prevailed during the years of bipolar confrontation, only the largest powers would dominate the research and development of sophisticated armaments, while the weaker nations with significantly lower defense budgets would be reduced to playing a minor role through a core modality – their integration within the value chains of the main world producers as suppliers of systems, subsystems and components. In this framework, the ability to design and build platforms (i.e. vehicle, ship, submarine, aircraft, helicopter...) would definitively elude the “small states” and would remain the sole prerogative of the biggest powers. On the basis of the fact that several “small” European states still do have some platform-building capabilities in the military area, this dissertation investigates how the latter succeeded in retaining such a level of industrial competence. Based upon four case studies (Switzerland, Finland, Netherlands and Sweden) in three different sectors (military land, naval and aeronautics), its aim is to understand whether these industrial capabilities do constitute a legacy that will inevitably disappear in the long run, or whether they are integrated within viable strategies that might be succesfully implemented in other national trajectories. To do so, this doctoral work starts by investigating the findings of the main French researches conducted in the field of defense economics, and it subsequently uses the contributions of Michael Porter on competitive positioning and the determinants of the competitive advantage of nations in order to apply them to the study of the military industries of the “small states”
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Thiart, Theunis Johannes Daniel. "Peace support in Africa : potential contribution and roles of the South African Navy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5335.
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BibliographyThesis (MPhil (Military Science. Security Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African Navy (SAN) was created after the First World War as an indigenous naval capability for South Africa was deemed necessary. Its roles and responsibilities through the years have depended on both the requirements of the state, and the political realities of the time. Possible future roles in peace support would therefore depend on political requirements as well as the capabilities and composition of the SAN. To date, the SAN has only contributed to peace support by way of the patrols carried out by the SAN Operations Boat Squadron on Lake Tanganyika, and assistance from the Maritime Reaction Squadron in VIP protection duties in Burundi. The seemingly minor nature of this contribution is disconcerting, because the contributions of the SANDF in present (ongoing) peace support are very highly rated by the South African Government. To enhance its visibility, the SAN should preferably play a more visible role in peace support in Africa, and generally in assisting in the maintenance of good order at sea around the African coastline. The potential contributions to or during peace support activities should therefore not only be seen as the direct support which the SAN can give to land forces carrying out peace support in a specific country, but also the support the SAN can give to maintaining good order in the corresponding, and other African, maritime zones. Potential contributions and roles of the SAN in particular therefore need to be interrogated more comprehensively to foster a deeper understanding of this unexplored field of study within the peace support environment, and that of Africa in particular. To determine the possible contributions and roles of the SAN, the traditional roles and the doctrines of navies (specifically those involved in peace support operations) were investigated. It was found that the roles emanating from the traditional roles for navies were assimilated into navies. doctrines, roles and tasks. Possible roles and missions for the SAN are reflected in the SAN Maritime Doctrine. Regional expectations have added more roles and missions like the sharing of training, assets, expertise, information, the requirement of maintaining maritime security and the maintenance of good order at sea. The assets available in the SAN (and the future assets) seem to be adequate to carry out possible peace support activities. However, the potential roles and contributions of the SAN to peace support will be limited by the scope of future budgets and the shortages of skills, equipment and capacity. The foreseen budgets available will not allow participation in activities beyond those being undertaken at present. Unless more funding is received, the potential roles and contributions of the SAN towards peace support activities in Africa will probably not extend beyond some lake patrols and VIP protection.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid Afrikaanse Vloot (SAV) het na die Eerste Wêreld Oorlog tot stand gekom omrede so 'n inheemse vloot as broodnodig vir Suid Afrika beskou was. Die SAV se rol en verantwoordelikhede was deur die geskiedenis gerig deur die behoeftes van die regering van die dag en van die politieke oorwegings van die oomblik. Toekomstige verantwoordelikhede vir vredesteun sal insgelyks afhang van politieke oorwegings, sowel as die aard van, en bates beskikbaar vir, die SAV. Tot dusver was die SAV bydrae aan vredesteun beperk tot patrollies deur die SAV Operasionele Booteskader op die Tanganjika meer in Burundi, en bystand deur die Maritieme Reaksie Eskader met BBP werk in Burundi. Hierdie geringe bydraes is onstellend omrede vredesteun pogings belangrik geag word deur die Suid Afrikaanse regering. Die SAV sal dus 'n groter rol in vredesteun in Afrika moet speel, en veral in die instandhouding van goeie orde op see, ten einde beter sigbaarheid te bewerkstellig. Die potensiële SAV bydraes aan vredesteun aktiwiteite moet dus nie slegs gesien word in die direkte SAV steun aan landmagte betrokke by vredesteun in een of ander land nie, maar ook in die bydrae tot die instandhouding van goeie orde in die ooreenkomstige maritieme omgewings in Afrika. Potensiële SAV bydraes moet daarom in diepte ontleed word ten einde 'n beter insig te vekry in die maritieme streke (veral in Afrika) waar tot dusver maar min navorsing gedoen is. Om hierdie potensiële bydraes te bepaal, is die tradisionele rol en doktrines van vlote (veral die wat betrokke is by vredesteun) ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat die huidige doktrines, rol en take van vlote voortgevloei het uit die tradisionele rol van vlote. Moontlike rolle en bydraes van die SAV is reeds beskikbaar in die SAV Maritieme Doktrine (2006). Verdere moontlike bydraes spruit voort uit die verwagtinge van die verskillende streke in Afrika soos die deelname in Suid Afrikaanse opleiding, kundigheid en informasie, en die behoefte aan instandhouding van maritieme veiligheid en goeie orde op see. Die huidige en toekomstige bates van die SAV (insluitende skepe, eenhede en personeel) blyk voldoende te wees om by te dra tot moontlike vredesteun aktiwitiete. Die moontlike bydraes sal egter beperk word deur ontoereikende toekomstige begrotings en tekortkominge met betrekking tot kundigheid, toerusting en kapasiteit. Trouens, die huidige en toekomstige begrotings is ontoereikend vir verdere vredesteun bydraes buiten dit wat tot dusver gelewer word. Sonder 'n toename in die begroting sal die vredesteun pogings van die SAV beperk bly tot patrollies deur die SAV Operasionele Booteskader op die Tanganjika Meer, en bystand deur die Maritieme Reaksie Eskader in BBP werk.
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Geering, John W. ""Value for money" in defence planning." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145279.
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Broadbent, Stephen J. "Australia's defence export policy." Master's thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145187.
Full textBooks on the topic "Defenses – economic aspects"
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Ceresole, Norberto. Política de producción para la defensa: Economía de la defensa, industria de la defensa y geopolítica nacional. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Instituto Latinoamericano de Cooperación Tecnológica y Relaciones Internacionales, 1989.
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Posner, Richard A. Conventionalist defenses of the law's autonomy. [S.l: s.n.], 1987.
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Blechman, Barry M. Fiscal and economic implications of strategic defenses. Boulder: Westview Press, 1986.
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Schröder, Hans-Henning. Der sowjetische Rüstungssektor unter den Bedingungen der neuen Wirtschaftspolitik. Köln: Bundesinstitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, 1987.
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Looney, Robert E. The economics of Third World defense expenditures. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, 1995.
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Matthews, Ron. European armaments collaboration: Policy, problems and prospects. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1992.
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Colorado. Task Force on Federal Civilian and Defense Expenditures. Report to the governor and the Fifty-seventh General Assembly. [Denver]: The Task Force, 1990.
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Lifshits, Yaʻaḳov. The economics of producing defense: Illustrated by the Israeli case. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
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Lifshits, Yaʻaḳov. Kalkalat biṭaḥon: Ha-teʾoryah ha-kelalit ṿeha-miḳreh ha-Yiśreʾeli. Yerushalayim: Miśrad ha-Biṭaḥon, ha-Hotsaʾah La-or, 2000.
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zu, Zhongguo guo fang jing ji xue yan jiu hui Chou bei. Guo fang jing ji xue lun wen ji. 8th ed. Beijing: Jie fang jun chu ban she, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Defenses – economic aspects"
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Lifshitz, Yaacov. "Economic Aspects of National Security." In The Economics of Producing Defense, 1–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0409-2_1.
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Mesyats, G. A., and O. A. Romanova. "Social and Economic Aspects of Military Conversion in the Urals." In Defense Conversion Strategies, 361–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1213-2_22.
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Koutrakos, Panos. "Inter-Pillar Approaches to the European Security and Defence Policy: The Economic Aspects of Security." In The European Union and the International Legal Order: Discord or Harmony?, 435–53. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-409-7_20.
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Blackwill, Robert D., and Richard Fontaine. "Pivoting from Offense to Defense." In Lost Decade, 239–58. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197677940.003.0012.
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Abstract This chapter explores the economic aspect of the Pivot and America’s broader approach to China. Asia’s economic dynamism spurred US efforts to access the region’s markets, labor force, and capital long before the Pivot’s accountment. China’s rapid economic growth, in particular, focused US attention on the region. Washington initially crafted an ambitious economic policy in Asia, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership—a trade deal which would have encompassed 40% of the global economy, but which eventually collapsed because of domestic opposition. Efforts to break down barriers and link economies have given way to a more defensive approach aimed at limiting the national security risk generated by economic interdependence.
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Weir, Bryce. "Economic and Medicolegal Aspects of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." In Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Causes And Cures, 12–18. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128758.003.0002.
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Abstract Throughout the Western world there has been an increasing realization that resources available for the treatment of disease are not infinite and that difficult choices will have to be made to decide who gets what kind of treatment. Although most physicians accept that ethically we should do for others what we would like to have done for ourselves, this may not always be practical or possible. As the population ages and new public health threats arise, society may not be able to afford the luxury of fully investigating every patient with a possible subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), regardless of age, general health, or ability to pay. It has therefore become a legitimate field of scientific inquiry to examine the economic consequences of various diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We must now overcome our distaste for this type of pursuit and seriously consider such concepts as “cost per quality-adjusted life year gained.” Without abandoning our role as the patient’s ultimate defender, estimating the financial consequences of our medical actions or inactions can be viewed as helpful.
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Flath, David. "Public Economy, Part 1." In The Japanese Economy, 282–97. 4th ed. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865342.003.0011.
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Abstract This is the first of two chapters describing the scope and funding of Japan’s public sector. This one discusses Japanese government expenditures. It begins by documenting the goods and services not only provided by the Japanese government but produced by it. These are mostly the labor services of the government employees, including the lean but efficient bureaucracy, a high-status cadre motivated by prospects of amakudari upon leaving government service. Attention is then turned to the aspects of politics and voting that affect Japan’s overall scale of government spending: that Japan is a parliamentary democracy long dominated by a single political party, with a unitary and centralized system of government in which rural prefectures are overrepresented. Given all this, public choice considerations favor disproportionate provision of government services per person in the rural prefectures. In Japan as elsewhere, much but not all government spending is devoted to the provision of public goods—goods like national defense that are non-congested and indivisible. Advantages and disadvantages of government provision as opposed to private provision of public goods are described. Also, the tension that arises among allies in the provision of mutual defense which is a public good shared by both are discussed with reference to the Japan–US alliance. The chapter ends with discussion of the main categories of Japanese government spending—defense, social security, health insurance, and education.
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Tkachuk, N. M. "FEATURES OF FINANCING DEFENSE OF UKRAINE EXPENDITURE." In THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR (2014–2022): HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, CULTURAL-EDUCATIONAL, RELIGIOUS, ECONOMIC, AND LEGAL ASPECTS, 313–23. Izdevnieciba “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-223-4-39.
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Higgs, Robert. "Private Profit, Public Risk: Institutional Antecedents of the Modern Military Procurement System in the Rearmament Program of 1940-41." In Depression, War, and Cold War, 30–60. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195182927.003.0002.
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Abstract After World War II, the United States did not fully demobilize its armed forces. It continued to maintain a military establishment that, by historical standards, can only be called immense. Keeping large numbers of men heavily armed with ever more sophisticated weapons has created a tremendous demand for munitions. Most of the munitions have been produced by privately owned corporations, many of which rely on the Pentagon for the bulk of their sales. The dealings between the armed forces and the major defense contractors form the heart of what is known as the military- industrial complex. This chapter deals primarily with one aspect of the military procurement program, namely, the arrangements by which economic risks are shifted from the private contractors to the government—that is, to the taxpayers— thereby allowing the companies to “function in a world of socialized risks and private profit” (Adams and Adams, 1972, p. 284). Also examined are two related matters: the high degree to which prime defense contracting is confined to a small fraternity of large companies, whose managers, along with their counterparts in the Department of Defense and the armed services, form a sort of “old boy network”; and how such concentration and the privileges associated with it make possible the realization of rates of return that are, given the low risk actually borne, exceptionally high. At issue here are the origins of these aspects of the modem military supply business.
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Sitter, Nick, and Agnes Batory. "Protectionism, Populism, or Participation? Agrarian Parties and the European Question in Western and East Central Europe." In Opposing Europe?, 52–75. Oxford University PressOxford, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199258352.003.0003.
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Abstract European integration has raised some awkward questions for almost all national political parties in Europe, but few party families have displayed greater variation than the agrarian parties. Some of the parties that have their roots in the defence of agrarian and rural interests oppose supranational European integration in principle, others oppose particular aspects of the European Union (EU) regime or plans for further integration, and yet others broadly welcome most aspects of the EU and its public policy regime. Whereas agrarian interest groups in the six original member states have long provided solid support for the European Economic Community (EEC) and its successors, many of the political parties that emerged in defence of agrarian interests or identity elsewhere in Europe have proven less enthusiastic about European integration.
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Blackwill, Robert D., and Richard Fontaine. "Balancing Military Power in Asia." In Lost Decade, 224–38. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197677940.003.0011.
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Abstract This chapter examines the military aspect of the Pivot and America’s broader approach to China. Defense, much more than diplomatic and economic considerations, poses stark trade-offs for policymakers. The United States began the decade enmeshed in wars across the greater Middle East, with a military designed for counterinsurgency and stabilization operations. It ended the period trying to refashion itself for great power conflict with China. Despite these efforts, Washington has faced a slew of setbacks—including severe budget cuts and global crises that demanded dedicating limited defense resources in Europe and the Middle East. As a result, the United States has not yet materially pivoted from any other region to Asia.
Conference papers on the topic "Defenses – economic aspects"
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Ivančík, Radoslav. "Ekonomické aspekty zaisťovania bezpečnosti a obrany štátu." In Aktuálne problémy vojenskej logistiky. Akadémia ozbrojených síl generála Milana Rastislava Štefánika, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52651/vl.c.2023.9788080406608.25-36.
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Ensuring the security and defence of each state is limited by the resources available to that state. Ensuring the security and defence of the state thus has a clear economic dimension in addition to political, social, and other dimensions. The performance of the state's economy determines the state's possibilities primarily in the field of building and forming the armed forces, armed security forces, rescue and other units and institutions, their structure, quantitative and qualitative level of personnel, quantity and quality of weapons and equipment, training, special professional preparation, material and technical support, possibilities and ways of building the security and defence system of the state, etc. For this reason, the aim of the author of the paper, using relevant methods of scientific research, is to point out the importance and significance of the economic aspects of ensuring the security and defence of the state.
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Dakić, Dragan. "ACQUIS AND ECONOMIC SANCTIONS." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.667d.
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The research question addressed in this study focuses on whether economic sanctions form part of the legal framework of the European Union and, if they do, how they are governed. The study explores the idea that sanctions, particularly economic ones, are an integral component of the EU's legal system. Within the EU, the term "acquis" is used to encompass various aspects of the legal framework, including primary and secondary legislation, instruments related to the Common Foreign and Security Policy, and rulings from the European Court of Justice. In addition to these components, specific provisions within the acquis are relevant to the study, such as chapter 3 pertaining to service provision freedom, chapter 23 addressing justice and human rights, and chapter 31 focusing on external security and defense policy. The analysis will examine how these elements of the acquis are applied in the context of sanctions, exploring their development within the EU legal system, the legislative framework of the EU, and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. It is important to note that this study does not delve into the legality of unilateral economic sanctions imposed by the EU on states, individuals, or entities under international law, but it does refer to existing literature on this topic. The key findings of the research indicate that economic sanctions are indeed part of the EU's legal framework, though there are inconsistencies in their implementation.
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URBANS, Mihails, Jeļena MALAHOVA, and Jānis IEVIŅŠ. "CIVIL DEFENSE SYSTEM IN LATVIA AND IDENTIFIED DRAWBACKS IN RIGA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.055.
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The article considers Latvian Civil Defence System (hereinafter referred to as CD), how it works in cases of possible threats, how CS system protects the safety of people and national economy as well as the interests of the entire society in case of a catastrophe; types of CD system safety measures, provision thereof, what processes affect CD system in Riga; attitude of responsible state institutions towards national safety system and environment. Based on the abovementioned, we will review how the society itself has influenced its own safety and based on its outcome we will see what protection measures should be provided from the standpoint of safe human and social life, why the drawbacks, deficiencies and indifferent attitude are allowed in relation to the safety system processes in the country and Riga. In the aspect of CD regulatory enactments methodology, an attempt is made to explain the current drawbacks in safety processes of tasks to be fulfilled by the municipality by means of calculations thus identifying the reasons that all emergency situations, breakdowns, catastrophes resulting from technogenic and natural risks depend on the attitude of state institutions, local governments and the society towards the safety, and on general economic situation.
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Beaujolais, Brieanne, and Valentina Bodrug-Lungu. "Empowerment self-defense as a strategy to promote family resilience in Moldova." In Scientific-Practical Сonference ‘FAMILY RESILIENCE PERSPECTIVES IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTIPLE CRISES’. X Edition. Stratum plus I.P., High Anthropological School University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/prfcmcx211218.
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Family resilience can be hindered by the existence of violence within the family system. As is true for most parts of the world, domestic violence is prevalent in Moldova. Survivors of violence have an increased risk of experiencing negative health, education, and economic outcomes. In this article, we describe a novel intervention called Empowerment Self-Defense (ESD). ESD is based on the idea that self-defense is not only about learning physical techniques, but also about developing confidence and autonomy as psychological aspects necessary to face challenges, regardless of the circumstances. We explain how implementation of culturally-adapted ESD programs could promote family resilience by shifting social norms and attitudes, and improving outcomes for survivors and families in Moldova, and finally by decreasing rates of violence.
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Shalak, Alexander. "Kolchak and «The Allies» in Siberia: the Evaluation by Anti-Bolshevik Politicians." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.07.
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In his article, the author considers the works by the famous political opponents of Bolsheviks: N.D. Avksentiev, V.P. Zenzinov, K. Goppers, A. Budberg, K.V. Sakharov, G.K. Guins and D.F. Rakov, in which the activities of A. Kolchak and his government are evaluated. Their evaluation concerns such aspects as the interrelations between Kolchak and the representatives of the «Allies» army, the reaction to the coup and proclaiming him Supreme Governor of Russia, evaluation of his real possibilities and abilities and also of the internal political situation in Siberia and Far East. According to the author, this evaluation does not contradict the conclusions of Soviet historiography. Taking into account the attempts made to re-examine the image of A. Kolchak consolidated in historiography, the author suggests one should evaluate his activities from the perspective of the historicalgeopolitical approach rather than from the perspective of the class theory. Taking into consideration the role of foreign states in his political biography, his choice during the years of the Civil War was not between the Red and the White but between Russia and foreign intervention. The proposed approach allows us to consider the political activities of A. Kolchak in a broader context and to make judgment about him from the geopolitical perspective rather than from the perspective of the class theory. In this case, the criterion for evaluation of the activities of the politician are his actions aimed at the defense of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state.
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Hiç, Özlen, and Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "Anti-Keynesian Views: Fiscal and Monetary Guidelines." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00849.
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In this article, we will cover the main anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems that arose in the post Keynes period as well as their fiscal and monetary policy guidelines. As is known, the early Classical economists introduced a macroeconomic system based on the Quantity Theory and Say’s Law resulting in automatic full-employment equilibrium; and finally after 1929-1934 Great World Depression, the Keynesian System was introduced as a “revolution” (Keynesian Revolution) in theory and practice. As a result of the Keynesian policies implemented, European countries and the United States not only got over the Great World Depression but also in the years following the World War II, they have observed a fast and stable growth for a long time. Moreover, cyclical fluctuations have been controlled to a great extent. Even so, at the stage when the Keynesian System was introduced, anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems were immediately introduced. Intense academic discussions between advocates of these views and the Keynesian economists have continued up until today. Meanwhile, many economists such as J.R. Hicks, R.F. Harrod, N. Kaldor, M. Kalesci, A.W. Philips, A. Hansen, P.A. Samuelson, E. Domar, J. Tobin, R. Solow, A.M. Okun, W. Helier, G. Ackler, F. Modigliani, and R. Musgrave and many others have developed and defended the Keynesian System from different aspects. We can characterize significant anti-Keynesian views and macroeconomic systems as the “Counter-Revolution”.
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Hofmeier, Manfred, Isabelle Haunschild, and Ulrike Lechner. "Malicious Insider Threat Types – An Empirical Analysis." In 36th Bled eConference – Digital Economy and Society: The Balancing Act for Digital Innovation in Times of Instability. University of Maribor Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.6.2023.8.
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Malicious insider threats represent a particular challenge not only for defense, but also for research, as it is estimated there is a high number of unreported cases. Current taxonomies and typologies usually focus on specific aspects, such as goal or motivation, and tend to have tight boundaries. A number of malicious insider threat attack scenarios were identified in our research through qualitative interviews, enhanced with a game-based creative approach. The resulting data was used to develop a malicious insider threat typology in an empirical bottom-up approach. We developed an analysis scheme from existing taxonomies and typologies and used it in an empirical analysis of malicious insider roles and attack scenarios. We were able to identify eleven archetypes of malicious insider threats considering multiple facettes. This paper describes the analysis and the identified types.
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Gabor, Gabriel, and Doina Muresan. "THE PHYSIOGNOMY OF MILITARY CONFLICTS IN THE FUTURE AND THE NEED FOR TRANSFORMATION IN THE MILITARY." In eLSE 2013. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-13-042.
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In the future, war will mainly settle in the sphere of the politics and economics and will have as general purpose to aim at major economic projects, such as: control over strategic raw materials, from the point of view of their exploitation, access routes and trade markets; restricted access to high performance technologies; political and military control over some of the world's "hot spots" etc.. Basically, war will become an informational confrontation based on the use of certain mechanisms of distribution and combination of ways and means to support the conflict, falling within the politics area and hardly requiring any use of armed means. Transformation is a strategic imperative. At NATO member states defense ministries level, modernization needs to be shaped and influenced by the imperative realities specific to the competition in the information age. This is the age when power will directly depend on such aspects as: increased information dissemination capacity, easy access to information and increased decision-making speed. Military transformation involves changes in the doctrine, organization and structure of forces, capabilities, business intellingence, training, education and procurement, human rtesources management and budgetary programming which become the main areas where modernization of the military occurs. The strategies that define transformation cover three major areas: military culture, capabilities planning and capabilities transformation. NATO's credibility degree is and will also be depending on its military capabilities. Therefore, the final goal of the military organization transformation is to create new military capabilities that enable the armed forces to carry on operations across the entire spectrum of conflicts
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Pejaković-Đipić, Silvija, and Željko Karas. "TWO-WITNESS RULE DURING HOME SEARCH IN THE LIGHT OF THE COVID PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22432.
Full textAbstract:
Authors are analysing the extent of acceptance of rule on mandatory presence of two witnesses during a home search in national criminal proceedings in EU Member States. While some police powers in Croatia are regulated using modern forms of protection of suspects’ rights, some other investigative actions are regulated using rules that are uncommon in EU. Home search has a historic model of obligatory presence of two witnesses. These witnesses are often randomly selected among citizens, they are not legal professionals. A suspect has no right to reject witnesses if he considers that they could violate his privacy or health rights. Besides that, the Two-witness Rule has a peculiar impact on the evidence law. Items found during home search cannot be legally used if only one witness was present. According to such consequence, this rule actually requires a certain number of witnesses to prove a fact. Such requirements on number of witnesses have been abandoned in modern evidence law. The results of the analysis of the EU Member States show that the rule on the mandatory presence of two witnesses is widespread only in some post-communist systems. When it comes to EU criminal procedure codes (CPCs), the mandatory presence of witnesses exists in Croatian, Slovenian and Bulgarian CPC. The study is showing influence of former Russian CPC in post-Soviet era as well as the influence of former Yugoslav CPC. Regarded as the relic of the past, these procedural guarantees of home inviolability in the cases of home search should be reassessed and improved. In the context of COVID crisis, mandatory presence of witnesses presents challenge for the protection of suspect’s and witnesses’ health. Observed from the suspect’s right to protect his health or the witnesses’ right not to expose themselves to potentially health endangered situations, finding witnesses presents even more complexed mission. If the suspect is in COVID quarantine and the search must be conducted, can witnesses be forced to enter such premises? In case that suspect requires fully vaccinated witnesses who can present valid COVID Certificate or negative PCR test, how could his requirement be fulfilled? The possible solution for both evidence law and health reasons could be the use of modern technologies such as video recording that could replace mandatory witnesses presence. Finally, it would be more appropriate to respect the suspect’s choice on protection of his rights or to use modern technical means or defence lawyer, as in other investigative actions in criminal procedure.
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Đerić, Zoran, and Gojko Pavlović. "BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND NATO - CURRENT STATE OF PLAY." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.11.01.20.p35.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to analyze the current state of play in the relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and NATO. The first part of the paper deals with the analysis of constitutional and strategic documents, as well as legal regulations related to political, economic, defense, and security aspects in the relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and NATO. The second part of the paper presents a comparative analysis of the results of the research conducted in 2018 and 2019 on “Military neutrality or NATO”. The sample consists of 700 adult citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, residents of the cities of Banja Luka, Mostar and Sarajevo, and the research was conducted by the technique of direct contact with the respondents, while a specially created questionnaire was used as a research instrument. The authors intend to contribute to a better understanding of the activities carried out related to the current cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and NATO, as well as to emphasize the need for full respect for the constitutional and legal solutions concerning the discussion of relevant future strategic commitments of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, NATO, the current state of play
Reports on the topic "Defenses – economic aspects"
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.