Journal articles: 'Defense investment'

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Perry, William J. "Defense Investment Strategy." Foreign Affairs 68, no. 2 (1989): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043902.

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Teunissen, Niki, Sjouke A. Kingma, and Anne Peters. "Predator defense is shaped by risk, brood value and social group benefits in a cooperative breeder." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa012.

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Abstract Predation is a major cause of mortality and nest failure in birds. Cooperative predator defense can enhance nest success and adult survival but, because it is inherently risky, dynamic risk assessment theory predicts that individuals modify defense behavior according to the risk posed by the predator. Parental investment theory, on the other hand, predicts that reproductive payoffs (brood value) determine investment in nest defense. We propose that, in cooperative breeders, fitness benefits deriving from the survival of other group members may additionally influence defense behavior (social group benefits theory). We tested predictions of these theories in the cooperatively breeding purple-crowned fairy-wren, Malurus coronatus, where brood value is higher for breeders, but social group benefits more important for helpers. We recorded experimentally induced individual defense behaviors in response to predator models presented near nests, representing differing levels of threat to nests and adults. As predicted, 1) individuals engaged in less risky defenses when encountering a more dangerous predator (dynamic risk assessment theory); 2) individuals defended older broods more often, and breeders defended more than helpers (parental investment theory); and 3) helpers were more likely to respond to a predator of adults (social group benefits theory). Our findings highlight that predator defense in cooperative breeders is complex, shaped by the combination of immediate risk and multiple benefits.

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Davis, Dwight F. "NATIONAL DEFENSE AN INVESTMENT." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 39, no. 4 (March 18, 2009): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1927.tb04235.x.

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Loscalzo, Yura, and Marco Giannini. "Heavy Study Investment: An Analysis of the Defense Mechanisms Characterizing Studyholism and Study Engagement." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 9413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159413.

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Defense mechanisms are unconscious processes that protect a person from excessive anxiety. They are part of everyday functioning, and mature defenses are associated with positive outcomes. However, the excessive use of defenses or the use of immature defenses is associated with psychopathology. The present study aims to analyze the defense mechanisms that characterize two types of heavy study investment: Studyholism and Study Engagement. We performed a path analysis, MANOVAs, and binary logistic regressions on 422 Italian college students (Mage = 22.56 ± 2.87; 63.5% females). Among the main findings, the strongest (and positive) predictor of Studyholism is regression (maladaptive defense), while for Study Engagement, it is task-orientation (adaptive defense). Hence, Studyholism might be defined as a new potential clinical condition. Additionally, a critical analysis of all the defense mechanisms predicting Studyholism supports the appropriateness of the OCD-related framework for conceptualizing Studyholism. Regarding Study Engagement, even if generally associated with a positive defense style, the finding that it is positively predicted by projection confirms previous studies suggesting that, for some students, it might constitute a coping strategy with paranoid symptoms (and social anxiety and anxiety). Hence, we recommend screening engaged students for social impairment and clinically relevant symptoms that might be hidden by hard studying.

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Pan, Bin, Shih-Yung Wei, Xuanhua Xu, and Wei-Chiang Hong. "The Impact of Defense Investment on Economic Growth in the Perspective of Time Series." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaec.2014100104.

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By considering the demand and supply effects of defense investment and the uncertainty of the stochastic process of the production and defense investment, this study proposes a stochastic endogenous growth model to explore the impact of defense investment on economic growth. The results suggest that the relationship between defense investment and economic growth rate is nonlinear and obtains the optimal percentage of defense investment to maximize economic growth. Moreover, the impact of defense investment volatility on economic growth rate is subject to production and defense investment interference term's covariance and representative private investment risk preference. Finally, the empirical data are used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed model.

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Bradley, Robert H. "In Defense of Parental Investment." Journal of Marriage and the Family 60, no. 3 (August 1998): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/353547.

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Orlova, N. V., and A. I. Savinova. "Problems of investment policy of enterprises of space-rocket sector." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 34, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2018-34-1-76-81.

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Over time the enterprises of rocket-space industry were faced with the decay and deterioration of the basic Fund and as a consequence the necessity of their updating. To update fixed assets in enterprises conducted investment policy. This article explores the concept of «investment policy» and discusses the features of investments at the enterprises of rocket-space industry. Lists legislative acts that regulate the pricing of the state defense order. Describes in detail the sources of realization of investments at the enterprises working in sphere of the state defense order.

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Sarjito, Aris. "EVALUASI DAMPAK PENANAMAN MODAL ASING TERHADAP INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA." Jurnal EBI 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2023): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52061/ebi.v5i2.135.

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The defense sector plays a vital role in safeguarding the sovereignty and security of any nation. In recent years, the Indonesian government has opened up the defense industry to foreign investment to enhance industry competitiveness and technology transfer.The aim of this study is to identify the types and sources of foreign investment in Indonesia's defense industry, assess the extent to which foreign companies are involved in the transfer of technology and know-how to Indonesian firms, evaluate the impact of foreign investment on the competitiveness of Indonesia's defense industry, and identify any potential risks associated with foreign investment in the defense industry. This qualitative study employs a secondary data collection method to identify the types and sources of foreign investment in Indonesia's defense industry, assess the extent of technology transfer to Indonesian firms, evaluate the impact of foreign investment on industry competitiveness, and identify potential risks associated with foreign investment in the defense sector.The research findings indicate that foreign investment has increased the competitiveness of Indonesia's defense industry and enhanced technology transfer. The presence of foreign companies has also led to modernization and up-gradation of the defense sector. However, the study also highlights the potential risks associated with foreign investment, such as intellectual property theft and sensitive technology transfer.Keywords: defense industry, foreign investment, industry competitiveness, potential risks, technology transfer

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Teplitsky, Céline, and Anssi Laurila. "FLEXIBLE DEFENSE STRATEGIES: COMPETITION MODIFIES INVESTMENT IN BEHAVIORAL VS. MORPHOLOGICAL DEFENSES." Ecology 88, no. 7 (July 2007): 1641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-1703.1.

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Doussard, Marc. "Reevaluating the Pursuit of Defense Investment." Economic Development Quarterly 28, no. 4 (October 14, 2014): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242414551634.

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Schwebel, S. M. "In defense of bilateral investment treaties." Arbitration International 31, no. 2 (May 18, 2015): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiv017.

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Bandyopadhyay, Tridib. "Understanding Optimal Investment in Cyber Terrorism." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 1, no. 2 (April 2011): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2011040103.

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In this work, the author develops and explains a set of economic models under the decision theoretic framework to conceptualize the requisite levels of investment in the defense against cyber terrorism. This paper begins with a naïve model of cyber defense, on which the author progressively implements aspects of layered defense and domain conditionality to investigate practicable investment levels for countering cyber terrorism related risks. The proposed model characterizes the minimum budget below which a defending nation cannot feasibly contemplate to deploy more than one layer of defense against cyber terrorism. Beyond budgetary considerations, the paper also calculates the relative technological capabilities that the defending nation must possess to deploy a detection regime behind the first layer of protection regime. Finally, the author calculates and presents the optimal bifurcation of budget between the prevention and detection regimes should the defending nation possesses adequate funds to deploy layered defense in cyber terrorism.

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Bronson, Patricia. "A Model for Exogenous Learning on Department of Defense Procurement Programs." Return on Investement (ROI) of New Approaches to Defense Acquisition 27, no. 93 (July 1, 2020): 312–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22594/dau.19-834.27.03.

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Evidence of exogenous learning on Department of Defense (DoD) procurement programs for major weapon systems acquisition can be demonstrated and explained with an investment strategy model that maximizes the manufacturer’s return on investment (ROI) over the life of the program. This article describes one such model. The model takes a list of investment and unit-cost-reduction pairs and a planned procurement profile and computes which investments should be made and in what order to maximize profit. Simulations conducted with this model explore the learning curve effects caused by regulatory lag (the period of time the contractor gets to keep the ROI before he has to pass savings onto the customer), the manufacturers’ expected profit, and changes to the procurement rate.

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Rangeley, Robert W., and JEAN-GUY J. Godin. "The Effects of a Trade-Off Between Foraging and Brood Defense On Parental Behaviour in the Convict Cichlid Fish, Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum." Behaviour 120, no. 1-2 (1992): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00246.

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AbstractParental convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, responded to the presence of a potential brood predator by decreasing net energy gains (food intake decreased and energy expenditure increased) while increasing parental effort (large allocation of time to brood defense). These behaviours are important factors in the life-history trade-off between current and future reproductive investments. The allocation of energy into defense behaviours and elevated activity levels, combined with a voluntary reduction of food consumption, represent an investment in the current brood which could (in nature) reduce future reproduction. Contrary to parental investment theory predictions, consistent increases in parental effort with brood age were not evident.

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Matytsin, D. E. "Defense of Rights and Interests of Participants of Remote Investment Transactions." Journal of Law and Administration 18, no. 3 (October 18, 2022): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2022-3-64-32-38.

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Introduction. Article is devoted to protection and defense of rights and legitimate interests of participants of remote investment transactions. It is noted that the Federal Law №69-FZ «On Protection and Encouragement of Capital Investments in the Russian Federation» in fact does not regulate any protection of investments but only those based on a special agreement. As for the content of this agreement, proceeding from the provisions of Articles 9-10 of this Federal Law, it also regulates only some particular aspects of protection of investments. Consideration of protection in general by analogy with the institute of judicial protection allows us to conclude that we are talking about a special law-enforcement activity, as a rule, law enforcement and carried out on a procedural basis (exception - self-protection of civil rights) for the purpose of individualized restoration of violated rights and legitimate interests of participants of civil legal relations. It can be represented as a complex system consisting of three levels: general guarantees of protection, provided to all subjects of civil relations at the legislative level; special measures of legal protection, fixed for the participants of investment activity; methods of protection, typical for certain types of investment transactions depending on the type of investment, their scale (intranational or international), forms of commission, etc.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of this study was the methods of scientific cognition, among which the main place is occupied by the methods of consistency, analysis and comparative law.The results of the study. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the consideration of protection in general, by analogy with the institute of judicial protection, allows us to conclude that we are talking about a special law enforcement activity, as a rule, law enforcement and carried out on a procedural basis (exception – self-defense of civil rights) for the purpose of individualized restoration of violated rights and legitimate interests of participants in civil legal relations, and as for the protection of rights, unlike protection, it admits a generalized nature and combines all regulatory measures aimed at ensuring the relevant rights and interests.Discussion and conclusion. The prerequisites of the peculiarities of protecting the rights and interests of participants in remote investment transactions are revealed, which are primarily due to the form of their commission, which affects the content and generates some relatively new legal effects; their main advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. It is concluded that the main problem of protecting the rights and interests of participants in remote investment transactions is the ratio of traditional and innovative legal instruments of such protection, as well as a combination of general legal guarantees and special ones characteristic of investment relations of this type.

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Marshall, Shana. "Money for Nothing? Offsets in the U.S.–Middle East Defense Trade." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 4 (October 26, 2009): 551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809990055.

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In December 2008, the U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) released its thirteenth annual report on offsets in the U.S. defense trade. This chart displays numbers for the BIS category Middle East/Africa, taken from these reports beginning in 1993. Offsets are a variety of industrial and commercial incentives that defense firms provide to foreign governments to facilitate purchases, from coproduction of particular weapons systems to overseas investment. They have become such big business in the Middle East that a system has evolved to allow defense contractors to bank and trade offset credits like any other investment. Unlike ordinary investments, however, offsets represent transfers of substantial resources to authoritarian governments under conditions of near total unaccountability. Because offsets are usually a percentage of the overall contract value, regimes that spend more on weapons get more in offsets.

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Wicaksono, Wirawan Hanindito, and Ruslan Arief. "COSTLY-DEFENSE SYSTEMS VERSUS PRODUCTIVE INVESTMENTS: THE CASE OF SINGAPORE’S 1st GENERATION MILITARY BUILD-UP (THE 1960s-1980s)." Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi ttg Kajian & Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v8i3.1726.

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<p>Choosing a costly defense over an economically productive investment is always a nightmare for national policymakers. Despite the dilemma, Singapore came up as an anomaly with its decision in investing a remarkable amount of defense budget, reaching 4.5% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and ranging around 15-30% of its annual government spending and still succeeding in developing its economy, while some do not. Therefore, drawing from what happened in the early period of Singapore’s independence, this study aims to figure out how the country justified its decision to choose a costly defense investment over a productive investment during this period and how the Singapore government decided to spend almost 40% of its annual budget on defense. Through historical analysis and literature studies, this study finds that the decision to choose a costly defense investment over an economically productive investment is justifiable under specific circumstances: first, when a nation deals with threats that would cost the nation future and survivability; second, the ability to implement the policy effectively and efficiently; third, is the ability to set how much is enough, the top limit of defense investment; and fourth, the existence of potential economic benefits. </p>

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Stone, Christopher. "Innovations in Public Defense as an Investment in Better Sentencing." Federal Sentencing Reporter 24, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2011.24.1.21.

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The Neighborhood Defender Service of Harlem (NDS) opened its doors in 1990, hoping to demonstrate the benefits of a community-based, team-based public defender that began representation from the moment of arrest, or even earlier. Although pretrial detention time was not statistically different for NDS clients compared with similar defendants, NDS clients ultimately received significantly shorter sentences, and the savings to the government in terms of jail and prison time were substantial. More than twenty years after its debut, NDS continues to show that high-quality public defense can play an important role in any strategy to unwind mass incarceration while improving the quality of criminal justice generally.

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Karaki, Mohamad B., and Hadi Safieddine. "Do defense news crowd out private investment?" Economics Letters 233 (December 2023): 111421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111421.

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Morrell, N., K. M. Johnson, C. E. Tarwater, and P. Arcese. "Nest defense and parental investment in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 7 (July 2016): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0042.

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Individual variation in nest defense behaviour is common in altricial birds, but despite clear predictions about why such variation exists, there is no consensus on its causes. We tested for an influence of five predictors of individual variation in nest defense behaviour, including time of season, offspring age, parental age and sex, and clutch size in a well-studied Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia (A. Wilson, 1810)) population. We recorded parental responses to a standardized human approach and used model selection to assess support for each predictor. Parents tended to approach observers less closely and alarm-call less as the breeding season progressed, indicating a modest seasonal decline in parental nest defense, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the reproductive value of offspring influenced parental defense behaviour. Clutch size effect estimates were insignificant, but it was weakly supported as a predictor of nest defense, which is expected if parental investment in defense and current reproductive effort are positively related. Offspring age, as well as parental age and sex, received little or no support as affecting parent nest defense. Our results offer limited support for the hypothesis that the reproductive value of offspring affects parental nest defense.

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Chen, Sheng Li, and Xiao Dong Liu. "Analyzing Manufacturer’s R&D Equilibrium in Defense Procurement." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 1435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.1435.

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We formulate the model of R&D investment scale adjustment of defense procurement by applying game theory and contest theory and study the equilibrium of manufacturers’ R&D investment decision-making in defense procurement. We explore mainly the influence of valuation of monopolistic contract and differences among manufacturers’ abilities on investment. The conclusion shows that manufacturers’ investment equilibrium of R&D projects is what the government expects under certain conditions, however, manufacturers’ abilities effect on the investment equilibrium and makes it deviate from the government expectation. Therefore, the government must keep practically manufacturers’ anticipation about the monopolistic contact being consistent with government’s and set basic admission criterion to enable manufactures’ ability well-matched to induce the manufacturers’ investment decisions to the investment equilibrium that it desired.

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Dimitri, Nicola. "Skills, Efficiency, and Timing in a Simple Attack and Defense Model." Decision Analysis 17, no. 3 (September 2020): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/deca.2020.0409.

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In this paper, we consider a simple two-player attack and defense model, focusing on the role of players’ abilities and choice timing. Abilities are divided into skills and efficiency, where the former is an absolute notion and the latter a relative notion of ability. Timing is investigated by comparing players’ investments in a simultaneous and a Stackelberg game. In the simultaneous game, the Nash Equilibrium investment level in attack and defense resources is symmetric, increasing in the skills but non-monotonic in the relative efficiency. In the Stackelberg game, the equilibrium investment levels are asymmetric, increasing in the skills, but with their ranking affected only by the relative efficiency. Therefore, interestingly, players’ choice is mostly characterized by players’ relative efficiency rather than by their skills, in regards to timing.

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Savić, Aleksandar, Milan Mihajlović, and Ivan Božović. "Macroeconomic aspects of comprehensive costs of assets as a prerequisite for equipping the defense system with weapons and military equipment." Vojnotehnicki glasnik 71, no. 3 (2023): 797–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg71-44145.

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Introduction/purpose: The activity of managing the budget funds of the Ministry of Defense and the Serbian Armed Forces (MoD and AF) does not accept even minimal mistakes in the procurement of weapons and military equipment (WME). Equipping the Serbian Armed Forces with weapons and military equipment must be economically justified because a large part of the budget is allocated for that purpose. The goal of the research is to look at the economic aspect of treating costs as a prerequisite for the process of equipping the defense system with weapons and military equipment. Methods: For the purposes of the research, we used analytical and descriptive methods in order to see the comprehensive costs of assets that precede the effective equipping of the Ministry of Defense and the Armed Forces with WME. The research included the analysis of 18 review and research papers, which we analyzed in accordance with the Rulebook on equipping the Serbian Armed Forces with weapons and military equipment. Results: The results of the research indicate that economic justification is expressed implicitly by the ratio of intangible benefits and achieved goals to the invested funds. The most common reason why economic justification is not expressed explicitly by the difference between the initial investment and the final asset quantity is the existence of a number of circumstances for making wrong investment decisions. Also, if the costs are not considered in detail during the entire life cycle of the investment, it can be assumed that the planned target result is not certain. Conclusion: The research indicates that not considering costs during the entire life cycle of the investment is the main reason for unplanned investments in the later stages and the emergence of numerous problems in the functioning of the defense system.

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Steiner, Ulrich K. "Investment in defense and cost of predator-induced defense along a resource gradient." Oecologia 152, no. 2 (January 13, 2007): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0645-3.

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Kronenberg, Mitchell, Robert Brines, and Jim Kaufman. "MHC evolution: a long term investment in defense." Immunology Today 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(94)90016-7.

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Gill, Thomas J. "MHC evolution: a long-term investment in defense." Immunology Today 15, no. 8 (August 1994): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(94)90181-3.

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Park, Dongmin, Yuyeon Ahn, and Soongsoo Han. "R&D Investment in the Defense Industry." KOREAN JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING RESEARCH 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 191–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.31507/kjmar.2024.4.24.1.191.

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Coverdale, Tyler C., Jacob R. Goheen, Todd M. Palmer, and Robert M. Pringle. "Good neighbors make good defenses: associational refuges reduce defense investment in African savanna plants." Ecology 99, no. 8 (June 25, 2018): 1724–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2397.

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Legionosuko, Tri, and Mhd Halkis. "Social Investment Management of PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia in the framework of National Defense." Technium Social Sciences Journal 16 (February 10, 2021): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v16i1.2456.

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Ethics in a multinational company environment is related to business problems, but the position of corporate partnership determines sustainable companies. The study aims to integrate the concept of social investment (SI) with state defense in multinational mining companies' environment. Social Investment (SI) business ethics as part of Corporate Citizenship (CC) has a different concept base. CSR for companies is an honest effort for companies towards the surrounding community. Whereas the State Defense is a political concept of the State that regulates citizens' rights and obligations in defending the country. The ethnographic method can combine the CSR and State Defense models in the multinational company oil mine environment. Chevron Pacific Indonesia Inc.'s CSR in international companies is called Social Investment (SI) has a dilemma; because CSR is seen as a long-term corporate interest, on the other hand, the regional Government distributes a small portion of profits to the surrounding community. After analyzing PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia's CSR and the Regional Government's strategy in realizing public welfare in the context of state defense, researchers can formulate the Corporate Citizenship (CC) as the State Defense CSR model.

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Maheswaranathan, S., and R. Jerusha. "THE IMPACT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE EXPENDITURE ON GROWTH OF ECONOMY IN SRI LANKA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i3.2021.3710.

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This study aims to analyze the relationship between defense expenditure and growth of the economy in Sri Lanka applying annual data during the period between 1990-2019 by engaging the ARDL bounds test and the Granger causality test. Economic growth is considered as a dependent variable whereas; defense expenditure, broad money supply, capital investment and exchange rate are considered as independent variables for this study. The findings revealed that defense spending has a significant and positive effect on economic growth in the long- run. Exchange rate, capital investment and broad money supply have a significant and positive influence in the short-run and long-run. Further, the output of the Granger causality confirms the one-way association between the growth of the economy and defense expenditure. The study suggests that government should concentrate more on human capital development rather than spending on defense.

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Morceiro, Paulo César, Milene Simone Tessarin, and Joaquim José Martins Guilhoto. "Productive complex of defense and security in Brazil: dimensional, sectoral and technological impacts." Economia Aplicada 22, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1980-5330/ea132559.

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In a novel way, we have measured the Brazilian defense and security complex. It corresponded to 3.7% of the Brazilian GDP in 2014. We have also estimated that the investment projects of Armed Forces have high socioeconomic impacts and great technological potential by demanding high-tech products and services. Unpublished information was collected from several public agencies (Ministries, Public Security, and Government Transparency Portal). With this, we estimate the security and defense sector in Brazilian input-output matrix and identify the sectoral profile of the defense investment projects. This innovative methodology can be applied to evaluate other public policies.

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Shofhani, Chabib, I. Nengah Putra Apriyanto, and I. B. Putera Jandhana. "Acceleration of Defense Technology Mastery: R-Han 122 B Rocket for the Establishment of National Defense Industry Independence in Supporting the Fulfillment of Defense and Security Equipment." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i1.129.

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The dynamics of the strategic environment always influence the procurement of the Main Weapon System Tool. These dynamics are felt when the need for weapons and combat technology is still very dependent on other countries, causing vulnerabilities in modernizing weapons. One of the efforts to develop rocket technology independently, although not yet fully, especially regarding some imported rocket raw materials, the Indonesian Defense Industry conducted a research program on the development of the R-Han 122 B Rocket which was worked on by the National Rocket Consortium with the Research and Development Agency of the Ministry of Defense. From several trials and dynamic tests that have been carried out, it is necessary to accelerate mastery of technology in order to perfect the resulting product. For this reason, it is necessary to prepare investments to complete the production line facilities and infrastructure, cooperation between industry and users, government policies and the government's alignment with investment in order to increase local content in meeting the needs of domestic and foreign consumers.

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Zeman, RK, and LP Elliott. "Physician investment in free-standing imaging centers: in defense." American Journal of Roentgenology 147, no. 2 (August 1986): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.147.2.414.

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Redmond, Lucas J., Michael T. Murphy, Amy C. Dolan, and Karen Sexton. "Parental Investment Theory and Nest Defense by Eastern Kingbirds." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 121, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/07-166.1.

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Kohno, P. A., and V. I. Iradionov. "Methodology of Assessing Investment Appeal of Defense Industry Companies." Voprosy sovremennoj nauki i praktiki. Universitet imeni V.I. Vernadskogo, no. 1(59) (2016): 063–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/voprosy.2016.01.pp.063-074.

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Frisch, Franz A. P. "Industrial adaptability and defense investment cycles: Differences across nations." Defense Analysis 9, no. 1 (April 1993): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07430179308405573.

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Tkachenko, Nataliia, Petro Kurmaiev, Liudmyla Seliverstova, and Maria Pozhydaeva. "Features of financing NATO's armed forces." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 26 (February 21, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.26.02.13.

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The aim of the article is to investigate the peculiarities of financing NATO's armed forces. The following methods were used in the study process: comparative analysis method, correlation analysis, content analysis. The current state of defense financing in the world and in NATO countries has been clarified. Sources of funding for civilian and military budgets and NATO security investment programs are highlighted. The civilian budget covers staff costs, operational costs, capital expenditures and expenses for the International Secretariat's programs at NATO Headquarters. The military budget covers the costs of operating and maintaining the structure of NATO military management bodies. The procedure for the payment of direct and indirect contributions to NATO content by the Allies is disclosed. The tasks of the bodies responsible for financial control over the formation and use of NATO finances are described: the North Atlantic Council, the Resource Policy and Planning Council, the Budget Committee, the Investment Committee, the NATO Independent International Audit Board. Shares of financing of civilian and military budgets, as well as NATO programs by NATO member countries, the ratio of defense expenditures to GDP in NATO countries, the share of capital expenditures in the structure of defense expenditures of NATO countries are analyzed. The volumes and structure of defense financing expenditures in Ukraine are compared with NATO countries. It is revealed that during 2014-2018 Ukraine significantly increased the amount of defense financing, at the same time the share of capital expenditures in the structure of defense spending in Ukraine remains insignificant. It is proposed to increase the share of expenditures on military investments and innovations, purchase of armaments and military equipment, construction of military facilities and, at the same time, limit the share of current expenditures on the maintenance of the armed forces.

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Tymoshenko, Maryna, Nataliia Bondarchuk, Iryna Lytvyn, Iuliia Kostynets, and Oksana Bieliakova. "Prospects of state regulation of venture entrepreneurship in Ukraine." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 74 (October 25, 2022): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.03.

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Using general and special scientific methods and generalized statistical data, the article reveals the essence of venture entrepreneurship, identifies the features and influence of venture investments on the innovative development of the Ukrainian economy in conditions of limited state resources. It has demonstrated the need to develop a strategy to improve the investment climate and expand venture investment in Ukraine, the main measures of which should include: improvement of the legislative framework; development of the innovation ecosystem in accordance with major global trends; formation of a favorable investment climate and tax regime for investors; development and implementation of new organizational and legal forms of venture investment; creation of conditions for the development of infrastructure units of the entrepreneurship ecosystem; formation of conditions for the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the real sector of the economy, as well as in the scientific and technical sphere, etc. It concludes with recommendations on the need to increase the volume of venture capital investments in high-tech projects with an emphasis on the defense industrial complex, IT sphere and construction, among others.

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Halfeld, Rodrigo, Marcela Cohen Martelotte, and Carlos Bastian-Pinto. "Defense investment and economy: a study on the causality relationship." International Journal of Scientific Management and Tourism 9, no. 2 (May 10, 2023): 684–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/ijsmtv9n2-003.

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The effect of defense expenditure on economic growth is the subject of many debates. This study investigates the relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth applying Granger causality test. To do this, data of military expenditure, gross domestic product, and gross capital formation from six countries are analyzed. They are: Brazil, China, United States of America, France, United Kingdom and Russia. The findings of the study indicate Granger causality relationship for some of these countries.

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Bielialov, Taliat, Iryna Shtuler, Dina Tereshchenko, Nataliia Horiachova, and Lesia Pashniuk. "Prospects for the development of investment and innovation activity in Ukraine." Cuestiones Políticas 41, no. 76 (March 6, 2023): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4176.06.

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The article is based on general and special scientific knowledge methods by means of which the main investment trends in Ukraine and in the leading economies of the world are revealed. It highlights the prerequisites for stable economic development of the country and, at the same time, investigates the factors of investment attraction. The main problems of the development of investment activities on the territory of Ukraine are described and strategic guidelines for the formation of a positive investment climate are given. As a result of the research, the short- and long-term policy prospects for improving investment and innovation activities in war and post-war times have been determined. In addition, the priority directions of foreign capital investments are considered, which include defense industry, energy, information technologies, processing industry, financial activity and trade. It was concluded that stimulation of intellectual and investment activities in Ukraine requires the introduction of an effective tax system, promotion of international cooperation, improvement of legislation and provision of adequate protection of intellectual property rights.

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Lokhman, N. V., T. V. Korenitsyna, and O. A. Hryshchuk. "INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ENTERPRISES AS HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY SUBJECTS." Visnyk of Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky, no. 1 (74) 2021 (2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4819-2021-74-1-100-107.

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Objective. Based on the integrated indicator of the intensity of the innovation strategy and the integrated indicator of the intensity of the investment strategy the objective of the article is to determine the innovation and investment strategy for the development of tourism enterprises as hospitality industry subjects. Methods. In the course of the research, the following methods are used: methods of theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis (to determine the notion of the concept of “innovation and investment strategy”), index (to calculate the intensity of innovative and investment strategies using integrated indicators), matrix (to form a modi-fied GE / matrix McKinsey on the definition of innovative investment strategy of tourism enterprises). Results. Based on the study, a procedure for the integration of innovative and investment strategies of tourism enterprises, which involves comparing a separate type of innovative strategy (traditional, opportunistic, imitative, defense, offensive) with a separate type of investment strategy (preservation, accumulation, moderate growth, aggressive growth) is proposed. Based on these data, innovative investment strategies for tourism enterprises using the modified GE / McKinsey matrix (investment plateau, innovation breakthrough, innovation pole, innovation circuit, innovation springboard, innovation pit, innovation plateau) are offered. Using the index method, the intensity of the innovation and investment strategy is calculated as integral indicators, which consist of individual indicators of innovation (growth index of financial potential, growth index of material and technical potential, growth index of staff potential, growth index of marketing potential, growth index of information potential) and investment (index of growth of own investments, index of growth of attracted investments, index of growth of profit on own investments, index of growth of profit on attracted investments, index of sufficiency of investments) potentials. To determine the innovation and investment strategy for the development of tourism enterprises, a rating scale is developed for assessing the integral indicator of the intensity of the innovation strategy and the integrated indicator of the intensity of the investment strategy. Accordingly, innovation-investment strategies for the development of the tourism enterprises under study are identified. The positions of tourism enterprises in the modified GE / McKinsey matrix on the definition of an innovative investment strategy for the development of tourism enterprises are presented.

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Radojević, Slobodan, Milena Knežević, and Dragan Bojanić. "The policy of neutrality and investment in the defence system." Vojno delo 75, no. 2 (2023): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2302014r.

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At a time when traditionally neutral countries in international relations, such as Finland and Sweden, decide to abandon this concept, it is necessary to reconsider the policy of neutrality of European countries, as well as costs and investment in the defence system. Analysing the case of the neutrality of Switzerland, Austria and the Republic of Serbia, the authors start from the policy of this concept and monitor the costs and investment in their defence system. Switzerland is the first country whose permanent neutrality is internationally recognized and is considered a model of the international and legal status of neutrality. Austrian neutrality is much younger and is the result of specific international relations. Among other things, Switzerland bases its policy of neutrality on the concept of armed neutrality and great investment in materiel, and Austria follows a similar pattern in the policy of neutrality. Although neutrality of each state is conditioned by various factors and marked by specificities, which should be taken into account when generalising, the authors believe that, despite changes in the structure of international politics and the expansion of the meaning and scope of security, great investment in the defense and security system is a guarantee of indisputability and sustainability of neutral states. Therefore, using comparative analysis of neutrality policies and comparing investment in defence systems, they conclude that the key to the concept of neutrality and armed deterrence is investment in materiel, which is of great importance for developing and strengthening the concept of the military neutrality of the Republic of Serbia.

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Mulhern, J. J. "The next US defense investment cycle: Will experience improve it?" Defense & Security Analysis 19, no. 1 (March 2003): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1475179032000058044.

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Keller, L. Robin. "Investment and Defense Strategies, Heuristics, and Games: From the Editor …" Decision Analysis 8, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/deca.1110.0201.

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Korb, Lawrence J. "Growth and decline of accounts through the defense investment cycle." Defense Analysis 9, no. 1 (April 1993): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07430179308405571.

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Nkhoma, Mathews Z., and Duy P. T. Dang. "Contributing Factors of Information Security Investments in South East Asia SMBs." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 7, no. 1 (January 2013): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jisp.2013010103.

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This research aims to determine the contributing factors of information security investment by developing a theory-based conceptual model using Partial Least Square techniques to analyze the data collected from 500 IT decision-makers in Vietnamese small and medium sized businesses. The findings from the conceptual model, which is based on Technology-Organization-Environment framework, suggests that the drivers of organizational intention to invest in information security include the organization’s internal information, size, perceived IT benefits and manager’s knowledge about information security. By understanding more about the contributing factors of information security investment, practitioners could focus on such factors to make rational investment decision and improve their defense against the emerging cyber-crimes. On the other hand, the authors also hope to fill in the existing gap of information security management research area in which there are few studies investigating the drivers of information security investments.

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Gutsan, Tetiana, and Olha Melnykova. "Trends in the investment attractiveness of Ukraine under the conditions of marital state." Galician economic journal 87, no. 2 (2024): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2024.02.030.

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The article characterizes the essence and role of the investment attractiveness of Ukraine's economy in wartime conditions, determines the factors determining the country's investment attractiveness and factors that affect it during martial law, and proves the need to develop strategies for attracting investments in conditions of instability. The dynamics of investment flows in Ukraine during the last twenty years were considered and the negative impact of the conflict in the east of the country on investment activity was indicated, the main investor countries and sectors where foreign investments were directed were identified. The components of Ukraine's investment attractiveness index were analyzed and its negative dynamics were noted. The main problems of the investment attractiveness of Ukraine's economy are singled out, in particular, military actions on the territory of Ukraine, significant damage to the energy system, infrastructure, and production capacities of enterprises; imprudence of investment cooperation; instability and opacity of state legislation; high level of corruption; imperfection of tax policy; weak judicial system; the impossibility of forecasting the development of the national economy even in the medium term. The need for active cooperation with the media and stakeholders, as well as the use of communication capabilities of leaders and influential personalities at the international level to attract and interest investors, is indicated. Attention was focused on the investment opportunities of the regions and the industries with the greatest investment potential were identified. Vectors of increasing the investment potential of Ukraine in the post-war period are proposed, such as supporting industries that will contribute to the restoration of destroyed production capacities (construction, energy, agro-processing, logistics, IT, etc.); active development of the military and defense industry; introduction of benefits for the affected business; introduction of state insurance of foreign investments to reduce the risk for foreign partners; increasing informational support for investors; reforming the judicial system; development of industrial parks; diversification of mechanisms for attracting investment funds to the country, in particular support by business angels, attracting venture and strategic investors, crowdfunding, etc.

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Fadhiil, Muhammad Dzaki, and Arie Afriansyah. "Strategic Development of Indonesia’s Outermost Islands as an Enhancement of National Maritime Defense and Sovereignty." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujlc.2022.v06.i01.p05.

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The Republic of Indonesia as an archipelagic country has strategic territorial waters and a wealth of maritime resources. Indonesia's strategic position creates an area that has the outermost islands in the national border area. The outer islands of Indonesia are national natural resources to be utilized for their potential through the development of maritime resources. The huge potential of Indonesia's territory demands the development of the outer islands through economic improvement, investment, and tourism. The responsibility of the state in maximizing the potential of Indonesia's outermost region from a legal perspective is to maximize the determination of maritime boundaries in protecting the nation's sovereignty based on international law and national law. The article aims to analyze the projections of the Indonesian Government on the development of the outermost islands in strengthening maritime sovereignty as a form of anticipating violations of sovereignty. This paper argues that national defense maximizes and complements the implementation of the economy, investment, and tourism. Thus, the problem that arises is how the Indonesian Government's policy towards the development of the outermost islands is based on the aspect of national defense in increasing the economic, investment and tourism potential in the outer islands of Indonesia. The development of the outer islands is a holistic focus of the Indonesian Government in increasing economic potential, investment and tourism and ensuring national sovereignty through increasing national defense.

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Mishin, Y. V. "Organizational and Economic Aspects of the State Support of the Enterprises and Organizations of National Defense Industry." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 10, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 144–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2019.10.2.144-165.

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Purpose: the purpose of the work is to prepare reasonable proposals for the development of state support for investment activities – programs of diversification of enterprises and organizations of the defense industry. The relevance of the topic of this article is because the current state support mechanisms do not effectively stimulate the implementation of projects to diversify enterprises and defense industry organizations. Therefore, it is necessary to develop special regulatory documents that take into account the specific features of the organization of production and production of defense-industrial complex (first of all, the “State program for diversification of enterprises and defense-industrial complex organizations”) for a rather long period of time.Methods: the methodological basis of the work is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, as well as systemic and institutional approaches. In the course of the study, the procedures and instruments of state support for investment activities of business entities used methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and analogies. The methodological basis of this article was legal documents in the field of investment promotion (Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders of ministries, etc.).Results: the article formulates proposals on the methods and procedures of justifying calculations, as well as the procedure and conditions for the provision of target funds. The proposals were developed on the basis of the analysis of the specific features of the organization of production and military products manufactured by the defense industry, as well as existing legal documents in the field of state support for investment activities.Conclusions and Relevance: аt the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the state must not only provide support to enterprises and organizations of the defense industrial complex in the form of concessional loans, subsidize interest rates on them, but also finance research and development costs from the federal budget. It should create interest among potential buyers in their acquisition of civilian products not only by economic, but also by administrative methods. At the same time, projects should be evaluated according to three criteria: the level of competitiveness of products in the world markets, commercial (financial) and budgetary efficiency.

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Muhammed, Sule, Yakubu Hassan Madugbe, Vicent Chuks Okafor, and Itodo Christian Itodo. "Defense Budget and Response of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nigeria: Co-Integration and VECM Approach." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 20, no. 2 (July 10, 2023): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v20i2693.

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The research was conducted on the topic: Defense Budget and Response of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nigeria: Co-integration and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Approach. It investigated how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) move in response to defence budget considering the insecurity problem faced by Nigeria during the period of the study. Time series data which spanned from 1981 to 2019 was sourced from CBN. The data collected was subjected to unit root test, co-integration test and vector error correction estimation. The results showed long run equilibrium among variables. It was found also that there existed short-run relationship among variables or ran from GDP, MNFO, INF and LFP to FDI and recommended improvement in output, inflation control, enhancement of labour force performance, economic diversification and improved security spending and sincere intention in the approach to finding lasting solutions to insecurity among others.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Defense investment'

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