Academic literature on the topic 'Defense industries – European Union countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Defense industries – European Union countries"
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Ploom, Illimar, Tarmo Kalvet, and Marek Tiits. "Defence industries in small European states: Key contemporary challenges and opportunities." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 15, no. 4 (December 2022): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-4/7.
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This study addresses the challenges and opportunities that small European states face when weighing their defence industrial policy options. The article builds on a technology–based small state industry governance model by adding a defence industry–specific layer. This model is used to analyse how defence industries of small states could contribute to the European Union common defence industrial policy, and how the latter could likewise be beneficial to small member states. The paper discusses defence industrial policy challenges and opportunities both from the wider European Union and small state perspective. Global and regional geopolitical trends are explored among other specific topics, as are aspects of regional and domestic governance like the market structure, procurement, and R&D. The article concludes that small European states could both win and lose with the establishment of a common defence market, depending on the market design. Ideally, it should be combined with the simultaneous creation of an EU defence industrial policy that enables smaller, and especially less developed, member states to maintain and advance their own industries, preferably participating within the value chains of defence industries of the larger countries.
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Reis, João, David Pascoal Rosado, Diogo Freitas Ribeiro, and Nuno Melão. "Quintuple Helix Innovation Model for the European Union Defense Industry—An Empirical Research." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 16499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416499.
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The European defense industry is undergoing profound upheavals, and traditional innovation models may no longer be adequate. For this reason, further investigation is needed to know if the triple helix (TH) is suitable for one of the most influential industries in the world. If not suitable, it is necessary to identify which type of n-helices are appropriate. This article follows an embedded case study research strategy that uses several sources of data collection such as interviews with active-duty military personnel, scholars, the defense industry, and interagency professionals. Field notes and official documentation were also collected for corroboration and triangulation purposes. The results showed that the defense industry is increasingly globalized, leaving the national sphere and weakening the action and participation of European Union governments. This research resulted in the design of a quintuple helix innovation model for the defense industry, which was based on a TH combined with technology and the natural environment. We concluded that the traditional TH may not be adequate for the entry of new supranational players and that political contributions are subject to a further response by the European states. Scientific research is also needed, especially in Asian and American countries, which have national defense policies different from those of Europe.
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Rapp-Jung, Barbara, and Karl von Wogau. "The case for a European system monitoring foreign investment in defence and security." Common Market Law Review 45, Issue 1 (February 1, 2008): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2008003.
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European defence and security interests are at risk if undertakings and governments from other than EU countries can easily gain control of European defence and security equipment and technology. The authors therefore plead for the adoption of European rules designed to monitor foreign investments in the defence and security sectors. At this stage, such investments undergo no screening at all at EU level. National schemes exist in some Member States but can in an internal market easily be circumvented. Common rules designed to review the acquisition of substantial participations in European defence and security operators would considerably increase the autonomy, the security and the efficiency of the defence of the European Union and its Member States, particularly if implemented at EU level. Moreover they would form a corollary to the establishment of an internal defence market while at the same time supporting the reciprocity of the access of European industries to third country markets.
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Yevtodyeva, M. G. "Military-Technical Cooperation of South-East Asian States with the United States and EU Countries (2011–2020)." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 14, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-4-9.
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The article aims to identify the key trends and main areas of development of arms trade and military-technical cooperation between South-East Asian countries and the United States and European Union countries over the past decade (2011–2020). In addition to the direct procurement of weapons and military equipment (with a detailed list of purchased systems for each of the South-East Asian countries), the supply of subsystems and components, the licensed production and other forms of military-technical cooperation are also considered. The growth of military expenditures and arms procurement of the South-East Asian countries over the past decade is analyzed in terms of influence of such drivers as internal instability, the China-US confrontation in the Pacific region and the unresolved disputes between the countries in the South China Sea, the modernization of the armed forces and national defense industries in SouthEast Asia. On this basis, conclusions are made about the prospects for development of military-technical cooperation and arms procurement in the region, as well as how the changes taking place in this sphere affect Russia’s military-technical cooperation with South-East Asian countries.
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PIDORYCHEVA, Iryna. "SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL AND INNOVATIVE COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: PERSPECTIVES AND STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT." Economy of Ukraine 2022, no. 2 (March 12, 2022): 50–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2022.02.050.
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In the conditions of normality 2.0, cardinal technological transformations taking place in the world economy under the influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the deepening of international cooperation that will promote sustainable development of countries becomes a priority. At the heart of Ukraine's strategic foreign policy course is the European integration, which involves the development of relations with the European Union and its member states in many areas of common interest. One of these areas is science and technology and innovation, which is key in terms of ensuring the competitiveness and technological security of countries in the long run. The peculiarities of the EU's innovation policy in the context of the implementation of its new strategic course on building a climate-neutral, greener, digital, resilient and democratic Europe are studied. The approaches that are the basis of modern EU innovation policy are identified: the approach of smart specialization and the approach to mission-oriented innovation. Particular attention is paid to the latter, the essence of missions and mission-oriented innovation policy is highlighted, their role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is shown. Strategic priority areas of scientific-technological and innovation cooperation between Ukraine and the EU are identified, taking into account national and global challenges, potentials and achievements of domestic science, new strategic goals of the European Union and features of European innovation policy. The expediency and prospects of cooperation between the parties in four of the selected areas, which provide for the development of cooperation in the following areas: first, security, defense-technical and defense-industrial cooperation; second, health and pharmacology, biotechnology and genomics; third, agriculture and the food industry, in particular organic farming and precision farming; fourth, digitization and development of digital technologies. The institutional principles of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in these areas are summarized and proposals are provided to strengthen the scientific, technological and innovation-industrial potential of Ukraine as a prerequisite for its effective integration into the European Research Area.
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Prokhovnyk, Pavlo. "HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION UKRAINE-NATO AT THE PRESENT STAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 30 (November 30, 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-30-54-60.
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The article analyzes the history of the development of military-technical cooperation between Ukraine and NATO as one of the defining areas of international military partnership. Taking into account specific historical circumstances and external aggression by the Russian Federation, the importance of Ukraine’s military-technical cooperation with partner countries for the implementation of political goals and objectives of the state for the development of defense industry and national security is emphasized. Ukraine faced new types of threats in all spheres of the state’s life, in the military in particular, which required active assistance from partner countries. The realities of the hybrid war, which has targeted our country, require new approaches to ensuring the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, including by strengthening military partnerships with the European Union and the United States. In modern geopolitical, socio-economic, international legal, military-political conditions, the nature, forms and directions of Ukraine’s military partnership need to be rethought and clarified. Today, Ukraine’s military cooperation with NATO is of a strategic nature, the tasks of which can be grouped into four key areas: maintaining military-political dialogue; assistance in reforming and developing the Armed Forces of Ukraine; ensuring contribution to international security and peacekeeping; defense and technical cooperation. As a result of this study, NATO membership will open new opportunities for Ukraine’s competitive defense industries and lay the foundation for military-technical cooperation at the international level. In this context, the myth that Ukraine’s accession to NATO will involve the collapse of Ukraine’s defense industry through the introduction of new NATO military standards, requirements for rearmament for our army is completely eliminated.
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Skrypniuk, Oleksandr. "International legal assistance to Ukraine in the fight against russian aggression." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, no. 13 (October 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-2.
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The article examines the issue of international assistance to Ukraine in the fight against Russia’s large-scale aggression. This aggression caused the biggest crisis of the system of international security, international law, and international relations after World War II and caused the destruction of the modern international order. At first, Russia’s actions caused a certain disunity in the democratic world. But the treacherous attack and the start of a full-scale war in the center of Europe rallied the leading states of NATO and the European Union. The main and consistent provider of aid to Ukraine is the United States of America and Great Britain. In total, US aid for the first three months of the war amounted to more than 50 billion dollars. Great Britain became a locomotive and an example for the old Europe in the defense and protection of democratic values. The next group of countries that came forward in defense of Ukraine and uncompromising support in the fight against the aggressor were Poland and the Baltic countries. The collective provider of aid to Ukraine is the European Union, NATO, the G7 countries, the IMF and other world, continental and regional organizations and associations. Thanks to military and technical assistance, Ukraine managed to contain the enemy and stabilize the front. In the article, considerable attention is paid to the problems of financial and economic, humanitarian, legal assistance in the investigation of crimes against the civilian population and assistance in the protection of cultural values, etc. A special and important direction of assistance is the support of Ukrainian refugees abroad (according to UN data, as of May 2022, there were 10 million of them) and assistance to displaced persons in the middle of the country. Key words: aggression, military-technical, financial, legal, humanitarian aid, states, international and European organizations.
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Mitrofanova, Oksana. "The particularities of foreign policy’s implementation and EU leading states positions’ coordination." European Historical Studies, no. 11 (2018): 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.11.54-78.
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The article touches upon to investigation of the particularities of foreign policy’s implementation and the EU leading states positions’ coordination. The position of leading states politicians towards strengthening of EU security and defense sphere cooperation has been studied. The factor of Permanent structure cooperation (PESCO) creation and the rationale for its expediency has been underlined. The article deals with migration crisis in the EU, the reaction of the European politicians to this issue and the consequences that manifested in the elections to the Italian parliament. The reforms having support of the leaders of France, Germany and Italy have been analyzed. It is concluded that the leading EU member states such as France, Germany and Italy have to coordinate their policies for the successful functioning of the EU. These states are the most important economic powers of the European Union, and the economic success of the entire structure depends on the stability of their economies. However, other countries have their own specific views and, sometimes, are not ready to compromise. It is likely that actually the French ideas of creation of European securtity and defense autonomy might spring to life, taking into account the strengthening cooperation of France with Germany and Italy in this sphere. The leading partners of France are ready for serious partnership between their military-industrial enterprpises.
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Wüstenberg, Moritz. "Anti-dumping Off the Rails: The European Unions Practice to Alleged Input Dumping." Global Trade and Customs Journal 14, Issue 9 (September 1, 2019): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2019047.
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For several decades the EU has adjusted the normal value of certain goods in anti-dumping investigations upward, consequently increasing the applicable anti-dumping duties, based on assertions of raw material input dumping in the country of export. Typically adjustments are founded on the assessment that raw materials are sold at a lower price in the domestic market as compared to export sales through so called dual pricing schemes. In the case of certain imports from Russia to the EU, adjustments to normal value are usually based on the premise that energy intensive industries in Russia benefit from input dumping of natural gas. Following its accession to the WTO, Russia has challenged the EU´s practice for violating the EU´s WTO obligations. In the review of its trade defence instruments in 2018, the EU reinforced mechanisms to reprimand alleged input-dumping, despite earlier findings by the WTO dispute settlement body that adjustments for the cost raw material inputs are generally not permitted. In this article it is argued that the EU´s practices are problematic also in relation to cost adjustments based on alleged energy input dumping. Next to the circumstance that WTO rules and jurisprudence do generally not support this practice, the EU´s current approach selectively discriminates against alleged energy input dumping in certain countries, potentially violating not only anti-dumping rules, but also rules of non-discrimination.
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Elevli, Birol, İrem Yaman, and Bertrand Laratte. "Estimation of the Turkish Boron Exportation to Europe." Mining 2, no. 2 (March 23, 2022): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining2020009.
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Borate is an essential material to numerous industries and even to individual countries’ economies, defense, and politics. Almost all industries need borates for production, and almost everybody needs their products. Borate is a compound that contains or supplies boric oxide (B2O3). Among the minerals that contain boric oxide, there are only four minerals significant from an economic standpoint, namely borax (tincal), colemanite, ulexite, and kernite. Turkey has almost 70% of all known reserves in the world. Therefore, borates and their products could be one of the main topics for sustainable development in the whole world. The recent development and pursuit of new boron-consuming technologies and alternative products to existing borate-consuming products introduce additional uncertainty to the sustainability of boron minerals. Therefore, the European Union (EU) Commission also declared borate one of the 30 critical raw materials. Turkey is a prosperous country in terms of boron reserves, and it exports almost 96% of borates’ production. In order to better understand the relation between borate minerals and borate products, a material flow analysis (MFA) study has been carried out within the content of this work in order to update the data about the current status of boron. For this purpose, a system has been established that shows the flow of boron material. The extraction, enrichment, and refining processes of boron products are drawn. The results indicate that about 41% of extracted colemanite ore is converted into refined borate, about 31% of tincal ore is converted to refined borate, and 4% of tincal ore is converted to end-usage products, such as detergent. The correctness of the data and the sensitivity of the processes are all estimated values. The results can help in the development of boron sustainability and boron production strategies. The MFA study on tincal and colemanite ore may be an example of boron studies in different countries.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Defense industries – European Union countries"
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Shen, Yan Jia. "Understanding why China increases investment in European Union energy sector." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953581.
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Kramer, Bryan K. "NATO and forward defense : an analysis of expeditionary capabilities and out-of-area-security /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FKramer.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Hans-Eberhard Peters, Donald Abenheim. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-119). Also available online.
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Panagopoulos, Ilias. "Electronic warfare : a critical military and technological asset for the improvement of the Common European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FPanagoloulos.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2004.Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Wadsworth, Robert Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-144). Also available online.
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Zhu, Feng. "EU energy policy after the Treaty of Lisbon : breakthroughs, interfaces and opportunity." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580185.
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Schmidt-Nechl, Oliver. "Baltic security, NATO enlargement and defense reform : the challenges of overcommitments and overlaps /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FSchmidt-Nechl.pdf.
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Meeske, Frank. "Baptism of fire for the European security and defense policy : will the European forces succrssfully implement the Dayton Accords? /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FMeeske.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Hans-Eberhard Peters. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-102). Also available online.
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Fox, Timothy William. "Euros, pounds and Albion at arms: European monetary policy and British defense in the 21st century." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FFox.pdf.
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Pichler, Lothar. "Comparison of the French and German approaches to ESDP and NATO." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPichler.pdf.
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Faber, Pierre Anthony. "Industrial relations, flexibility, and the EU social dimension : a comparative study of British and German employer response to the EU social dimension." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:959fa1ee-cd08-450b-8e94-68b9858dd9e3.
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This study sets out to explore employer response to the EU social dimension, in answer to the question, "How are employers in the UK and Germany responding to the EU social dimension, and why?" Using case study evidence from nine large British and German engineering companies, as well as material from employers' associations at all levels, it is argued that there is little employer support for extending the social dimension. Focusing on micro-economic aspects of the debate, it is also argued that a common feature in both British and German employer opposition is a concern for the impact of EU industrial relations regulation on firm-level flexibility. This stands in direct contradiction of the EU Commission's own contentions about the flexibility-enhancing effects of its social policy measures, and appears paradoxical in light of earlier research findings of a German flexibility advantage over UK rivals on account of the country's well-structured regulatory framework for industrial relations. Evidence from participant companies, however, suggests that, in the global environment of the late 1990s, much of Germany's former flexibility advantage has been eroded, and the regulation-induced limitations on both the pace and scale of change are increasingly onerous to German companies. German managers perceive a need for targeted deregulatory reform of their industrial relations system; by strengthening (and often extending) existing industrial relations regulation, EU social policy measures meet with firm disapproval. In the UK, by contrast, the changed context has contributed to a significant increase in firm-level flexibility. British companies now operate to levels of flexibility often in advance of their German counterparts, at far lower 'cost' in terms of the time taken, and the extent to which change measures are compromised, to reach agreement. For British managers, EU social policy measures are perceived as a threat to these beneficial arrangements, and vigorously opposed. The thesis concludes by suggesting that such fixed opposition, in the face of Commission determination to extend the EU social dimension, points to an escalation of the controversy surrounding the social dimension.
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Papastathopoulos, Stavros. "Expanding the European Union's Petersberg tasks : requirements and capabilities /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPapastathopoulos.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.Thesis advisor(s): David S. Yost. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-64). Also available online.
Books on the topic "Defense industries – European Union countries"
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1973-, Ben-Ari Guy, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.). Europe Program, and Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.). Defense Industrial Initiatives Group, eds. A diminishing transatlantic partnership?: The impact of the financial crisis on European defense and foreign assistance capabilities : a report of the CSIS Kissinger Chair, Europe Program, and Defense-Initiatives Industrial Group. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2011.
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Institute for Security Studies (Paris, France), ed. Defence procurement in the European Union: The current debate. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2005.
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Regulating services in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Kogan, Eugene. The European Union defence industry and the appeal of the Chinese market. Wien: Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie, 2005.
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Kogan, Eugene. The European Union defence industry and the appeal of the Chinese market. Wien: Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie, 2005.
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John, Appleby. Up in the air: European union and transatlantic defence industrial cooperation. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1993.
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Doerr, Jeffrey. The arming of a European superstate? Burke, VA: Chatelaine Press, 1997.
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Marius, Brülhart, and Hine R. C, eds. Intra-industry trade and adjustment: The European experience. New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Centre of Research in European Development and International Trade (CREDIT), University of Nottingham, 1999.
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Schmitt, Burkard. The European Union and armaments: Getting a bigger bang for the Euro. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2003.
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Cresson, Jacques. La défense dans tous ses états. [Paris]: Publisud, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Defense industries – European Union countries"
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Mikos-Sitek, Agnieszka. "Common Foreign, Security, and Defense Policies." In The Policies of the European Union from a Central European Perspective, 197–215. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.aojb.poeucep_10.
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This chapter examines the issue of the common foreign and security policy, as well as its integral part of the common security and defense policy, discussed from the perspective of the EU Member States, including, in particular, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. To create a substantive basis for the assessment of the position of EU Member States in the CSFP implementation process, the basic issues related to the provi- sions of the treaties in this area are discussed at the beginning. An important element of the chapter is also the characterization and identification of the separateness of the regulations in force in the field of CFSP. Attention is also paid to institutional solutions, which are important in this case, as well as legal instruments for the implementation of CFSP. In addition to general guidelines, decisions, and the issues of strengthening systematic cooperation, attention is also drawn to the importance of international agreements concluded by the EU in the area of CFSP. An important element of the analysis of the rights and obligations of EU Member States is also the decision-making procedure considering the unanimity principle, as well as the so-called solidarity clauses. The discussion of the role and position of the EU Member State in the CFSP area is summarized with a reference to issues that specifically concern the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Attention is drawn to the spectrum of problems that arise in the practice of CFSP implementation, related primarily to significant differences in defining state security guarantees and the underlying factors.
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Karan, Ulaş. "The Impact of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Turkish Legal System." In The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries, 115–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.003.0006.
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This chapter explores whether the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) produces any impact on the Turkish legal system and, if so, its possible underlying causes. Protection of intellectual, industrial, and commercial property rights, competition, trade defence instruments, government procurement, direct and indirect taxation have been regarded as the main areas of ‘approximation of legislation’. Accordingly, laws adopted mostly in the past three decades show that the influence of EU law is valid only in certain fields of law, such as intellectual property law, labour law, and competition law, and this is also where we find most CJEU citations. This influence forms part of the EU accession process, which requires Turkey to harmonize its laws with the acquis. According to the research, despite the existence of a long-standing accession process and legislation based on the acquis in certain fields of law, on the whole, the Turkish judiciary does not seem committed to follow EU law in general or CJEU jurisprudence in particular.
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Sasmaz, Mahmut Unsal, and Abdullah Zeybekoglu. "The Effect of Defense Expenditures and Peace on Economic Growth." In Research Anthology on Macroeconomics and the Achievement of Global Stability, 1465–81. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7460-0.ch078.
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Throughout history countries have tried to gain power in order to get advantages for the issues such as providing territorial integrity, social security and internal and external security. As a result of this power-gaining race, defense expenditures had a significant place in countries' economies. In its broad sense, defense expenditures are defined as the share reserved from the national income for the country's defense in order to provide internal and external security of the state and maintain the order and safety of the community. The size of defense expenditures varies from country to country for various reasons. In this study the effect of defense expenditures and peace as a global public good on economic growth was analyzed in 11 European Union countries (transition economies) between 2007 and 2017 with the help of panel data analysis. As a result of the study it was found out that there was a positive relationship between economic growth and defense expenditures. However, a negative relationship was identified between economic growth and peace level.
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Sasmaz, Mahmut Unsal, and Abdullah Zeybekoglu. "The Effect of Defense Expenditures and Peace on Economic Growth." In Handbook of Research on Institutional, Economic, and Social Impacts of Globalization and Liberalization, 518–34. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4459-4.ch029.
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Throughout history countries have tried to gain power in order to get advantages for the issues such as providing territorial integrity, social security and internal and external security. As a result of this power-gaining race, defense expenditures had a significant place in countries' economies. In its broad sense, defense expenditures are defined as the share reserved from the national income for the country's defense in order to provide internal and external security of the state and maintain the order and safety of the community. The size of defense expenditures varies from country to country for various reasons. In this study the effect of defense expenditures and peace as a global public good on economic growth was analyzed in 11 European Union countries (transition economies) between 2007 and 2017 with the help of panel data analysis. As a result of the study it was found out that there was a positive relationship between economic growth and defense expenditures. However, a negative relationship was identified between economic growth and peace level.
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Pook, László A., and Norman E. Pence. "Evaluation of Information Infrastructures and Social Development Among the Visegrad-Four Countries of Central Europe." In Global Information Technologies, 2263–73. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch165.
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The paper examines the developmental status of four of the next candidate countries’ information infrastructures for accession into the European Union (EU). It develops significant relationships between nations’ levels of information infrastructure development and their economic and social developments, and applies these relationships to evaluate investment needs for a select group of accession countries called the Visegrad Four. Using cross-country analysis the candidate countries were compared to other countries and were classified into like groups using cluster analysis while their relative developments were evaluated using regression modeling. Developmental requirements and capital needs to promote growth in their information and communications industries were then identified. It is hoped that the paper will offer a comparative glimpse of the information and communications infrastructures of some Central and East European countries as compared to other nations.
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Koshova, Svitlana. "LEGAL REGULATION OF STATES’ INVESTMENT IN THE SPACE INDUSTRY WITHIN NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGIES." In Modernization of research area: national prospects and European practices. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-221-0-19.
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This article analyzes the data on investments of certain countries in the space industry in the period from 2011 to 2021. It is proved that the Space Industry is one of the industries without which it is impossible to imagine the modern world, as it is one of the primary factors of National Security. After all, with the launch of the first satellites, the Space Program has taken major steps into a new era of technology, significantly expanding the boundaries of the world in which we live. At present, countries around the world are financing the activities of state space corporations, so that they, in turn, work on the development of leading and promising rocket technologies. As investors realize and understand ‘space’ products and new technological opportunities allow them to create and operate an ever-expanding range of space technology. Investments in the industry are currently growing worldwide.Thus, in the period from 2014 to 2020, the European Union invested in excess of 16 billion euros in space activity and technology which indicates that the space industry is an important component of the European economy. The current investment wave can only be the basis for a future «wave» of investment that can radically transform the space market in the next decade and have a significant impact on the global economy. The article also examines a problem relevant to the national security of the state – the possibility of using economic and mathematical models to predict the prospects for the development of the space industry. In modern conditions, the space industry is seen as the basis for innovative development and economic security of the state, which is the driving force of economic development. After all, in order to sustainably develop the economy and achieve the indicators planned by the government, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the mechanisms of functioning of the system as a whole and its individual parts. That is why competent forecasting of the main indicators of the development of the space industry with the identification of key factors influencing it is especially relevant at the present stage. Forecasting of indicators is based on the construction of economic and mathematical models of industry development. It is determined that the construction of this model begins with the development of the model specification, which includes a verbal description of the study, followed by a presentation of the process of its functioning in the form of mathematical formulas. The methodology is that the study used methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, deduction and induction. The subject is social relations that are formed in the space industry. Results. It is proved that it is important to clearly formulate and define the problem, as well as to identify all the factors and patterns that characterize the functioning of the system. Economic and mathematical models can increase the efficiency of the planning system of the industry and increase the accuracy of the process of forecasting its development. The successful development of the space industry is today becoming a necessary condition for preserving national sovereignty, both in the military-political aspect and in the field of information security. Practical implations. The article identifies the main trends inherent in the development of the global space industry, namely: privatization of space, commercialization of space activities and internationalization processes. It is proved that with the development of the space industry, states ensure strategic stability and security at all levels.
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Oermann, Nils Ole, and Hans-Jürgen Wolff. "The Chinese challenge and the disunited West." In Trade Wars, 153–74. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848901.003.0008.
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Abstract The chapter shows how, beginning with the Obama administration, the US government and Congress revised their views and strategy with respect to China, blaming Beijing for acting contrary to the letter and spirit of WTO law and violating other nations’ intellectual property, suppressing minorities, and bullying neighbours. It shows how the European Union gradually arrived at similar conclusions, but still tries to engage in business as usual. The chapter asks whether US allegations against China of systematic economic aggression are correct. According to the definition of economic warfare without armed conflict given in Chapter 2, China’s behaviour is mapped, based on a concept of structural power developed by British social scientist Susan Strange. It is recorded that China’s military footprint is growing, and that China’s economic expansion around the world is rapid, based on the Belt and Road Initiative, massive investment and presence in Africa, and investment in key industries and infrastructures of many Western countries. In addition to that, China’s financial influence is also growing fast, based on newly founded institutions, crediting foreign governments, and a larger role of the Chinese currency in international trade. China is also getting more innovative, but its quest for information and knowledge has a dark side, too: it shuts itself off from the internet, censors any content heavily, and uses cutting-edge technology for surveillance and repression of any people or ethnic minorities it considers to be potentially disobedient. Taking all these developments into consideration, Western democracies should be vigilant.
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Damaskopoulos, Panagiotis, and Rimantas Gatautis. "Developing Virtual Communities in Transition Economies." In Global Information Technologies, 2159–69. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch156.
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This article explores key sets of drivers of formation of virtual communities in transition economies with particular reference to recent developments in Lithuania. Information and communication technologies (ICT) centered on the Internet are today widely recognized as one of the driving forces in the transition toward a new economic system. This transition has been especially challenging for European transition economies that are in the midst of a historic restructuring in anticipation of entry into the European Union. These countries are confronting a historic challenge of converging to the economic, technological, and organizational practices and standards of their EU counterparts. ICT applications in the form of e-business provide a unique opportunity for companies in these economies to accelerate learning processes for the facilitation of the adoption and implementation of competitive and sustainable e-business strategies. A key challenge in this respect is how to construct sustainable virtual communities that bridge civil society and organizations of the public sector in ways that support the transition toward an ICT-enabled economic system. The central thesis of this article is that virtual communities are a central component of an emerging economic system that is powered by ICT, is knowledge driven, is organized around electronic and organizational networks that generate knowledge, which transform industries and markets, and is dependent on dynamic and flexible regulatory public institutions. For ICT to diffuse throughout the whole economy in a way that supports virtual community formation, business firms, market conditions, and the culture and institutions of society need to undergo substantial change in a coordinated manner. It is the dynamic interdependence of these conditions that is the source of innovation and value creation in the new knowledge-driven economy. The agenda of research on the dynamics of adoption of new economy practices, innovation, and economic growth, as a result, needs to be expanded beyond the level of the firm. It needs to be built around the dynamic interrelationships between technological transformations, firms’ organizational and knowledge-creating capabilities, emerging market and industry structures, and public institutions (Castells, 2000). The article situates drivers of virtual community formation and the necessity of coordinating their development on three levels: the level of ICT infrastructure, regulatory environment, and market or civic attitudes toward ICT-enabled market transactions. On each of these levels the observations made are conditioned by the definitional parameters of “virtual community.” For the purposes of this article, a virtual community is understood as a set of interwoven relationships built upon shared interests, which satisfies members’ needs otherwise unattainable individually (Rafi, Fisher, Jaworski, & Cahill, 2002). It must be stressed that a virtual community thus defined refers not only to consumers but also businesses and organizational entities of the public sector.
Conference papers on the topic "Defense industries – European Union countries"
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Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja, Krzysztof Galos, and Katarzyna Guzik. "SAFEGUARDING OF MINERAL DEPOSITS AS THE BASIS OF EUROPEAN UNION RAW MATERIALS SECURITY IN THE ERA OF UNSTABLE GEOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s03.046.
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The economic results of many dynamically developing European countries largely depend on the availability of mineral raw materials. For this reason, securing their supplies from import must be supported by a committed foreign policy as well as a sustainable raw materials policy in the field of their obtaining from domestic sources, both from mineral deposits, as well as secondary and waste sources. Raw material security must be based on the diversification of supply sources and minimizing supply risks. The results of analyses show that the European Union relies heavily on imported raw materials, especially in industries recognized as strategic (renewable Energy - wind & PV; grids, Li-ion batteries (LIB), electric vehicles (EVs), Robotics and defense). Moreover, most of the import sources are countries with high or very high risk of supply. Recently, these risks are higher due to unstable political situation in Eastern Europe. Taking into account above, the European Union should consider the possibility of further development of its own mining industry, based on its own resources. The raw material potential of European countries is significant, but recently problems related to the possibility of launching new mining projects have been increasing. Social, environmental and spatial conditions play a decisive role. In this context, particular attention should be paid to the properly implemented policy of mineral deposits safeguarding which provides access to primary sources of raw materials (deposits), thus reducing dependence from unstable import sources.
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Eren, Miraç, and Selahattin Kaynak. "Analysis of Innovation Performances of European Union Member Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01852.
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Together with the transition from the industrial society to the information society, Innovation at the forefront of the countries' development arguments has strategic significance for companies, industries, and countries and it is emerging as the main element of being in the market. Also, Innovation has vital importance in determining the policies of countries because of increasing social welfare and living standards of individuals. Countries having effective innovation policies and systems are rapidly advancing in the development race. Even in countries with low innovation performance, demand for innovative products and services are high. According to the Lisbon Strategy, it is important to know the innovation performances of the member countries of the European Union, which see the innovation as the basic element of economic growth, and to measure their activities. For these reasons, the purpose of this research is to analyze the innovation performances of the EU member countries. So, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the performance of each member country against the other member countries in the group consisting of European Union countries was considered. Therefore, the variables that are used in determining the level of innovation of the member states of the European Commission were respectively considered as Input Variables (Human Research, Research Systems, Finance, and Support) and Output Variables (Innovators, Economic effects). Tone (2001)'s Slack-Based Model and Lotfi & Poursakhi (2012)'s dynamic DEA Model was considered together to measure the efficiency of the countries in few periods instead of a single period.
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Kichurchak, M. V. "EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF CREATIVE INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES: EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE." In Modern transformations in economics and management. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-064-3-18.
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Mitrea, Geta. "FUNDING SOURCES FOR NEW TRENDS IN SECURITY AND DEFENSE EDUCATION." In eLSE 2020. University Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-20-028.
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The lines of external source funding in the field of security and defense are varied, offering a multitude of possibilities for specialists in the field who wish to access projects with non-reimbursable financing for ideas that cannot be financed from internal sources. The funding opportunities come in response to the needs of the security and defense institutions and offer a precise solution on certain areas that have deficiencies both nationally and at European level. An example is the one of the higher education institutions in the field of security and defense that want to open the gates for the mutual exchanges of study experience for the students of the bachelor, master or doctorate and for which the necessity of carrying out an internship of documentation and/or research is required within a similar institution abroad. At present, the financing lines on which the national military universities can access projects are EEA Grants, ERASMUS +, structural funds without being limited to them. Higher education institutions in Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein are an example of good practice in security and defense that can be multiplied and adapted to the needs of European Union member countries. This is one of the reasons for the possibility of financing projects for priority areas. In addition, exchanges of experience between students and teachers between institutions in these countries can help to identify sustainable long-term solutions. The projects with non-reimbursable financing represent a viable solution in the short and medium term in order to stimulate the personnel of the security and defense institutions to be creative and constructive in a society that has a constantly changing dynamic.
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Ma, Chao, and Pasi T. Lautala. "Railway Education Today and Steps Toward Global Education." In 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56109.
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Both passenger and freight railway transportation has changed dramatically during the past decades in most parts of the world. Many new technologies have emerged or have been increasingly applied in rail industry to improve the competitiveness of the mode. At the same time, globalization and changes in the political landscape have contributed to the growing pressure to expand the use of rail transportation across national boundaries. All the development is accelerating the need for international cooperation in railway design, construction and operation and the educational framework should shift accordingly to consider rail transportation beyond national boundaries. In addition to discussing the changes with global dimensions that are taking place in the railway industry, this paper reviews the history and current status of university level railway education in the world, including examples from the USA, Russia, China and selected countries in the European Union (EU). The paper also reviews some of the current methods and approaches used by the other industries and engineering fields to improve the global reach and cooperation in education. Based on these proven concepts, the paper provides some recommendations and suggestions for the railway industry how it can start taking its first steps toward a more global railway education.
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Pope, Ronald B., Deborah Kopsick, Shih-Yew Chen, Ray Turner, and Martin Magold. "Addressing the Monitoring and Transport of Radioactively Contaminated Scrap Metal: An International Approach." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93668.
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The international metal processing industries are very concerned about the importation of scrap metal contaminated by radioactivity. Many of the problems are being identified while these materials, either unprocessed scrap, or processed materials, are being transported in the public domain. Because of this concern, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), with the support of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) circulated a survey to various countries and interested groups. Following assessment of the survey, a meeting was convened in April 2004 to discuss and evaluate the issues. Three major issues were identified at the initial meeting. • First, an internationally acceptable scrap metal radiation monitoring and response protocol is needed. • Second, international training programs are needed to address multiple areas, almost all having emphasis on the transport mode; these include addressing such topics as protocol implementation, optimum location of monitors, acceptable detector sensitivities, calibration and maintenance needs, incident reporting, handling radioactive materials after detection. • Third, international information exchange within the scrap metal industry is needed to share data and experiences on contaminated scrap incidents, especially those occurring at international borders during the transport of these materials. The “open border” policy of the European Union makes the collection and dissemination of this information sharing particularly time critical. The paper reviews the results of the initial meeting, and elaborates on the efforts undertaken since that meeting.
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Kotlars, Aleksandrs, Inguna Jurgelane-Kaldava, and Valerijs Skribans. "Factors Affecting Long-Term Cooperation with Logistics Service Providers." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.049.
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Nowadays different approaches are used by the companies to systematically compare and evaluate logistics service providers. The purpose of this study is to define and classify requirements, evaluation criteria and quality criteria set towards logistics service providers. In this study, information is gathered about the selection arrangements for logistics providers, which were collected from several companies. Authors looked for information related to the following questions: what are the criteria for evaluating logistics service providers; what are the requirements that logistics providers need to ensure to become a partner; what are the objectives of the selection contests (procurement tenders) defined by the companies; what are the main service quality indicators that are used to measure the performance of logistics service providers. Companies originated in the European Union from various countries have been examined. A literature review was conducted that helped to collect information regarding application of multiple-criteria decision-making for selection of logistics service providers and extract proposed selection criteria. Analysis of procurement documentation by logistics service providers was done to extract and group data that will be used to develop decision-making framework in further research. Authors created unique groups of logistics service providers selection criteria, requirements towards logistics service providers, selection goals and key performance indicators. Finally, general market research of pre-defined industries was made. There are very few studies dedicated to selection of criteria and requirements towards logistics service providers. Companies tend to formulate selection criteria of logistics service providers in general manner, at the same time, not paying attention to formulating selection process goals.
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Velzing, Evert-Jan, Annemiek Van der Meijden, Kitty Vreeswijk, and Ruben Vrijhoef. "Circularity in value chains for building materials." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10196.
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AbstractThe urgency for developing a circular economy is growing, and more and more companies and organisations are concerned with the importance of adapting their business to fit a changing economy. However, many analyses on the circular economy are still rather abstract and there is a lack of understanding about what circularity would mean for specific industries. This insufficient insight especially seems to be apparent in the building and construction sector. Besides, the building and construction sector is responsible for a major part of energy use and emissions. To tackle the issue of insufficient insight into the business consequences of circular devlopments, further research is necessary. Therefore, we propose to collaborate on a research project that aims to provide a more detailed level of analysis. The goal is to identify drivers and barriers to make better use of materials in the building and construction sector. This further research would benefit from an international collaboration between universities of applied sciences and industry from different European countries. An additional benefit of the applied orientation would be the relevance for professional education programmes. References CBS, PBL & Wageningen UR. (2017). Vrijkomen en verwerking van afval per doelgroep, 1990-2014 (indicator 0206, versie 13, 26 janauri2017). Retrieved from: https://www.clo.nl/indicatoren/nl0206-vrijkomen-en-verwerking-van-afval-per-doelgroep Cuchí, A.; Arcas, J.; Casals, M. & Fobella, G. (2014). Building a common home Building sector – A global vision report. Produced by the Global Vision Area within the World SB14 Barcelona Conference. De Jesus, A. & Mendonça, S. (2018). Lost in Transition? Drivers and Barriers in the Eco-innovation Road to the Circular Economy. Ecological Economics, 145, 75-89. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.001. EC. (2015). Closing the Loop – An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. Brussels: European Commission. EC. (2019). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the implementation of the Circualr Economy Action Plan. Brussels: European Commission. Ghisellini, P; Cialini, C. & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 11-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007. Kirchherr, J., Pisciceli, L., Bour, R., Kostense-Smit, E., Muller, J., Huibrechtse-Truijens, A. & Hekkert, M. (2018). Barriers to the Circular Economy: Evidence From the European Union (EU). Ecological Economics, 150, 264-272. Mazzucato, M. (2018). Mission-Oriented Research & Innovation in the European Union – A problem-solving approach to fuel innovation-led growth. Retrieved from: European Commission; https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/mazzucato_report_2018.pdf Nederland circulair in 2050. Rijksbreed programma Circulaire Economie (2016). Den Haag: Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu & Ministerie van Economische Zaken. Stahel, W.R. (2016) The Circular Economy. Nature, 531(7595), 435-438. UN. (2018). 2018 Global Status Report – Towards a zero-emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. United Nations Environment Programme. UNCTAD. (2018). Circular Economy: The New Normal (Policy Brief No. 61). Retrieved from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/presspb2017d10_en.pdf
Reports on the topic "Defense industries – European Union countries"
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.
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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.