Journal articles: 'Defense induction'

1

Nedeljković, Mitar. "The problem of justifying inductive reasoning." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, no. 2 (2021): 387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp51-30620.

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In this paper, the author considers the classical strategies of defense from Hume's argument against induction, and assesses the extent to which they were found to be successful. Synthetic, linguistic, a priori, pragmatic, and inductive strategies of defending induction are considered, as well as the question of the extent to which the justification of induction is a problem for grounding scientific knowledge. A new argument is introduced for the a priori justification of induction, as well as a critique of the synthetic and inductive defenses of induction by Black and Jacquette.

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Paulin, J. P., R. Chartier, M. Tharaud, C. Heintz, V. Karniewicz, and M. N. Brisset. "Induction of resistance to fire blight in apple (Erwinia amylovora)." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (January 1, 2002): S126—S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10335-pps.

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Apple genotypes show different levels of resistance to fire blight caused by the bacterium E. amylovora. This resistance is considered to be polygenic, thus relying on a number of defense mechanisms. On the assumption that in susceptible genotypes these defenses may be present but not activated during the infection process, we attempted their induction by various abiotic and biotic elicitors. Two kinds of experiments were performed in the greenhouse and in the orchard: i) evaluation after controlled inoculation of the level of protection conferred to the plant by each elicitor and ii) investigation of various defense responses potentially involved in the protection. Results showed that some elicitors provided a level of overall protection of about 50% in the orchard while higher levels may be obtained on seedlings in the greenhouse. The comparison of some defense responses in protected and unprotected treated plants showed that i) elicitation of defense is not necessarily associated with control of fire blight and that ii) some responses at least may be associated with the observed protection.

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GOMES DE OLIVEIRA, HAMILTON, ADRIÁN JOSÉ MOLINA-RUGAMA, MARCOS A. M. FADINI, DANIELA REZENDE, ALBERTO SOTO-G., CLÉBER OLIVEIRA, and ANGELO PALLINI. "Induced defense in Eucalyptus trees increases with prolonged herbivory." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 36, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v36i1.9109.

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Mechanisms of defense in plants can be activated by external stimuli such as herbivory. It is well-known that such induced defense occurs after short periods of herbivory, but little is known about long-term induction. In this paper, we studied the effects of induced defenses of Eucalyptus trees on Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) over four generations. The effects of induction of eucalypt plants seemed to increase gradually with prolonged periods of herbivory. To our knowledge it is the first demonstration that induced defense changes in a gradual way with long-term herbivory. This suggests that these trees, and possibly many other plants, gradually invest more in induced defense with prolonged herbivore attacks.

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Sobral, Mar, Luis Sampedro, Isabelle Neylan, David Siemens, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: Inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (August 13, 2021): e2005865118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005865118.

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As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in antiherbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the differences between life stages of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined differences between seedlings and reproductive plants in current and transgenerational plasticity in chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage, but only chemical defenses were inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical and chemical defenses, particularly in adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational plasticity in plant defenses in response to herbivore offense differs for physical and chemical defense and changes across plant life stages.

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Basu, Saumik, Natalia Moroz, Benjamin W. Lee, Kiwamu Tanaka, Liesl Oeller, Chase W. Baerlocher, and David W. Crowder. "Diversity and Traits of Multiple Biotic Stressors Elicit Differential Defense Responses in Legumes." Agriculture 13, no. 11 (November 3, 2023): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112093.

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In agroecosystems, plants frequently confront multiple biotic stressors, including herbivores and pathogens. The nature of these interactions plays a crucial role in mediating the activation of plant defense mechanisms. However, induction of plant chemical defenses has been more well studied than the induction of physical defenses. Here, we assessed the physical and chemical defense responses of pea (Pisum sativum) plants after exposure to three stressors: a vector herbivore (pea aphid, Acrythosiphon pisum), a non-vector herbivore (pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus), and a virus (Pea enation mosaic virus, PEMV). We used various histochemical staining techniques show that viruliferous A. pisum (transmitting PEMV) strongly induced callose deposition (aniline blue staining) and antioxidant-mediated defenses (DAB and NBT staining) in peas, primarily through accumulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). High-throughput phenotyping showed that viruliferous aphids reduced plant photosynthetic efficiency, but plants infected with PEMV had increased cell death (trypan blue staining). However, herbivory by aphids and weevils did not strongly induce defenses in peas, even though weevil feeding significantly reduced pea leaf area. These results show that not all herbivores induce strong defensive responses, and plant responses to vector species depends on their virus infection status. More broadly, our results indicate that variable stressors differentially regulate various plant responses through intricate chemical and physical defense pathways.

6

Boch, Jens, Michelle L. Verbsky, Tara L. Robertson, John C. Larkin, and Barbara N. Kunkel. "Analysis of Resistance Gene-Mediated Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Carrying a Mutation in CPR5." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 12 (December 1998): 1196–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.12.1196.

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In resistant plants, pathogen attack often leads to rapid activation of defense responses that limit multiplication and spread of the pathogen. To investigate the signaling mechanisms underlying this process, we carried out a screen for mutants in the signaling pathway governing resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. This involved screening for suppressor mutations that restored resistance to a susceptible line carrying a mutation in the RPS2 resistance gene. A mutant that conferred resistance by activating defense responses in the absence of pathogens was isolated. This mutant, which carries a mutation at the CPR5 locus and was thus designated cpr5-2, exhibited resistance to P. syringae, spontaneous development of necrotic lesions, elevated PR gene expression in the absence of pathogens, and abnormal trichomes. Resistance gene-mediated defenses, including the hypersensitive response, restriction of pathogen growth, and induction of defense-related gene expression, were functional in cpr5-2 mutant plants. Additionally, in cpr5-2 plants RPS2-mediated induction of PR-1 expression was enhanced, whereas RPM1-mediated induction of ELI3 was not. These findings suggest that CPR5 encodes a negative regulator of the RPS2 signal transduc-tion pathway.

7

Adhipathi, P., S. Nakkeeran, P. Renuka Devi, R. Velazhahan, and T. Raguchander. "PGPR Induced Differencial Expression of Defence Enzymes Regulating Resistance Against Colletotrichum Capsici in Turmeric." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 4, no. 2 (July 30, 2014): 358–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v4i2.5002.

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Plant growth promoting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BaTNAU5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf3TNAU were evaluated in turmeric for induction defence by differential expression of defence enzymes against Colletotrichum capsici. Further the activity and quantitative assay of the defense enzymes peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Î²â€‘1,3-glucanase, chitinase, catalase and defense-inducing chemicals (total phenols) significantly increased with soil and foliar application of B. amyloliquefaciens (BaTNAU5) and P. fluorescens (Pf3TNAU). Western blot analysis of protein extracts from B. amyloliquefaciens (BaTNAU5) and P. fluorescens (Pf3TNAU) challenged with C. capsici,Â a chitinase with an apparent molecular weight of 28 kDa was induced four days after treatment.

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HOBBS, JESSE. "A Limited Defense of the Pessimistic Induction." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/45.1.171.

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Guarnizo, Nathalie, Diego Oliveros, Walter Murillo-Arango, and María Bianney Bermúdez-Cardona. "Oligosaccharides: Defense Inducers, Their Recognition in Plants, Commercial Uses and Perspectives." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 5972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245972.

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Plants have innate immune systems or defense mechanisms that respond to the attack of pathogenic microorganisms. Unlike mammals, they lack mobile defense cells, so defense processes depend on autonomous cellular events with a broad repertoire of recognition to detect pathogens, which compensates for the lack of an adaptive immune system. These defense mechanisms remain inactive or latent until they are activated after exposure or contact with inducing agents, or after the application of the inductor; they remain inactive only until they are affected by a pathogen or challenged by an elicitor from the same. Resistance induction represents a focus of interest, as it promotes the activation of plant defense mechanisms, reducing the use of chemical synthesis pesticides, an alternative that has even led to the generation of new commercial products with high efficiency, stability and lower environmental impact, which increase productivity by reducing not only losses but also increasing plant growth. Considering the above, the objective of this review is to address the issue of resistance induction with a focus on the potential of the use of oligosaccharides in agriculture, how they are recognized by plants, how they can be used for commercial products and perspectives.

10

Schulman, Pablo, Thales H. C. Ribeiro, Mohamed Fokar, Antonio Chalfun-Junior, Richard D. Lally, Paul W. Paré, and Flávio H. V. de Medeiros. "A Microbial Fermentation Product Induces Defense-Related Transcriptional Changes and the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Glycine max." Phytopathology® 112, no. 4 (April 2022): 862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-21-0227-r.

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With the progressive loss of fungicide efficacy against Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR), alternative methods to protect soybean crops are needed. Resistance induction is a low impact alternative and/or supplement to fungicide applications that fortifies innate plant defenses against pathogens. Here, we show that a microbial fermentation product (MFP) induces plant defenses in soybean, and transcriptional induction is enhanced with the introduction of ASR. MFP-treated plants exhibited 1,011 and 1,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 and 60 h after treatment, respectively, compared with water controls. MFP plants exposed to the pathogen 48 h after application and sampled 12 h later (for a total of 60 h) had 2,401 DEGs compared with control. The plant defense genes PR1, PR2, IPER, PAL, and CHS were induced with MFP application, and induction was enhanced with ASR. Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defense included plant–pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, flavonoid metabolism, and isoflavonoid metabolism. In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment; however, improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed. MFP elicitation differences between field and laboratory grown plants necessitates further testing to identify best practices for effective disease management with MFP-treated soybean.

11

Tayi, Lavanya, Roshan Maku, Hitendra Kumar Patel, and Ramesh V. Sonti. "Action of Multiple Cell Wall–Degrading Enzymes Is Required for Elicitation of Innate Immune Responses During Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Infection in Rice." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 29, no. 8 (August 2016): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-16-0039-r.

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Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae secretes a number of plant cell wall–degrading enzymes (CWDEs) whose purified preparations induce defense responses in rice. These defense responses are suppressed by X. oryzae pv. oryzae using type 3 secretion system (T3SS) effectors and a type 3 secretion system mutant (T3SS−) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae is an inducer of rice defense responses. We assessed the role of individual CWDEs in induction of rice defense responses during infection, by mutating them in the genetic background of a T3SS−. We mutated the genes for five different plant CWDEs secreted by X. oryzae pv. oryzae, including two cellulases (clsA and cbsA), one xylanase (xyn), one pectinase (pglA), and an esterase (lipA), singly in a T3SS− background. We have demonstrated that, as compared with a T3SS− of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, a cbsA−T3SS−, a clsA−T3SS−, and a xyn−T3SS− are deficient in induction of rice immune responses such as callose deposits and programmed cell death. In comparison, a lipA− T3SS− and a pglA−T3SS− is as efficient in induction of host defense responses as a T3SS−. Overall, these results indicate that the collective action of X. oryzae pv. oryzae–secreted ClsA, CbsA, and Xyn proteins is required for induction of rice defense responses during infection.

12

Tong, Lu, Wanghui Wu, Yibin Lin, Daoqian Chen, Rensen Zeng, Long Lu, and Yuanyuan Song. "Insect Herbivory on Main Stem Enhances Induced Defense of Primary Tillers in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Plants 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051199.

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Clonal plants are interconnected to form clonal plant networks with physiological integration, enabling the reassignment as well as sharing of resources among the members. The systemic induction of antiherbivore resistance via clonal integration may frequently operate in the networks. Here, we used an important food crop rice (Oryza sativa), and its destructive pest rice leaffolder (LF; Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) as a model to examine defense communication between the main stem and clonal tillers. LF infestation and MeJA pretreatment on the main stem for two days reduced the weight gain of LF larvae fed on the corresponding primary tillers by 44.5% and 29.0%, respectively. LF infestation and MeJA pretreatment on the main stem also enhanced antiherbivore defense responses in primary tillers: increased levels of a trypsin protease inhibitor, putative defensive enzymes, and jasmonic acid (JA), a key signaling compound involved in antiherbivore induced defenses; strong induction of genes encoding JA biosynthesis and perception; and rapid activation of JA pathway. However, in a JA perception OsCOI RNAi line, LF infestation on main stem showed no or minor effects on antiherbivore defense responses in primary tillers. Our work demonstrates that systemic antiherbivore defense operate in the clonal network of rice plants and JA signaling plays a crucial role in mediating defense communication between main stem and tillers in rice plants. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the ecological control of pests by using the systemic resistance of cloned plants themselves.

13

Reddy, M. V. Bhaskara, and Joseph Arul. "566 Induction of Defenses Against Pathogens of Fruit and Vegetables by Elicitors." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 544A—544. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.544a.

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Fruit and vegetables are highly perishable and postharvest pathogens are one of the major causes in the early termination of their shelf life. Although synthetic fungicide are effective against postharvest pathogens, they face imminent problems. One alternate approach is the induction of host resistance against postharvest diseases. We tested the efficacy of chitosan, Milsana®, and Bion® on carrot, tomato, potato, green pepper, and strawberries against postharvest fungal and bacterial rots. Chitosan was not only antimicrobial but also induced resistance against postharvest infections of Alternaria, Botrytis, and Erwinia in tomato, green pepper, carrot, and potato. Preharvest sprays of chitosan induced resistance against postharvest infection of Botrytis cinerea in strawberries and improved the storage quality. Ultrastructure and cytochemical investigations showed that chitosan not only induced several morphological alterations in B. cinerea and Alternaria alternata inhibiting the production of pathogenic factors by the fungi, but also stimulated various host defense reactions, such as papilla formation and induction of defense enzymes, phytoalexins, and phenols. Application of Milsana®, a plant extract, and Bion®, an activator of host defenses, protected carrots from postharvest decay by B. cinerea. Milsana® was effective at 4 °C, while Bion® was effective at both 4 and 13 °C storage temperatures. Thus, there is great potential for defense inducers in postharvest disease control of fruit and vegetables.

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Lee, Jeonggyu. "In Defense of Hume’s Skeptical Argument against Induction." Korean Journal of Philosophy 123 (May 31, 2015): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.18694/kjp.2015.05.123.153.

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Holeski, Liza M., Georg Jander, and Anurag A. Agrawal. "Transgenerational defense induction and epigenetic inheritance in plants." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27, no. 11 (November 2012): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.011.

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Finegan, Joan E., and Clive Seligman. "In defense of the Velten mood induction procedure." Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 27, no. 4 (1995): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0008-400x.27.4.405.

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Ohtsu, Mina, Yusuke Shibata, Makoto Ojika, Kentaro Tamura, Ikuko Hara-Nishimura, Hitoshi Mori, Kazuhito Kawakita, and Daigo Takemoto. "Nucleoporin 75 Is Involved in the Ethylene-Mediated Production of Phytoalexin for the Resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana to Phytophthora infestans." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 12 (December 2014): 1318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-14-0181-r.

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Mature Nicotiana benthamiana shows stable resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Induction of phytoalexin (capsidiol) production is essential for the resistance, which is upregulated via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade (NbMEK2-WIPK/SIPK) followed by ethylene signaling. In this study, NbNup75 (encodes a nuclear pore protein Nucleoporin75) was identified as an essential gene for resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans. In NbNup75-silenced plants, initial events of elicitor-induced responses such as phosphorylation of MAPK and expression of defense-related genes were not affected, whereas induction of later defense responses such as capsidiol production and cell death induction was suppressed or delayed. Ethylene production induced by either INF1 or NbMEK2 was reduced in NbNup75-silenced plants, whereas the expression of NbEAS (a gene for capsidiol biosynthesis) induced by ethylene was not affected, indicating that Nup75 is required for the induction of ethylene production but not for ethylene signaling. Given that nuclear accumulation of polyA RNA was increased in NbNup75-silenced plants, efficient export of mRNA from nuclei via nuclear pores would be important for the timely upregulation of defense responses. Collectively, Nup75 is involved in the induction of a later stage of defense responses, including the ethylene-mediated production of phytoalexin for the resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans.

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Jiménez-Guerrero, Irene, Francisco Pérez-Montaño, José Antonio Monreal, Gail M. Preston, Helen Fones, Blanca Vioque, Francisco Javier Ollero, and Francisco Javier López-Baena. "The Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii HH103 Type 3 Secretion System Suppresses Early Defense Responses to Effectively Nodulate Soybean." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 28, no. 7 (July 2015): 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-15-0020-r.

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Plants that interact with pathogenic bacteria in their natural environments have developed barriers to block or contain the infection. Phytopathogenic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to subvert these defenses and promote infection. Thus, the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) delivers bacterial effectors directly into the plant cells to alter host signaling and suppress defenses, providing an appropriate environment for bacterial multiplication. Some rhizobial strains possess a symbiotic T3SS that seems to be involved in the suppression of host defenses to promote nodulation and determine the host range. In this work, we show that the inactivation of the Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii HH103 T3SS negatively affects soybean nodulation in the early stages of the symbiotic process, which is associated with a reduction of the expression of early nodulation genes. This symbiotic phenotype could be the consequence of the bacterial triggering of soybean defense responses associated with the production of salicylic acid (SA) and the impairment of the T3SS mutant to suppress these responses. Interestingly, the early induction of the transcription of GmMPK4, which negatively regulates SA accumulation and defense responses in soybean via WRKY33, could be associated with the differential defense responses induced by the parental and the T3SS mutant strain.

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Kniskern, Joel M., M. Brian Traw, and Joy Bergelson. "Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Defense Pathways Reduce Natural Bacterial Diversity on Arabidopsis thaliana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 20, no. 12 (December 2007): 1512–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-20-12-1512.

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Terrestrial plants serve as large and diverse habitats for a wide range of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes, yet these communities are not well described and little is known about the effects of plant defense on microbial communities in nature. We designed a field experiment to determine how variation in two plant defense signaling pathways affects the size, diversity, and composition of the natural endophytic and epiphytic bacterial communities of Arabidopsis thaliana. To do this, we provide an initial characterization of these bacterial communities in one population in southwestern Michigan, United States, and we compare these two communities among A. thaliana mutants deficient in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling defense pathways, controls, and plants with artificially elevated levels of defense. We identified 30 distinct bacterial groups on A. thaliana that differ in colony morphology and 16S rRNA sequence. We show that induction of SA-mediated defenses reduced endophytic bacterial community diversity, whereas plants deficient in JA-mediated defenses experienced greater epiphytic bacterial diversity. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between total community size and diversity, indicating that relatively susceptible plants should, in general, harbor higher bacterial diversity. This experiment provides novel information about the ecology of bacteria on A. thaliana and demonstrates that variation in two specific plant-signaling defense pathways can influence bacterial diversity on plants.

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Lawton, M. A., and C. J. Lamb. "Transcriptional activation of plant defense genes by fungal elicitor, wounding, and infection." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 1 (January 1987): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.1.335-341.1987.

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Activation of plant defense genes was investigated by analysis of transcripts completed in vitro by isolated nuclei. Elicitor treatment of suspension-cultured bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cells caused marked transient stimulation of transcription of genes encoding apoproteins of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) and the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS), concomitant with the onset of rapid accumulation of the respective mRNAs and hence expression of the phytoalexin (PAL, CHS), lignin (PAL), and HRGP defense responses. While there was a lag of 2 h prior to stimulation of HRGP gene transcription, induction of the transcription of PAL and CHS genes occurred within 5 min of elicitor treatment. Induction of transcription of PAL, CHS, and HRGP genes was also observed in wounded hypocotyls and in infected hypocotyls during race-cultivar-specific interactions with the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose. Transcriptional activation occurred not only in directly infected tissue but also in distant, hitherto uninfected tissue, indicating intercellular transmission of an endogenous signal for defense gene activation. It is concluded that transcriptional activation of defense genes characteristically underlies induction of the corresponding defense responses and expression of disease resistance.

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Lawton, M. A., and C. J. Lamb. "Transcriptional activation of plant defense genes by fungal elicitor, wounding, and infection." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 1 (January 1987): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.1.335.

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Activation of plant defense genes was investigated by analysis of transcripts completed in vitro by isolated nuclei. Elicitor treatment of suspension-cultured bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cells caused marked transient stimulation of transcription of genes encoding apoproteins of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) and the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS), concomitant with the onset of rapid accumulation of the respective mRNAs and hence expression of the phytoalexin (PAL, CHS), lignin (PAL), and HRGP defense responses. While there was a lag of 2 h prior to stimulation of HRGP gene transcription, induction of the transcription of PAL and CHS genes occurred within 5 min of elicitor treatment. Induction of transcription of PAL, CHS, and HRGP genes was also observed in wounded hypocotyls and in infected hypocotyls during race-cultivar-specific interactions with the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose. Transcriptional activation occurred not only in directly infected tissue but also in distant, hitherto uninfected tissue, indicating intercellular transmission of an endogenous signal for defense gene activation. It is concluded that transcriptional activation of defense genes characteristically underlies induction of the corresponding defense responses and expression of disease resistance.

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Göhre, Vera, Alexandra M. E. Jones, Jan Sklenář, Silke Robatzek, and Andreas P. M. Weber. "Molecular Crosstalk Between PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Photosynthesis." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 8 (August 2012): 1083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-11-0301.

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The innate immune system allows plants to respond to potential pathogens in an appropriate manner while minimizing damage and energy costs. Photosynthesis provides a sustained energy supply and, therefore, has to be integrated into the defense against pathogens. Although changes in photosynthetic activity during infection have been described, a detailed and conclusive characterization is lacking. Here, we addressed whether activation of early defense responses by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) triggers changes in photosynthesis. Using proteomics and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, we show that activation of defense by PAMPs leads to a rapid decrease in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Conversely, NPQ also influences several responses of PAMP-triggered immunity. In a mutant impaired in NPQ, apoplastic reactive oxygen species production is enhanced and defense gene expression is differentially affected. Although induction of the early defense markers WRKY22 and WRKY29 is enhanced, induction of the late markers PR1 and PR5 is completely abolished. We propose that regulation of NPQ is an intrinsic component of the plant's defense program.

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Stetson, Daniel B., and Ruslan Medzhitov. "Antiviral defense: interferons and beyond." Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, no. 8 (July 31, 2006): 1837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20061377.

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Mice lacking the adaptor protein that initiates an antiviral response downstream of the RNA helicases retinoic acid–inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) have recently been described. These studies highlight the essential and nonredundant role of nucleic acid recognition in the induction of type I interferon production and raise important questions regarding the nature of cell-autonomous virus detection in coordinating the antiviral response.

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Thakker, Janki N., Samiksha Patel, and Pinakin C. Dhandhukia. "Induction of Defense-Related Enzymes in Banana Plants: Effect of Live and Dead Pathogenic Strain of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense." ISRN Biotechnology 2013 (December 5, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/601303.

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The aim of the present study was to scrutinize the response of banana (Grand Naine variety) plants when interacting with dead or live pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, a causative agent of Panama disease. Response of plants was evaluated in terms of induction of defense-related marker enzyme activity, namely, peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), -1,3 glucanase, chitinase, and phenolics. Plant's interaction with live pathogen resulted in early induction of defense to restrain penetration as well as antimicrobial productions. However, pathogen overcame the defense of plant and caused disease. Interaction with dead pathogen resulted in escalating defense response in plants. Later on plants inoculated with dead pathogen showed resistance to even forced inoculation of live pathogen. Results obtained in the present study suggest that dead pathogen was able to mount defense response in plants and provide resistance to Panama disease upon subsequent exposure. Therefore, preparation from dead pathogen could be a potential candidate as a biocontrol agent or plant vaccine to combat Panama disease.

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Lee, Hyoung Yool, and Kyoungwhan Back. "The phytomelatonin receptor (PMRT1) Arabidopsis Cand2 is not a bona fide G protein–coupled melatonin receptor." Melatonin Research 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32794/mr11250055.

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It was recently suggested that the protein Cand2 acts as a G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) for melatonin in Arabidopsis by mediating stomatal closure via H2O2 production and Ca2+ influx. Here, we examined whether Cand2 is indeed a melatonin receptor. Contrary to previous reports, confocal microscopy analyses indicated that Cand2 protein is localized in the cytoplasm rather than the plasma membrane. The role of Cand2 was further investigated in genetic analyses using two Arabidopsis cand2 knockout mutant lines, SALK_071302 (cand2-1) and SALK_068848 (cand2-2). We found that melatonin-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was not abolished in the cand2 mutant lines, nor did melatonin-mediated defense gene induction (e.g., GST1) change relative to that in the wild type Col-0. Following ER stress, the two cand2 mutant lines were identical to Col-0 in terms of defense gene induction, ion leakage, and ROS levels. Two G protein mutants, gpa1 (Gα mutant) and agb1 (Gβ mutant), also exhibited no disturbance in melatonin-mediated defense gene induction or melatonin-mediated MAPK activation. Collectively, our data indicate that Cand2 is neither a phytomelatonin receptor localized in the plasma membrane nor is it involved in the melatonin-mediated defense signaling pathway via G protein components. However, it remains unclear how melatonin-mediated MAPK activation was slightly decreased in the mutant cand2-2 without affecting downstream defense gene induction. Also, it cannot rule out the possibility that Cand2 may be a melatonin binding protein and that its binding may result in a decrease of free melatonin level in plants.

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Palva, Tuula K. "Induction of Plant Defense Response by Exoenzymes ofErwinia carotovorasubsp.carotovora." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 6, no. 2 (1993): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-6-190.

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KIMBLE, KEVIN. "BonJour’s Defense of Induction: An A Priorist Way Out?" Dialogue 52, no. 3 (August 6, 2013): 449–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217313000590.

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Laurence BonJour has proposed a novel defense of the inductive principle (IP) in response to a skeptical challenge posed by Hume. In this paper, I elaborate and criticize BonJour’s strategy. Along the way, I draw attention to Anthony Brueckner’s criticisms of BonJour’s approach, detailing why they fall short of providing an effective rebuttal of BonJour’s argument. By distinguishing and applying two different kinds of probability assessment to BonJour’s premises, I argue that BonJour’s a priori strategy fails to provide a cogent defense of IP. I conclude by drawing out some implications for a priori attempts to argue for the principle.

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Repka, V. "Elicitor-Stimulated Induction of Defense Mechanisms and Defense Gene Activation in Grapevine Cell Suspension Cultures." Biologia plantarum 44, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1013742703929.

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Sanjayan, K. P. "INDUCTION OF SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS IN PLANTS FOR PEST MANAGEMENT." Journal of Biopesticides 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2008): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.1.1.12-16.

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The biochemical pathways encompassing induced resistance involve oxidizing enzymes such as PPO (Polyphenol Oxidase), PO (Peroxidase) and LOX (Lypoxygenase). Increased activities of these enzymes in plants serve as markers for visualizing induced resistance. Induced resistance, being an active defense mechanism, results from the expression of PR-proteins, low molecular weight compounds like phytoalexins and proteinase inhibitors. This paper highlights on the spatial induction, variability and persistence of induced defenses responses in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. using lepidopterans, aphids and mechanical wounding as elicitors. The early signally events upon wounding by an insect resulting in the release of elicitors JA, Ethylene, Glycans and Absisic acid and the transmission of signals through unwounded sites is described. The practical utility of induced resistance is discussed based on the results of the systematic small scale laboratory essays.

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Bellin, Diana, Shuta Asai, Massimo Delledonne, and Hirofumi Yoshioka. "Nitric Oxide as a Mediator for Defense Responses." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 26, no. 3 (March 2013): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-12-0214-cr.

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Sequential recognition of invading microbes and rapid induction of plant immune responses comprise at least two recognition systems. Early basal defenses are initiated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the plasma membrane. Pathogens produce effectors to suppress defense but plants, in turn, can sense such effectors by dominant plant resistance (R) gene products. Plant PRR and R proteins modulate signaling networks for defense responses that rely on rapid production of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent research has shown that nitric oxide (NO) mainly mediates biological function through chemical reactions between locally controlled accumulation of RNS and proteins leading to potential alteration of protein function. Many proteins specifically regulated by NO and participating in signaling during plant defense response have been identified, highlighting the physiological relevance of these modifications in plant immunity. ROS function independently or in cooperation with NO during defense, modulating the RNS signaling functions through the entire process. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about regulatory mechanisms for NO burst and signaling, and crosstalk with ROS in response to pathogen attack.

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Fischer, Natalie, Emmanuel Sechet, Robin Friedman, Aurélien Amiot, Iradj Sobhani, Giulia Nigro, Philippe J. Sansonetti, and Brice Sperandio. "Histone deacetylase inhibition enhances antimicrobial peptide but not inflammatory cytokine expression upon bacterial challenge." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 21 (May 9, 2016): E2993—E3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605997113.

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are defense effectors of the innate immunity playing a crucial role in the intestinal homeostasis with commensals and protection against pathogens. Herein we aimed to investigate AMP gene regulation by deciphering specific characteristics allowing their enhanced expression among innate immune genes, particularly those encoding proinflammatory mediators. Our emphasis was on epigenetic regulation of the gene encoding the AMP β-defensin 2 (HBD2), taken as a model of possibly specific induction, upon challenge with a commensal bacterium, compared with the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8. Using an in vitro model of colonic epithelial cells challenged with Escherichia coli K12, we showed that inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC) by trichostatin A dramatically enhanced induction of HBD2 expression, without affecting expression of IL-8. This mechanism was supported by an increased phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine S10, preferentially at the HBD2 promoter. This process occurred through activation of the IκB kinase complex, which also led to activation of NF-κB. Moreover, we demonstrated that NF-κB was modified by acetylation upon HDAC inhibition, partly by the histone acetyltransferase p300, and that both NF-κB and p300 supported enhanced induction of HBD2 expression. Furthermore, we identified additional genes belonging to antimicrobial defense and epithelial restitution pathways that showed a similar pattern of epigenetic control. Finally, we confirmed our finding in human colonic primary cells using an ex vivo organoid model. This work opens the way to use epigenetic pharmacology to achieve induction of epithelial antimicrobial defenses, while limiting the deleterious risk of an inflammatory response.

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Rigsby, Chad M., Ian G. Kinahan, Amelia May, Amy Kostka, Nick Houseman, Suzanne K. Savage, Elizabeth R. Whitney, and Evan L. Preisser. "Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Infestation on the Jasmonic Acid-Elicited Defenses of Tsuga canadensis (Pinales: Pinaceae)." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 5 (September 16, 2020): 1226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa104.

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Abstract Hemlock woolly adelgid is an invasive piercing-sucking insect in eastern North America, which upon infestation of its main host, eastern hemlock (‘hemlock’), improves attraction and performance of folivorous insects on hemlock. This increased performance may be mediated by hemlock woolly adelgid feeding causing antagonism between the the jasmonic acid and other hormone pathways. In a common garden experiments using hemlock woolly adelgid infestation and induction with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and measures of secondary metabolite contents and defense-associated enzyme activities, we explored the impact of hemlock woolly adelgid feeding on the local and systemic induction of jasmonic acid (JA)-elicited defenses. We found that in local tissue hemlock woolly adelgid or MeJA exposure resulted in unique induced phenotypes, whereas the combined treatment resulted in an induced phenotype that was a mixture of the two individual treatments. We also found that if the plant was infested with hemlock woolly adelgid, the systemic response of the plant was dominated by hemlock woolly adelgid, regardless of whether MeJA was applied. Interestingly, in the absence of hemlock woolly adelgid, hemlock plants had a very weak systemic response to MeJA. We conclude that hemlock woolly adelgid infestation prevents systemic induction of JA-elicited defenses. Taken together, compromised local JA-elicited defenses combined with weak systemic induction could be major contributors to increased folivore performance on hemlock woolly adelgid-infested hemlock.

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Wang, Ming-Bo, Chikara Masuta, Neil A. Smith, and Hanako Shimura. "RNA Silencing and Plant Viral Diseases." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 10 (October 2012): 1275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-12-0093-cr.

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RNA silencing plays a critical role in plant resistance against viruses, with multiple silencing factors participating in antiviral defense. Both RNA and DNA viruses are targeted by the small RNA-directed RNA degradation pathway, with DNA viruses being also targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation. To evade RNA silencing, plant viruses have evolved a variety of counter-defense mechanisms such as expressing RNA-silencing suppressors or adopting silencing-resistant RNA structures. This constant defense–counter defense arms race is likely to have played a major role in defining viral host specificity and in shaping viral and possibly host genomes. Recent studies have provided evidence that RNA silencing also plays a direct role in viral disease induction in plants, with viral RNA-silencing suppressors and viral siRNAs as potentially the dominant players in viral pathogenicity. However, questions remain as to whether RNA silencing is the principal mediator of viral pathogenicity or if other RNA-silencing-independent mechanisms also account for viral disease induction. RNA silencing has been exploited as a powerful tool for engineering virus resistance in plants as well as in animals. Further understanding of the role of RNA silencing in plant–virus interactions and viral symptom induction is likely to result in novel anti-viral strategies in both plants and animals.

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Degrave, A., M. Fagard, C. Perino, M. N. Brisset, S. Gaubert, S. Laroche, O. Patrit, and M. A. Barny. "Erwinia amylovora Type Three–Secreted Proteins Trigger Cell Death and Defense Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 8 (August 2008): 1076–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-8-1076.

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Erwinia amylovora is the bacterium responsible for fire blight, a necrotic disease affecting plants of the rosaceous family. E. amylovora pathogenicity requires a functional type three secretion system (T3SS). We show here that E. amylovora triggers a T3SS-dependent cell death on Arabidopsis thaliana. The plants respond by inducing T3SS-dependent defense responses, including salicylic acid (SA)-independent callose deposition, activation of the SA defense pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and part of the jasmonic acid/ethylene defense pathway. Several of these reactions are similar to what is observed in host plants. We show that the cell death triggered by E. amylovora on A. thaliana could not be simply explained by the recognition of AvrRpt2ea by the resistance gene product RPS2. We then analyzed the role of type three-secreted proteins (T3SPs) DspA/E, HrpN, and HrpW in the induction of cell death and defense reactions in A. thaliana following infection with the corresponding E. amylovora mutant strains. HrpN and DspA/E were found to play an important role in the induction of cell death, activation of defense pathways, and ROS accumulation. None of the T3SPs tested played a major role in the induction of SA-independent callose deposition. The relative importance of T3SPs in A. thaliana is correlated with their relative importance in the disease process on host plants, indicating that A. thaliana can be used as a model to study their role.

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Schultz, David M., and Randolph C. Arnau. "Effects of a Brief Mindfulness Induction on Death-Related Anxiety." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 79, no. 3 (July 14, 2017): 313–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222817721115.

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This study examined effects of a mindfulness induction on proximal and distal defense responses to mortality salience and negative affect. Three experimental conditions were included: mindfulness, mind-wandering, and worrying. Participants in the mindfulness condition underwent a mindfulness induction at the experiment’s outset, while participants in the other two conditions underwent a mind-wandering or worry induction. Inductions involved following guided audio instructions presented via headphones. All conditions ( N = 77) underwent a mortality salience induction after experimental manipulation, involving a written exercise pertaining to one’s death. Results indicated fewer proximal responses in the mindfulness and mind-wandering groups, compared with the worrying group, but no differences in distal responses. Negative affect was lower in the mindfulness group than in the worrying group following mortality salience. Results suggest that mindfulness exercises effectively buffer against negative affect and some responses to mortality salience, although these effects are not different from those of mind-wandering.

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Gandhi, Akanksha, Rupesh Kariyat, Amaravadhi Harikishore, Marzieh Ayati, Anirban Bhunia, and Nirakar Sahoo. "Deciphering the Role of Ion Channels in Early Defense Signaling against Herbivorous Insects." Cells 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092219.

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Plants and insect herbivores are in a relentless battle to outwit each other. Plants have evolved various strategies to detect herbivores and mount an effective defense system against them. These defenses include physical and structural barriers such as spines, trichomes, cuticle, or chemical compounds, including secondary metabolites such as phenolics and terpenes. Plants perceive herbivory by both mechanical and chemical means. Mechanical sensing can occur through the perception of insect biting, piercing, or chewing, while chemical signaling occurs through the perception of various herbivore-derived compounds such as oral secretions (OS) or regurgitant, insect excreta (frass), or oviposition fluids. Interestingly, ion channels or transporters are the first responders for the perception of these mechanical and chemical cues. These transmembrane pore proteins can play an important role in plant defense through the induction of early signaling components such as plasma transmembrane potential (Vm) fluctuation, intracellular calcium (Ca2+), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, followed by defense gene expression, and, ultimately, plant defense responses. In recent years, studies on early plant defense signaling in response to herbivory have been gaining momentum with the application of genetically encoded GFP-based sensors for real-time monitoring of early signaling events and genetic tools to manipulate ion channels involved in plant-herbivore interactions. In this review, we provide an update on recent developments and advances on early signaling events in plant-herbivore interactions, with an emphasis on the role of ion channels in early plant defense signaling.

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Molisso, Donata, Mariangela Coppola, Martina Buonanno, Ilaria Di Lelio, Simona Maria Monti, Chiara Melchiorre, Angela Amoresano, et al. "Tomato Prosystemin Is Much More than a Simple Systemin Precursor." Biology 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010124.

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Systemin (Sys) is an octadecapeptide, which upon wounding, is released from the carboxy terminus of its precursor, Prosystemin (ProSys), to promote plant defenses. Recent findings on the disordered structure of ProSys prompted us to investigate a putative biological role of the whole precursor deprived of the Sys peptide. We produced transgenic tomato plants expressing a truncated ProSys gene in which the exon coding for Sys was removed and compared their defense response with that induced by the exogenous application of the recombinant truncated ProSys (ProSys(1-178), the Prosystemin sequence devoid of Sys region). By combining protein structure analyses, transcriptomic analysis, gene expression profiling and bioassays with different pests, we demonstrate that truncated ProSys promotes defense barriers in tomato plants through a hormone-independent defense pathway, likely associated with the production of oligogalacturonides (OGs). Both transgenic and plants treated with the recombinant protein showed the modulation of the expression of genes linked with defense responses and resulted in protection against the lepidopteran pest Spodoptera littoralis and the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Our results suggest that the overall function of the wild-type ProSys is more complex than previously shown, as it might activate at least two tomato defense pathways: the well-known Sys-dependent pathway connected with the induction of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and the successive activation of a set of defense-related genes, and the ProSys(1-178)-dependent pathway associated with OGs production leading to the OGs mediate plant immunity.

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Ng, Wy Ching, Michelle D. Tate, Andrew G. Brooks, and Patrick C. Reading. "Soluble Host Defense Lectins in Innate Immunity to Influenza Virus." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/732191.

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Host defenses against viral infections depend on a complex interplay of innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) components. In the early stages of infection, innate mechanisms represent the main line of host defense, acting to limit the spread of virus in host tissues prior to the induction of the adaptive immune response. Serum and lung fluids contain a range of lectins capable of recognizing and destroying influenza A viruses (IAV). Herein, we review the mechanisms by which soluble endogenous lectins mediate anti-IAV activity, including their role in modulating IAV-induced inflammation and disease and their potential as prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments during severe IAV-induced disease.

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Kazan, Kemal, Fiona R. Murray, Ken C. Goulter, Danny J. Llewellyn, and John M. Manners. "Induction of Cell Death in Transgenic Plants Expressing a Fungal Glucose Oxidase." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 11, no. 6 (June 1998): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1998.11.6.555.

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been implicated in the induction of plant defense genes and programmed cell death. Expression of a chimeric fungal glucose oxidase (GO) gene driven by a pathogen- and wound-inducible promoter was evaluated in transgenic tobacco and canola as a possible tool for engineering plant cell death and defense gene induction. Expression of this gene under the control of a peroxidase gene promoter resulted in the accumulation of relatively low levels of H2O2 in the young leaves of transgenic tobacco plants and this was not sufficient to cause any visible cell death and defense gene induction as measured by PR-1a mRNA induction. Older leaves of transgenic tobacco plants, however, exhibited visible necrotic lesions and constitutively expressed PR-1a mRNA when grown under high light conditions. Inoculation of cotyledons of control and transgenic canola with Leptosphaeria maculans resulted in rapid cotyledon senescence in the transgenic plants. Strong activators of the peroxidase promoter, i.e., wounding and inoculation of transgenic plants with Cercospora nicotianae, were not sufficient to trigger any additional visible cell death in transgenic tobacco plants, compared with controls. However, when exogenous glucose was supplied to transgenic tissue, massive cell death and PR-1a gene induction were observed in tobacco. Exogenously applied salicylic acid further increased the rate and extent of cell death. Our results suggest that efficacy of GO expression for the induction of cell death is restricted by glucose supply in the plants and are consistent with a role for salicylic acid in the potentiation of plant cell death by H2O2.

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Berrabah, Fathi, Pascal Ratet, and Benjamin Gourion. "Legume Nodules: Massive Infection in the Absence of Defense Induction." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 1 (January 2019): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0205-fi.

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Plants of the legume family host massive intracellular bacterial populations in the tissues of specialized organs, the nodules. In these organs, the bacteria, named rhizobia, can fix atmospheric nitrogen and transfer it to the plant. This special metabolic skill provides to the legumes an advantage when they grow on nitrogen-scarce substrates. While packed with rhizobia, the nodule cells remain alive, metabolically active, and do not develop defense reactions. Here, we review our knowledge on the control of plant immunity during the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. We present the results of an evolutionary process that selected both divergence of microbial-associated molecular motifs and active suppressors of immunity on the rhizobial side and, on the legume side, active mechanisms that contribute to suppression of immunity.

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Epel, David, and Nancy Eufemia. "The multidrug/multixenobiotic transporter defense mechanism: Induction and energy costs." Marine Environmental Research 46, no. 1-5 (July 1998): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-1136(98)00081-6.

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Riessen, Howard P. "Cost-Benefit Model for the Induction of an Antipredator Defense." American Naturalist 140, no. 2 (August 1992): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285416.

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Meur, Gargi, Madhusudhan Budatha, Aparna Dutta Gupta, Shyam Prakash, and P. B. Kirti. "Differential induction of NPR1 during defense responses in Brassica juncea." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 68, no. 4-6 (April 2006): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2006.09.003.

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Kawahara, Tomoharu, Hiroko Namba, Kazuhiro Toyoda, Tomonari Kasai, Megumi Sugimoto, Yoshishige Inagaki, Yuki Ichinose, and Tomonori Shiraishi. "Induction of defense responses in pea tissues by inorganic phosphate." Journal of General Plant Pathology 72, no. 3 (June 5, 2006): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10327-005-0261-9.

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Acevedo, Flor E., Michelle Peiffer, Swayamjit Ray, Robert Meagher, Dawn S. Luthe, and Gary W. Felton. "Intraspecific differences in plant defense induction by fall armyworm strains." New Phytologist 218, no. 1 (January 14, 2018): 310–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14981.

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Cope, Olivia L., and Richard L. Lindroth. "Clonal Saplings of Trembling Aspen Do Not Coordinate Defense Induction." Journal of Chemical Ecology 44, no. 11 (August 15, 2018): 1045–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-018-1006-5.

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Natarajan, Ashokkumar, Dharani Selvam, Kalaiarasan Palaniappan, Akshaya Subbaiah Balamurali, Chandrasekaran Perumal, Rameshkumar Durai, Shakila Sadasivam, Akino Asokan, Ramadass Sivalingam, and Ashok Subiramaniyan. "Standardization of the Optimum Effects of Indole 3-Butyric Acid (IBA) to Control Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii, in Guava (Psidium guajava L.)." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041839.

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Guava is an important revenue generating crop for small, medium, and commercial guava cultivators all over the world. Nematode infestation is one of the factors that cause declines in fruit production. Researches have proven that the application of plant growth regulators induces the synthesis of defense-related proteins in Guava. IBA is one such plant growth regulator, and its effects on guava plants has not yet been elucidated. Thus, this research is focused on the optimization of IBA concentrations, which results in the induction and production of maximum defense-related proteins to defend against root knot nematode. The present study includes the application of IBA on M. enterolobii-infested experimental guava plants at different concentrations ranging from 100 ppm to 2000 ppm. The synthesis of defense-related proteins is identified with 1000 ppm of IBA. At this concentration, IBA influences the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and enhances the induction of defense-related proteins in M. enterolobii-infested experimental guava plants. Thus, 1000 ppm of IBA prevents nematode infestation in Lucknow-49 guava plants.

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Tziros, George T., Anastasios Samaras, and George S. Karaoglanidis. "Laminarin Induces Defense Responses and Efficiently Controls Olive Leaf Spot Disease in Olive." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041043.

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Olive leaf spot (OLS) caused by Fusicladiumoleagineum is mainly controlled using copper fungicides. However, the replacement of copper-based products with eco-friendly alternatives is a priority. The use of plant resistance-inducers (PRIs) or biological control agents (BCAs) could contribute in this direction. In this study we investigated the potential use of three PRIs (laminarin, acibenzolar-S-methyl, harpin) and a BCA (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB24) for the management of OLS. The tested products provided control efficacy higher than 68%. In most cases, dual applications provided higher (p < 0.05) control efficacies compared to that achieved by single applications. The highest control efficacy of 100% was achieved by laminarin. Expression analysis of the selected genes by RT-qPCR revealed different kinetics of induction. In laminarin-treated plants, for most of the tested genes a higher induction rate (p < 0.05) was observed at 3 days post application. Pal, Lox, Cuao and Mpol were the genes with the higher inductions in laminarin-treated and artificially inoculated plants. The results of this study are expected to contribute towards a better understanding of PRIs in olive culture and the optimization of OLS control, while they provide evidence for potential contributions in the reduction of copper accumulation in the environment.

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Chen, Xian-Ming, Silu Deng, Ai-Yu Gong, Yang Wang, Xin-Tian Zhang, Min Li, Juan Li, and Nicholas W. Mathy. "Induction of a long non-coding RNA, lncRNA-Chr1:1226, by Cryptosporidium infection primes intestinal epithelial cells for IFN-γ-mediated host antimicrobial gene transcription." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 190.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.190.12.

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Abstract Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that infects the intestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces in animals and humans, is an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and a common cause of diarrhea in young children in developing countries. Intestinal epithelial cellular defense is key to innate mucosal anti-Cryptosporidium defense but underlying molecular mechanisms are still obscure. Here, we identified several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are predominantly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. Several of such epithelial-enriched lncRNAs, such as lncRNA-Chr1:1226, were upregulated in cells following C. parvum infection. Induction of lncRNA-Chr1:1226 in infected intestinal epithelial cells was controlled by TLR4/NF-κB/Cdc42 signaling and epithelial specific transcription factor Eif3. Induction of lncRNA-Chr1:1226 promoted IFN-γ-mediated epithelial antimicrobial defense, through facilitating STAT1/SWI/SNF-associated chromatin remodeling to promote IFN-γ-mediated transcription of defense genes in intestinal epithelial cells. We observed that IFN-γ-mediated antimicrobial defense was suppressed in neonatal intestinal epithelium. Expression of PRDM1 in the neonatal intestinal epithelium might contribute to suppression of IFN-γ-mediated antimicrobial gene transcription. Furthermore, PRDM1 interacted with lncRNA-Chr1:1226 and PIAS1 to attenuate SWI/SNF-mediated antimicrobial transcription induced by IFN-γ in intestinal epithelium of neonates. Our data demonstrate that lncRNAs, particularly epithelial lncRNAs, may be key regulators in IFN-γ-mediated epithelial defense.

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Guarnizo, Nathalie, Andree Álvarez, Diego Oliveros, Oveimar Barbosa, Jordi Eras Joli, María Bianney Bermúdez-Cardona, and Walter Murillo-Arango. "Elicitor Activity of Curdlan and Its Potential Application in Protection of Hass Avocado Plants against Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands." Horticulturae 8, no. 7 (July 16, 2022): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070646.

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Phytophthora cinnamomi causes one of the most important diseases in avocado crop and its chemical management represents 25% of the production cost per year. Induction of plant defense responses by elicitors is a promising strategy that is compatible with sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of curdlan application on the induction of defense responses in avocado plants against P. cinnamomi. The trials were conducted under greenhouse conditions, and curdlan leaf spraying was performed one day before the inoculation of the pathogen. The results showed that the application of elicitor significantly increased the protection of avocado plants against P. cinnamomi, decreasing the injury and wilting. The Curd + Phy treatment improved the defenses of plants by increasing the enzymes peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the first 3 h after inoculation and increasing the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL) 144 h after inoculation (p < 0.05). Also, chlorophyll and carotenoid content increased or remained stable in Curd + Phy treatment. Therefore, these results suggest that curdlan increases the protection against P. cinnamomi and its protection could be due to an increase in the activity of the enzymes related to the phenylpropanoid pathway as well as the effect on chlorophyll and carotenoids.

Journal articles on the topic 'Defense induction'

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