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Journal articles on the topic 'Defense Balance'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

HAUSKEN, KJELL, and GREGORY LEVITIN. "ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE DEFENSE AGAINST A STRATEGIC ATTACKER." International Game Theory Review 13, no. 01 (March 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198911002812.

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The article analyzes how a defender determines a balance between protecting an object (passive defense) and striking preventively against an attacker seeking to destroy the object (active defense). The attacker analogously determines a balance between attacking and protecting against the preventive strike. The defender makes its decision about striking preventively based on its estimate of the probability of being attacked. In both cases of preventive strike and no preventive strike, the defender anticipates the most harmful attacker's strategy. The influence of the ratio between the player's resources and the contest intensities on the solution of the game is analyzed.

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2

Epstein, Joshua M. "Assessing the Military Balance: Defense Analysis and the Defense Debate." Brookings Review 3, no. 3 (1985): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20079878.

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3

Park, Yong-Ok. "Japan's Defense Buildup and Regional Balance." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 2, no. 2 (December 1990): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163279009464207.

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4

Park, Yong-Ok. "Japan's Defense Buildup and Regional Balance." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 2, no. 2 (December 1990): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163279009464219.

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5

Park, Yong-Ok. "Japan's Defense Buildup and Regional Balance." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 3, no. 1 (June 1991): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163279109464231.

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6

Park, Yong-Ok. "Japan's Defense Buildup and Regional Balance." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 3, no. 1 (June 1991): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163279109464243.

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7

Hopf, Ted. "Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War." American Political Science Review 85, no. 2 (June 1991): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1963170.

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Bipolar systems are inherently more stable than multipolar configurations of power, Kenneth Waltz argues. His empirical justification for this conclusion relies on the multipolar systems that preceded the two world wars and the bipolar Cold War. The weakness of Waltz's argument is the small number of cases and the failure to consider alternative explanations for different levels of war in the three periods. In another historical period of both multi- and bipolarity—Europe from 1495 to 1559—I have found that polarity cannot account for the constant level of instability across a change in polarity in the system. Instead, the offense-defense balance, which includes the technical military balance, the cumulativity of power resources, and strategic beliefs, explains instability in the period. Drawing on this alternative theory, I reassess the high level of stability associated with the Cold War and speculate on the level of stability we can expect in the post-Cold War period.

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8

Saltzman, Ilai. "Cyber Posturing and the Offense-Defense Balance." Contemporary Security Policy 34, no. 1 (March 11, 2013): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2013.771031.

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9

Peck, Ariana, and Elizabeth D. Mellins. "Precarious Balance: Th17 Cells in Host Defense." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 1 (November 9, 2009): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00929-09.

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ABSTRACT Lineage-specific responses from the effector T-cell repertoire form a critical component of adaptive immunity. The recent identification of Th17 cells—a third, distinct lineage of helper T cells—collapses the long-accepted paradigm in which Th1 and Th2 cells distinctly mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. In this minireview, we discuss the involvement of the Th17 lineage during infection by extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria, and fungi. Emerging trends suggest that the Th17 population bridges innate and adaptive immunity to produce a robust antimicrobial inflammatory response. However, because Th17 cells mediate both host defense and pathological inflammation, elucidation of mechanisms that attenuate but do not completely abolish the Th17 response may have powerful implications for therapy.

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10

Schneier, Bruce. "Artificial Intelligence and the Attack/Defense Balance." IEEE Security & Privacy 16, no. 2 (March 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.1870857.

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11

Garfinkel, Ben, and Allan Dafoe. "How does the offense-defense balance scale?" Journal of Strategic Studies 42, no. 6 (August 22, 2019): 736–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2019.1631810.

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12

Liberman, Peter. "The offense‐defense balance, interdependence, and war." Security Studies 9, no. 1-2 (September 1999): 59–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636419908429395.

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13

Koussoroplis, Apostolos-Manuel, Toni Klauschies, Sylvain Pincebourde, David Giron, and Alexander Wacker. "A comment on “Variability in plant nutrients reduces insect herbivore performance”." Rethinking Ecology 4 (May 10, 2019): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rethinkingecology.4.32252.

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In their recent contribution, Wetzel et al. [Wetzel et al. (2016) Variability in plant nutrients reduces insect herbivore performance. Nature 539: 425-427] predict that variance in the plant nutrient level reduces herbivore performance via the nonlinear averaging effect (named Jensen’s effect by the authors) while variance in the defense level does not. We argue that the study likely underestimates the potential of plant defenses’ variance to cause Jensen’s effects for two reasons. First, this conclusion is based on the finding that the average Jensen’s effect of various defense traits on various herbivores is zero which does not imply that the Jensen’s effect of specific defense traits on specific herbivores is null, just that the effects balance each other globally. Second, the study neglects the nonlinearity effects that may arise from the synergy between nutritive and defense traits or between co-occurring defenses on herbivore performance. Covariance between interacting plant defense traits, or between plant nutritive and defense traits, can affect performance differently than would nutritive or single plant defense variance alone. Overlooking the interactive effects of plant traits and the traits’ covariance could impair the assessment of the true role of plant trait variability on herbivore populations in natural settings.

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14

Mosteller, Robert P. "Discovery against the Defense: Tilting the Adversarial Balance." California Law Review 74, no. 5 (October 1986): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3480454.

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15

Wasternack, Claus. "A plant's balance of growth and defense - revisited." New Phytologist 215, no. 4 (August 3, 2017): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14720.

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16

Johnson Kennedy, Posma Sariguna. "Financing Defence: The Influence of Defence Budget on National Economic Growth: An Indonesian Case." Journal of Social Sciences Research, SPI 2 (November 29, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi2.1.5.

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In our hypothesis the defense budget must reduce the traditional threat and influence the economic. This research would like to see if the defense spending will influence the national economics through economic growth by demand side approach. By assuming the natural balance of power, the traditional threat come not only from military capabilities but also balanced by their economic power. The equation model formed to capture the influence of defense spending to economics growth. The regression describes that military spending had an impact on economic growth. Increase in the level of traditional threat is not reduce economic growth. The Indonesian defense budget give impact on the national economics, and the traditional threat is in small variation. But, the national defense budget still needs to be increased. This makes production could be stable, and the economic actors still feel safe doing the business.

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17

Eckard, E. Woodrow. "Does the NCAA’s Collegiate Model Promote Competitive Balance? Power-5 Conference Football Versus the NFL." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 5 (September 4, 2018): 654–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518798687.

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The disparity between athlete compensation and major sports revenues has produced criticisms of The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)’s Collegiate Model of athletic competition. In defense, the NCAA argues that it promotes competitive balance. One implication is that moving toward a professional model would reduce balance. The present article tests this hypothesis by comparing competitive balance in Power-5 conference football to that for the professional National Football League (NFL) using a variety of balance metrics. The results provide no support for the NCAA’s implicit hypothesis of less balance in the NFL, undermining competitive balance as a legitimate defense of the NCAA’s Collegiate Model.

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18

Mungan, Murat C. "Justifications, Excuses, and Affirmative Defenses." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 36, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 343–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewz023.

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Abstract A defendant who admits to having committed an offense may nevertheless be acquitted if he can provide a legally cognizable justification or excuse for his actions by raising an affirmative defense. This article explains how affirmative defenses generate social benefits in the form of avoided unnecessary punishment. It then asks what kind of evidentiary standards must be used in order to balance these benefits against potential social costs arising from frivolous defense claims. It thereby provides an economic rationale for the uniformity across US jurisdictions in allocating the burden on the prosecution to prove the commission of the offense, as well as the variation across states in the standards of proof they use in determining the validity of affirmative defenses. The analysis also explains why mere assertions of undeterrability should not be considered as affirmative defenses. (JEL K00, K14, K40, K41, K42)

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19

Mu, Chengpo, Meng Yu, Yingjiu Li, and Wanyu Zang. "Risk balance defense approach against intrusions for network server." International Journal of Information Security 13, no. 3 (October 30, 2013): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10207-013-0214-9.

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20

Nilsson, Marco. "Offense–Defense Balance, War Duration, and the Security Dilemma." Journal of Conflict Resolution 56, no. 3 (April 18, 2012): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002712438350.

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21

Đekić, Milica. "Incident response as a key factor of defense." Tehnika 75, no. 6 (2020): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2006809d.

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According to the ancient Chinese learning our world is governed by two opposite forces being Yin and Yang. Those forces are the force of offense and force of defense and by the same doctrine our world can be in harmony only if those two forces are in balance. The modern security experts would also see a security as a balance between attack and defense. So many defense professionals worldwide would approach their everyday tasks with such an assumption. The similar situation is with the cyber defense - the cybersecurity researchers and practitioners would see cyber defense as a balance between cyber attack and its defense. Also, this doctrine would get led with the theory that there are some passive and active principles in cyber defense. For instance, the passive principals are cyber prevention and monitoring, while the active principle is the incident response. The ongoing experience would suggest that the majority of marketplace actors would invest a lot into the passive factors of cyber defense, while the incident response would get less used due to some objective and realistic parameters. The main concern with the incident response is that it requires a lot of skills and expertise in order to get applied. There is the entire flow in a cybersecurity that would suggest that all three indicators of the cyber defense passive and active principles should get equally distributed. In addition, coping with such a concept so many cyber experts would see the incident response as a key pillar in a cyber defense. In this effort, we intend to provide a deep insight into such learning as well as provide some comments and discussions coming from our own research experience.

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22

Gutteridge, J. M. "Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 1819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.12.1819.

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Abstract Disturbance of the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide; hydrogen peroxide; hypochlorous acid; hydroxyl, alkoxyl, and peroxyl radicals; and antioxidant defenses against them produces oxidative stress, which amplifies tissue damage by releasing prooxidative forms of reactive iron that are able to drive Fenton chemistry and lipid peroxidation and by eroding away protective sacrificial antioxidants. The body has a hierarchy of defense strategies to deal with oxidative stress within different cellular compartments, and superimposed on these are gene-regulated defenses involving the heat-shock and oxidant stress proteins.

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23

Moskowitz, Nora A., Rachel D’Agui, Aurora Alvarez-Buylla, Katherine Fiocca, and Lauren A. O’Connell. "Poison frog dietary preference depends on prey type and alkaloid load." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): e0276331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276331.

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The ability to acquire chemical defenses through the diet has evolved across several major taxa. Chemically defended organisms may need to balance chemical defense acquisition and nutritional quality of prey items. However, these dietary preferences and potential trade-offs are rarely considered in the framework of diet-derived defenses. Poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae) acquire defensive alkaloids from their arthropod diet of ants and mites, although their dietary preferences have never been investigated. We conducted prey preference assays with the Dyeing Poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) to test the hypothesis that alkaloid load and prey traits influence frog dietary preferences. We tested size preferences (big versus small) within each of four prey groups (ants, beetles, flies, and fly larvae) and found that frogs preferred interacting with smaller prey items of the fly and beetle groups. Frog taxonomic prey preferences were also tested as we experimentally increased their chemical defense load by feeding frogs decahydroquinoline, an alkaloid compound similar to those naturally found in their diet. Contrary to our expectations, overall preferences did not change during alkaloid consumption, as frogs across groups preferred fly larvae over other prey. Finally, we assessed the protein and lipid content of prey items and found that small ants have the highest lipid content while large fly larvae have the highest protein content. Our results suggest that consideration of toxicity and prey nutritional value are important factors in understanding the evolution of acquired chemical defenses and niche partitioning.

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24

Luo, Jie, Wenxiu Xia, Pei Cao, Zheng’ang Xiao, Yan Zhang, Meifeng Liu, Chang Zhan, and Nian Wang. "Integrated Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Plant Hormones Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Coordinate Growth and Defense Responses upon Fungal Infection in Poplar." Biomolecules 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9010012.

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Plants have evolved a sophisticated system to respond to various stresses. Fungal attack or infection is one of the most important biotic stresses for most plants. During the defense response to fungal infection, the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) play critical roles. Here, gene expression data on JA/SA treatments and Melampsora larici-populina (MLP) infection were generated. Integrated transcriptome analyses of these data were performed, and 943 genes in total were identified as common responsive genes (CRG). Gene ontology (GO) term analysis revealed that the genes from CRG are generally involved in the processes of stress responses, metabolism, and growth and development. The further cluster analysis of the CRG identified a set of core genes that are involved in the JA/SA-mediated response to fungal defense with distinct gene expression profiles upon JA/SA treatment, which highlighted the different effects of these two hormones on plant fungal defenses. The modifications of several pathways relative to metabolism, biotic stress, and plant hormone signal pathways suggest the possible roles of JA/SA on the regulation of growth and defense responses. Co-expression modules (CMs) were also constructed using the poplar expression data on JA, SA, M. larici-populina, Septoria musiva, and Marssonina brunnea treatment or infection. A total of 23 CMs were constructed, and different CMs clearly exhibited distinct biological functions, which conformably regulated the concerted processes in response to fungal defense. Furthermore, the GO term analysis of different CMs confirmed the roles of JA and SA in regulating growth and defense responses, and their expression profiles suggested that the growth ability was reduced when poplar deployed defense responses. Several transcription factors (TFs) among the CRG in the co-expression network were proposed as hub genes in regulating these processes. According to this study, our data finely uncovered the possible roles of JA/SA in regulating the balance between growth and defense responses by integrating multiple hormone signaling pathways. We were also able to provide more knowledge on how the plant hormones JA/SA are involved in the regulation of the balance between growth and plant defense.

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25

Lerdau, Manuel, Marcy Litvak, and Russ Monson. "Plant chemical defense: monoterpenes and the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9, no. 2 (February 1994): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90269-0.

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26

Zhao, Jinxiong, Xun Zhang, Fuqiang Di, Sensen Guo, Xiaoyu Li, Xiao Jing, Panfei Huang, and Dejun Mu. "Exploring the Optimum Proactive Defense Strategy for the Power Systems from an Attack Perspective." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (February 12, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699108.

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Proactive defense is one of the most promising approaches to enhance cyber-security in the power systems, while how to balance its costs and benefits has not been fully studied. This paper proposes a novel method to model cyber adversarial behaviors as attackers contending for the defenders’ benefit based on the game theory. We firstly calculate the final benefit of the hackers and defenders in different states on the basis of the constructed models and then predict the possible attack behavior and evaluate the best defense strategy for the power systems. Based on a real power system subnet, we analyze 27 attack models with our method, and the result shows that the optimal strategy of the attacker is to launch a small-scale attack. Correspondingly, the optimal strategy of the defender is to conduct partial-defense.

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27

Lobaina, Dania P., Roberto Tarazi, Tamara Castorino, and Maite F. S. Vaslin. "The Ubiquitin–Proteasome System (UPS) and Viral Infection in Plants." Plants 11, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192476.

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The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is crucial in maintaining cellular physiological balance. The UPS performs quality control and degrades proteins that have already fulfilled their regulatory purpose. The UPS is essential for cellular and organic homeostasis, and its functions regulate DNA repair, gene transcription, protein activation, and receptor trafficking. Besides that, the UPS protects cellular immunity and acts on the host’s defense system. In order to produce successful infections, viruses frequently need to manipulate the UPS to maintain the proper level of viral proteins and hijack defense mechanisms. This review highlights and updates the mechanisms and strategies used by plant viruses to subvert the defenses of their hosts. Proteins involved in these mechanisms are important clues for biotechnological approaches in viral resistance.

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28

Massad, Tara Joy, Lee A. Dyer, and Gerardo Vega C. "Costs of Defense and a Test of the Carbon-Nutrient Balance and Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypotheses for Two Co-Occurring Classes of Plant Defense." PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (October 24, 2012): e47554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047554.

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29

Fregan, Beatrix, and Zoltán Rajnai. "Western European Example of Defense Development." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 11, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2019.11.10.

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Abstract It is particularly important for the French political leadership to maintain French independence, to develop military defense capabilities and to maintain a balance between budgetary constraints. The publication presents a European way of continuously modernizing the French army and modernizing its technical tools. France has one of the strongest and most powerful armed forces characterized by adapting NATO-based applications and procedures.

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30

Ogden, Pat. "Proximity, Defence and Boundaries with Children and Care-Givers: A Sensorimotor Psychotherapy Perspective." Children Australia 40, no. 2 (May 26, 2015): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2015.10.

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Traumatised children can be easily dysregulated by relational dynamics. These children often experience the sequential or simultaneous stimulation of attachment and defence characteristic of disorganised/disoriented attachment patterns. Expressing their relational needs for proximity and distance can be fraught with conflict, confusion, frustration and fear. Parents/care-givers are often baffled about how to balance boundaries and limit setting with closeness and proximity in a way that is effective for themselves and their children. Additionally, parents/care-givers themselves may have histories of trauma and attachment failure that impair their own ability to balance closeness and distance. Both proximity seeking or closeness and defense or boundary setting actions are organized by innate, psychobiological systems of attachment and defense, and for parents/caregivers, the caregiving system as well. Each action system has to meet particular goals to achieve proximity to and security with a trusted other (attachment system); to defend and protect when needed (defence systems) and to protect and care for offspring (care-giving system). The legacy of trauma and attachment failure, with their consequential neuropsychological deficits, can constrain and disrupt adaptive responses to the arousal of these three systems. This paper clarifies the inborn systems that drive actions of proximity and distance. A case study will explore the interactions of these systems in child/care-giver therapy. Sensorimotor Psychotherapy will be described and somatic relational techniques will be illustrated to address proximity and defence/boundaries in the context of child therapy and care-giver/child therapy.

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31

Slayton, Rebecca. "What Is the Cyber Offense-Defense Balance? Conceptions, Causes, and Assessment." International Security 41, no. 3 (January 2017): 72–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00267.

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Most scholars and policymakers claim that cyberspace favors the offense; a minority of scholars disagree. Sweeping claims about the offense-defense balance in cyberspace are misguided because the balance can be assessed only with respect to specific organizational skills and technologies. The balance is defined in dyadic terms, that is, the value less the costs of offensive operations and the value less the costs of defensive operations. The costs of cyber operations are shaped primarily by the organizational skills needed to create and manage complex information technology efficiently. The current success of offense results primarily from poor defensive management and the relatively simpler goals of offense; it can be very costly to exert precise physical effects using cyberweapons. An empirical analysis shows that the Stuxnet cyberattacks on Iran's nuclear facilities very likely cost the offense much more than the defense. The perceived benefits of both the Stuxnet offense and defense, moreover, were likely two orders of magnitude greater than the perceived costs, making it unlikely that decisionmakers focused on costs.

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32

Кrasota, І., and V. Skorik. "DEFINITION OF THE RATIONAL CONFORMITY OF THE OFFICIAL COMPOSITION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE FOR THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ARMY OF STATES - NATO MEMBERS." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, no. 11 (December 27, 2019): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2019.11.137-141.

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The article provides a comparative analysis of the experience of the armies of the developed countries of the world, first of all the NATO member states and the Armed Forces of Ukraine in determining the ratio of officers. The scientific task of establishing a rational balance of officers' composition is one of the key tasks of the defense reform in Ukraine on personnel management. The Matrix's achievement of the strategic objectives and the fulfillment of the main objectives of the defense reform in the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine determined the goal of achieving a more rational ratio of the categories of personnel of the defense forces, including the ratio of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In 2002-2004 and 2016, for the optimization of the ratio of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, an analysis was made of the existing correlation between the categories of officers in the armies of the leading countries of the world, including the armed forces of the NATO member states. According to the results of the conducted research, it was proposed to have the following ratios of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine: officers - about 25% of the total number of servicemen, senior and senior officers - about 40%, junior officers - about 60% of the total number of officers, of them : generals - 0,4%; colonels - 5%; Lieutenant Colonels - 14.6%; Majors - 20%; captains - 25%, senior lieutenants, lieutenants - 35% of the regular number of military officers by military rank. Bringing the rational balance of senior and junior officers in the Armed Forces of Ukraine should be conducted in a balanced manner to the state of security environment and needs of the state's defense, taking into account the financial and economic capabilities of the state, the long-term nature of the military threat posed by the Russian Federation, taken on the strategic course of Ukraine towards integration with the European Union and formation of conditions for joining NATO.

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33

Jashari, Murat, and Behar Selimi. "The Role of the Head of State on National Security Issues in Presidential Democracies - The USA Case." International Journal of Social Science Studies 5, no. 7 (June 6, 2017): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v5i7.2401.

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American democracy continues to be one of the most stable democracies in the world and the model followed by many countries of the world. The practice of presidential governance based on the principle of 'checks and balances' of powers, has shown that the head of state should have sufficient executive powers to preserve and guarantee the democracy, especially in the field of defense and security. Furthermore, in circumstances of threats to national security, its powers can and should set a ''balance'' of powers in favor of the executive power, while not ignoring ''control'' of other powers over the executive power. It is precisely the power of the US president in the field of defense and security that is the subject of the treatment of this paper, which will be addressed beyond classical analyses based solely on his powers as commander in chief of the army. So, we will try to analyze all the powers, which in one way or another, can affect the defense and security policies.

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34

Lieber, Keir A. "Grasping the Technological Peace: The Offense-Defense Balance and International Security." International Security 25, no. 1 (July 2000): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228800560390.

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35

Adams, Karen Ruth. "Attack and Conquer? International Anarchy and the Offense-Defense-Deterrence Balance." International Security 28, no. 3 (January 2004): 45–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228803773100075.

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36

Lieber, Keir A. "Mission Impossible: Measuring the Offense-Defense Balance with Military Net Assessment." Security Studies 20, no. 3 (July 2011): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2011.599193.

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37

Glaser, Charles L., and Chaim Kaufmann. "What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure it?" International Security 22, no. 4 (1998): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2539240.

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38

Lahiri, Amartya, and Carlos A. Végh. "Delaying the Inevitable: Interest Rate Defense and Balance of Payments Crises." Journal of Political Economy 111, no. 2 (April 2003): 404–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/367682.

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39

Henry, Stanley C., Xiaoju G. Daniell, Ashley R. Burroughs, Maanasa Indaram, David N. Howell, Jörn Coers, Michael N. Starnbach, et al. "Balance of Irgm protein activities determines IFN-γ-induced host defense." Journal of Leukocyte Biology 85, no. 5 (January 27, 2009): 877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1008599.

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40

Futter, Andrew. "Getting the Balance Right: U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense and Nuclear Nonproliferation." Comparative Strategy 30, no. 3 (July 2011): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2011.587682.

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41

van der Veen, C. J. "Basal buoyancy and fast-moving glaciers: in defense of analytic force balance." Cryosphere 10, no. 3 (June 29, 2016): 1331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1331-2016.

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Abstract. The geometric approach to force balance advocated by T. Hughes in a series of publications has challenged the analytic approach by implying that the latter does not adequately account for basal buoyancy on ice streams, thereby neglecting the contribution to the gravitational driving force associated with this basal buoyancy. Application of the geometric approach to Byrd Glacier, Antarctica, yields physically unrealistic results, and it is argued that this is because of a key limiting assumption in the geometric approach. A more traditional analytic treatment of force balance shows that basal buoyancy does not affect the balance of forces on ice streams, except locally perhaps, through bridging effects.

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42

Sandronsky, Seth. "Self-Rule in the Balance." Monthly Review 68, no. 2 (June 5, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-068-02-2016-06_5.

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Paul Street, They Rule: The 1% vs. Democracy (London: Routledge, 2014), 252 pages, $30.95, paperback.In They Rule, Paul Street offers a thorough deconstruction of the status quo of U.S. capitalism. The book's subtitle gives a nod to the Occupy Wall Street movement, whose main victory was to popularize the concept of U.S. class conflict, as embodied in the "1 percent." The title also recalls John Carpenter's 1987 film They Live, a sci-fi spoof of the Reagan era that prefigured the Occupy revolt. Carpenter's characters don "magic sunglasses" for intellectual defense against media misinformation.… One current form of that misinformation is the view that the Democratic Party exercises "left" politics. Street smashes this notion.… [However,] this is no academic query.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

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Pritchard, Matthew. "Music in Balance." Journal of Musicology 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2019.36.1.39.

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This essay argues that musicological interpretations of Immanuel Kant’s music aesthetics tend to misread his stance as a defense of artistic formalism and autonomy—traits that, although present in his account of music, in fact reinforce his peculiarly low estimate of music’s value among the fine arts. Kant's position and its subsequent influence can be grasped more securely by analyzing his dichotomy between “free” and “dependent” beauty. Through an exploration of this opposition’s echoes and applications in the thought of three “Kantian” music critics and aestheticians in the two decades after the appearance of the Critique of Judgement—J. F. Reichardt, an anonymous series of articles commonly attributed to J. K. F. Triest, and C. F. Michaelis—this essay argues that Kantian aesthetics as applied in practice involved close attention to the impact of genre, style, function, and compositional aims on the relevant standards of judgment for an individual musical work. The result was not one-sided support for the aesthetic or metaphysical “truth” of absolute music, but a characteristic balance between the claims of “pure” and “applied” art forms—a balance that continued to be maintained in the transition from classical to Romantic aesthetics in the first decade of the nineteenth century.

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Cronin, Greg, and Mark E. Hay. "Within-plant variation in seaweed palatability and chemical defenses: optimal defense theory versus the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis." Oecologia 105, no. 3 (February 1996): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328739.

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Olesen, Mikkel Runge. "To Balance or Not to Balance: How Denmark Almost Stayed out of NATO, 1948–1949." Journal of Cold War Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 63–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00818.

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This article proposes a theoretical model for understanding foreign policy formation and change, especially regarding alliances and what might be called “balancing” foreign policy behavior. The article combines a realist focus on power with the perceptions of actors based on their experiences and the lessons they draw from them. When uncertainty about threat level is high, the “lessons” that actors or groups draw from the past play an indispensable role in helping them make sense of the world. The model is applied to the case of Denmark's decision to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, which was arguably the most significant shift in Danish foreign policy of the twentieth century. The model explains why Danish officials decided to joined NATO only after the Scandinavian Defense Union had failed.

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Shuai, Xiaobing, and Christine Chmura. "Are Social Networks a Double-Edged Sword? A Case Study of Defense Contractors." Economic Development Quarterly 32, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242418785458.

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Utilizing a survey of defense contractors in the New England region, this study explores the effect of social networks on business performance—measured by annual employment growth and market diversification—during a time when defense spending in the United States was contracting. In contrast to prevailing literature focusing on entrepreneurial firms, this study offers insights on how social networks function in defense contractors, which tend to be mature firms. The main conclusion is that having more network connections is associated with faster short-term employment growth (from 2014 to 2015) for defense contractors, but there is a limit to that benefit. The analysis also shows that social networks do not aid market diversification for defense contractors. This poses an interesting challenge for defense contractors, as they need to balance the priorities of short-term growth and long-term success.

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Савченко and Evgeniy Savchenko. "USA Defense Industry Companies’ Development in Current Conditions: Trends and Prospects." Economics of the Firm 5, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20806.

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The article considers the particular characteristics of functioning of USA defense industry companies in current conditions. These characteristics are marked by continuation of crisis trends in the USA economy and negative changes in the USA defense budget. The latter means not only spending reduction, but also changes in budget balance not in favor of procurement of new weapons systems and R&D. The situation determines the necessity of USA defense industry companies’ business-model structural adjustments. However, the implementation of the structural adjustments remains in question.

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Roşu, Bogdan, and Mariana Cordun. "The effect of proprioceptive training in the STAR Excursion Balance Test (SEBT)." Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal 15, no. 28 (June 1, 2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tperj-2022-0002.

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Abstract Introduction. To control the movement, the brain must process proprioceptive information provided by mechanoreceptors. The role of proprioception in carrying out daily activities and physical exercises, was presented, using the SEBT technique and the proprioceptive mechanisms that represent the base of dynamic postural control. Objective. The aim was to highlight the effects of proprioceptive training on lower limb balance in subjects with lower limb injuries but also in healthy subjects, and to evaluate the effectiveness of proprioceptive programs based on postural instability to reduce knee sprains by developing proprioceptive control. These findings indicate the improvement of proprioceptive control which may be a key factor in reducing knee sprain. Working hypothesis. Applying a kinetic intervention protocol, consisting of static proprioceptive exercises, stimulates the body to maintain balance in situations of imbalance and increases the stability of the knee joint in Ministry of National Defense workers with a history of sprained knee or predisposition to injury. Methods. The research was performed on 30 subjects, male and female, employees of the Ministry of National Defense, distributed in two experimental groups: G1 and G2. Results. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the applied program, both for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, in increasing postural balance and proprioceptive control. Conclusions. Knee sprain is a trauma that occurs frequently among athletes. Like athletes, the Ministry of National Defense employees represent a population at high risk of injury or recurrence.

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Iwabuchi, Takuya, Chiharu Yoshimoto, Hiroshi Shigetomi, and Hiroshi Kobayashi. "Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Endometriosis and Its Malignant Transformation." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/848595.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of redox status in endometriosis and its malignant transformation. A search was conducted between 1990 and 2014 through the English language literature (online MEDLINE PubMed database) using the keywords endometriosis combined with malignant transformation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense. In benign endometriosis, autoxidation and Fenton reaction of hemoglobin from the ferrous Fe2+(oxyhemoglobin) state to the ferric Fe3+(methemoglobin) state lead to production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) such asO2-andOH∙. Hemoglobin, heme, and iron derivatives in endometriotic cysts cause distortion in the homeostatic redox balance. Excess oxidative stress could trigger DNA damage and cell death. In contrast, endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) might be associated with an effective antioxidant defense, including heme oxygenases, cytochrome P450 family, and glutathione transferase family. The pattern of redox balance supports that enhanced antioxidants may be involved in the pathogenesis of malignant transformation. In conclusion, oxidant/antioxidant balance function is a double-edged sword, promoting cell death or carcinogenesis. Upregulation of antioxidant functions in endometriotic cyst may result in restoration of cell survival and subsequent malignant transformation.

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MAKSYMIUK, Katarzyna. "Strategic aims of Šāpur II during the campaign in northern Mesopotamia (359-360)." Historia i Świat 7 (June 30, 2018): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2018.07.05.

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In 359, Šāpur II (r. 309-379) led his army against Rome. This campaign became a milestone for the balance of power in Romano-Iranian borderlands. After seventy three Šāpur succeeded in breaking through the defenses and in sacking the city of Amida . According to Ammianus Marcellinus long lasting, heroic defense of Amida saved the Roman cities of Cappadocia from sacking. The author of the article believes that Amida was initial and primary target of Šāpur’s campaign of 359 and the siege was not a result of coincidence of various events, factors and intentions not, as it is suggested by Ammianus Marcellinus

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