Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Defense Balance'
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Jun, Janice. "THE OFFENSE-DEFENSE BALANCE IN IMMUNITY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1467997330.
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Heckman, Melanie L. "A test of optimal defense theory vs. the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis as predictors of seaweed palatability and defenses." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42720.
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Because organisms have limited resources to allocate to multiple life history traits, the Optimal Defense Theory (ODT) and the Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypothesis (GDBH) were developed by terrestrial plant ecologists to predict intraindividual defense allocation based on the cost of defense and these life history trade-offs. However, these theories have garnered equivocal experimental support over the years and are rarely experimentally extended from predictions of plant physiology to the palatability of the tissues an herbivore experiences. We therefore examined tissue palatability, nutritional value, and defense mechanisms in multiple Dictyotalean seaweeds in two Caribbean locations, using two herbivores. Relative palatability of tissues varied greatly with algal species, grazer species, and location. Because older bases were not consistently defended, GDBH did not predict relative palatability. We could not reject ODT without intensive measures of tissue fitness value and herbivore risk, and this theory was therefore not useful in making broad predictions of tissue palatability. In testing the physiological predictions of these theories, we found the young, growing apices of these seaweeds to be generally more nutritionally valuable than the old, anchoring bases and found organic-rich apices to be more chemically deterrent, thus supporting ODT. However, the combined chemical, nutritional, and structural traits of these algae all influenced herbivore choice. As a result, these patterns of apical value and chemical defense reflected palatability of live tissues for only one of five algal species, which rendered ODT and GDBH poor predictors of relative palatability for most algae.
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Malone, Patrick J. "Offense-defense balance in cyberspace: a proposed model." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27863.
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The offense-defense balance is an indicator of the conflict dynamic in a system. Cyberspace is a domain where offense-defense costs are clearer than in the physical world. While there have been numerous comments about the current balance there has not been a study conducted. In this thesis, I use a heuristic model to show what the current theoretical balance point is, and what it was for two different case studies, Estonia in 2007 and Stuxnet. Based on the data, the cost of one dollar by the attacker spent on offense, the defender spends $1.32. When looked at from an aggregate perspective, using the data from the model, attackers to defenders, the disparity is significantly larger, with a one dollar to $131 cost ratio. The Estonia case study had a one dollar to $424 cost ratio, and Stuxnet had a one dollar to seven dollar ratio. This proposed model may provide a glimpse of what the current balance is for a specific system. Using this model, it may be possible to provide measures of effectiveness for modifications made to the system, which could help mitigate costs for cyber defenders.
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Liu, Feng. "Defense of Endothelial Cells Against Tumor Cell Adhesion-Crucial Role of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite Balance." View abstract, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3293013.
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Nackley, Brittany B. "Temporal Dynamics of the Defense Cascade." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99987.
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Understanding physiological responses to threat can inform therapeutic interventions for phobias, anxieties, and PTSD. The defense cascade is reviewed as a theoretical model that predicts behavioral and physiological responses to threats. Nineteen undergraduates (five male), average age 19.4 experienced a novel virtual reality (VR) threat scenario while their physiology was measured. The Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) was used as a self-report indicator of distress in the research setting. Averaged SUDS reports suggested that the VR stimulus was experienced as threatening for most participants, but their autonomic response patterns did not fit those predicted by the defense cascade. Participants who had scored high on adaptive response questionnaires tended to show uncoupled ANS activation during baseline, but varied across the stimulus condition. Nearly all participants showed either coactivation or reciprocal activation during the stimulus period except those reporting the most dissociative trauma experiences, who mostly showed uncoupled ANS activation.M.S.
The more we understand about how people’s bodies and their energies act when they feel threatened, the better we can find help for folks who struggle with anxiety, trauma or other challenging conditions. This research uses a theoretical model called the defense cascade to explore how people respond mentally and physically to threatening situations. Nineteen undergraduates went through a virtual reality (VR) experience that was designed to feel threatening while their body and its energy systems were measured. A scale was introduced called the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) and was used to help the researchers understand how distressed people felt while they were in the VR experience. Averaged SUDS reports suggested that the VR stimulus was experienced as threatening for most participants, but their body response patterns did not fit those predicted by the defense cascade. Participants whose questionnaire responses suggested they were not anxiety-prone or traumatized, tended to show bodily activation that uncoupled their two autonomic bodily systems during a baseline period before the threatening stimulus. However, their autonomic responses during the stimulus period varied. Nearly all participants showed either both autonomic systems acting together or only one system acting in a mutually exclusive way to the other system during the stimulus period. This was the case for most participants except those reporting the most trauma involving dissociative experiences. This latter group mostly showed uncoupled autonomic bodily patterns.
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Lee, Chung-Min. "The emerging strategic balance in Northeast Asia : implications for Korea's defense strategy and planning for the 1990s /." Seoul (South Korea) : Research center for peace and unification of Korea, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35531134c.
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Hight, Robert Frank Jr. "Reshaping the sword and chrysanthemum: regional implications of expanding the mission of the Japan Self Defense Forces." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2272.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedSince taking office in 2001, Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi has pressed for greater expansion to the mission of the Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF), first by endorsing deployments in support of counter-terrorism operations in the Indian Ocean, and eventually the domestically unpopular decision to deploy to Iraq. Recently, an update to the 1996 National Defense Program Outline was published that accelerated the shift in the mission of the JSDF away from a pure self-defense force capable of operating with the United States in defense of Japan's sovereignty to that of an internationally recognized force capable of conducting operations in varying environments throughout the globe. Japan's accelerated military involvement in world affairs has provoked concerns among neighbors, whose perceptions are often quite different from those of the United States or Japan. Japan's legacy of militarism has created resistance to change among regional partners. In order for changes to succeed without upsetting the regional balance of power, Japan must improve not only the capability, but also the international trust and standing of the JSDF. This thesis provides information to allow policy makers to better understand the challenges that the Government of Japan faces in response to changes in security strategy.
Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy
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Dewan, Jay P. "How will the Indian MIlitary's upgrade and modernization of its ISR, precision strike, and missile defense affect the stability in South Asia /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FDewan.pdf.
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Wilson, Jacob J. "Conventional Military Modernization in China and India: A Comparative Historical Analysis." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627662871990976.
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Alarcón, Canchari Alan Carlos. "La Función Garantista del Equilibrio Económico Financiero en el Contrato de Obra Pública." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118865.
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The present article seeks to explain, in the frame of cost variations of infrastructure works, the way the legal defense of State has been carried out against the pretension outlined. Then, we will analyze the way this pretensions, far from causing a prejudice to State, they tend to be necessary to achieve the public interests.El presente artículo tiene como propósito explicar, dentro de un escenario de variación inesperada de los costos de una obra de infraestructura, cómo ha sido la defensa legal del Estado contra las pretensiones económicas que se han esbozado, para seguidamente analizar cómo es que estas pretensiones, lejos de constituirse en necesariamente un eventual perjuicio para el Estado, finalmente y dependiendo de la casuística, terminan siendo necesarias para la consecución de intereses públicos.
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Jacobsson, Josefine, Stephan Oesterbeck, and Florence Schelling. "Ambidexterity and Decision Making : Managing the balance of exploitation and exploration in the context of lengthy product development cycles and product longevity." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148932.
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Background Exploring the literature of ambidexterity, innovation, decision making as well as exploration and exploitation. Aim The purpose is to explore how sequential and contextual ambidexterity influences decision making within an organization. Methodology The study entails a qualitative single case study in the aeronautics and defense industry, where ten semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The findings are mainly based on the insights collected from the interviews. Findings Through the case it is found that ambidexterity influences decision making and decision making influences ambidexterity. By analyzing the different forms of ambidexterity, it is found that sequential ambidexterity has an impact on decision making. Decision making in turn then influences contextual ambidexterity. Concepts A conceptual framework has been created to explain the identified relationship between ambidexterity and decision making.
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Guimarães, Márcio Azevedo. "A política de defesa do Brasil e o Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/72752.
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O objetivo da tese de doutorado é compreender o processo de criação do Conselho de Defesa Sul-americano, proposto pelo Brasil, e suas relações com a institucionalização normativa da política de defesa, como um fenômeno político relevante para os avanços em direção a um regime de cooperação de segurança sul-americana. Neste sentido, um estudo do balanço das capacidades militares é realizado com o objetivo de demonstrar a necessidade de aprofundar a cooperação regional de defesa.The aim of this work is to understand the process of creation of the South American Defense Council proposed by Brazil and its relationship with the Brazilian Defense Policy institutionalization as a relevant phenomena in terms of forward steps towards a security cooperation regime in South America. Hence, a study focused on the balance of military capabilities has been made aiming at revealing the need to deepen the defense regional cooperation.
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Gelato, Cynthia. "L'équilibre procédural lors de la phase préparatoire du procès pénal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191217_GELATO_925hyq243gdx875yuazp213sdbw_TH.pdf.
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L’équilibre est une notion centrale dans la conception française de la procédure pénale. Pourtant, cette notion ne procède d’aucune définition juridique. Il est un mot de sens commun dont use le droit pour faire comprendre qu’une égalité est recherchée. Il s’agit donc d’une situation entre deux forces égales opposées dont résulte un état de repos. Or, l’équilibre ne peut se définir qu’à travers la fonction mathématique f qui est une constante qui, quelque-soit la variable (x) ne saurait souffrir de son influence. Ainsi, pour être constante et obtenir un équilibre, la fonction f ne doit souffrir d’aucune variable. De ce fait, on arrive à la conclusion que l’équilibre, au regard de sa définition mathématique, peut exister en procédure pénale et non au sein de la procédure pénale. Une solution peut cependant être envisagée, grâce à la notion d’équité. Elle se définit comme une fonction variable qui sans obtenir un point d’équilibre permet de s’en rapprocher, en traitant soit de façon égale deux forces égales, soit en traitant de façon inégale deux choses inégales. Ainsi elle apporte au droit l’adaptation aux situations de fait. L’équité va donc résoudre le déséquilibre, sans pour autant créer l’équilibre. On aboutit alors à la formule de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme qui est celle du « juste équilibre ». Si l’équilibre entre les parties est une recherche impossible, l’équité offre une solution favorableBalance is a central notion in the French concept of criminal procedure. However, any legal definition exists about it. It is a common-sense word that the law uses to get the searching of equality across. Therefore, this notion depicts a situation between two equal and opposed forces of which results an idle state. Yet, balance cannot be defined through mathematical function f, which is a constant that doesn’t know any influence from the variable (x). To be constant and to get some balance, the function f must not be affected by any variable. Balance among criminal procedure is the only one to be respected insofar as it corresponds to a balance of the society maintained by the law. The latter is trying to eliminate the variations of which procedure could be a victim through the violation of the rules protected by criminal law and which are created for the purpose of maintain balance. Hence, by considering its mathematical definition, balance can exist in criminal procedure and not within it. Nonetheless, a solution can be considered: without enabling to achieve a balance, it permits getting closer thanks to the notion of equity. Equity can be defined as a variable function, which, without obtain a fulcrum, can approach it, by treating either two forces in the same way, or treating unevenly two unequal situations. Thus, it gives the possibility for the law to adjust well to the facts. It will thereby solve the imbalance but for creating balance. Then, it leads to the phrase of the European Convention on Human Rights which is the “fair balance”. If the balance between the parties is an impossible search, equity offers a favourable remedythe European Convention on Human Rights which is the “fair balance”. If the balance between the parties is an impossible search, equity offers a favourable remedy
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Gill, Katherine M. "Trading : the delivery of a balanced defence capability." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535179.
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SILVA, CLAUMIR SARZEDA DA. "PHEMT BALANCED PARAMETRIC FREQUENCY DIVIDER BY TWO FOR ELECTRONIC DEFENSE RECEIVERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15236@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEste trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de divisores de freqüência por dois paramétricos balanceados a PHEMT, tendo, como motivação, seu emprego como conversores de freqüência em receptores digitais de Defesa Eletrônica. Estes dispositivos têm como características importantes a simplicidade de projeto, um número reduzido de componentes, a possibilidade de integração em circuitos monolíticos de microondas (MMIC), coerência de fase, banda de operação larga, resposta a sinal pulsado muito boa, supressão de harmônicos boa, insensibilidade a variações térmicas e ruído de fase baixo. Uma metodologia de projeto passo a passo é proposta, norteada pela obtenção de dispositivos com ganho máximo (ou perdas mínimas) e banda de operação maximizada. Duas configurações de circuito são consideradas: com ressoadores em paralelo (linhas acopladas) e em série. A caracterização dos divisores é realizada por meio de simulação e experimentalmente. Por fim, uma análise comparativa com a literatura disponível é apresentada, mostrando que alguns dos circuitos desenvolvidos e realizados alcançaram melhor desempenho.
This work assesses the development of PHEMT balanced parametric frequency dividers by two, intended for application as frequency converters on Electronic Defense digital receivers. The main characteristics of these devices are design simplicity, reduced number of components, possibility of integration in MMIC, phase coherence, wide bandwidth, very good pulse response, good harmonic suppression, insensitivity to thermal variations and low phase noise. A step-by-step design methodology is proposed, guide by maximum gain (or minimum loss) and maximized band device requirements. Two circuit topologies are considered: with either parallel (coupled lines) or series resonators. The characterization of the dividers is performed both through simulation and experimentally. Finally, a comparative analysis against literature results is presented, evidencing that some of the developed circuits achieve better performance.
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Lebas, Colomban. "La dialectique ambiguë de la puissance, à l’heure d’une transition majeure du système international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020029.
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Le concept de puissance connaît aujourd’hui de profondes mutations, tant liées à la globalisation qu'à l'apparition d'acteurs transnationaux influents dont les actions parfois fort efficaces exercent aujourd'hui une contrainte significative sur les Etats. L'omniprésence des médias, comme la progressive émergence d'une opinion publique mondiale informée et éduquée, renforcent le rôle des idées sur l’échiquier planétaire. Sur une planète où sont redistribués atouts et vulnérabilités, où de nouvelles lignes de fracture opèrent et où de nouvelles dynamiques réticulaires agissent, en particulier dans le cyberespace, comment se redessine la dialectique de la puissance, dans ses rapports à l'espace géographique, aux Etats, aux structures macrorégionales comme aux acteurs transnationaux ? Afin de répondre à cette question, seront étudiés le concept de puissance et ses mutations ; puis les nouveaux lieux de déploiement de cette puissance ; les contraintes historiques pesant sur les modalités d'exercice de cette puissance – tenant en particulier aux vestiges de la guerre froide – ; pour enfin aborder les nouveaux visages de l'influence internationale, laissant entrevoir comme un "au-delà de la puissance" dont l'interprétation inciterait à élargir, voire à redessiner, la plupart des concepts classiques des relations internationales. Une attention particulière sera accordée aux rapports qu’entretiennent géographie et théorie des relations internationales ainsi qu’à l'éclairage apporté par les outils de la géographie comme de la sociologie. Enfin, des conclusions concernant le cas français seront tirées de l’analyse scientifique ici menée ainsi que des évolutions mondiales étudiéesThe concept of power is involved in strong mutations, not only because of globalisation but also because of the appearance of influential transnational actors, which are able to shape states behaviour. The media's pervasiveness, added to the progressive advent of an informed and educated global public opinion, strengthens the role of ideas in the conduct of world affairs. On a planet where assets and vulnerabilities are redistributed, and where new key political divides operate - and also where unprecedented network dynamics are acting, especially into cyberspace - how power dialectic is reshaping itself, in relation to geographical space, macroregional structures and transnational actors ? In order to answer those questions, we will first study power conceptualisations and their evolutions, then we will examine the new modalities and environments of power deployment, historical constraints over power exercise, and, lastly, we will try to discover the new faces offered by international influence, letting us catch a glimpse of a sort of “beyond the power”, which interpretation would tend to reshape most of the classical concepts of international theory. Particular attention will be paid to the ties between geography and international theory and to the enlightenment that geography and sociology tools could offer in order to study the new planetary configuration. At last, conclusions about the French case will be deduced from our scientific analysis and, more generally, concerning world transformations
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Harding, Amanda Leigh. "The balanced theory a desert based approach to tort law /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Ocampo, Xyrone R. "An examination of the Defense Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness Plan using a balanced scorecard." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5669.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.This thesis analyzes the Defense (DoD) Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness (FIAR) Plan using the Balanced Scorecard. Using Niven's methodology of applying the Balanced Scorecard to the nonprofit and government sectors, the purpose of the thesis is to determine if the Balanced Scorecard can assist in execution of the FIAR Strategy to achieve the goal of asserting financial audit readiness by 30 September 2017. The analysis produced a Strategy Map and Balanced Scorecard, which translated the FIAR Strategy into practical objectives, performance measures, targets and initiatives. The thesis revealed that the Balanced Scorecard can be used to assist in FIAR Strategy execution, including recommendations provided to DoD leadership on ways to improve the FIAR Plan.
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Li, Mandy Man-Lai. "Valuation of off-balance-sheet items: The case of in-substance defeased debt." Thesis, Li, Mandy Man-Lai (1998) Valuation of off-balance-sheet items: The case of in-substance defeased debt. Professional Doctorate thesis, Murdoch University, 1998. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52651/.
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This study examines whether debt constructively retired via an in-substance defeasance transaction is viewed as debt by the investors of the defeasing firm. In an in-substance defeasance, a debtor firm sets up an irrevocable trust consisting of risk-free securities dedicated for the eventual retirement of the defeased debt. Under existing accounting standards in the U.S., although the debt so defeased remains a legal liability of the debtor firm, with all the accompanying debt covenants remaining in effect, the debtor firm can nonetheless remove both the defeased debt and the irrevocable trust from its balance sheet. This accounting treatment is controversial because it violates the long-held tradition of not allowing firms to remove debt from the balance sheet before it is actually retired. It also raises a number of legal questions because the debtor firm is not released from any of the legal obligations associated with the defeased debt.
This study examines whether defeased debt is perceived by shareholders as debt. The methodology involves examining whether defeased debt is a significant explanatory variable for the value and risk of the debtor firm’s stock. Two types of tests are carried out. The first one, called a balance-sheet identity test, involves regressing the debtor firms’ equity value on their reported assets, reported liabilities, as well as on the defeased debt and the value of the related trust. The second test, called market-risk association test, regressed firm betas on leverage with and without the defeased debt in the leverage calculation. If the defeased debt is viewed as debt, then including it in the calculation of leverage would result in a higher R square. This test, therefore, involves comparing the R squares of the two regression.
The sample consists of 46 cases of in-substance defeasance carried out by 44 different U.S. firms, over a sample period from January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1994. To obtain this sample, a footnote search was conducted on the on-line database Lexis-Nexis. After initially identifying 500 plus firms whose financial statement footnotes carried the key words "in-substance", "defeasance", or "irrevocable trust", all the related footnotes were studied to screen out irrelevant cases. For the 100 plus firms that remained after this screening, financial data were collected from the Compustat PC Plus database. After discarding firms that were not on the Compustat database, 46 cases remained. In addition to these financial data, beta for each firm was estimated using 250 trading days’ stock returns from the CRSP tapes.
The results from the balance sheet identity test show that the defeased debt variable and the trust variable are not significant, thus leading to the possible inference that investors do not view defeased debt as debt. This finding was obtained again after controlling for possible heteroscedasticity. The results from the market-risk association test show that the R square is higher from the regression of beta on leverage without including defeased debt than when defeased debt is included in debt. Thus, the two types of tests lead to similar conclusions
In addition to concluding that investor do not view defeased debt as debt, alternative interpretations are given. One is that investors are not sophisticated enough to know that defeased debt should be part of debt, which is the functional fixation hypothesis. One could also attribute the failure to reject the null hypothesis to the lack of power in the test.
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Bergstedt, Malin. "Sales and Operations Planning Framework : How to balance demand and supply for a project-oriented and complex organization operating inthe aerospace and defence industry." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Produktionsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156501.
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One challenge organizations are facing in all industries is determining the likely events of the future and developing strategies to handle these challenges. Sales and operations planning are a decision-making process and tool that helps organizations to allocate resources not only to handle the challenges but also to take advantage of future conditions by balancing supply and demand. There is only a limited amount of framework and models available today. This project will divulge and reveal a new framework for sales and operations planning which has been developed in collaboration with an organization operating in the aerospace and defence industry. The basis of the framework consists of a monthly five step process that facilitates the organization in making decisions based on long term (five-years) organizational goals and tying them in with project specific needs. Ultimately, this will provide a centralized system in meeting current project specific demands whilst ensuring future operations are not compromised but enhanced. The company’s current sales and operations planning maturity level was evaluated and compared to the developed framework to find gaps of what needs to change for the company to have proactive sales and operations planning.
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Christensson, Claes. "En nyans av balansering i hotbalansteorin." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9237.
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”How is defence cooperation effected due to a perceived imbalance of threat?” When faced with a threat, the balance of threat theory implies that states ally in order to aggregate capabilities to deter the threat. However, states have multiple options to increase security by adding military power, with internal balancing on the one side and external balancing on the other. In order to better explain actions taken by states to balance a threat, a new shade that does not include defence obligations is needed for the balance of threat theory. In this paper, changes in defence cooperation is that shade. By including changes in defence cooperation as a response to increased threat, for example the purchase of defence materials, joint training and defence planning, the balance of threat theory can expand its current explanatory power. Also, by understanding these changes states can prepare for it in advance and react on short notice, since today’s security environment changes rapidly. To study if changes in defence cooperation can be included into the balance of threat theory, Swedish defence cooperation with three partners (NATO, Finland and within NORDEFCO) are examined before and after the aggressive behaviour by Russia in 2014. The results are distinct and unitary, all cooperation changed to a more alliance-like purpose, to counter threats by presenting combined strength, but without formal or informal defence obligations. These actions strengthened the capability to function together by enhancing interoperability and preparing for common action in peace, crisis and conflict.
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Belluci, Marcelo de Oliveira. "Da aplicação do código de defesa do consumidor aos contratos de seguro e a quebra do equilíbrio econômico-financeiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-08092011-082514/.
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A presente dissertação de mestrado possui o objetivo de analisar a aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor aos contratos de seguros e as hipóteses em que tal aplicação acarreta a ruptura do equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do contrato, de modo a inviabilizar sua manutenção ou comercialização. Para tanto, após, em um primeiro capítulo, haver a conceituação e delimitação do instituto securitário, construído pela tríade de princípios inafastáveis queo caracteriza e o individualiza em relação aos demais contratos, tais como a mutualidade, o cálculo de probabilidades e a seleção e harmonização dos riscos, passase, no segundo capítulo, à análise da extensão da aplicação do código consumerista, principalmente, com relação às cláusulas de limitação de responsabilidade e as cláusulas técnicas que dão sustentáculo à operação. Essa subsunção, por sua vez, encontra certos limites necessários à sobrevivência do contrato, demonstrando que ultrapassados certos pontos de regulação, o que seria o remédio que cura, transforma-se, se usado em demasia, no veneno que mata. Assim, atentos às situações caracterizadas pelo uso desmedido da norma específica no sistema macro que circunscreve o fundo securitário, verifica-se, no terceiro capítulo, o equilíbrio econômico-financeira, as causas que atingem a equação econômica e financeira e a harmonização de interesses afetados. Diante das variáveis que desequilibram o sistema, certas opções de restabelecimento, revisão e resolução contratuais são sugeridas e, em muitas vezes, necessárias para equiparação das prestações contratadas de parte a parte. Isto posto, demonstra-se que a delimitação sugerida está longe de privilegiar e priorizar somente a seguradora, mas sim, há a preocupação primordial de preservar o interesse que transcende das relações avençadas, consubstanciado nos princípios constitucionais da segurança jurídica, da livre iniciativa, da razoabilidade e proporcionalidade. O embasamento para as assertivas aqui expostas consiste, justamente, no estudo aprofundado das leis gerais e específicas que regem o instituto, acrescido do apuro doutrinário advindo dos autores nacionais e estrangeiros, na posição adotada pelos Tribunais pátrios e internacionais e, por fim, na aplicação das regras e laudos periciais presentes em litígios. Espera-se, contudo, com arrimo na pesquisa realizada, de forma alguma exaurir e esgotar as problemáticas do tema, mas tão-somente, lançar luz e fomentar a celeuma instalada, de forma a contribuir de alguma forma diante de tão rico assunto que tanto divide posições.This essay aims at analyzing the Brazilian Consumer Code from the standpoint of the extension to which it is applicable to insurance contracts, as well as the cases in which applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to the aforementioned contracts could harm their economic-financial balance, consequently making them economically unviable. For such purposes, insurance is specifically dealt with in the first chapter in relation to its concept and to the three principles which serve as basic characteristics of this type of contract: mutuality, probability calculus and both selection and risk management. Following that, the Brazilian Consumer Code is examined with respect to its applicability, mainly in connection with limitation of liability clauses and certain technical clauses which constitute the foundation of insurance contracts. The possibility of applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts, however, faces certain limits which are necessary for the viability of the contract. In other words: once certain regulatory lines are crossed, applying the Brazilian Consumer Code to insurance contracts may turn the remedy into poison. For that reason, in the third chapter the essay turns to situations where the Brazilian Consumer Code is applied without proper legal justification, the economic-financial balance of the contract, grounds for when such balance is harmed, as well as harmonization of the conflicting interests at stake. Given the variables which bring unbalance to the insurance contract, the essay suggests the possibility of either establishing said balance once more or revising/terminating the contract. Subsequently this essay outlines how this approach is far from creating privileges for insurance companies, but rather preserves interests that go beyond the mere contractual relationship, such as legal certainty, free commerce and proportionality. Grounds for such thesis include thorough studies related to both general and specific norms which govern insurance, as well as the opinions of legal commentators, case law and expert reports attached to lawsuits. We do not expect to bring the discussion to and end with this essay though. Quite the opposite: we wish to shed light on a topic which is currently subject to heated legal debate and to a certain extent to contribute to the discussion accordingly.
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Aleksa, Karolis. "The Impact of the US Military Transformation on Russian and Chinese Security Policy." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121211_095626-96389.
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Although US remained the strongest military power in international system after the Cold War, it was still deeply concerned how to retain its military dominance in the longer term, that could guarantee US further predominance in solving major international issues. Three US military transformation initiatives, namely the transformation of the US conventional forces, the development of missile defence systems and long-range conventional precision-strike capability, are considered as the main instruments to maintain US military dominance in the future. Considering that for Russia and China, which are perceived as the major US opponents, the US military transformation emerged as a big challenge, the research problem is formulated as an attempt to understand whether and how the US military transformation poses a threat to Russia and China’s security and in turn, how this affects Russian and Chinese security policy towards the United States. Accordingly, the goal of the dissertation is to examine the impact of the US military transformation on Russian and Chinese security policy since the end of the Cold War and until 2010. The offence-defence balance theory provides the theoretical and analytical basis for the research. The results of the research have shown that US has managed to achieve an offensive advantage in the conventional offence-defence balance against Russia and China and has had a real possibility to gain such an advantage in the nuclear offense-defence balance... [to full text]Po Šaltojo karo JAV išliko stipriausia kariniu požiūriu valstybė, tačiau, nepaisant to, JAV buvo itin susirūpinusi savo karinio pranašumo išlaikymu ateityje, kuris leistų užtikrinti tolesnę JAV lyderystę sprendžiant svarbiausius tarptautinius klausimus. JAV karinio pranašumo išlaikymo priemonėmis po Šaltojo karo tapo trys karinės JAV tranformacijos iniciatyvos: konvencinių pajėgų transformacija, priešraketinių gynybos sistemų ir ilgo nuotolio tikslaus konvencinio smūgio pajėgumų kūrimas. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad Rusijai ir Kinijai – oponuojančioms JAV valstybėms, JAV karinė transformacija tapo dideliu iššūkiu, disertacijoje tyrimo problema apibrėžta kaip siekis suprasti, ar ir kaip JAV karinė transformacija kelia grėsmę Rusijos ir Kinijos saugumui, ir kaip tai veikia Rusijos ir Kinijos saugumo politiką JAV atžvilgiu. Atitinkamai darbo tikslas buvo ištirti JAV karinės transformacijos poveikį Rusijos ir Kinijos saugumo politikai nuo Šaltojo karo pabaigos iki 2010 m. Puolimo-gynybos balanso teorija buvo pasirinkta kaip disertacijos tyrimo teorinė ir analitinė prieiga. Disertacijos tyrimas parodė, kad, nepaisant įgyto konvencinio puolimo pranašumo ir realios galimybės siekti branduolinio puolimo pranašumo, JAV nevykdė agresyvios saugumo politikos Rusijos ir Kinijos atžvilgiu. Rusija ir Kinija jautriai reagavo į JAV karinę transformaciją, stengdamosi įgyti konvencinį puolimo pranašumą, išsaugoti branduolinį puolimo-gynybos balansą, o taip pat užkirsti kelią JAV susikurti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Perkovich, Cynthia L. "Responses of oaks to mammal and insect herbivory." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1619098714170774.
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Mieželytė, Renata. "Asmens neturtinių teisių apsaugos plėtimąsi lemiantys veiksniai ir problematika." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090122_134828-35518.
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Šiandien Europos valstybių teismų praktikoje pastebima tendencija plėsti asmens neturtinių teisių apsaugos lygį. Kai kuriose Europos valstybėse – Vokietijoje, Austrijoje, Nyderlanduose – atsisakoma tradicinių teisinio reguliavimo modelių, ribojančių galimybes taikyti tam tikrus civilinių teisių gynimo būdus asmens neturtinių teisių pažeidimo atveju. Plečiasi neturtinės žalos atlyginimo, kaip civilinių teisių gynimo būdo, taikymo sritis. Europos Žmogaus Teisių Teismo, nacionalinių teismų praktikos ir įstatymų leidžiamosios valdžios pagalba Europos valstybėse plečiamas teisės saugomų neturtinių vertybių sąrašas. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas asmens neturtinėms teisėms, susijusioms ne su fiziniais, o su vidiniais, psichologiniais individo parametrais. Plečiantis asmens neturtinių teisių spektrui kyla asmens neturtinių teisių tarpusavio konkuravimo problema: kaip turi būti derinamos lygiavertės, tarptautiniu ir konstituciniu lygmeniu įtvirtintos asmens neturtinės teisės, kad būtų garantuota veiksminga šių teisių apsauga?
Tyrimo tikslas – išskirti ir plačiau aptarti pagrindinius veiksnius, lemiančius asmens neturtinių teisių apsaugos plėtimosi dinamiką ir mastą bei akcentuoti aktualiausias asmens neturtinių teisių apsaugos problemas.
Pirmoje magistro baigiamojo darbo dalyje nagrinėjama asmens neturtinių teisių apsaugos samprata, aptariamos valstybės saugomos neturtinės vertybės, jų gynimo ir teisės pažeidimų prevencijos galimybės.
Antroji dalis skirta išskirti ir aptarti veiksnius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Nowadays, it is a tendency in European countries to widen the scope of protection of personality rights. In some countries, such as Germany, Austria, Netherlands, the traditional models of legal regulations, which restrict a possibility to invoke certain means of civil protection regarding the cases of infringement of personality rights are repudiated. The scope of application of non-pecuniary damage as a means of civil defense is being developed. European Court of Human Rights case-law, national court case-law and legislative authority – all have a great influence on developing a list of personality rights which is closely related not to physical, but to interior and psychological parameters of individual. The widening scope of protection of personality rights the main problem rise in competing in between with the rights themselves – how to find a fair balance between the equivalent rights which are ordained on the constitutional and international level in order to guarantee the effective protection of the personality rights. The aim of the analysis is to characterize and analyze the main factors in more detail, which determine the scope and dynamics in the protection of personality rights, and to emphasize the problems of the protection of personality rights. In the first part of the master thesis the author analyses the conception of personality rights, discusses the main state protected values, and the means of how to defense them as well as the possibility to prevent... [to full text]
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Dejean, de la Bâtie Alice. "Les faits justificatifs spéciaux." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020026.
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Les faits justificatifs spéciaux ont été définis et identifiés, dans le cadre de ces travaux de recherche,comme des causes objectives d’irresponsabilité pénale affectées à une ou quelques infractions précises, et prévues – sauf pour les faits justificatifs spéciaux prétoriens – par un texte lui-même affecté à la fonction justificative. Face à cette tentative d’élaboration d’une définition et d’un régime cohérents, l’éclatement conceptuel et l’enchevêtrement normatif qui caractérisent le droit contemporain s’expriment toutefois avec une acuité troublante dans l’évolution de la justification spéciale. Parce qu’ils sont si discrets à l’échelle de la répression pénale, parce qu’ils n’ont pour garantir leur intégrité ou leur cohérence ni principe cardinal, ni institution dédiée, les faits justificatifs spéciaux ont été entraînés sans résistance parle courant puissant des faits divers, des aléas politiques, des réformes institutionnelles et des espoirs européens. Leur étude a ainsi permis d’étoffer la réflexion doctrinale portant sur la redéfinition jurisprudentielle des infractions, sous l’influence de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, et de revenir sur le dévoiement de la norme pénale instrumentalisée par d’autres domaines juridiques à la recherche de symbolisme, et participant ainsi à l’expansion du droit pénal sanctionnateur. Qu’ils pointent du doigt la jurisprudence ou le faiseur de lois, les faits justificatifs spéciaux trahissent par leur modestie et leur petitesse la démesure des ambitions des acteurs institutionnels du droit pénalIn this work, special justifications have been defined as objective defenses assigned to one or very fewspecific crimes, and provided for – unless they are judge-made – by legal texts centered on their justificatory function. The attempt to construct an accurate definition and a coherent regime was complicated by the conceptual fragmentation and normative entanglement of contemporary French criminal law. Not only are special justifications very subtle mechanisms in the broad scheme of criminalliability, but they do not have, to guarantee their conceptual integrity, the shelter of a dedicated institution or core legal principle. Consequently, special justifications have been carried along by the steady stream of political change, current events, institutional reform and European ambitions. The study of special justifications allows us to reconsider jurisprudential debates regarding judicial (re)definition of crimes under the influence of the European Court of Human Rights. It also gives a new perspective on thewell-documented phenomenon of the “corruption” of criminal law caused by its instrumentalization. In a phenomenon some academics call “disciplinary” criminal law, other legal branches make use of criminallaw’s symbolic strength. In these respects, the subtlety of special justifications exposes the immodesty of judges and legislators with respect to their ambitions for criminal law
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Ferrandiz-Rovira, Mariona. "The role of the major histocompatibility complex in the wild : the case of the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10089/document.
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La diversité génétique intra-spécifique constitue le potentiel adaptatif des espèces et, à ce titre, elle est donc indispensable pour l'évolution de celles-ci. Chez les vertébrés, les gènes du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité (CMH) sont une composante essentielle de quoi permet de faire face aux parasites en initiant une réponse immunitaire. La pression de sélection exercée par les parasites et la sélection sexuelle via le choix du partenaire devraient donc agir sur la diversité génétique du CMH. Cependant, la distinction empirique des pressions sélectives agissant sur la diversité génétique du CMH en milieu naturel nécessite de suivre un grand nombre individus tout au long de leur vie et d'effectuer leur génotypage. Le premier objectif de cette thèse a donc été développer et appliquer un protocole de génotypage chez la marmotte Alpine (Marmota marmota), sur quatre loci du CMH décrits précédemment. Ceci permet par la suite d'étudier, dans une population de marmottes Alpines vivant en milieu naturel, si les caractéristiques génétiques du CMH influencent (1) le choix de partenaire, (2) la présence et/ou l'abondance de trois espèces de parasites intestinaux et (3) leur survie juvénile. Ce travail a fourni une méthode appropriée pour la détermination de génotypes fiables sur un grand nombre d'échantillons en utilisant des techniques de séquençage de nouvelle génération. Ensuite, nous avons constaté l'existence d'un choix de partenaire basé sur le CMH mais aussi sur les caractéristiques de l'ensemble du génome. Par la suite, nous avons mis en évidence le faible rôle du CMH sur la présence et abondance de trois espèces de parasites intestinaux. Finalement, nous avons constaté que l'association entre la survie juvénile et les caractéristiques génétiques du CMH et de l'ensemble du génome ont changé au cours des vingt-trois ans de suivi de la population. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse présente une approche intégrée de l'étude des rôles du CMH sur une population contemporaine de marmottes AlpinesIntra-specific genetic diversity represents the true potential of adaptation of species and is thus essential for evolutionary change. In vertebrates, the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a critical role in vertebrate disease resistance by initiating immune response. The selective pressure carried out by parasites and sexual selection via mate choice are supposed to maintain the extreme diversity found in the MHC. Yet, empirical differentiation of selective pressures acting on MHC in the wild requires individually based monitoring of a large number of individuals and genotyping them. The aim of this thesis was firstly to develop and apply a genotyping protocol in Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) to genotype four previously described MHC loci. This allows subsequently to evaluate, in a wild population of Alpine marmots, if MHC characteristics play a role (1) on mate choice, (2) on the presence and/or abundance of three intestinal parasite species and (3) on juvenile survival. This work provided a suitable method to reliably genotype large number of individuals using next-generation sequencing techniques. Then, we found evidences for female mate choice based on MHC but also on neutral genetic characteristics. Subsequently, we evidenced the weak role of MHC characteristics on the presence and abundance of three intestinal parasites. Finally, we found evidences for a change of the effect of genetic diversity at both MHC and neutral loci on juvenile survival during the 23-year monitoring study. Overall, this thesis comprises an integrated approach for the study of the roles of MHC in a contemporaneous population of Alpine marmots
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Metenier, Julian. "La protection pénale de l'accusé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1065.
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Le thème de la protection pénale de l'accusé, connu des pénalistes, mérite aujourd'hui d'être renouvelé sous un angle essentiellement probatoire, au regard de l'évolution actuelle du procès pénal. Situés au confluent de l'innocence et de la culpabilité, les droits et garanties accordés à l'accusé, entendu dans son acception conventionnelle, doivent être analysés en considération des principes fondateurs que sont la présomption d'innocence et les droits de la défense. L'évolution continue de ces deux principes, dans un sens diamétralement opposé, rejaillit inévitablement sur l'intensité et les modalités de la protection dont bénéficie toute personne suspectée ou poursuivie dans le cadre d'une procédure pénale.La présente étude, volontairement limitée à la phase préparatoire du procès pénal, se propose d'appréhender, dans un souci pratique et technique, les différentes évolutions jurisprudentielles et législatives opérées en la matière. Y seront ainsi abordées les principales problématiques actuellement rencontrées en procédure pénale telles que la question du statut juridique du suspect ou encore l'effectivité du principe du contradictoire dans l'avant-procès pénal. S'il peut être tentant, au premier abord, de conclure à un renforcement indiscutable de la protection pénale accordée à l'accusé, il conviendra alors de reconsidérer cette question à l'aune de l'étude des limites procédurales attachées au procès pénal. Loin d'aborder ce thème dans une optique partisane, il sera question de modération dans les propos tenus. En effet, peut-être plus que sur toute autre question de procédure pénale, il est impératif de savoir raison garderThe theme of the criminal protection of the accused, well-known to criminal specialists, today deserves to be renewed under a probationary essentially angle, in the light of current developments in the criminal trial. Located at the confluence of innocence and guilt, the rights and guarantees granted to the accused understood in its conventional sense, must be analyzed in consideration of the founding principles of presumption of innocence and the rights of the defense. The continuing evolution of these two principles, in a sense diametrically opposite, inevitably reflects the intensity and the terms of the protection afforded any person suspected or prosecuted under criminal proceedings.This study deliberately limited to the pre-trial phase, proposes to understand, in a practical and technical problems, the various case law and legislative developments carried out in the field. Will thus addressed the key issues currently faced in criminal proceedings such as the question of the legal status of the suspect or the effectiveness of the adversarial principle in the preliminary criminal trial. While it may be tempting, at first, to conclude an indisputable strengthening the criminal protection afforded to the accused, then it will be necessary to reconsider this issue in terms of the study of procedural limitations attached to the criminal trial. Far from addressing this issue in a partisan way, it will be about moderation in the remarks. Indeed, perhaps more than any other issue of criminal procedure, it is imperative to keep a sense of proportion
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Aghaie, Joobani Hossein. "Meta-Geopolitics of Central Asia : A Comparative Study of the Regional Influence of the European Union and the Shanghai Co-operation Organization." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100397.
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Central Asia has been the focal point of intense geopolitical power struggle throughout history. At the dawn of the 21st century, Central Asia has undergone major changes as the European Union and the China-led Shanghai Co-operation Organization have emerged as two normative powers, both seeking to influence the patterns of security governance in the region. This study aims to delve deep into ‘the black boxes’ of the EU’s and China’s foreign policies toward five CA republics. It starts from the premise that the bulk of research on Eurasian politics tend to concentrate mostly on realist and traditional geopolitical doctrine, which seem to have failed to properly explain the normative and ideational transformations that have taken place in the region as a result of the presence of these two emerging normative agents. By interweaving both realist and constructivist theories of International Relations (IR) into a new all-encompassing analytical framework, termed “meta-geopolitics”, the thesis seeks to trace and examine how geopolitical as well as normative components of the EU and Chinese regional strategies have affected the contemporary power dynamics in the post-Soviet space. I argue that, in contrast to the geopolitical struggle during the 19th and 20th centuries, a clash of normative powers is brewing in the region between China, under the aegis of the SCO, and the EU. The research also concludes that China has relatively been in a better position in comparison to the EU to render its policies as feasible, effective and legitimate to the Central Asian states.
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Ho, Chengjung, and 何承融. "A Study of Japan Self-Defense Forces: Perspective of Balance of Power." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11299396223831298767.
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Wang, Wei. "Balance Between Plant Growth and Defense: Transcriptional and Translational Control of Plant Immune System." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/6155.
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The activation and maintenance of plant immune responses require a significant amount of energy because they are accompanied by massive transcriptional reprogramming. Spurious activation of plant defense machinery can lead to autoimmune diseases and growth inhibition. So it is important for plants to tightly regulate the immune system to ensure the balance between growth and defense. However, neither the molecular mechanisms nor the design principles of how plants reach this balance are understood.
In this dissertation work, I showed how transcriptional and translational control of plant immune system can help avoid the constant immune surveillance and elicit a proper level of defense responses when necessary. These fine tunings of the immune system ensure the balance between growth and defense.
My research on the transcriptional regulation of plant defense responses led to the surprising discovery that even without pathogen, plant can 'anticipate' potential infection according to a circadian schedule under conditions that favor the initiation of infection. Functional analysis of 22 novel immune components unveiled their transient expression at dawn, when the infection is most likely to happen. This pulse expression pattern was shown to be regulated by the central circadian oscillator, CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) since these 22 genes are no longer induced in the cca1 mutant. Moreover, the temporal control of the transcription level of these 22 immune genes by CCA1 also fine tunes their expression pattern according to the perceptions of different pathogenic signals. At the basal defense level, the expression of these genes can be transiently induced upon perceptions of critical infection stages of the pathogen. When an elevated level of defense response is needed, the high expression levels of these genes are maintained to confer a stronger immunity against pathogen. Since this stronger form of defense may also cause the suicidal death of the plant cells, the interplay between the circadian clock and defense allows a better decision on the proper level of the immunity to minimize the sacrificial death. The circadian clock is also known to regulate the growth-related cellular functions extensively. So the circadian clock can help to balance the energy used in growth and defense through transcriptional regulation on both sides.
Besides the integrated control by the circadian clock, the translational control on a key transcription factor involved in the growth-to-defense transition can also maintain the balance between growth and defense.TBF1 is a major transcription factor that can initiate the growth-to-defense transition through transcriptional repression of growth-associated cellular functions and induction of defense-related machinery. Bioinformatics studies identified 2 upstream open reading frames (uORFs) encoding multiple phenylalanine at 5' of the translation initiation codon of TBF1. Under normal conditions, these 2 uORFs can repress the translation of TBF1 to prevent accidental activation. However, pathogen infection may cause rapid and transient depletion of phenylalanine, a well-known precursor for cell wall components and the SAR signal SA. This depletion signal can be reflected by the increase of uncharged tRNAPhe, which subsequently leads to the phosphorylation of eIF2á and the release of uORFs' repression on TBF1. These findings provided the molecular details of how uORF-based translational control can couple transcriptional reprogramming with metabolic status to coordinately trigger the growth-to-defense transition.
In summary, my dissertation work has identified previously unrecognized regulatory mechanisms by which plant immune responses are balanced with growth. These new findings will further investigations into these novel interfaces between plants and pathogens. Future studies will definitely further improve our understandings of the plant-microbe interactions.
Dissertation
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Lin, Lien-Hua, and 林聯華. "The Effect of Different Knee Angles in Basketball Defense Position’s Balance and Moving Ability." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15177148717142852156.
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碩士國立體育學院
教練研究所
93
Abstract In the basketball competitions, when players defense, they are always being defense position all the time. The purpose of this research is to determine the best knee angle of basketball defense position, whether in the static body balance ability or in the dynamic body moving time. The subjects in this study were 12 male（17±0.2 years）. In the experiment, we used AMTI force plate system to receive the static radius of body’s center of gravity and the dynamic moving time. The results of this study were summarized as followed: the static radiuses of body’s center of gravity at 120 degree were minimum. The radiuses were to be significantly lesser (p<.05) than the radiuses at other knee angles(t=2.850，p=.036); Dynamic moving time: it was the shortness moving time at 120 degree significantly to the other knee angles(t=3.909，p=.011). The conclusion was that when knee angles at120 degree had the best body balance ability and moved body quickly in doing basketball defense position.
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Chung, Chin-Jung, and 鍾志榮. "Applying of the Balanced Scorecard System to a National Defense Hospital." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51233967484095910374.
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碩士國防管理學院
資源管理研究所
90
Abstract National Military Hospitals have been facing unprecedented competition since they joined the national heath program on the first day of February 2001. In order to maintain their competitive abilities, it is an important issue for military hospitals on applying medical resource and increasing it effectiveness. This study adopts the idea of “Balanced Scorecard ” in case study. Through interviewing and collecting data from literature related to effectiveness of hospitals, the study develops a strategic standard of effectiveness in which is appropriated for medical organizations. Furthermore, this study also develops questionnaire through ANOVA and Scheffe test and other statistics methods to analyze the results. The finding shows the subject’s (hospital) driven forces of its critical effectiveness can be induced in to five elements: innovation, financial management, internal business process, public relation, and customer service; and also 27 measurements. Additionally, it also develops 4 hypotheses. The results are as following: (1) Sex, position, seniority, and education level of the subject’s personnel have obvious difference among the strategic standard of effectiveness. The managerial people show not much more paying attention to those five elements than those are not; rookies are not much more innovative than veterans. (2) The differences of the strategic stander of effectiveness among positions and departments are obvious. The satisfactory level of managerial people toward financial management and internal process are higher than those of medical people; also, those people serve in the managerial department show higher satisfaction to innovation and other elements than those in medical and technique. From the research, it is important that the hospital should bring in the newer business idea in management and practices, from which develops a set of system fits to its vision and practical management system. The goals are: adjusting its managerial strategy, servicing its customers, setting high quality targets, reducing its cost, bringing in innovation and technique, strengthening its competitive ability, and other high effective, high quality as well as high customs satisfaction, etc. Moreover, other improvements should also be done such as training educating, recruiting people in order to achieve is task. Key Words: Balanced Scorecard, National Military Hospital, Strategic Management Structure, and Case Study
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Ben, Li-Wen, and 邊立文. "An Application of Balanced Scorecard to the National Defense Performance Measures." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33443130758150016587.
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碩士國防管理學院
資源管理研究所
93
The government agencies make use of the traditional performance management system, mostly with finance investigate for lord and the control function that emphasize the budget, incline toward the self-criticism of the after the event, pay attention to the legitimacy of the budget and strictly administration provision, neglect the budget cost economical use and the resource efficiency. The results of information, make the organizational strategy and actions lacked of the valid linkage, can't show the government administration abilities and results, also. Kaplan and Norton developed "The Balanced Scorecard, BSC" in 1992, overcome the restriction of traditional management and measures with the no financial indexes. These years, the governments and nonprofit organizations duct into using the BSC. This research accounts the theories structure of BSC, and deliberates the influences of organizational performances(budget, organizational culture ,innovation, organizational learning ,and knowledge management), and relates research of the organization usage experience( The UK Ministry of Defense, and The US Department of Defense), sets out the administration policy of ROC Ministry of National Defense, considering the services and the administration results that the organization provides, whether with people's benefits and expectations, also deliberates the queries of ROC Legislative Yuan. The results classify the national defense performance measures into four factories, 26 indexes total. According the descriptive statistics, t test, ANOVA, canonical analysis to construct the national defense BSC, and provide the management decision.
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Tymchuk, Halyna. "NATO a evropská bezpečnost na východě: Dopad ukrajinsko-ruského konfliktu na NATO doktrínu a strategii Ukrajiny." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-434693.
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This diploma thesis will basically work with the concept of security, namely, the European secu- rity in recent years. Although Ukraine is not a NATO member, and Russia is NATO's distant neighbour, in this thesis I will prove that we should connect the events on Ukrainian border with European security. From the very onset of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, NATO was firm in its support of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders. The Allies immediately condemned the illegal "legitimate annexation" of the Crimea to Russia in March 2014 and they have repeatedly stated that they would never recognize it as well. They also condemned deliberate destabilization in eastern Ukraine which was provoked by Russia with the use of its military intervention and militants' support. The crisis in Ukraine has proved to be a real turning point in Euro-Atlantic security since some senior Western politicians began to speak about changes in the guideline of European defense policy. Ukrainian crisis created new security situation in Europe and still requires attention, in- volvement and response from NATO. This crisis sharpened strategic misunderstanding between Russia and the West. It shows very clearly that Moscow and the West understand European security in...
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chi-chenz, Mao, and 毛吉成. "A Study on Strategy Performance Measurement of National Defense Procurement Organization：the Viewpoint of Balanced Scorecard." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46419708775044967992.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國防管理學院
國防財務資源研究所
91
The concerns over national procurement affairs have attracted the Congress as well as the people, since whether the task can be implemented in an effective way relates to the performance of military buildups and readiness. This moves the military professional to continuously improve the procurement mechanism. As such, this study aims to explore the future development direction for the national defense procurement organization, based on the Balanced Scorecard(BSC) framework. For this purpose, I develop a questionnaire with five investigation constructs which takes military procurement characteristics into consideration. Using a sample of 156 subjects, this research reaches the following major results. First, in terms of satisfaction, the status quo for all the observed indicators or facets can be further improved. Second, in degree of importance terms, ‘customer’ construct is pointed out to be the most important for future development of the procurement organization and ‘authorization’ the least. Third, the hardest in BSC application is to set up a solid and sound cost-effectiveness evaluation model in the area of defense procurement. Finally, my findings based on multiple regression analyses lend support to the notion that non-financial factors are leading indicators of financial ones.
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Jou, Chuarn-Chen (Gerald), and 周傳震. "The Application of the Balanced Scorecard System to a National Defense Research & Development Institute." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59188066046720263595.
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碩士國防管理學院
資源管理研究所
88
By conducting a case study, this research examines the application of the balanced scorecard system (BSC) to a National Defense R&D Institute. The findings are: 1. The BSC can be successfully implemented in a nonprofit governmental R&D agency. 2.Support from all levels of management is vital to BSC success. And, the R&D institute must follow a clear and concise method of using the BSC system. But for a long-term strategy purpose, the BSC must link career development and human resource management. If a link exists between these, it will lead to employee trust and support of BSC system. 3. In order to implement the BSC to governmental agencies successfully, the reward system must extend non-financial rewards. 4. Performance measurement must be adjusted to follow outside influences such as market fluctuations, political climates and consumer demand, etc. And, performance of different departments must be measured separately according to their different functions within the integrated strategy. But each scorecard measurement must exist not only for administrative management control, but must also indicate how future success can be attained. 5. We also found that three improvements were closely related to administrative control and not necessarily for long-term future success. So, we suggest our case and a government agency using the BSC must align with and stay focused on implementing the organization’s long-term strategy, Otherwise BSC will to become just an administrative management fair tool.
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Lai, Chiao-Min, and 賴巧敏. "A Different Defensive Stance Comparison on Posture Balance Ability for Elite Judo Athlete." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97209793941829766806.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立體育大學
競技與教練科學研究所
101
Using compliant techniques to overcome brute force is the essence of judo. One of the spectacles about this sport is in the magnificent tachi-waza (standing techniques), stressing highly on adequate adaptions of mechanics into combat skills in order to maintain balance of defensive posture, and to break the balance of the opponent. As such, we conduct this biomechanic experiment utilizing three-dimensional motion capture and analysis technology and tri-axial force plates, to investigate the change in the defensive postures to maintain balance when struck by an external force, done on 20 male international-level judo fighters. We investigate both the dominant and non-dominant versions of the posture, and analyze the total, peak lateral and frontal displacements, peak velocities, angular displacements, peak angular velocities and the timing of peak velocities of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip knee and ankle joints, and center of pressure (COP) total displacement. Dependent T-test was used to examine for differences, and Pearson product-moment correlation was conducted to investigate the correlation on kinematic parameters and COP movement across phases. Results: 1. Differences of lateral and frontal total displacements are not significant between dominant side and non-dominant side of defensive posture. But for the combined total displacements, the shoulder and hip joints of the non-dominant posture appears to show anticipatory reaction, which has direct influence on control strategies in later phases, causing extra movement in the hip joints to maintain balance. 2. Compared to dominant posture, the non-dominant posture is apparently less stable, presented by rapid movements of the hip joint. 3. Through observation on joint peak velocity timings, dominant posture appears to be more steady before contact, and reacts immediately after impact, which matches the competition specificity; while on the non-dominant side early movements in shoulder and hip joints were observed, and also requires more time to gain stability after contact. 4. COP during the pre-contact phase for the dominant posture appears to move in a fashion of preparing to deviate the attack forces and then use its momentum to conduct counter measures. Instead, for the non-dominant posture the major movement of COP appears to be at the impact, which is less effective for taking counter measure after fending the strike. 5. After contact, the wrist joints in dominant posture shows large movements in order to stabilize own body and to take further offensive positions and measures. But on the non-dominant standing posture, the same couldn’t be observed. 6. With non-dominant posture, fighters gain stability by adjusting the torso movement via hip joints before contact, but this also shows weakness during the match.
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Lin, Wen-Lung, and 林文隆. "Using the Balanced Scorecard to Examine the Measurement Model on Management Performance for National Defense University." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23097835122689940700.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國防大學管理學院
資源管理及決策研究所
99
The pros and cons of Military education are not only concerned with the merits and demerit of the qualities and functions of cadres but also direct influenced the effect on army preparation. From 1994 to 2009 in The Republic of China, the amount of colleges and universities increased from 130 to 164, it resulted in dilution with educational resources, the Ministry of Education have made use of University of evaluation results as exit of the basis for the University which only get good performance of the school could continue forever to survive. In this study, to use the National Defense University as the research object and according to the method of questionnaires to carried out the implementation of the census by the Balanced Scorecard concept. There were 838 questionnaires issued, in all of the questionnaires - 698 were recovered, 661 valid questionnaires and the rate of effective response of questionnaires were 78.88%. The results of this study showed that the teaching and administrative staff of the National Defense University believed that the overall operations of the importance indicators was customer perspective: the most important performance is the military professional ethics; the overall operations of satisfaction indicators was learning and growth perspective: to maintain good interact relation with students (teacher-student interviews Case) is the most satisfactory; the importance and satisfaction of indicators was financial structure: the environment of network (such as openness, convenience, etc.) is the biggest difference.
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"Avaliação de Uma Instituição de Ensino Superior Pelo Balanced Scorecard." Tese, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, 2000. http://teses.eps.ufsc.br/defesa/pdf/1617.pdf.
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"Identificação de Indicadores Estratégicos de Desempenho A Partir do Balanced Scorecard." Tese, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, 2002. http://teses.eps.ufsc.br/defesa/pdf/5992.pdf.
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Li-Hsing, Tsou, and 鄒李興. "The Balanced Scorecard Approach to Internal Audit of the Ministry of National Defence in Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38158155185966770049.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國防管理學院
國防財務資源研究所
92
The quality of the Government internal audit jobs influences efficacy of the Government and value .Hence ,This paper stresses to study the Government internal audit for performance measure and that constructs till analyses the performance indicators of strategy pattern and that constructs the performance strategies . The results of this research are as follow.1.Base on the internal audit laws focused ,the experts consensus by interview and the references induced 29 performance measure indicators .2.Base on difference analysis by survey detected as follow.（1）The staff of the internal audit in the Ministry of National Defense to the performance indicators perceived significantly difference between importance and practicability .（2）The staff are effected importance perceptibility by duty classifications for the part performance indicators and the staff are effected practicability perceptibility by duty classifications with seniority classifications for the part performance indicators .3.This paper gains strategies from each dimension as follow .The 「Mission」dimension strategy is 「The Government Performance Evaluation」.The 「Customer」dimension strategy is 「Audit Quality」.The 「Internal Procedure」dimension strategy is 「Internal Control System」.The 「Learn and Grow」dimension strategy is 「Knowledge Management」.The 「Finance」 dimension strategy is 「Audit Resource Management」.4.The output of regression analysis shows that there is significantly relationship among 「Mission」,「Customer」 and 「Internal Procedure」 dimension strategies .
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Wei-Kai, Chang, and 張惟凱. "Research of the management tactics of General Welfare Service Ministry of National Defense --- The application of Balanced Scorecard." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51900424995533182122.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國防大學政治作戰學院
政治研究所
96
The goal of General Welfare Service Ministry of National Defense is to provide soldiers, veterans and their dependents an ideal shopping environment, and to satisfy their daily needs. However, as economy develops very soon in recent years, there are many convenient stores, shopping malls, outlets and selling channels which give soldiers more options. Meanwhile, it also makes harsh impacts and challenges on GWSM. “Balanced Scorecard” is a new tool of assessing performance and strategic management. It is based on financial affairs, customers, inside procedures, studying and learning as the four indicators of evaluating. “The Long Tail” is developed under the influence of network. With expanding aspects which people contact with, the distribution of long tail will gradually extend, and the market of long tail will also gradually enlarge. This research discusses about the relevant issues of management tactics of GWSM by the “Balanced Scorecard” and “The Long Tail” theories. It focuses on applying resources and actions to tactics, in order to promote the performance and continuous management. This research uses approaches of documentary analysis method, survey research method, and SWOT analysis. It attempts to probe into the management tactics, soldiers’ satisfaction and current difficulties to figure out the management tactics of long-lasting development. Material analysis method carries on the meter by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and takes the software of SPSS 12.0 and LISREL 8.7 as the tool of material statistical analysis. After factor analysis, there has formed four compositions of “the serve image, the quality of goods, the market management and customer’s relation”. According to it’s average , the order is customer’s relation, the quality of goods, the serve image and the market management. It shows that tested soldiers are more satisfied with GWSM ‘s customer’s relation and the quality of goods. The satisfaction of the serve image and the market management is still not enough. This research proposes the following management tactics to GWSM : 1. To create mutual benefits with strategic alliances. 2. To guide the relationship marketing from customer’s need. 3. To separate from the general market and build up the characteristic. 4. To make good use of the network and seek for the niches.
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"Utilização do Conceito de Gestão Estratégica de Custos Dentro do Balanced Scorecard." Tese, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, 1999. http://teses.eps.ufsc.br/defesa/pdf/2925.pdf.
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"O Levantamento das Necessidades de Treinamento em Ambientes Gerenciados Pelo Balanced Scorecard." Tese, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, 1999. http://teses.eps.ufsc.br/defesa/pdf/4029.pdf.
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"Desenvolvimento de Modelo de Gestão Aplicado A Universidade Tendo por Base O Balanced Scorecard." Tese, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, 2001. http://teses.eps.ufsc.br/defesa/pdf/4952.pdf.
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"Avaliação de Desempenho de Cooperativas de Crédito Rural Baseada no Uso do Balanced Scorecard." Tese, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, 2002. http://teses.eps.ufsc.br/defesa/pdf/9359.pdf.
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"Sistema de Informação Para A Avaliação de Desempenho de Atacados Baseado na Metodologia Balanced Scorecard." Tese, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, 2002. http://teses.eps.ufsc.br/defesa/pdf/4119.pdf.
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Chen, Kuo-Heng, and 程國峰. "Comparison of Balance Ability between Dynamic Body Movement and Passively Defensive Postures of Judo Athletes in Various Levels." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09547217462186710333.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立體育大學
教練研究所
99
The objective of this study was to investigate balance ability between dynamic body movement and passively defensive posture of Judo athletes in various levels. The 36 healthy male study subjects consisted of 12 excellent athletes, 12 medium athletes and 12 control subjects, aged from 18 to 25 years old. Study subjects experienced Action Model Tests including Star Excursion Balance Test and Modified Bass Dynamic Balance Test, and Passively Defensive Model Tests including dominant-leg-in-the-front standing posture, non-dominant-leg-in-the-front standing posture and parallel standing posture.Balancing strategies of study subjects were measured and recorded by Kistler Force Plate System, including body action force to the ground, movement speed and moving range of COP. Data collected from Action Model Tests and Passively Defensive Model Tests was analyzed by One-way ANOVA. Research results of Action Model Tests: Various levels of Judo athletes didn’t showed no significant difference in Star Excursion Balance Test. In Modified Bass Dynamic Balance Test, dynamic balance showed no significant difference but holding forces between dominant leg and non-dominant leg showed significant difference. Research results of Passively Defensive Model Tests: There was significant difference of horizontally (X, Y axis) movement speed between dominant-leg-in-the-front standing posture and non-dominant-leg-in-the-front standing posture. Reactions of excellent and medium judo athletes were significantly faster than control subjects during post-bumping period. There was significant difference between dimensionally (X, Y, Z axis) moving range and movement speed in parallel standing posture. Reactions of excellent Judo athletes were significantly faster than control subjects.
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Li, Chi-Hua, and 李淇華. "Applying Balanced Score Card for Evaluating Public Construction Project Management Performance—A Case Study of Office Building Projects of Ministry of Defense." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17443925568964510043.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
96
Public construction projects are numerous in nowadays. Bridges, office buildings, tunnels, and roads are all included. As the scale of these projects keeps increasing, the interfaces involved have become more complicated. Besides, the nationals also demand higher construction quality, giving more pressure to the authorities in charge of the implementation. Projects supervised by Ministry of Defense (MOD) are public construction projects as well. The management of these projects focuses more on construction progress and budget implementation efficiency. Since the Government Procurement Act went into effect on May 27th of 1999, MOD has applied the 39th article of the Act, which regulates “the selection of professional construction management companies and calculation of service fees”, to select professional construction management companies, under the promotion of “streamlining plan” and “progressive plan” of the national army and the gradual decrease of construction human resources. Therefore, implementation performance evaluation should be further extended to cover the whole life cycle of construction so as to generate effective analysis results. This study used balanced scorecard as the research framework, and integrated four constructs, including user, project management, internal process, and learning and growth into the framework. Through a review of related literatures, regulations, contracts, and issues that have arisen in practice, expert interviews and weighted questionnaire survey were conducted to establish a construction performance evaluation system as the basis for project performance evaluation. In the case of dissatisfactory performance, this evaluation system could help institutions in charge understand the problems or obstacles in project implementation and therefore immediately improve project implementation performance or even the overall performance of the institutions. In this study, two major construction projects supervised by MOD were collected to explore the management performance on the projects already completed and the projects still under implementation to verify the feasibility of the proposed system. The results could serve as a reference for future evaluation of military construction projects to enhance the effectiveness of construction management of military projects.