Relevant bibliographies by topics / Defense Balance

Academic literature on the topic 'Defense Balance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Defense Balance"

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HAUSKEN, KJELL, and GREGORY LEVITIN. "ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE DEFENSE AGAINST A STRATEGIC ATTACKER." International Game Theory Review 13, no. 01 (March 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198911002812.

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The article analyzes how a defender determines a balance between protecting an object (passive defense) and striking preventively against an attacker seeking to destroy the object (active defense). The attacker analogously determines a balance between attacking and protecting against the preventive strike. The defender makes its decision about striking preventively based on its estimate of the probability of being attacked. In both cases of preventive strike and no preventive strike, the defender anticipates the most harmful attacker's strategy. The influence of the ratio between the player's resources and the contest intensities on the solution of the game is analyzed.
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Epstein, Joshua M. "Assessing the Military Balance: Defense Analysis and the Defense Debate." Brookings Review 3, no. 3 (1985): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20079878.

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Park, Yong-Ok. "Japan's Defense Buildup and Regional Balance." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 2, no. 2 (December 1990): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163279009464207.

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Park, Yong-Ok. "Japan's Defense Buildup and Regional Balance." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 2, no. 2 (December 1990): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163279009464219.

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Park, Yong-Ok. "Japan's Defense Buildup and Regional Balance." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 3, no. 1 (June 1991): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163279109464231.

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Park, Yong-Ok. "Japan's Defense Buildup and Regional Balance." Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 3, no. 1 (June 1991): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10163279109464243.

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Hopf, Ted. "Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War." American Political Science Review 85, no. 2 (June 1991): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1963170.

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Bipolar systems are inherently more stable than multipolar configurations of power, Kenneth Waltz argues. His empirical justification for this conclusion relies on the multipolar systems that preceded the two world wars and the bipolar Cold War. The weakness of Waltz's argument is the small number of cases and the failure to consider alternative explanations for different levels of war in the three periods. In another historical period of both multi- and bipolarity—Europe from 1495 to 1559—I have found that polarity cannot account for the constant level of instability across a change in polarity in the system. Instead, the offense-defense balance, which includes the technical military balance, the cumulativity of power resources, and strategic beliefs, explains instability in the period. Drawing on this alternative theory, I reassess the high level of stability associated with the Cold War and speculate on the level of stability we can expect in the post-Cold War period.
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Saltzman, Ilai. "Cyber Posturing and the Offense-Defense Balance." Contemporary Security Policy 34, no. 1 (March 11, 2013): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2013.771031.

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Peck, Ariana, and Elizabeth D. Mellins. "Precarious Balance: Th17 Cells in Host Defense." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 1 (November 9, 2009): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00929-09.

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ABSTRACT Lineage-specific responses from the effector T-cell repertoire form a critical component of adaptive immunity. The recent identification of Th17 cells—a third, distinct lineage of helper T cells—collapses the long-accepted paradigm in which Th1 and Th2 cells distinctly mediate cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. In this minireview, we discuss the involvement of the Th17 lineage during infection by extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria, and fungi. Emerging trends suggest that the Th17 population bridges innate and adaptive immunity to produce a robust antimicrobial inflammatory response. However, because Th17 cells mediate both host defense and pathological inflammation, elucidation of mechanisms that attenuate but do not completely abolish the Th17 response may have powerful implications for therapy.
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Schneier, Bruce. "Artificial Intelligence and the Attack/Defense Balance." IEEE Security & Privacy 16, no. 2 (March 2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.1870857.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Defense Balance"

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Jun, Janice. "THE OFFENSE-DEFENSE BALANCE IN IMMUNITY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1467997330.

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Heckman, Melanie L. "A test of optimal defense theory vs. the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis as predictors of seaweed palatability and defenses." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42720.

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Because organisms have limited resources to allocate to multiple life history traits, the Optimal Defense Theory (ODT) and the Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypothesis (GDBH) were developed by terrestrial plant ecologists to predict intraindividual defense allocation based on the cost of defense and these life history trade-offs. However, these theories have garnered equivocal experimental support over the years and are rarely experimentally extended from predictions of plant physiology to the palatability of the tissues an herbivore experiences. We therefore examined tissue palatability, nutritional value, and defense mechanisms in multiple Dictyotalean seaweeds in two Caribbean locations, using two herbivores. Relative palatability of tissues varied greatly with algal species, grazer species, and location. Because older bases were not consistently defended, GDBH did not predict relative palatability. We could not reject ODT without intensive measures of tissue fitness value and herbivore risk, and this theory was therefore not useful in making broad predictions of tissue palatability. In testing the physiological predictions of these theories, we found the young, growing apices of these seaweeds to be generally more nutritionally valuable than the old, anchoring bases and found organic-rich apices to be more chemically deterrent, thus supporting ODT. However, the combined chemical, nutritional, and structural traits of these algae all influenced herbivore choice. As a result, these patterns of apical value and chemical defense reflected palatability of live tissues for only one of five algal species, which rendered ODT and GDBH poor predictors of relative palatability for most algae.
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Malone, Patrick J. "Offense-defense balance in cyberspace: a proposed model." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27863.

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The offense-defense balance is an indicator of the conflict dynamic in a system. Cyberspace is a domain where offense-defense costs are clearer than in the physical world. While there have been numerous comments about the current balance there has not been a study conducted. In this thesis, I use a heuristic model to show what the current theoretical balance point is, and what it was for two different case studies, Estonia in 2007 and Stuxnet. Based on the data, the cost of one dollar by the attacker spent on offense, the defender spends $1.32. When looked at from an aggregate perspective, using the data from the model, attackers to defenders, the disparity is significantly larger, with a one dollar to $131 cost ratio. The Estonia case study had a one dollar to $424 cost ratio, and Stuxnet had a one dollar to seven dollar ratio. This proposed model may provide a glimpse of what the current balance is for a specific system. Using this model, it may be possible to provide measures of effectiveness for modifications made to the system, which could help mitigate costs for cyber defenders.
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Liu, Feng. "Defense of Endothelial Cells Against Tumor Cell Adhesion-Crucial Role of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite Balance." View abstract, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3293013.

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Nackley, Brittany B. "Temporal Dynamics of the Defense Cascade." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99987.

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Understanding physiological responses to threat can inform therapeutic interventions for phobias, anxieties, and PTSD. The defense cascade is reviewed as a theoretical model that predicts behavioral and physiological responses to threats. Nineteen undergraduates (five male), average age 19.4 experienced a novel virtual reality (VR) threat scenario while their physiology was measured. The Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) was used as a self-report indicator of distress in the research setting. Averaged SUDS reports suggested that the VR stimulus was experienced as threatening for most participants, but their autonomic response patterns did not fit those predicted by the defense cascade. Participants who had scored high on adaptive response questionnaires tended to show uncoupled ANS activation during baseline, but varied across the stimulus condition. Nearly all participants showed either coactivation or reciprocal activation during the stimulus period except those reporting the most dissociative trauma experiences, who mostly showed uncoupled ANS activation.
M.S.
The more we understand about how people’s bodies and their energies act when they feel threatened, the better we can find help for folks who struggle with anxiety, trauma or other challenging conditions. This research uses a theoretical model called the defense cascade to explore how people respond mentally and physically to threatening situations. Nineteen undergraduates went through a virtual reality (VR) experience that was designed to feel threatening while their body and its energy systems were measured. A scale was introduced called the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) and was used to help the researchers understand how distressed people felt while they were in the VR experience. Averaged SUDS reports suggested that the VR stimulus was experienced as threatening for most participants, but their body response patterns did not fit those predicted by the defense cascade. Participants whose questionnaire responses suggested they were not anxiety-prone or traumatized, tended to show bodily activation that uncoupled their two autonomic bodily systems during a baseline period before the threatening stimulus. However, their autonomic responses during the stimulus period varied. Nearly all participants showed either both autonomic systems acting together or only one system acting in a mutually exclusive way to the other system during the stimulus period. This was the case for most participants except those reporting the most trauma involving dissociative experiences. This latter group mostly showed uncoupled autonomic bodily patterns.
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Lee, Chung-Min. "The emerging strategic balance in Northeast Asia : implications for Korea's defense strategy and planning for the 1990s /." Seoul (South Korea) : Research center for peace and unification of Korea, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35531134c.

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Hight, Robert Frank Jr. "Reshaping the sword and chrysanthemum: regional implications of expanding the mission of the Japan Self Defense Forces." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2272.

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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited
Since taking office in 2001, Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi has pressed for greater expansion to the mission of the Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF), first by endorsing deployments in support of counter-terrorism operations in the Indian Ocean, and eventually the domestically unpopular decision to deploy to Iraq. Recently, an update to the 1996 National Defense Program Outline was published that accelerated the shift in the mission of the JSDF away from a pure self-defense force capable of operating with the United States in defense of Japan's sovereignty to that of an internationally recognized force capable of conducting operations in varying environments throughout the globe. Japan's accelerated military involvement in world affairs has provoked concerns among neighbors, whose perceptions are often quite different from those of the United States or Japan. Japan's legacy of militarism has created resistance to change among regional partners. In order for changes to succeed without upsetting the regional balance of power, Japan must improve not only the capability, but also the international trust and standing of the JSDF. This thesis provides information to allow policy makers to better understand the challenges that the Government of Japan faces in response to changes in security strategy.
Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy
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Dewan, Jay P. "How will the Indian MIlitary's upgrade and modernization of its ISR, precision strike, and missile defense affect the stability in South Asia /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FDewan.pdf.

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Wilson, Jacob J. "Conventional Military Modernization in China and India: A Comparative Historical Analysis." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1627662871990976.

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Alarcón, Canchari Alan Carlos. "La Función Garantista del Equilibrio Económico Financiero en el Contrato de Obra Pública." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118865.

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The present article seeks to explain, in the frame of cost variations of infrastructure works, the way the legal defense of State has been carried out against the pretension outlined. Then, we will analyze the way this pretensions, far from causing a prejudice to State, they tend to be necessary to achieve the public interests.
El presente artículo tiene como propósito explicar, dentro de un escenario de variación inesperada de los costos de una obra de infraestructura, cómo ha sido la defensa legal del Estado contra las pretensiones económicas que se han esbozado, para seguidamente analizar cómo es que estas pretensiones, lejos de constituirse en necesariamente un eventual perjuicio para el Estado, finalmente y dependiendo de la casuística, terminan siendo necesarias para la consecución de intereses públicos.
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Books on the topic "Defense Balance"

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U.S.-Soviet military balance 1980-1985. Washington: Pergamon-Bassey's International Defense Publishers, 1985.

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Carnegie Corporation of New York., ed. Homeland defense and democratic liberties: An American balance in danger? New York: Carnegie Corp. of New York, 2002.

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Betts, Richard K. Heavenly gains or earthly losses?: Toward a balance sheet for strategic defense. Washington, D.C: Brookings, 1988.

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American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research., ed. Safeguarding defense technology, enabling commerce: A new balance in the new economy. Washington: AEI Press, 2001.

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Quester, George H. Offense and defense in the international system. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Books, 1988.

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Hall, George M. Geopolitics and the decline of empire: Implications for United States defense policy. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co., 1990.

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Lee, Chung Min. The emerging strategic balance in Northeast Asia: Implications for Korea's defense strategy and planning for the 1990's. Seoul, Korea: Published for the Research Center for Peace and Unification of Korea by Seoul Computer Press, 1989.

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Guo ji ti xi zhong de jin gong yu fang yu: Offense and defense in the international system. Shanghai: Shanghai ren min chu ban she, 2008.

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Office, General Accounting. Financial management: Analysis of operating cash balance of the Defense Logistics Agency's stock fund : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Defense, House Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Financial management: Analysis of operating cash balance of the Defense Logistics Agency's stock fund : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Defense, House Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Defense Balance"

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Sciorati, Giulia. "Offense-Defense Balance." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_90-1.

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Shaheen, Salma. "Offense–Defense Balance in Cyber Warfare." In Cyberspace and International Relations, 77–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37481-4_5.

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Wrage, Stephen D. "The Department of Defense and the Department of State: Out of Balance and into Trouble." In Inside Defense, 15–29. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230613782_2.

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Biddle, Stephen D. "Offense-Defense Balance, Force-to-Space Ratios, and Defense Effectiveness." In The Future of European Security, 82–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13095-5_7.

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Garfinkel, Ben, and Allan Dafoe. "How does the offense-defense balance scale?" In Emerging Technologies and International Stability, 247–74. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003179917-10.

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Chester, C. V., and E. P. Wigner. "Population Vulnerability: The Neglected Issue in Arms Limitation and the Strategic Balance." In Socio-Political Reflections and Civil Defense, 163–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58862-4_27.

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Bonfanti, Matteo E. "Artificial intelligence and the offense–defense balance in cyber security." In Cyber Security Politics, 64–77. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003110224-6.

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Svendsen, Øyvind. "The Security and Defense Aspect of Brexit: Altering the Third Country Balance?" In The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises, 525–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51791-5_30.

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Lewestam, Karolina, and Paulina Bednarz-Łuczewska. "Do You Believe in Life After Work? A Noninstrumental Defense of Work–Life Balance." In The International Society of Business, Economics, and Ethics Book Series, 123–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23081-8_7.

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Li, Yuge, and Xingliang Hou. "The Crosstalk ofGA andJA: A Fine-Tuning of the Balance of Plant Growth, Development, and Defense." In Mechanism of Plant Hormone Signaling under Stress, 127–42. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118889022.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Defense Balance"

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Shevlane, Toby, and Allan Dafoe. "The Offense-Defense Balance of Scientific Knowledge." In AIES '20: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3375627.3375815.

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Hendrickx, Jan M. H., Jan Kleissl, Jesús D. Gómez Vélez, Sung-ho Hong, José R. Fábrega Duque, David Vega, Hernán A. Moreno Ramírez, and Fred L. Ogden. "Scintillometer networks for calibration and validation of energy balance and soil moisture remote sensing algorithms." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Sylvia S. Shen and Paul E. Lewis. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.718124.

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Tian, Hongjun, Dongsheng Yang, Lei Wang, and Qidi Wu. "Information security attack-defense research based on the military balance operation mechanism." In 2015 5th International Conference on Information Science and Technology (ICIST). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icist.2015.7288935.

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Hendrickx, Jan M. H., Sung-ho Hong, Jan Friesen, Halidou Compaore, Nick C. van de Giesen, Charles Rodgers, and Paul L. G. Vlek. "Mapping energy balance fluxes and root zone soil moisture in the White Volta Basin using optical imagery." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Wendell R. Watkins and Dieter Clement. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.665235.

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Howard, Newton. "Global Defense Policy System of Laws: Graph Theory Approach to Balance of Power Theory." In 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eisic.2011.73.

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Kennedy, Posma. "The Level of Traditional Threats of Indonesia's Defense Based on Natural Balance of Power." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Social and Political Affairs (IcoCSPA 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icocspa-17.2018.15.

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Pishnery, Joseph E., and Craig P. Lusk. "A Statically Balanced Shape Shifting Surface." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70689.

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This paper presents a concept for producing a Statically Balanced Shape-Shifting Surface (SB-SSS). In this context, an SB-SSS is a surface that can require near-zero magnitude force changes to accomplish a change in shape while retaining effectiveness as a physical barrier. This paper focuses on how to statically balance a specifically-designed compliant mechanism and how to incorporate this mechanism into a polygonal cell. The mechanism consists of a compliant Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage layered with a pre-stressed link as the balancer. Prior art is presented that can show how a polygonal cell can be incorporated into a surface via a tiling array. Specifically shaped overlapping thin plates are used to retain the physical barrier requirement. The demonstration of a virtually zero-force Shape-Shifting Surface (SSS) suggests that SSS’s can be designed with a wide range of force-displacement properties, i.e. ranging from that of a square of the parent material to the zero-force mechanism presented here. Applications for an SB-SSS may be macro-scale or micro-scale and may include sensors, biomedical applications, defense applications, and variable stiffness materials.
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Kamareddine, Layla, Hoda Najjar, Abeer Mohbeddin, Nawar Haj Ahmed, and Paula Watnick. "Between Immunity, Metabolism, and Development: A story of a Fly Gut!" In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0141.

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In addition to its role in initiating immune response in the body, the innate immune system seems to also play a critical role in maintaining homeostatic balance in the gut epithelium. Our recent studies in the Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly model suggest that different innate immune pathways contribute to this homeostatic balance through activating the transcription of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides. We provide evidence that several metabolic parameters are altered in immune deficient flies. We also highlight a role of the gut flora, particularly through its short chain fatty acid, in contributing to this metabolic balance. Interestingly, our data suggest that impaired immunity and metabolic alteration, in turn, exhibit an effect on host development. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that innate immune pathways not only provide the first line of defense against infection but also contribute to host metabolism and development.
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Lux, Scott, Arif Nelson, Nicholas Josefik, and Franklin Holcomb. "Component Failure Analysis From a Fleet of PEM Fuel Cells." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33207.

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The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) managed the Residential Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Demonstration. The U.S. Congress funded this project for fiscal years 2001–2004. A fleet of 91 residential-scale PEM fuel cells, ranging in size from 1–5 kW, was demonstrated at various U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) facilities worldwide. This detailed analysis looks into the most prevalent means of failure in the PEM fuel cell systems as categorized from the stack, reformer, and power-conditioning systems as well as the subsequent subsystems. Also evaluated are the lifespan and failure modes of selected fuel cell components, based on component type, age, and usage. The analysis shows while the fuel cell stack components had the single highest number of outages, the balance of plant made for 60.6% of the total outages. The hydrogen cartridges were the most prevalent component replaced during the entire program. The natural gas fuel cell stacks had the highest average operational lifetime; one stack reached a total of 10,250 hours.
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Taylor, Donal J., Denis J. Doorly, and Robert C. Schroter. "Airflow in the Human Nasal Cavity: An Inter-Subject Comparison." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206459.

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The human nose is a remarkably complicated biological conduit that plays a significant, perpetual role in respiratory defense and olfaction. It is not a passive organ and has evolved to balance many conflicting requirements, while processing 10,000 litres of inspired air in a typical day [1]. The highly vascularised nasal mucosa heats and humidifies adjacent airflow, whilst the nasal mucosa collects nearly all particles over 5 μm diameter and approximately 50% of those between 2–4 μm [1]. Furthermore, the nasal airways house the olfactory apparatus, which enables humans to sense (smell) the external environment. The research presented here incorporates Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in conjunction with experimental optical measurement techniques to resolve the patterns of flow within the nasal airways of two healthy subjects. This abstract details the experimental and computational methodologies used to simulate constant inspiration at a rate of 100 ml.s−1, which is representative of quiet restful breathing. The results presented focus on a comparison of the upper airway flow distributions in both subjects.
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Reports on the topic "Defense Balance"

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McConkey, Mark S. Ballistic Missile Defense and National Defense Strategy - Striking a Balance Between Defense, Cost and Risk. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415720.

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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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3

Marcus, Heath L. We're All In This Together: The US-Vietnam Defense Relationship in an Offshore-Balanced Pacific Pivot. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada594216.

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4

Smit, Timo. Delivering the Compact: Towards a More Capable and Gender-balanced EU Civilian CSDP. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/jipm5735.

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European Union (EU) member states established a political compact in 2018 to strengthen the civilian dimension of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Among other things, they committed to raise the number and share of seconded personnel in civilian CSDP missions to at least 70 per cent and to promote a better representation of women at all levels. The compact has been regarded positively despite mixed results. Personnel secondments have not substantially increased and there remains significant variation in burden sharing between EU member states. The share of seconded personnel actually decreased overall—from 66 per cent in 2018 to 60 per cent in 2022—and in almost every mission. Women’s representation has increased modestly in recent years and reached 24 per cent in 2022. Civilian CSDP is at a critical juncture. EU member states will adopt a new Civilian CSDP Compact by mid 2023. Several trends that were not conducive to raising the share of seconded personnel continued during the implementation of the current compact, but some of these may be reversing. This paper makes recommendations on how EU member states can renew and complement their commitments on increasing secondments and women’s representation, based on the ongoing need to strengthen civilian CSDP missions and on lessons learned from the current compact.
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Noga, Edward J., Ramy R. Avtalion, and Michael Levy. Comparison of the Immune Response of Striped Bass and Hybrid Bass. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568749.bard.

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We developed methods for examining the pathophysical response of striped bass and hybrid bass to various forms of stress. This involved development of techniques for the measurement of lysozyme, mitogen blastogenesis, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and oxidative burst, which are important general indicators of systemic immune function. We also examined local immune defenses (epithelial integrity), as well as homeostatic indicators in blood, including osmotic balance and glucose. Acute stress resulted in significant perturbations in a number of parameters, including glucose, electrolytes, osmolarity, lysozyme, and mixed lymphocyte reaction. Most significantly, acute confinement stress resulted in severe damage to the epidermal epithelium, as indicated by the rapid (within 2 hr) development of erosions and ulcerations on various fins. There were significant differences in the resting levels of some immune functions between striped bass and hybrid bass, including response to mitogens in the leukocyte blastogenesis test. Our studies also revealed that there were significant differences in how striped bass and hybrid bass respond to stress, with striped bass being much more severely affected by stress than the hybrid. This was reflected in more severe changes in glucose, cortisol dynamics, and plasma lysozyme. Most significantly, striped bass developed more severe idiopathic skin ulceration after stress, which may be a major reason why this fish is so prone to develop opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections after stress. Hybrid bass injected with equine serum albumin developed a typical humoral immune response, with peak antibody production 28 days after primary immunization. Fish that were exposed to a chronic stress after a primary immunization showed almost complete inhibition of antibody production.
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Ashley, Caitlyn, Elizabeth Spencer Berthiaume, Philip Berzin, Rikki Blassingame, Stephanie Bradley Fryer, John Cox, E. Samuel Crecelius, et al. Law and Policy Resource Guide: A Survey of Eminent Domain Law in Texas and the Nation. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.eminentdomainguide.

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Eminent Domain is the power of the government or quasi-government entities to take private or public property interests through condemnation. Eminent Domain has been a significant issue since 1879 when, in the case of Boom Company v. Patterson, the Supreme Court first acknowledged that the power of eminent domain may be delegated by state legislatures to agencies and non-governmental entities. Thus, the era of legal takings began. Though an important legal dispute then, more recently eminent domain has blossomed into an enduring contentious social and political problem throughout the United States. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Thus, in the wake of the now infamous decision in Kelo v. City of New London, where the Court upheld the taking of private property for purely economic benefit as a “public use,” the requirement of “just compensation” stands as the primary defender of constitutionally protected liberty under the federal constitution. In response to Kelo, many state legislatures passed a variety of eminent domain reforms specifically tailoring what qualifies as a public use and how just compensation should be calculated. Texas landowners recognize that the state’s population is growing at a rapid pace. There is an increasing need for more land and resources such as energy and transportation. But, private property rights are equally important, especially in Texas, and must be protected as well. Eminent domain and the condemnation process is not a willing buyer and willing seller transition; it is a legally forced sale. Therefore, it is necessary to consider further improvements to the laws that govern the use of eminent domain so Texas landowners can have more assurance that this process is fair and respectful of their private property rights when they are forced to relinquish their land. This report compiles statutes and information from the other forty-nine states to illustrate how they address key eminent domain issues. Further, this report endeavors to provide a neutral third voice in Texas to strike a more appropriate balance between individual’s property rights and the need for increased economic development. This report breaks down eminent domain into seven major topics that, in addition to Texas, seemed to be similar in many of the other states. These categories are: (1) Awarding of Attorneys’ Fee; (2) Compensation and Valuation; (3) Procedure Prior to Suit; (4) Condemnation Procedure; (5) What Cannot be Condemned; (6) Public Use & Authority to Condemn; and (7) Abandonment. In analyzing these seven categories, this report does not seek to advance a particular interest but only to provide information on how Texas law differs from other states. This report lays out trends seen across other states that are either similar or dissimilar to Texas, and additionally, discusses interesting and unique laws employed by other states that may be of interest to Texas policy makers. Our research found three dominant categories which tend to be major issues across the country: (1) the awarding of attorneys’ fees; (2) the valuation and measurement of just compensation; and (3) procedure prior to suit.
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