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Journal articles on the topic 'Defence'
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Fatima Akram and Mahwesh Arooj Naz. "Ego defense mechanisms, medication adherence and self-management of the patients with type 2 diabetes." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 71, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.706.
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Objective: To explore relationship involving Ego Defence Mechanism, Medication Adherence and Self-Management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: The cross-sectional co-relational study was conducted at the Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2017 to November 2018, and comprised diabetics aged 25-55 years. Other than demographic information, data was collected using the Urdu versions of the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Medication Adherence Scale, and the Diabetic Self-management Questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 150 patients, 75(50%) each were females and males. Mature defence mechanisms, like sublimation, suppression and humour, were significant predictors of self-management (p<0.001), and mature defence mechanism, like sublimation, was a significant predictor of medication adherence (p<0.05). Females were high on neurotic defence mechanism, like pseudo-altruism, compared to the males (p=0.001). Conclusion: Medication adherence and self-management were found to be dependent on mature defence mechanisms. Key Words: Ego defence mechanisms, Medication adherence, Self-management, Immature defences, Mature defences, Neurotic defences. Continuous...
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Muris, Peter, and Harald Merckelbach. "Defence style and behaviour therapy outcome in a specific phobia." Psychological Medicine 26, no. 3 (May 1996): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035704.
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SynopsisThe Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) was administered to patients with a specific phobia (animal type; N = 54) and to control subjects (N = 29). Results indicated that specific phobia patients and non-phobic control subjects exhibit a similar pattern of defences. Also, the study investigated whether specific DSQ defence styles affect behaviour therapy outcome. It was found that an immature defence style, and especially the defence mechanism projection, was related to less favourable treatment results.
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Maddox, John. "Defence initiative defended?" Nature 313, no. 5999 (January 1985): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/313177a0.
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Skelhorn, John, and Candy Rowe. "Frequency-dependent taste-rejection by avian predation may select for defence chemical polymorphisms in aposematic prey." Biology Letters 1, no. 4 (August 31, 2005): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0359.
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Chemically defended insects advertise their unpalatability to avian predators using conspicuous aposematic coloration that predators learn to avoid. Insects utilize a wide variety of different compounds in their defences, and intraspecific variation in defence chemistry is common. We propose that polymorphisms in insect defence chemicals may be beneficial to insects by increasing survival from avian predators. Birds learn to avoid a colour signal faster when individual prey possesses one of two unpalatable chemicals rather than all prey having the same defence chemical. However, for chemical polymorphisms to evolve within a species, there must be benefits that allow rare chemical morphs to increase in frequency. Using domestic chicks as predators and coloured crumbs for prey, we provide evidence that birds taste and reject proportionally more of the individuals with rare defence chemicals than those with common defence chemicals. This indicates that the way in which birds attack and reject prey could enhance the survival of rare chemical morphs and select for chemical polymorphism in aposematic species. This is the first experiment to demonstrate that predators can directly influence the form taken by prey's chemical defences.
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Parry, Victor, Ulrike E. Schlägel, Ralph Tiedemann, and Guntram Weithoff. "Behavioural Responses of Defended and Undefended Prey to Their Predator—A Case Study of Rotifera." Biology 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2022): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081217.
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Predation is a strong species interaction causing severe harm or death to prey. Thus, prey species have evolved various defence strategies to minimize predation risk, which may be immediate (e.g., a change in behaviour) or transgenerational (morphological defence structures). We studied the behaviour of two strains of a rotiferan prey (Brachionus calyciflorus) that differ in their ability to develop morphological defences in response to their predator Asplanchna brightwellii. Using video analysis, we tested: (a) if two strains differ in their response to predator presence and predator cues when both are undefended; (b) whether defended individuals respond to live predators or their cues; and (c) if the morphological defence (large spines) per se has an effect on the swimming behaviour. We found a clear increase in swimming speed for both undefended strains in predator presence. However, the defended specimens responded neither to the predator presence nor to their cues, showing that they behave indifferently to their predator when they are defended. We did not detect an effect of the spines on the swimming behaviour. Our study demonstrates a complex plastic behaviour of the prey, not only in the presence of their predator, but also with respect to their defence status.
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Ruxton, Graeme D., and Thomas N. Sherratt. "Aggregation, defence and warning signals: the evolutionary relationship." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1600 (May 23, 2006): 2417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3570.
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In a seminal contribution, Fisher argued how distastefulness could incrementally evolve in a prey species that was distributed in family groups. Many defended prey species occur in aggregations, but did aggregation facilitate the evolution of defence as Fisher proposed or did the possession of a defence allow individuals to enjoy the benefits of group living? Contemporary theory suggests that it can work both ways: pre-existing defences can make the evolution of gregariousness easier, but gregariousness can also aid the evolution of defence and warning signals. Unfortunately, the key phylogenetic analyses to elucidate the ordering of events have been hampered by the relative rarity of gregarious species, which in itself indicates that aggregation is not a pre-requisite for defence. Like the underlying theory, experimental studies have not given a definitive answer to the relative timing of the evolution of defence and aggregation, except to demonstrate that both orderings are possible. Conspicuous signals are unlikely to have evolved in the absence of a defence and aggregated undefended prey are likely to be vulnerable to predation in the absence of satiation effects. It therefore seems most likely that defence generally preceded the evolution of both aggregation and signalling, but alternative routes may well be possible.
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Guan, Chi, Mahasweta Saha, and Florian Weinberger. "Chemical Defence of a Seagrass against Microfoulers and Its Seasonal Dynamics." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 26, 2019): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061258.
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In marine environments bacterial microfoulers are an important determinant for the settlement of algal and animal macrofoulers. At the same time fouling is usually subject to seasonal fluctuation. Additionally, the seagrass Zostera marina is prone to microfouling, although this marine spermatophyte is known to be chemically defended against bacterial settlers. Spermatophytes are often capable of induced or activated defences against biological enemies such as pathogens or herbivores, but it is still unknown whether they can fine-tune their antifouling-defence according to settlement pressure. We therefore assessed the seasonality of bacterial settlement pressure, defence against microsettlers and concentrations of a previously identified defence compound, rosmarinic acid, on surfaces of Z. marina. All examined variables peaked in summer, while they tended to be lower in spring and autumn. The seasonality of defence activity and rosmarinic acid surface concentration was positively correlated with the seasonal fluctuation of fouling pressure, which suggests that Z. marina can adjust its defence level to the relatively high bacterial fouling pressure in summer. Besides of biotic factors the seasonal change of environmental factors, such as nitrogen supply, and in particular temperature, also affected the defence level, either directly or through indirect effects on the microbial settlers.
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Hantak, Maggie M., Daniel J. Paluh, and Ralph A. Saporito. "Bufadienolide and alkaloid-based chemical defences in two different species of neotropical anurans are equally effective against the same arthropod predators." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 2 (March 2016): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000055.
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Abstract:Defensive chemicals in anuran skin secretions function in protection against potential predators. Although studies have demonstrated that particular chemicals are effective against certain predators, very little is known about how different chemicals from different species function against the same predators. Understanding how different chemicals function as a defence against similar predators is fundamental to the ecology and evolution of chemical defences in frogs. In the present study, the defensive function of bufadienolide-based defences in adult Rhaebo haematiticus (Bufonidae) were compared with alkaloid-based defences in adult and juvenile Dendrobates auratus (Dendrobatidae) against the same predators. Most bufonids contain synthesized bufadienolides, whereas dendrobatids contain dietary-derived alkaloids. Predation trials were performed with two potential invertebrate predators, Paraponera clavata (bullet ant) and Cupiennius coccineus (ctenid spider), to determine how these predators respond to two different types of frog chemical defence. The non-chemically defended frog Craugastor fitzingeri served as a control in all predation trials. Our results suggest that bufadienolide defences of R. haematiticus and alkaloid defences of D. auratus are equally effective towards bullet ant and ctenid spider predators. The similar avoidance and cleaning behaviours exhibited by these ants and spiders after contact with bufadienolides and alkaloids suggest that both types of defence are unpalatable to these arthropod predators.
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Hogg, Claire. "The Insanity Defence." Journal of Criminal Law 79, no. 4 (August 2015): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018315596708.
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This article takes an abolitionist position towards insane automatism (or ‘the insanity defence’). With particular reference to Arlie Loughnan’s concept of ‘manifest madness’, it argues that mentally ill defendants are poorly served not only by the insanity defence as currently formulated, but by any defence which focuses on their status as ‘mentally ill’ rather than the specific excusatory elements of that illness. It contends, however, that advocates for abolition should not assume that existing criminal defences are currently primed to account for those elements. What is required is a thoroughgoing reform of all criminal defences, with mentally ill and/or disordered defendants in mind, to which abolition of the insanity defence must be secondary.
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Gardner, J. "In Defence of Offences and Defences." Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrls/4.1.110.
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Heil, Martin, Daniel Feil, Andrea Hilpert, and K. Eduard Linsenmair. "Spatiotemporal patterns in indirect defence of a South-East Asian ant-plant support the optimal defence hypothesis." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 5 (August 9, 2004): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001567.
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The optimal defence hypothesis predicts that plant parts characterized by a high value and/or a high risk of being attacked should exhibit the highest level of defence. We tested this hypothesis with Macaranga bancana ant-plants, which are protected efficiently by resident, mutualistic ants from herbivores, parasites and encroaching vegetation. Because cost-effective defence of the host by ants increases ant fitness, selection should act on ant behaviour to produce patterns of distribution of defence as predicted for direct chemical defence traits. Termites and pieces of tape were equally distributed over the uppermost ten leaves and over the leaf-bearing part of the stems (with termites mimicking a transient herbivore, while tape mimics a long-term stress caused by a climber or plant parasite). This arrangement allowed a separation of putative coevolutionary adaptations in the ants' behaviour from other potential sources of spatial patterns in ant defence, such as differences in herbivore pressure, in the vulnerability of different herbivores, or in direct plant defences. Ant activity dropped rapidly at termite baits, but remained high at tapes for at least 5 h, thereby demonstrating adaptive differential responses to the differences between the two stressors. Most importantly, ants preferentially defended young leaves and shoot parts. The temporal and spatial patterns of ant attention to exogenous stressors thus were clearly adaptive, varying with likely costs and benefits of defence as formulated in the optimal defence theory.
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Boots, Mike, and Alex Best. "The evolution of constitutive and induced defences to infectious disease." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1883 (July 25, 2018): 20180658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0658.
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In response to infectious disease, hosts typically mount both constitutive and induced defences. Constitutive defence prevents infection in the first place, while induced defence typically shortens the infectious period. The two routes to defence, therefore, have very different implications not only to individuals but also to the epidemiology of the disease. Moreover, the costs of constitutive defences are likely to be paid even in the absence of disease, while induced defences are likely to incur the most substantial costs when they are used in response to infection. We examine theoretically the evolutionary implications of these fundamental differences. A key result is that high virulence in the parasite typically selects for higher induced defences even if they result in immunopathology leading to very high disease mortality. Disease impacts on fecundity are critical to the relative investment in constitutive and induced defence with important differences found when parasites castrate their hosts. The trade-off between constitutive and induced defence has been cited as a cause of the diversity in defence, but we show that the trade-off alone is unlikely to lead to diversity. Our models provide a framework to examine relative investment in different defence components both experimentally and in the field.
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Fehr, Colton. "The Moral Foundation of Criminal Defences and the Limits of Constitutional Law." McGill Law Journal 68, no. 3 (July 1, 2023): 291–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/law.v68i3.1307.
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The Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in R v Khill provided a novel moral framework for self-defence. Whereas self-defence was previously categorized as a justification, the Court now maintains that it constitutes an excuse in some cases. In other cases, the Court suggests self-defence sits between justification and excuse, captured by a principle I elsewhere call “moral permissibility”. The Court’s choice to adopt a more robust relationship between the moral principles underlying justification/excuse and self-defence is principled. However, the basis for that conclusion—the application of moral philosophy to the law of criminal defences—applies with equal force to the law of duress and necessity. Unfortunately, the statutory duress defence and section 8(3) of the Criminal Code limit the juristic scope of those defences. Although these restrictions may be challenged under section 7 of the Charter, this challenge will likely fail as defendants need not be denied a defence. Instead, they will be denied a proper moral assessment of their actions. To instill greater coherency into the law, it is prudent to repeal the statutory duress defence. This approach would allow courts to utilize the broad wording of the new “defence of person” provision to develop the law of self-defence, necessity, and duress in line with the moral philosophy underlying these defences. Constitutionalizing the principles underlying criminal defences can nevertheless serve two broader purposes: mitigating the tendency of courts and counsel to unduly rely upon other less transparent (jury nullification) or heavy-handed (judicial review) legal devices to avoid conviction.
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S., Suganthi, and Birundha S. "PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN DEFENCE PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS: AN OVERVIEW." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 05 (May 31, 2023): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16886.
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The second-largest military force in the world, the Indian Defense sector, is on the verge of transformation. India is third in the world for military spending, with its defence spending making up 2.15% of the GDP of the nation. By 2025, GOI hopes to have a revenue of USD 25 billion, including an export of USD 5 billion in goods and services related to aerospace and defence. Two Defense Industrial Corridors have been developed by the government in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Defense Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) and Ordinance Factories (OFs) were gradually established to take on the role of designer and integrator of defence weapons and equipment under the purview of Department of Defence Production. Among 16 Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSU) the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is the largest DPSU and it tops the production with Rs.19911.5 crores in 2020 – 2021 followed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) of Rs.13947 crores to Indian Defense. In todays concern, we have competent DPSUs that are able to establish standards for the private sector in the manufacturing of defence goods because significant funds have already been invested in building competence in certain domains. Facilities, knowledge, and personnel developed by DPSU with public financing must be used to the best of the nations capacity as we move towards self-reliance and export capability in the acquisition of defence.
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YOUSFI, Dr Safia. "THE RIGHT TO LEGITIMATE DEFENSE BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PRACTICE IN THE PALESTINIAN AND ISRAELI CONFLICT." International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 06, no. 02 (April 1, 2024): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.25.11.
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Following the flood Al-Aqsa on October 7, 2023, the Israeli- Palestinian conflict witnessed an unprecedented escalation in terms of Israel’s excessive use of force and the civilian casualties in Palestinian side. Furthermore, the majority of western countries aligned themselves with Israel under the pretext of its right to self defense. Israel and its allies have often resorted to this justification to justify repeated Israeli attacks on the Palestinian people. The Importance of researching this topic lies in the fact that legitimate self-defence is a right recognized by both international law and international humanitarian law. And it is a common denominator between the conflicting parties. Just as Israel invokes this right in its military operation, the Palestinian side also asserts right to self-defense using all available means. The objectives of the study can be summarized as follows: to research and explain the provisions related to legitimate self-defense in the united nations charter and its resolutions, as well as in the texts of Geneva Convention, particularly in the first additional protocol. This is done to understand the legal conditions and regulations associated with use of force in any conflict, which, when met, can exempt the practitioner from international responsibility. However, in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, given the defences in the legal positions of the two parties and in light of the conditions of legitimate self-defense the problem in this issue revolves around determining which party’s use force towards the other is considered a justified use falling within the realm of legitimate self defense? and what is the legal assessment of the other party using force outside the scope of legitimate self-defence?. To address this issue, this topic has been divided according to the following methodology : Firstly: the international legal system of to legitimate defense. 1- the legal basis for the right to legitimate defense. 2- conditions for the legitimacy of the right legitimate defence Secondly: legal evaluation of the use of in the Palestinian, Israel conflict under the pretext of legitimate defence. 1- the legal basis for Palestinian party’s right to legitimate defense. 2- the legal nature of Israel’s use of force against the Palestinian people
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Bezhina, Yuliya Viktorovna. "Nordic Defence Cooperation in the Post-Bipolar World." Мировая политика, no. 2 (February 2023): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2023.2.40066.
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The author examines the specific features of defense cooperation in Northern Europe and considers its future prospects amid the transformation of the global political landscape. The author regards the Nordic sub-region as a regional security complex (RSC) and scrutinizes historical similarities and dissimilarities in the Nordic approaches to security issues; distinctive features of the Nordic integration in general and sub-regional defence cooperation in particular; structure and possible prospects of the NORDEFCO. The author concludes that defenсe cooperation deepened the integration model in Northern Europe significantly, thus highlighting the ability of the Nordic states to cooperate in matters of security. Nevertheless, the aspirations of Finland and Sweden for NATO membership overshadow the NORDEFCO as a local security mechanism. The author contributes to the study of the issue by suggesting possible scenarios of the Nordic defence cooperation development. It is highly likely that NORDEFCO will be marginalized within the framework of Nordic cooperation, since NATO will meet almost all needs of the Nordic states in the field of defense and security. The scientific novelty of the research results from the revision of the Nordic domestic and foreign policy priorities in the field of security after 2014 and 2022, the impact of the deteriorating relations between Russia and Western countries on defence cooperation in the sub-region and the political and military relevance of the issue for the future of Russia.
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Chumak, V. V. "Activities of the Armed Forces of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: Experience for Ukraine." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 87, no. 4 (December 22, 2019): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2019.4.16.
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The current state of activity of the Armed Forces of the Baltic States such as Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia has been studied. The experience of the Armed Forces of these countries in ensuring collective defense, security and peace in accordance with NATO standards has been analyzed.
It is stated that the National Armed Forces of the Republic of Latvia is a group of troops intended to protect the fundamental freedoms, independence and territorial integrity of the state. It’s a part of the Ministry of Defence of Latvia. It is emphasized that the Armed Forces of the Republic of Lithuania are a state military organization whose purpose is to protect the territorial integrity and inviolability of the state. It is a structural unit of the Ministry of National Defence Republic of Lithuania. It is noted that the Armed Forces of Estonia (Defence Forces) is a military organized unit of the Executive authority, which is headed by the government of the Republic and the Ministry of Defence of Estonia. It is stated that the activities of the Armed Forces of the Baltic States are carried out on the principle of collective defence of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which task is to protect the member States from military threat.
Based on the analyzed experience of the Baltic States’ Armed Forces, it has been concluded that the effective functioning and activities of the Armed Forces depends on a clear definition of the main priorities in the field of defenсe, chains of international community and valid logistical support. It is noted about the possible implementation of certain positive provisions regarding the transformation about the integrated leadership system of the defenсe forces and military management in the Armed Forces in accordance with NATO standards and the provision of advisory assistance.
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Fehr, Colton. "Why De Minimis is a Defence: A Reply to Professor Coughlan." McGill Law Journal 67, no. 1 (September 2, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1092012ar.
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Professor Coughlan maintains that the maxim de minimis non curat lex—the law does not concern itself with trifles—ought not be recognized as a criminal defence. He contends that the defence is redundant in light of existing principles of statutory interpretation, alternative defences to challenge improper decisions to bring charges, and the availability of an absolute discharge at sentencing. He further suggests that utilizing the de minimis defence is no different than allowing a constitutional exemption which has explicitly been prohibited by the Supreme Court of Canada. In response, I maintain that Coughlan improperly conceptualizes the de minimis defence as a challenge to prosecutorial discretion. In my view, the defence serves to prevent judges from finding an accused guilty where the consequences would be grossly disproportionate to the harm caused by the offence. Such proceedings should be stayed because the grossly disproportionate effects arise by virtue of instituting criminal process, not imposing punishment. Although the de minimis defence and constitutional exemptions both exempt accused from statutes, the latter are problematic because they conflict with statutory intent. The same cannot be said of defences as the legislature passes offences with knowledge that they will be circumscribed by defences.
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Arbuckle, Kevin. "Chemical antipredator defence is linked to higher extinction risk." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160681.
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Many attributes of species may be linked to contemporary extinction risk, though some such traits remain untested despite suggestions that they may be important. Here, I test whether a trait associated with higher background extinction rates, chemical antipredator defence, is also associated with current extinction risk, using amphibians as a model system—a group facing global population declines. I find that chemically defended species are approximately 60% more likely to be threatened than species without chemical defence, although the severity of the contemporary extinction risk may not relate to chemical defence. The results confirm that background and contemporary extinction rates can be predicted from the same traits, at least in certain cases. This suggests that associations between extinction risk and phenotypic traits can be temporally stable over long periods. The results also provide novel insights into the relevance of antipredator defences for species subject to conservation concerns.
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CIEŚLAK, Eugeniusz. "Air defense of the Baltic states. Looking toward the future." Safety & Defense 7, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/sd.158.
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The article offers the discussion of the origins, current state and the future of air defence of the Baltic states. It tries to relate developments in the field of air defense to changes in security environment, and defence polices of the Baltic states. The article starts with a retrospection on origins and developments of air defence of the Baltic states before they joined NATO. Then it focuses on early years of integration with NATO Integrated Air Defense System and implications for air defence of the Baltic states related to changes in the security of the Euro-Atlantic region stemming from Russian aggressive actions. An assessment of current posture of air defence of the Baltic states serves as a starting point for the discussion on requirements for future developments, and predicting possible outcomes. The research uses unclassified, publicly available documents and analytical reports to provide background information for the discussion on the future of air defense of the Baltic states. The Baltic states are aware of the limitations of their air defense, and try to develop this capability within available resources. Changes to security environment after 2014 gave new impetus to the development of air defense of the Baltic states, both for the efforts undertaken by NATO and for national capability development.
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Shashi, Tanuja. "Detailed Analysis of Defences under Private Defence of the Indian Penal Code." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2023): 1941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr231127181033.
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Chinarelli, Henrique D., Anselmo Nogueira, and Laura C. Leal. "Extrafloral nectar production induced by simulated herbivory does not improve ant bodyguard attendance and ultimately plant defence." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, no. 3 (December 29, 2021): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab159.
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Abstract Highly competitive and aggressive ant species are efficient bodyguards that monopolize the more attractive plants bearing extrafloral nectaries. Given that herbivory often increases the quality of extrafloral nectar, we hypothesized that plants damaged by herbivory would be more prone to interact with high-quality ant bodyguards and be better defended against herbivores. We performed an experiment with Chamaecrista nictitans plants. We induced anti-herbivore responses by applying jasmonic acid to a group of plants while keeping another group unmanaged. We measured extrafloral nectar production, censused ants visiting extrafloral nectaries and, subsequently, added herbivore mimics to measure the efficiency of ant anti-herbivore defence in both conditions. Induction increased the volume of extrafloral nectar and the mass of sugar per nectary without affecting the sugar concentration or the patterns of plant attendance and defence by ants. Thus, we found no evidence that defence-induced C. nictitans plants are more prone to interact with high-quality bodyguards or to receive better anti-herbivore defence. These findings highlight that increases in extrafloral nectar production are not always rewarded with increases in the biotic defences; instead, these rewards might be dependent on the traits of the nectar induced by herbivory events and/or on the ecological context in which the interaction is embedded. Consequently, herbivory might increase the costs of this induced biotic defence to plants bearing extrafloral nectaries when the induced defence does not increase the attractiveness of the plants to ants.
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Adetifa, E. K., and Oluwayemi O. Ogunkorode. "THE INCOMPATIBILITY OF THE DEFENCE OF PROVOCATION AND ALIBI: A CASE REVIEW OF THE STATE V. OGUNBOYO RICHARD (UNREPORTED) CHARGE NO HAD/80C/2017." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 5, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume05issue09-07.
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Provocation and alibi are two of the defences available to a defendant under the English Law albeit they operate at a cross road in that the availability of one depicts the non legal availability of the other to a defendant facing allegation of crime. By its intrinsic nature, a defendant who relies on the defence of provocation has explicitly admitted both the mens rea and actus reus of the offence alleged but denied malice aforethought. In contradistinction however, alibi is an outright defence of non-participation in the offence on the ground that the defendant was elsewhere when the offence took place. The jurisprudential rational behind the defence of alibi is the impossibility of simultaneous physical presence of the defendant at two different locations. It is noteworthy to stress that the defence of alibi enjoys qualified application while considering parties to offences as a defendant need not be physically present to be culpable where he has either acted as accessory before the fact or accessory after the fact in which case, his physical presence at the scene of the alleged offence is of no moment before attracting criminal responsibility. This study examined the two irreconcilable defences of provocation and alibi through a case review with intent to unveiling whether or not a defendant can be availed of the defence of provocation in the same case where the defence of alibi earlier set up by him fails. This study however, concluded that both alibi and provocation cannot exonerate or sustain defences for the defendant at the same time because they are contrasting defences that cannot go together. The study also concluded that in applying the ingredients of the defence to the fact in issues, none of the ingredient must be left in isolation or wrongly applied to justify a defence for the defendant.
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Baran, Kazimierz, Małgorzata Małek, and Kinga Szczurek. "Z dziejów angielskich defences: obrona konieczna i stan wyższej konieczności." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 53, no. 1 (June 30, 2001): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2001.1.8.
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Obecny przyczynek stawia sobie za cel przybliżenie polskiemu historykowi prawa pewnej osobliwości, jaka cechowała, a poniekąd cechuje i dziś - niektóre z angielskich defences, stanowiących - w jakim stopniu - odpowiednik kontynentalnych okoliczności wykluczających przedmiotów bezprawność czynu (np. obrona konieczna, stan wyższej konieczności) lub win (np. niepoczytalno czy nieletniość ). Całkowitej adekwatności angielskich i kontynentalnych pojęć nie da się tu zresztą osiągnąć , skoro wśród defences napotykamy także defence of automatism, będącą odpowiednikiem fizycznego przymusu nieodpornego (vis absoluta). Przypomnijmy, iż w prawie polskim vis absoluta przecina w ogóle wszelką dyskusję o przestępstwie, skoro działanie osoby pozostającej pod jej wpływem nie stanowi w ogóle czynu w rozumieniu prawa. Nie jest bowiem „zahaczone” o jakikolwiek impuls jej woli (np. skutki gwałtownych ruchów osoby miotającej się w ataku epileptycznym czy pchniętej na szyb wystawową ). W Anglii natomiast defence of automatism ma status regularnej defence, w niczym nieustępującej self-defence czy defence of prevention, które razem składaj si na kontratyp zbliżony do kontynentalnej obrony koniecznej. Jak więc widać , angielskie defences noszą w sobie cechy i kreują argumenty, które w ujęciu kontynentalnym przynależy czasem do odrębnych porządków rozumowania legistycznego
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Descheemaeker, Eric. "Tort Law Defences: A Defence of Conventionalism." Modern Law Review 77, no. 3 (May 2014): 493–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12076.
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du Toit, Andrea. "Defence and counter defence." Nature Reviews Microbiology 17, no. 5 (March 13, 2019): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0185-6.
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Joseph, Edet Adu, and Dennis M. Ndambo. "The Role of Defense Diplomacy in Enhancing National Security: A Case Study of Kenya (2012-2022)." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. X (2023): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.701050.
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Defence diplomacy has increasingly become an important avenue of engagement across countries. It aims at enhancing diplomatic capacity of a country. Kenya, since gaining its independence from Great Britain in 1963 has been engaged in defence diplomacy within the larger Eastern Africa region and beyond. With intensifying security uncertainty in the Horn of Africa, necessitating Kenya to consider increasing her defence diplomacy activities in addition to increasing her military expenditure on equipment and personnel inorder to address emerging security threats. This study is interested in establishing the role defence diplomacy has played in thwarting threats to Kenya’s national security. How, for instance is Kenya courting new partners in military diplomacy and trade. This paper also provides the structure of the proposed study that focuses on Kenya’s defence diplomacy approach within the Eastern Africa region and beyond. In the quest of unbundling the defence diplomacy phenomena, the following research questions were considered: In what ways has Kenya’s defense diplomacy promoted security in the East Africa region? Are there requisite policy and legal frameworks that guides the conduct of defence diplomacy? What future challenges can Kenya anticipate in its defense diplomacy processes?
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Barnett, Craig A., Melissa Bateson, and Candy Rowe. "Better the devil you know: avian predators find variation in prey toxicity aversive." Biology Letters 10, no. 11 (November 2014): 20140533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0533.
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Toxic prey that signal their defences to predators using conspicuous warning signals are called ‘aposematic’. Predators learn about the toxic content of aposematic prey and reduce their attacks on them. However, through regulating their toxin intake, predators will include aposematic prey in their diets when the benefits of gaining the nutrients they contain outweigh the costs of ingesting the prey's toxins. Predators face a problem when managing their toxin intake: prey sharing the same warning signal often vary in their toxicities. Given that predators should avoid uncertainty when managing their toxin intake, we tested whether European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) preferred to eat fixed-defence prey (where all prey contained a 2% quinine solution) to mixed-defence prey (where half the prey contained a 4% quinine solution and the other half contained only water). Our results support the idea that predators should be more ‘risk-averse’ when foraging on variably defended prey and suggest that variation in toxicity levels could be a form of defence.
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Arenson, Kenneth J. "The Paradox of Disallowing Duress as a Defence to Murder." Journal of Criminal Law 78, no. 1 (February 2014): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2014.78.1.892.
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The common law has long recognised that what would otherwise constitute murder should be reduced to the lesser offence of voluntary manslaughter in instances where the accused was induced to kill because of provocative conduct on the part of the deceased that does not amount to lawful excuse or justification such as self-defence or defence of others. In what is often termed as a reasonable concession to human frailty, the law has opted to treat those who kill under such circumstances as less morally blameworthy than those who kill in the absence of such provocation or other mitigating circumstances such as a genuinely held, albeit objectively unreasonable belief, that the use of deadly force was necessary in self-defence or the defence of another person. In sharp contrast, the common law has steadfastly declined to allow the defence of duress to be interposed in like manner as a partial defence to the crime of murder. The discussion to follow will examine whether this disparate treatment is justifiable in light of the stated underpinnings of these defences. The discussion will conclude by exploring various proposals for reform and the extent to which they are likely to result in sanctions that are commensurate with the relative degrees of moral culpability of those who seek to interpose these defences as complete or partial defences to the crime of murder.
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Muir Wood, Robert, and William Bateman. "Uncertainties and constraints on breaching and their implications for flood loss estimation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1831 (June 15, 2005): 1423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1576.
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Around the coasts of the southern North Sea, flood risk is mediated everywhere by the performance of natural and man-made flood defences. Under the conditions of extreme surge with tide water levels, the performance of the defences determines the extent of inland flooding. Sensitivity tests reveal the enormous increase in the volume of water that can pass through a defence once breaching is initiated, with a 1 m reduction in sill elevation doubling the loss. Empirical observations of defence performance in major storm surges around the North Sea reveal some of the principal controls on breaching. For the same defence type, the maximum size and depth of a breach is a function of the integral of the hydraulic gradient across the defence, which is in turn determined by the elevation of the floodplain and the degree to which water can continue to flow inland away from the breach. The most extensive and lowest floodplains thereby ‘generate’ the largest breaches. For surges that approach the crest height, the weaker the protection of the defence, the greater the number of breaches. Defence reinforcement reduces both the number and size of the breaches.
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Wallin, Kjell. "Defence as Parental Care in Tawny Owls (Strix Aluco)." Behaviour 102, no. 3-4 (1987): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00135.
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AbstractParental defence was studied during the breeding season with individually marked tawny owls (Strix aluco). Attacking tawny owls pose a serious threat to an intruder because of their dangerous talons. As predicted by theory, parental defence was positively correlated with offspring age and brood size. Pairs with equal numbers of offspring but with different initial clutch sizes showed equal defence levels. The level of defence is therefore determined more by expected gain in number of offspring produced than by cumulative investment. Pairs breeding early in the season defended more strongly than those breeding later on. This was partly explained by a seasonal decrease in brood size, but the trend also persisted within each brood size. One possible explanation is that the probability of breeding failure increase as the breeding season progresses, making a risky defence less worthwhile for late-breeding pairs. The level of defence was positively correlated with the female's body mass. Defence behaviour did not change significantly with female age. Females in pairs that defended their offspring had a lower probability of breeding the following season than did females in non-defending pairs. Individual females changed their defence behaviour between years in relation to their seasonal start of breeding, suggesting that parental defence is a plastic behaviour.
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Harvell, C. D. "The evolution of inducible defence." Parasitology 100, S1 (June 1990): S53—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000073017.
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SummaryDefences against parasites are characterized by inducible, amplifiable responses, often with a memory component. Inducible defences with similar properties are common in a variety of other types of interactions, for example many aquatic invertebrates produce inducible structural defences against their predators and competitors. Most inducible defences have the following properties: (1) a threshold of activation; (2) an amplification of response with increasing stimulus; (3) a memory component. Specificity, amplification and memory are the basis for defining a defence as ‘immune’ (Klein, 1982), and these properties are present in both the vertebrate and invertebrate internal defence responses to pathogens. Invertebrates differ in the absence of immunoglobulins and therefore in reduced specificity. Although the reduced specificity of invertebrate internal defence systems is often viewed as proof of their ‘primitiveness’, the differences in defence systems of vertebrates and invertebrates may be more related to their respective selection regimes than to phylogeny. The syngeneic recognition system of vertebrates functions to recognize small departures from self, such as would arise from neoplasia. Are vertebrates under more intense selection from neoplasia, perhaps due to a greater incidence of hormonal imbalance or hypersensitivity reactions? The invertebrate internal defence systems are all less discriminating than the vertebrate, but there are marked differences in degree of discrimination depending on whether the group is colonial or not. Even the phyla of colonial animals with quite simple body plans, the sponges and cnidarians, have a more discriminating recognition system than the phyla of solitary animals with more complex body plans, such as the molluscs and arthropods. The primary effectors of all invertebrate responses to parasites are encapsulation and phagocytosis, although in some phyla there are specific antibacterial proteins that can also be induced. A primary effector of the vertebrate immune system is also based on phagocytosis, but is mediated largely by immunoglobulins. Although memory is a widespread property of inducible defence systems, the mechanisms, underlying memory components are unknown except in the vertebrate immune response. The function and adaptiveness of many of these accelerated or amplified second-set responses remain unclear, although it is tempting to conclude that a memory component is a beneficial adaptation to multiple, intermittent stimuli. From this review I conclude that the conditions that favour the evolution of inducible defences include: (1) an intermittent, unpredictable selective regime; (2) selection for a ‘camouflaged’ defence, to slow parasite counter-adaptation; (3) reliable cues and (4) high costs of defence.
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Yurkowski, Rachel A. "Is Hyde Park Hiding the Truth? An Analysis of the Public Interest Defence to Copyright Infringement." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 32, no. 4 (December 3, 2001): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v32i4.5857.
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The existence, or not, of a public interest defence in the sphere of copyright law has been an issue of contention for many years. Due to the comprehensive statutory fair dealing defences available, only a handful of defendants have sought to rely on this defence, which exists at common law. However, when the defence has been raised, the judges have been unable to reach a consensus on its status, scope and indeed availability as a defence to breach of copyright.This paper analyses the extent to which public interest concerns are addressed in statutory copyright law, and presents arguments in support of extending the common law public interest defence to copyright law. However, any such defence must be limited in its scope and applicability, so as to avoid becoming a "thieves charter".
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O'Connor, Bernard. "In Defence of Trade Defence." Global Trade and Customs Journal 2, Issue 2 (February 1, 2007): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2007015.
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Munro, Richard. "Indexing defence: an indexer’s defence." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 24, Issue 1 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.2004.24.1.9.
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Every profession has its own language, history and nuances. The military is no different. It is a profession shot through with mystique and its own terminology. Minefields for indexers abound. Without a sound knowledge of the period, event, person or equipment being indexed, mistakes, easily spotted by an ever-more informed and sophisticated readership, can be made.
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Callaghan, John, and Mark Phythian. "Labour's Defence Intellectual: A Defence." Contemporary British History 17, no. 2 (May 2003): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619460308565447.
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Stępień, Tomasz. "PRO-DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONS AND SHOOTING ASSOCIATIONS IN SHAPING CITIZENS' DEFENSE AWARENESS." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 15, no. 3 (Specjal Issue) (December 31, 2023): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.2805.
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The paper discusses the role of individual arms bearing citizens and pro-defence organizations within Universal Defence System, promoted in Poland in response to rising military risks. The paper analyses current legislation, aligns it with the need to increase Polish Army, as expresses in Homeland Security Act, and provides answers on how to use citizens and pro-defence organi-zations to achieve the goals outlined in Homeland Defense Act.
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Iddles, Tracey L., Jennifer Read, and Gordon D. Sanson. "The potential contribution of biomechanical properties to anti-herbivore defence in seedlings of six Australian rainforest trees." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02060.
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Biomechanical properties of leaves, such as strength and toughness, may contribute to anti-herbivore defence by making it physically difficult or energetically costly for animals to eat them. We investigated leaf strength and toughness in seedlings of six rainforest trees from eastern Australia and their potential contribution to defence. Strength and toughness (work to fracture) were measured at the scale of the whole leaf and of different leaf parts. Resources for herbivores (water and nitrogen) and potential chemical defences (phenolics, alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides) were also investigated.Leaves of Nothofagus moorei (F.Muell.) Krasser, Ceratopetalum apetalum D.Don and Doryphora sassafras Endl. were generally the toughest and strongest of those studied. Toona ciliata M.Roemer showed high concentrations of nutritive resources and little investment in the defences investigated, consistent with its shorter leaf lifespan and higher growth rate. There were no significant correlations of mechanical properties with palatability, but the softest leaf (T. ciliata) was associated with high levels of leaf damage in bioassay trials. There was also evidence that some leaves that are well-defended mechanically (involving carbon-rich cell wall) may invest less in competing carbon-based chemical defences, such as phenolics.
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Park, Gihong, and Hans G. Dam. "Cell-growth gene expression reveals a direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in red tide dinoflagellate prey." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1944 (February 10, 2021): 20202480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2480.
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Induced prey defences against consumers are conspicuous in microbes, plants and animals. In toxigenic prey, a defence fitness cost should result in a trade-off between defence expression and individual growth. Yet, previous experimental work has failed to detect such induced defence cost in toxigenic phytoplankton. We measured a potential direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in a red tide dinoflagellate prey using relative gene expression (RGE) of a mitotic cyclin gene ( cyc ), a marker that correlates to cell growth. This approach disentangles the reduction in cell growth from the defence cost from the mortality by consumers. Treatments where the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella were exposed to copepod grazers significantly increased toxin production while decreasing RGE of cyc , indicating a defence-growth trade-off. The defence fitness cost represents a mean decrease of the cell growth rate of 32%. Simultaneously, we estimate that the traditional method to measure mortality loss by consumers is overestimated by 29%. The defence appears adaptive as the prey population persists in quasi steady state after the defence is induced. Our approach provides a novel framework to incorporate the fitness cost of defence in toxigenic prey–consumer interaction models.
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Lindgren, B. S., and K. F. Raffa. "Evolution of tree killing in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): trade-offs between the maddening crowds and a sticky situation." Canadian Entomologist 145, no. 5 (June 11, 2013): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.27.
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AbstractBark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) play important roles in temperate conifer ecosystems, and also cause substantial economic losses. Although their general life histories are relatively similar, different species vary markedly in the physiological condition of the hosts they select. Most of ∼6000 known species colonise dead or stressed trees, a resource they share with a large diversity of insects and other organisms. A small number of bark beetle species kill healthy, live trees. These few are of particular interest as they compete directly with humans for resources. We propose that tree killing evolved when intense interspecific competition in the ephemeral, scarce resource of defence-impaired trees selected for genotypes that allowed them to escape this limitation by attacking relatively healthy trees. These transitions were uncommon, and we suggest they were facilitated by (a) genetically and phenotypically flexible host selection behaviours, (b) biochemical adaptations for detoxifying a wide range of defence compounds, and (c) associations with symbionts, which together aided bark beetles in overcoming formidable constitutive and induced host defences. The ability to detoxify terpenes influenced the evolutionary course of pheromonal communication. Specifically, a mate attraction system, which was exploited by intraspecific competitors in locating poorly defended hosts, became a system of cooperative attack in which emitters benefit from the contributions responders make in overcoming defence. This functional shift in communication was driven in part by linkage of beetle semiochemistry to host defence chemistry. Behavioural and phenological adaptations also improved the beetles’ abilities to detect when tree defences are impaired, and, where compatible with life history adaptations to other selective forces, for flight to coincide with seasonally predictable host stress agents. We propose a conceptual model, whereby the above mechanisms enable beetles to concentrate on those trees that offer an optimal trade-off between host defence and interspecific competition, along dynamic gradients of tree vigour and stand-level beetle density. We offer suggestions for future research on testing elements of this model.
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Elliott, Catherine. "What Future for Voluntary Manslaughter?" Journal of Criminal Law 68, no. 3 (June 2004): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.68.3.253.34453.
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This article examines the Law Commission's Consultation Paper, Partial Defences to Murder, which was published in June 2003. There are fundamental problems with the defence of provocation. The author suggests that this partial defence should therefore be abolished and replaced by a new partial defence of self-preservation. This could provide a defence where the offender, or another person with whom he or she is closely associated, has been repeatedly subjected to serious violence or tormenting behaviour. This conduct must have caused the offender to be in a state of severe emotional disturbance at the time of the killing.
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Elliott, Catherine. "What Future for Voluntary Manslaughter?" Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 68, no. 3 (July 1995): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x9506800311.
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This article examines the Law Commission's Consultation Paper, Partial Defences to Murder, which was published in June 2003. There are fundamental problems with the defence of provocation. The author suggests that this partial defence should therefore be abolished and replaced by a new partial defence of self-preservation. This could provide a defence where the offender, or another person with whom he or she is closely associated, has been repeatedly subjected to serious violence or tormenting behaviour. This conduct must have caused the offender to be in a state of severe emotional disturbance at the time of the killing.
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Ye, Shunyao. "Research on the Right of Self-Defence from the Perspective of International Law." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 5, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/5/2022994.
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The right of self-defence is an indispensable concept in international law, especially in the UN charter. States can protect their legitimate rights and interests from other states infringement by exercising different types of the right of self-defence. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, economy, and politics, the right of self-defense faces new challenges. The collective self-defence, the anti-terrorism self-defence and the preventive self-defence are not perfect, and the specific content of the armed attack is not clear. Although there is no clear solution system in international law at present, it can be thought of and tried from the aspects of perfecting restrictive provisions, reasonably interpreting relevant terms, and strengthening the compelling force of international law.
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Sidorov, Alexander. "European Defenсe through the prism of France’s interests and capabilities." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 4 (2020): 137–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2020.04.07.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the complex of problems associated with the organization of the defence structures of the European Union and the role of France in this process. The focus of the project «European defenсe», the possibility of its implementation within the EuroAtlantic space are investigated. The continuity and evolution of the European defence potential building program are shown. The concepts of «European defenсe», «European army» are analyzed and their real content is revealed. The pairing of France’s national efforts with partners in the framework of the Permanent Structured Cooperation on Security and Defence (PESCO) projects is shown; the importance of a pragmatic approach to building a «European defenсe» on the basis of a number of interstate programs of military-industrial cooperation is highlighted. The connection between the new stage of scientific and technological progress and the revitalization of plans to strengthen the defence potential of the EU is revealed. The evolution of the French leadership’s approach to building a «European defenсe» is presented, its assessment of the current state of this project, and in connection with this, features of its views on the prospects for developing a dialogue with Russia. Against the background of a slowdown in the development of the EU Common Security and Defence Policy, the role of interstate initiatives outside the EU, aimed at accelerating and increasing the effectiveness of military operations, has been highlighted. The examples of individual actions emphasize the key role of states, in particular France, in the implementation of missions of a pan-European character. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion was made about the sustainable and non-opportunistic nature of the transformations in the field of military construction in the EU. A forecast is given regarding the possible scale and real fulfillment of European defence construction plans. The conclusion about the significance of the «European defenсe» project for the implementation of France’s geopolitical plans and the strengthening of its positions in the EU and in the Euro-Atlantic field is substantiated.
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Jongepier, Evelien, Isabelle Kleeberg, Sylwester Job, and Susanne Foitzik. "Collective defence portfolios of ant hosts shift with social parasite pressure." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1791 (September 22, 2014): 20140225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0225.
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Host defences become increasingly costly as parasites breach successive lines of defence. Because selection favours hosts that successfully resist parasitism at the lowest possible cost, escalating coevolutionary arms races are likely to drive host defence portfolios towards ever more expensive strategies. We investigated the interplay between host defence portfolios and social parasite pressure by comparing 17 populations of two Temnothorax ant species. When successful, collective aggression not only prevents parasitation but also spares host colonies the cost of searching for and moving to a new nest site. However, once parasites breach the host's nest defence, host colonies should resort to flight as the more beneficial resistance strategy. We show that under low parasite pressure, host colonies more likely responded to an intruding Protomognathus americanus slavemaker with collective aggression, which prevented the slavemaker from escaping and potentially recruiting nest-mates. However, as parasite pressure increased, ant colonies of both host species became more likely to flee rather than to fight. We conclude that host defence portfolios shift consistently with social parasite pressure, which is in accordance with the degeneration of frontline defences and the evolution of subsequent anti-parasite strategies often invoked in hosts of brood parasites.
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Nathan, Rajan, and Simon Medland. "Psychiatric expert evidence and the new partial defences of diminished responsibility and loss of control." BJPsych Advances 22, no. 4 (July 2016): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.014431.
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SummaryPsychiatric expert witnesses instructed to undertake assessments of defendants charged with murder should be familiar with the partial defences of diminished responsibility and loss of control. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 enacted major amendments to the partial defence of diminished responsibility and introduced a new defence of loss of control to replace the provocation partial defence. In this article, the changes to the law are described with particular focus on the implications for the psychiatric assessment.
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Bosland, Jason, Andrew T. Kenyon, and Sophie Walker. "PROTECTING INFERENCES OF FACT IN DEFAMATION LAW: FAIR COMMENT AND HONEST OPINION." Cambridge Law Journal 74, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 234–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197315000343.
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AbstractDistinguishing “comment” from allegations of “fact” within the defamation defence of fair comment has long been notoriously difficult. While the defence has recently been replaced by a statutory “honest opinion” defence, the distinction remains highly relevant. There is a real need for judicial determination of the treatment of factual inferences within the defence. In recent years, some judgments have equated “comment” with unverifiable opinions, which would exclude verifiable factual inferences from the defence. This is inconsistent with the defence's aims to protect public reasoning and contrary to its history. We explain how a better approach is possible for English courts.
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Lyons, Sean. "Corporate defence: are stakeholder's interests adequately defended?" Journal of Operational Risk 1, no. 2 (August 2006): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21314/jop.2006.010.
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Hulthén, Kaj, Ben B. Chapman, P. Anders Nilsson, Johan Hollander, and Christer Brönmark. "Express yourself: bold individuals induce enhanced morphological defences." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1776 (February 7, 2014): 20132703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2703.
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Organisms display an impressive array of defence strategies in nature. Inducible defences (changes in morphology and/or behaviour within a prey's lifetime) allow prey to decrease vulnerability to predators and avoid unnecessary costs of expression. Many studies report considerable interindividual variation in the degree to which inducible defences are expressed, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. Here, we show that individuals differing in a key personality trait also differ in the magnitude of morphological defence expression. Crucian carp showing risky behaviours (bold individuals) expressed a significantly greater morphological defence response when exposed to a natural enemy when compared with shy individuals. Furthermore, we show that fish of different personality types differ in their behavioural plasticity, with shy fish exhibiting greater absolute plasticity than bold fish. Our data suggest that individuals with bold personalities may be able to compensate for their risk-prone behavioural type by expressing enhanced morphological defences.
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Purwaningsih, Endang, Farida Jasfar, and Kusnadi. "THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL STRATEGY AND PUBLIC POLICY OF STATE DEFENCE AWARENESS MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE MEDIATED BY STRATEGIC CHANGE MANAGEMENT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 10 (November 8, 2022): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i10.2022.4830.
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State Defence awarenessis is the collective awareness of the Indonesian nation that is needed by the state to defend its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national safety in the face of every threat. The aim of the research is to analyze influence variable social strategy and public policy in the State Defence Awareness Management of organization performance of the Ministry of Defense mediated by strategic change management. This study uses quantitative approach with study expanatory. Data analysis using Structural Equation Model (SEM) with using Smart PLS 3.0 for analyze connection or influence variable dependent with variable independent. Research results show that by general there is influence direct social strategy and public policy on organizational performance, as well as there is influence direct strategic change management towards organizational performance as well as there is influence non direct social strategy and public policy to organizational performance mediated by strategic change management. Implication theoretical from this study is strategic change management as mediating social strategic and public policy able for increase organizational performance Ministry of Defense in implementation coaching State Defence Awareness Management. While implication strategic from this study is the strategy, policy, and management changes in the State Defence Awareness Management is very influential to performance Ministry of Defense organization, so that need enhancement every dimension to increase trust public as well as faithfulness every source power involved in implementation coaching State Defence Awareness Management.