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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Defence mechanisms

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Academic literature on the topic 'Defence mechanisms'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Defence mechanisms"

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Fatima Akram and Mahwesh Arooj Naz. "Ego defense mechanisms, medication adherence and self-management of the patients with type 2 diabetes." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 71, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.706.

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Objective: To explore relationship involving Ego Defence Mechanism, Medication Adherence and Self-Management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: The cross-sectional co-relational study was conducted at the Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2017 to November 2018, and comprised diabetics aged 25-55 years. Other than demographic information, data was collected using the Urdu versions of the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Medication Adherence Scale, and the Diabetic Self-management Questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 150 patients, 75(50%) each were females and males. Mature defence mechanisms, like sublimation, suppression and humour, were significant predictors of self-management (p<0.001), and mature defence mechanism, like sublimation, was a significant predictor of medication adherence (p<0.05). Females were high on neurotic defence mechanism, like pseudo-altruism, compared to the males (p=0.001). Conclusion: Medication adherence and self-management were found to be dependent on mature defence mechanisms. Key Words: Ego defence mechanisms, Medication adherence, Self-management, Immature defences, Mature defences, Neurotic defences. Continuous...

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Williams, Ruth. "Defence mechanisms." Nursing Standard 14, no. 30 (April 12, 2000): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.14.30.24.s41.

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S. Wilkinson, Thomas, Jean-Michel Sallenave, and John Simpson. "Pulmonary Defence Mechanisms." Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157339812800493322.

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Cox, Frank E. G. "Immunological defence mechanisms." Trends in Parasitology 17, no. 4 (April 2001): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(01)01884-0.

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Nicod, LaurentP. "Pulmonary Defence Mechanisms." Respiration 66, no. 1 (1999): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000029329.

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Hopwood, David. "Oesophageal Defence Mechanisms." Digestion 56, no. 1 (1995): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000201294.

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Willemsen, Jochem. "Defence mechanisms in crime narratives of psychopathic violent offenders." International Journal of Forensic Psychotherapy 4, no. 1 (July 25, 2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ijfp.v4n1.2022.37.

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The literature on crime narratives has demonstrated the relevance of studying offenders’ personal perspectives on crime as a means to gain insight in criminal behaviour. In this exploratory study, we examine the presence of defence mechanisms in crime narratives produced by violent offenders with psychopathic traits. The Defence Mechanism Rating Scale (DMRS) is used to assess defence mechanisms in crime narratives produced by 36 male inmates. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is used to assess psychopathic traits. Statistical analyses demonstrate the increased presence of obsessional defences (intellectualisation). The affective and lifestyle traits of psychopathy are positively associated with rationalisation. Our results indicate that psychopathic offenders tend to describe their violent crime in general and abstract terms and represent themselves as rational actors whose behaviour is normal and well-founded given the abnormal or irrational environment. We conclude that the narrative strategies deployed by offenders with psychopathic traits are characterised by defence mechanisms to deal with threats to the self.

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Kline, Paul. "Defence mechanisms. Their classification, correlates, and measurement with the defence mechanism inventory." Personality and Individual Differences 13, no. 9 (September 1992): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90140-k.

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Turnberg, L. A. "Gastric Mucosal Defence Mechanisms." Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 20, sup110 (January 1985): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528509095829.

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Bagaric, Ante, Mihovil Bagaric, and Zvonimir Pastar. "Defence Mechanisms in Addicts." Socijalna psihijatrija 46, no. 2 (August 19, 2018): 142–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24869/spsih.2018.142.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Defence mechanisms"

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Burrells, C. "Studies on ovine pulmonary defence mechanisms." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355318.

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Ravenscroft, Harriet. "Defence mechanisms of dental pulp stem cells." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2018. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defence-mechanisms-of-dental-pulp-stem-cells(0e1880c7-13b4-4072-86c6-4b52a05d5175).html.

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O'Donovan, Lisa Anne. "Mechanisms of defence against tannins by Streptococcus caprinus /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09NP/09anpo26.pdf.

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Stanley, P. "Host defence mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47263.

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Crampton, Bridget Genevieve. "Elucidation of defence response mechanisms in pearl millet." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10132008-143627.

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Joshi, Nimisha. "Bactericidal mechanisms of nanoparticles and microbial defence strategies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12223.

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Manufactured nanoparticles can be toxic to living organisms. This work aims to study the interaction of nanoparticles with bacteria as a model organism. The first objective was, to determine the mechanistic pathways of nanotoxicity with an emphasis on ions and oxidative stress as two key contributors and the second objective, was to investigate what mechanisms bacteria have developed as a strategy to protect themselves against nanotoxicity. The thesis further explores the role of environmental variables such as water chemistry, organic matter and other microorganisms, all of which can potentially change speciation of nanoparticles through their transformation into less toxic species. KEIO deletion mutants lacking genes encoding proteins which mediate resistance to oxidative stress and ionic toxicity were screened and found to be sensitive to both ionic silver and silver nanoparticles. A bioreporter to detect silver ions was constructed. This was found not to be induced by silver nanoparticles, yet showed reduced viability; this observation also indicates that besides ionic silver there are other toxicity pathways. E. coli strains capable of mediating resistance to oxidative stress by overexpression of certain proteins and bio reporters that could detect oxidative stress were constructed. The biosensor cells provide some but not too significant signals. Overexpression of proteins like superoxide dismutase and catalase reduces cell growth, hence, cell viability assays do not provide a realistic measure of protective impact, and thus this strategy is not suited to detect the nature of nanotoxicity. The protective role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was studied by developing an engineered strain of E. coli that overproduces the EPS colanic acid, and use of mutant strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti, a free-living N2 fixing bacterium. Nanoparticle exposure studies reveal that overproduction of EPS mitigates silver nanotoxicity. EPS encapsulates the cells and leads to aggregation of nanoparticles, as shown by microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Furthermore, addition of xanthan, an EPS analogue also produces a similar effect. Lastly, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of microcosms amended with silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles show rapid transformation of nanoparticles into corresponding oxides and sulphides. The microcosms show a significant presence of dissimilatory sulphate reducing bacteria (DSRB), and display only marginal change in bacterial community composition on exposure to nanoparticles. These findings suggest that nanomaterials will undergo changes in speciation dependent on the sediment chemistry and the metabolic activities of bacteria in the environment. This process will influence the impact of nanoparticles and the outcomes could be quite different from controlled in vitro exposure studies.

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Hsieh, Ji-Fan (Sarah). "Molecular and Chemical Mechanisms of Defence against Myrtle Rust in Australian Myrtaceae." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143530.

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Increased human disturbance to forest ecosystems has exacerbated the spread of fungal pathogens to non-native environments. Rust pathogens (Pucciniales) can spread long distances by human activity and wind dispersal, and can cause severe disease outbreaks in cereal crops and in forest trees. The exotic fungus Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust) arrived in Australia in 2010 and most species of native Myrtaceae including Eucalyptus and Melaleuca are susceptible to infection to various degrees. Plants infected by A. psidii can suffer from crown loss and eventual mortality, which can be detrimental to ecosystems as well as to many rural industries that produce essential oils and flavourings from species of Myrtaceae. Within-species variation in resistance to A. psidii has been discovered in many native species. However, the molecular and chemical mechanisms of resistance to A. psidii infection in these species are largely unknown. Finding the molecular and chemical basis of resistance against A. psidii is therefore an essential part of ensuring that future plantations and re-afforestation programs are resistant to this pathogen. This thesis therefore aims to elucidate the molecular and chemical mechanisms of resistance to A. psidii in Myrtaceae in Australia, with the goal of obtaining a comprehensive view of potential mechanisms involved in defence to identify candidate genes that may be implemented into resistance breeding. After first screening multiple species of Myrtaceae, I selected Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) and M. quinquenervia (broadleaf paperbark) for detailed molecular study because they showed varying disease symptoms from resistance to susceptibility among individuals, and were economically and ecologically important and amenable to molecular studies. I used a variety of experimental approaches, including RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR, GC-MS, and functional characterisation through heterologous gene expression in E. coli to apply an integrated analysis that examined both molecular and chemical aspects of plant defence. I constructed the transcriptomes of M. alternifolia and M. quinquenervia de novo and investigated differential gene expressions between resistant and susceptible plants. I showed that resistant M. alternifolia and M. quinquenervia over-express genes which may be contribute to defence against to A. psidii infection, and have found and functionally characterised new terpene synthase genes that showed induction in response to infection by A. psidii in M. quinquenervia.

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Ormrod, Douglas James. "Modulation of non-specific cellular defence mechanisms by cyclosporin A." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3195.

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The immune response modifier Cyclosporin A (CsA) is widely used in the management of organ graft rejection and in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. CsA is a potent suppressor of T-lymphocyte function and it’s biological effects have been defined almost exclusively in these terms. However, recent studies in which the agent was shown to exacerbate a T-lymphocyte independent, experimentally induced bacterial infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis), indicated that CsA had effects on host defence mechanisms other than T-lymphocytes. The present study, using animal models, was undertaken to identify the host defence component modified by CsA. Neutrophils are a key component in the early response to infection and the administration of CsA resulted in an increase in the number of these cells in the circulation. When the effect of CsA on the in vitro metabolic activity of neutrophils and their ability to kill microorganisms was investigated, no changes were observed, but the in vivo ability of neutrophils to emigrate from the vasculature to a sterile inflammatory foci was markedly impaired. A model of localised subcutaneous infection was used to determine the effect of this CsA-associated suppression of neutrophil emigration on the ability of the host to mount a response to an infectious challenge. In CsA treated animals, neutrophil accumulation in E. coli infected, subcutaneously implanted sponges was initially suppressed, allowing bacterial numbers to increase rapidly. By 48 hours this powerful bacterial stimulus overrode the suppressive effects of CsA and led to a substantial increase in the size of the neutrophilic infiltrate. This finding of an initially reduced inflammatory response, followed by an increase in the influx of inflammatory cells, provided a possible explanation for the earlier observation that CsA promoted infection and tissue damage in experimental pyelonephritis. The relationship between the effect of CsA on neutrophil emigration and the pathogenesis of experimental pyelonephritis was therefore investigated. When CsA was administered to animals prior to inducing pyelonephritis, the neutrophilic infiltrate was markedly suppressed in the early stages. As predicted, this led to a logarithmic increase in bacterial numbers, the infiltration of large numbers of neutrophils and, ultimately, an exacerbation of tissue damage. Further studies, examining the effects of CsA on neutrophil-mediated inflammatory mechanisms, identified impaired neutrophil-to-endothelial cell adhesion as the most likely explanation for the observed defect in host defences. The integrated nature of cellular defence mechanisms in infectious disease is highlighted by these investigations. when microorganisms invade tissue, even though the number and function of circulating leucocytes may be normal their effective participation in the host response to infection depends on the ability to emigrate from the blood vessels to the site of infection. In summary, the discovery of additional properties of CsA provide an explanation for the patterns of infectious disease in patients treated with CsA, in whom infection with extracellular pathogens is common. It also seems likely that the ability of CsA to suppress neutrophil emigration may contribute to the effectiveness of the agent in the management of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis and psoriasis.

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Pipe, R. K. "Haemocytes of the mussel Mytilus edulis : aspects of defence mechanisms." Thesis, Swansea University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638536.

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The blood cells of the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis have been characterized using a range of criteria including, electron microscopy, lectin-affinity and enzyme localization. Three distinct sub-populations of haemocyte have been identified; these can be characterized on the basis of ultrastructural morphology as small agranular cells, granular cells containing small granules and granular cells containing large granules. Lectin-binding studies have shown the small granules of the granular cells to be positive for Helix pomatia lectin (HPA) indicating the presence of N-acetyl-α-galactosaminyl residues within the granules. The larger granules were not positive for HPA but did bind wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) which has an affinity for N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl residues and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine oligomers. Furthermore the WGA-positive granules demonstrated a differential pattern of binding according to granule size, so that peripheral labelling was observed for granules of around 0.5 μm diameter whereas labelling occurred throughout the matrix for granules over 1 μm diameter. The lectin binding studies also demonstrated binding of both HPA and WGA as well as Tetragonolobus purpureas lectin( TPA) to the plasma membrane of a number of haemocytes; however the results did not demonstrate any correlation between surface lectin binding and cell type, as defined by the ultrastructural morphology. A range of hydrolytic enzymes was localized in association with the large granules of the granular cells, these included arylsulphatase, β-glucuronidase, elastase, lysozyme and cathepsin B, indicating that these granules constitute a form of lysosome. The small granules contained protease enzymes and in particular cathepsin G antibodies showed a high affinity for these granules.

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Adams, Nicolette. "Investigation of defence mechanisms against Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4235.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-86).
Disease resistance in plants has been extensively studied for the past century with many new and exciting results being discovered each year. A plant utilises both preformed and induced defence responses to resist pathogen attack but researchers have focused on dissecting the induced defence response pathway. The complex signal transduction pathway underlying the establishment of resistance to a wide range of pathogen attack is currently being dissected using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism. Arabidopsis mutants displaying altered disease resistance response to pathogen infections can help us to get a beUer understanding of the genetiC and molecular basis of the disease resistance pathway. Extensive research has shown that accumulation of 3 signalling molecules are vitally important for establishing a resistance response, as aberrant signalling or accumulation of salicylic acid , ethylene or jasmonic acid `leads to an altered resistance response. Researchers continue to isolate and characterise defence-related mutants to piece together the intricate puzzle of defence-signalling components. A dominant Arabidopsis mutant, constitutive induced resistance 3 (cir3), had been isolated from an ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenised transgenic line expressing luciferase under the control of the PR-1 promoter (PR-1

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Books on the topic "Defence mechanisms"

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(Project), BIOTOL, Open Universiteit (Heerlen Netherlands), and University of Greenwich, eds. Defence mechanisms. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.

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Deverall, Brian J. Defence mechanisms of plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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M, Olff, Godaert G, and Ursin Holger, eds. Quantification of human defence mechanisms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

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Olff, Miranda, Guido Godaert, and Holger Ursin, eds. Quantification of Human Defence Mechanisms. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84466-9.

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Gregory, Bock, and Goode Jamie, eds. The molecular basis of cellular defence mechanisms. Chichester: Wiley, 1997.

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Bock, Gregory R., and Jamie A. Goode, eds. Ciba Foundation Symposium 204 - The Molecular Basis of Cellular Defence Mechanisms. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470515280.

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Hopwood, D. A. Oesophageal damage and defence in reflux oesophagitis: Pathophysiological and cell biological mechanisms. Stuttgart: G. Fischer, 1997.

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Weller, Stella. Super natural immune power: How to keep your natural defence mechanisms in peak condition. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England: Thorsons Pub. Group, 1989.

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I.S.P.C.K. (Organization), ed. Ego defence in church and society among the Nagas. Delhi: Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2014.

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Benedetti, David. Defense mechanism. New Mexico: Deposed Innocence Press, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Defence mechanisms"

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Longhofer, Jeffrey. "Defence mechanisms." In A-Z of Psychodynamic Practice, 53–55. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-03387-1_18.

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Ian, Todd, and Richard J. Powell. "Defence Mechanisms." In Scott-Brown’s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 125–35. Eighth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018] | Preceded by Scott-Brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203731031-13.

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Tattersfield, Anne E., and Martin W. McNicol. "Lung Defence Mechanisms." In Treatment in Clinical Medicine, 17–22. London: Springer London, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3132-8_3.

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Bateman, Anthony W., Jeremy Holmes, and Elizabeth Allison. "Mechanisms of defence." In Introduction to Psychoanalysis, 92–116. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429355110-4.

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Felton, G. W., and J. A. Gatehouse. "Antinutritive plant defence mechanisms." In Biology of the Insect Midgut, 373–416. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1519-0_14.

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Ledingham, I. McA, and J. A. Bradley. "Update in Host Defence Mechanisms." In Update 1988, 65–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83392-2_10.

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Seifert, Horst S. H. "Host Defence Mechanisms against Infection." In Tropical Animal Health, 5–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0147-6_2.

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Taylor, Jon. "Democratisation, disability and defence mechanisms." In Transforming environments and rehabilitation, 198–212. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Issues in forensic psychology; 7: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315660813-11.

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Garner, A. "Enhancing mucosal defence and repair mechanisms." In Advances in Peptic Ulcer Pathogenesis, 225–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1245-8_11.

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Grisebach, H. "Molecular Analysis of Plant Defence Mechanisms." In Recognition in Microbe-Plant Symbiotic and Pathogenic Interactions, 439–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71652-2_46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Defence mechanisms"

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Nurzamsyah, Fitrohza Gilang, and Suma Riella Rusdiarti. "Erika’s Self-Defence Mechanisms in La Pianiste." In 3rd International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200325.068.

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Singh, Karam. "Signalling pathways and plant defence mechanisms to aphids." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93764.

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Schwarz, Alexander. "Adaptive camouflage in the VIS and IR spectral range: main principles and mechanisms." In SPIE Security + Defence, edited by Karin U. Stein and Ric H. M. A. Schleijpen. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2195646.

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Vishnu, N. S., Ranbir Singh Batth, and Gursharan Singh. "Denial of Service: Types, Techniques, Defence Mechanisms and Safe Guards." In 2019 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccike47802.2019.9004388.

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Ma, Zhanfei, and Xuefeng Zheng. "Multi-layer Intrusion Detection and Defence Mechanisms Based on Immunity." In 2008 Second International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (WGEC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wgec.2008.56.

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Kolahi, Samad S., Bashar Barmada, and Keysha Mudaliar. "Defence mechanisms evaluation against RA flood attacks for Linux-victim node." In 2017 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apsipa.2017.8282169.

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Gluck, Kevin. "Plenary talk: Human performance prediction: Basic mechanisms and exploratory applications." In 2017 Fourth Asian Conference on Defence Technology - Japan (ACDT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acdtj.2017.8259583.

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Loukas, George, Diane Gan, and Tuan Vuong. "A taxonomy of cyber attack and defence mechanisms for emergency management networks." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/percomw.2013.6529554.

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Yoong, Cheah Huei, Venkata Reddy Palleti, Arlindo Silva, and Christopher M. Poskitt. "Towards Systematically Deriving Defence Mechanisms from Functional Requirements of Cyber-Physical Systems." In ASIA CCS '20: The 15th ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3384941.3409589.

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Gvildis, D. E., Y. V. Omelichkina, S. V. Boyarkina, L. A. Maksimova, A. A. Semenov, A. G. Enikeev, and T. N. Shafikova. "PHTHALATES OF PLANT AND ITS INVOLVMENT IN DEFENCE RESPONSE AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENS." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-216-220.

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Reports on the topic "Defence mechanisms"

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Harris, Marvin K., and Fadel Mansour. Natural Arthropod Defence Mechanisms of Deciduous Trees, Adaptable for use in Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7587741.bard.

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Sionov, Edward, Nancy Keller, and Shiri Barad-Kotler. Mechanisms governing the global regulation of mycotoxin production and pathogenicity by Penicillium expansum in postharvest fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604292.bard.

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The original objectives of the study, as defined in the approved proposal, are: To characterize the relationship of CreA and LaeA in regulation of P T production To understand how PacC modulates P. expansumpathogenicity on apples To examine if other secondary metabolites are involved in virulence or P. expansumfitness To identify the signaling pathways leading to PAT synthesis Penicilliumexpansum, the causal agent of blue mould rot, is a critical health concern because of the production of the mycotoxinpatulin (PAT) in colonized apple fruit tissue. Although PAT is produced by many Penicilliumspecies, the factors activating its biosynthesis were not clear. This research focused on host and fungal mechanisms of activation of LaeA (the global regulator of secondary metabolism), PacC (the global pH modulator) and CreA (the global carbon catabolite regulator) on PAT synthesis with intention to establish P. expansumas the model system for understanding mycotoxin synthesis in fruits. The overall goal of this proposal is to identify critical host and pathogen factors that mechanistically modulate P. expansumgenes and pathways to control activation of PAT production and virulence in host. Several fungal factors have been correlated with disease development in apples, including the production of PAT, acidification of apple tissue by the fungus, sugar content and the global regulator of secondary metabolism and development, LaeA. An increase in sucrose molarity in the culture medium from 15 to 175 mM negatively regulated laeAexpression and PAT accumulation, but, conversely, increased creAexpression, leading to the hypothesis that CreA could be involved in P. expansumPAT biosynthesis and virulence, possibly through the negative regulation of LaeA. We found evidence for CreAtranscriptional regulation of laeA, but this was not correlated with PAT production either in vitro or in vivo, thus suggesting that CreA regulation of PAT is independent of LaeA. Our finding that sucrose, a key ingredient of apple fruit, regulates PAT synthesis, probably through suppression of laeAexpression, suggests a potential interaction between CreA and LaeA, which may offer control therapies for future study. We have also identified that in addition to PAT gene cluster, CreA regulates other secondary metabolite clusters, including citrinin, andrastin, roquefortine and communesins, during pathogenesis or during normal fungal growth. Following creation of P. expansumpacCknockout strain, we investigated the involvement of the global pH regulator PacC in fungal pathogenicity. We demonstrated that disruption of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC significantly decreased the virulence of P. expansumon deciduous fruits. This phenotype is associated with an impairment in fungal growth, decreased accumulation of gluconic acid and reduced synthesis of pectolytic enzymes. We showed that glucose oxidase- encoding gene, which is essential for gluconic acid production and acidification during fruit colonization, was significantly down regulated in the ΔPepacCmutant, suggesting that gox is PacC- responsive gene. We have provided evidence that deletion of goxgene in P. expansumled to a reduction in virulence toward apple fruits, further indicating that GOX is a virulence factor of P. expansum, and its expression is regulated by PacC. It is also clear from the present data that PacC in P. expansumis a key factor for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as PAT. On the basis of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis and physiological experimentation, the P. expansumΔlaeA, ΔcreAand ΔpacCmutants were unable to successfully colonize apples for a multitude of potential mechanisms including, on the pathogen side, a decreased ability to produce proteolytic enzymes and to acidify the environment and impaired carbon/nitrogen metabolism and, on the host side, an increase in the oxidative defence pathways. Our study defines these global regulatory factors and their downstream signalling pathways as promising targets for the development of strategies to fight against this post-harvest pathogen.

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Larabell, Carolyn A. Self-Defense Mechanisms of Normal Breast Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458247.

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Stoll, Francois. An Evaluative Study of the Defense Mechanism Test. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226946.

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Sordillo, Lorraine, Don Wojchowski, Gary Perdew, Arthur Saran, and Gabriel Leitner. Identification of Staphylococcus aureaus Virulence Factors Associated with Bovine Mastitis. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574340.bard.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. The organism is able to adhere to and penetrate mammary epithelium, forming deep seated abscesses that result in chronic infections. This study was based on the observation that certain genotypes of S. aureus are isolated more frequently from field cases of bovine mastitis than others and the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus have an increased ability to resist neutrophil phagocytosis and killing compared to the rare variants. It was hypothesized that these predominating genotypes differentially express virulence factors that allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. The overall objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which predominating S. aureus genotypes were able to resist mammary gland defense mechanisms. The following specific aims were accomplished to address the overall objectives of this project: 1. Analyze and compare cell surface and secreted protein profiles of common and rare S. aureus genotypes isolated from field cases of bovine mastitis. 2. Purify and sequence selectively synthesized proteins unique to the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus . 3. Determine the in vitro effects of isolated proteins on essential host defense mechanisms. Results from each specific aim showed that these redominating genotypes differentially express factors that may allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. Using complementary approaches, both the US and Israeli teams identified differentially expressed S. aureus factors that were positively correlated with virulence as determined by the ability to modify host immune cell responses and increase disease pathogenesis. Several candidate virulence factors have ben identified at both the molecular (US team) and protein (Israeli team) levels. Components of the phosphotransferase system were shown to be differentially expressed in prevalent strains of S. aureus and to modify the growth potential of these strains in a milk microenvironment. Evidence provided by both the Israeli and US teams also demonstrated a potential role of Staphylococcal enterotoxins in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Certain enterotoxins were shown to directly affect neutrophil bactericidal activities which can profoundly affect the establishment of new intramammary infections. Other evidence suggests that S. aureus superantigens can suppress mammary defenses by enhancing lymphoid suppressor cell activity. Collectively, these data suggest that unique factors are associated with predominating S. aureus genotypes that can affect in vitro and in vivo virulence as related to the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. The potential development of a subunit mastitis vaccine which incorporates only relevant antigenic determinants has not been investigated in depth. Experiments outlined in this proposal has identified putative virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus mastitis and which may be used to formulate an efficacious subunit mastitis vaccine. Results from these studies may lead to the development of new methods to prevent this costly disease, providing a viable alternative to less effective mastitis control procedures based on chemotherapy.

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Coughlan, Peter, William Gates, and Jennifer Lamping. Innovations in Defense Acquisition Auctions: Lessons Learned and Alternative Mechanism Designs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada493939.

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Coughlan, Peter, William Gates, and Jeremy Arkes. Innovations in Defense Acquisition: Asymmetric Information, Mechanism Design and Prediction Markets. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada563409.

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Yao, Yixin, Mingyuan Fan, Arnaud Heckmann, and Corazon Posadas. Transformative Solutions and Green Finance in the People’s Republic of China and Mongolia. Asian Development Bank Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/xfvh2542.

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Asia has experienced widespread transformation and growth, accompanied by increased demographic pressure, greater intensification of agricultural production, industrialization, and urbanization. This economic growth has been very resource- and carbon-intensive, while climate change has triggered or exacerbated behaviors and defense mechanisms that have come at the expense of the natural environment. Therefore, we examine and compare three Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects in two member countries of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation: one in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and two in Mongolia that relate to sustainable green development and use innovative financial mechanisms, and behavior-changing nudges. We provide comparative analyses and aim to demonstrate effective, innovative, and sustainable green finance and green transformation approaches in these two countries to address these pressures. The ADB–PRC loan for the Anhui Huangshan Xin’an River Ecological Protection and Green Development project aims to help Huangshan municipality reduce water pollution in the Xin’an River Basin, which is part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The project is piloting innovative green financing mechanisms to reduce rural pollution and complement the ongoing interprovincial eco-compensation scheme while supporting green agroecological businesses through two interventions: the Green Investment Fund and the Green Incentive Mechanism. In Mongolia, ADB and the Government of Mongolia have developed two large-scale transformative projects using integrated design and innovative green financing mechanisms to leverage private sector investment: (i) Aimags and Soums Green Regional Development Investment Program, which aims to promote green urban–rural linkages, green agribusiness development, natural capital, rangeland regeneration, and soil carbon sequestration through the (ii) Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Project, which aims to transform Ulaanbaatar’s vulnerable and substandard peri-urban areas into low-carbon, resilient eco-districts that provide access to green affordable housing.

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Baldo, James, and Craig A. Will. Strategy and Mechanisms for Encouraging Reuse in the Acquisition of Strategic Defense Initiative Software. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada239727.

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Avni, Adi, and Kirankumar S. Mysore. Functional Genomics Approach to Identify Signaling Components Involved in Defense Responses Induced by the Ethylene Inducing Xyalanase Elicitor. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7697100.bard.

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Plant-microbe interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for plants to protect themselves against pathogen attack. An ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) of Trichoderma viride is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses, like hypersensitive response (HR), in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The central goal of this proposal was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that allow plants to specifically activate defense responses after EIX treatment. We proposed to identify cellular signaling components involved in the induction of HR by the EIX elicitor. The molecular genetic analysis of the signal transduction pathway that modulates hypersensitive responses is an important step in understanding the induction of plant defense responses. The genes that mediate LeEIX2-EIX dependent activation of resistance mechanisms remain to be identified. We used two approaches to identify the cellular signaling components that induce HR mediated by the EIX elicitor. In the first approach, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening using LeEix2 as bait to identify plant proteins that interact with it. In the second approach, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) for a high-throughput screen to identify genes that are required for the induction of LeEIX2-EIX mediated HR. VIGS will also be used for functional characterization of genes that will be identified during the yeast two-hybrid screen. This investigation will shed light on cellular processes and signaling components involved in induction of general plant defense against pathogens and will provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches to improve plant resistance to pathogens. Several genes were indentified by the two approaches. We used the VIGS and yeast two hybrid approaches to confirm that activity of the genes initially identified by different procedure. Two genes inhibit the induction of HR by the fungal elicitor in the different systems; Tobacco-Harpin binding protein 1 and cyclopropyl isomerase.

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