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Journal articles on the topic 'Defence force'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

YOUSFI, Dr Safia. "THE RIGHT TO LEGITIMATE DEFENSE BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PRACTICE IN THE PALESTINIAN AND ISRAELI CONFLICT." International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 06, no. 02 (April 1, 2024): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.25.11.

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Following the flood Al-Aqsa on October 7, 2023, the Israeli- Palestinian conflict witnessed an unprecedented escalation in terms of Israel’s excessive use of force and the civilian casualties in Palestinian side. Furthermore, the majority of western countries aligned themselves with Israel under the pretext of its right to self defense. Israel and its allies have often resorted to this justification to justify repeated Israeli attacks on the Palestinian people. The Importance of researching this topic lies in the fact that legitimate self-defence is a right recognized by both international law and international humanitarian law. And it is a common denominator between the conflicting parties. Just as Israel invokes this right in its military operation, the Palestinian side also asserts right to self-defense using all available means. The objectives of the study can be summarized as follows: to research and explain the provisions related to legitimate self-defense in the united nations charter and its resolutions, as well as in the texts of Geneva Convention, particularly in the first additional protocol. This is done to understand the legal conditions and regulations associated with use of force in any conflict, which, when met, can exempt the practitioner from international responsibility. However, in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, given the defences in the legal positions of the two parties and in light of the conditions of legitimate self-defense the problem in this issue revolves around determining which party’s use force towards the other is considered a justified use falling within the realm of legitimate self defense? and what is the legal assessment of the other party using force outside the scope of legitimate self-defence?. To address this issue, this topic has been divided according to the following methodology : Firstly: the international legal system of to legitimate defense. 1- the legal basis for the right to legitimate defense. 2- conditions for the legitimacy of the right legitimate defence Secondly: legal evaluation of the use of in the Palestinian, Israel conflict under the pretext of legitimate defence. 1- the legal basis for Palestinian party’s right to legitimate defense. 2- the legal nature of Israel’s use of force against the Palestinian people

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2

HENK, DAN. "THE BOTSWANA DEFENCE FORCE." African Security Review 13, no. 4 (January 2004): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2004.9627322.

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3

Zetocha, Karel. "Modular Force Structure: Risk for NATO Common Defence?" Vojenské rozhledy 28, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/2336-2995.28.2019.01.048-058.

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4

le Roux, Len. "Defining defence requirements: Force design considerations for the South African National Defence Force." African Security Review 8, no. 5 (January 1999): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.1999.9627764.

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5

Nyambuya, Michael. "NATIONAL DEFENCE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ZIMBABWE DEFENCE FORCE." African Security Review 5, no. 3 (January 1996): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.1996.9627813.

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6

Baldino, Daniel, and Andrew Carr. "Defence diplomacy and the Australian defence force: smokescreen or strategy?" Australian Journal of International Affairs 70, no. 2 (January 12, 2016): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2015.1113229.

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7

GRAYSTON, NEIL. "THE REFORM AND EVOLUTION OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES – A VIEW FROM ABROAD." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, Volume 2019 Issue 21/3 (September 3, 2019): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.21.3.9.

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Abstract The Republic of Slovenia has been a member of NATO for 15 years. In preparing for NATO membership the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) were required to prepare for radical change, from a territorial defence force to one that could contribute to NATO missions. The need for change became even more significant after the government decision in 2002 to end conscription and move to a fully professional SAF. A revised force structure for the SAF was agreed in 2003, prior to Slovenia joining NATO in 2004. Progress in developing the SAF in the first five years of NATO membership, while encountering a number of challenges, showed a positive trend, with a commensurate increase in defence expenditure. In the following five years the economic crisis which affected most NATO countries had a particularly damaging effect on the continued development of the SAF, with very severe reductions in defence expenditure. Today, after 15 years of NATO membership, the SAF has still not recovered from the cuts made in defence spending. Spending remains close to 1.0% of GDP and is inadequate to support the force plans of the SAF. The SAF is unable to make an effective contribution to NATO and a decision needs to be made on the future size and shape of the SAF which matches plans for future defence expenditure. Key words NATO, Slovenia, Professionalization, Defence Planning, Defence Expenditure, Missions, Force Structure, Democratic Control.

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8

Palchetti, Paolo. "Armed Attack against the Military Force of an International Organization and Use of Force in Self-Defence by a Troop-Contributing State: A Tentative Legal Assessment of an Unlikely Scenario." International Organizations Law Review 7, no. 2 (2010): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157237410x543350.

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AbstractIf the military force of an international organization is made the object of a military attack by a State, that international organization may be regarded as being entitled to use force in self-defence. However, since the forces of international organizations are generally composed of national contingents which States put at the disposal of the international organizations, the question may be raised as to whether, in case of an armed attack against such forces, the sending State would also be entitled to use force in self-defence to protect its national contingent. This question, which was addressed, albeit in a very cursory manner, in the 2009 Report of the EU Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, has to be answered taking into account the status of national contingents as organs of the sending States. By attaching relevance to the contingent's dual status and to the rationale underlying the rule on self-defence, this study argues that whenever the national contingent is made the object of an armed attack the possibility for the sending State to invoke self-defence cannot be excluded. In particular, the invocability of self-defence by the sending State should be admitted in those cases in which the armed attack is clearly aimed at targeting that State.

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9

Sharwood, P. F. "IF01ï¿½AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE FORCE EDUCATION PROGRAMS." ANZ Journal of Surgery 79 (May 2009): A47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2009.04921_1.x.

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10

Gulam, Hyder. "Disability and the Australian Defence Force." Alternative Law Journal 29, no. 4 (August 2004): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x0402900407.

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11

Hood, David. "Defence Strategic Review and Adapt: Implementing DSR as a Wargame." Air/Space 2 (2023): bp32226859. http://dx.doi.org/10.58930/bp32226859.

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Australia’s Defence Strategic Review (DSR) has been completed, with the final report handed to Government (Prime Minister of Australia, 2023). In considering priorities for Defence capability and assessing force structure, posture and preparedness1, the DSR is likely to recommend difficult choices for a relatively small Defence Force which must live within necessarily-limited means. Much like in war itself, Defence’s ability to adapt to DSR outcomes will be crucial. Indeed, former defence official Paul Dibb has warned Defence requires ‘serious historical and cultural change’ to implement the DSR’s recommendations (Hurst, 2023). Such change could be painful, especially if each service views the DSR’s recommendations through the lens of a zero-sum game, with winners and losers. Doing so not only misses the point of the review itself, but diverts our attention away from an important—arguably unique—opportunity offered by the DSR: using it as a wargame to practise the kind of adaptability we will need to fight the next war. Australia’s current strategic circumstances, and their trajectory, mean we cannot afford to miss such an opportunity. This article discusses how the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) can use the DSR as a wargame to test its adaptability in a joint environment, and why doing so is an effective way to practice applying air and space power effects into the joint force, in preparation for the next war.

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12

Wade, Darryl, Louise Mewton, Tracey Varker, Andrea Phelps, and David Forbes. "The impact of potentially traumatic events on the mental health of males who have served in the military: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 7 (September 30, 2016): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416671413.

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Objective: The study investigated the impact of potentially traumatic events on mental health outcomes among males who had ever served in the Australian Defence Force. Method: Data from a nationally representative household survey of Australian residents, the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, were used for this study. Results: Compared with community members, Australian Defence Force males were significantly more likely to have experienced not only deployment and other war-like events but also accidents or other unexpected events, and trauma to someone close. For non-deployed males, Australian Defence Force members were at increased risk of accidents or other unexpected events compared to community members. After controlling for the effect of potentially traumatic events that were more prevalent among all Australian Defence Force members, the increased risk of mental disorders among Australian Defence Force members was no longer evident. For non-deployed males, Australian Defence Force and community members were at comparable risk of poor mental health outcomes. A significant minority of Australian Defence Force members had onset of a mental disorder prior to their first deployment. Conclusions: Deployment and other potentially traumatic events among Australian Defence Force members can help to explain their increased vulnerability to mental disorders compared with community members. Providers should routinely enquire about a range of potentially traumatic events among serving and ex-serving military personnel.

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13

Pollard, Rebecca, and Claire Ferguson. "Intimate partner violence within Australian Defence Force families: an exploratory study." Journal of Gender-Based Violence 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868020x15850130841880.

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International studies indicate a growing problem of intimate partner violence within military families. Despite this, there has been little research into intimate partner violence perpetrated by Australian Defence Force personnel or veterans. A thematic analysis of secondary data was conducted to explore the organisational and social drivers that influence intimate partner violence occurrences by Australian Defence Force personnel, and how the Australian Defence Force enforces its zero-tolerance policy on domestic violence perpetration. Results revealed that the Australian Defence Force and Department of Veteran Affairs made no statements regarding intimate partner violence as a problem for military personnel, despite this study indicating that this population are at a greater risk of perpetration. The Australian Defence Force attributed intimate partner violence causation to ‘abnormal’ individuals or situations. This ignores the culture of hypermasculinity and emphasis on operational effectiveness that was enforced during Australian Defence Force training, and that emerged as a continuous theme throughout the results.

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14

Khen, Hilly Moodrick-Even. "From Knives to Kites: Developments and Dilemmas around the Use of Force in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict since ‘Protective Edge’." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 10, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 303–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-01002006.

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This article analyses the legal regulation of the use of force in international law in the context of three emerging Palestinian forms of struggle against Israeli occupation: the Knife Intifada, the disturbances at the border, and the launching of incendiary kites. It discusses what legal paradigms or concepts should regulate the type and level of force used in each situation – a question that is complicated by various dilemmas – and finally, appraises the Israel Defence Forces policies tailored in response. The article evaluates the applicability of two legal paradigms regulating the use of force in military operations – (i) the conduct of hostilities and (ii) law enforcement – as well as the concept of personal self-defence in international law and the escalation of force procedure. While the Knife Intifada clearly falls under the law enforcement paradigm, the disturbances at the border and the launching of incendiary kites raise more difficult legal questions. Categorising them under a paradigm of law enforcement is less straightforward, and may have undesirable ramifications for safeguarding humanitarian interests. The article argues that the use of force in the disturbances at the border and the incendiary kites cases should be regulated by the concept of self-defence and escalation of force procedure, and that the application of the self-defence concept should be adapted, mutatis mutandis, to situations of law enforcement and to situations of hostilities.

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15

White, Samuel. "A Shield for the Tip of the Spear." Federal Law Review 49, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 210–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x21993147.

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The defence of superior orders is not new. However, within Australia, its statutory codification is lamentably underexplored. The 2018 Amendments to Part IIIAAA of the Defence Act 1903 (Cth) provides a neat catalyst to expand the defence and look at possible manners in which it can be constructed. Utilising a theoretical case study of Australian Defence Force members killing a possible terrorist, ‘this article addresses’ the key elements of the defence—what an order is, when can it be constructed as being manifestly unlawful and what does reasonable and necessary force mean for Australian Defence Force members.

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16

S., Suganthi, and Birundha S. "PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN DEFENCE PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS: AN OVERVIEW." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 05 (May 31, 2023): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16886.

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The second-largest military force in the world, the Indian Defense sector, is on the verge of transformation. India is third in the world for military spending, with its defence spending making up 2.15% of the GDP of the nation. By 2025, GOI hopes to have a revenue of USD 25 billion, including an export of USD 5 billion in goods and services related to aerospace and defence. Two Defense Industrial Corridors have been developed by the government in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Defense Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) and Ordinance Factories (OFs) were gradually established to take on the role of designer and integrator of defence weapons and equipment under the purview of Department of Defence Production. Among 16 Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSU) the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is the largest DPSU and it tops the production with Rs.19911.5 crores in 2020 â€“ 2021 followed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) of Rs.13947 crores to Indian Defense. In todays concern, we have competent DPSUs that are able to establish standards for the private sector in the manufacturing of defence goods because significant funds have already been invested in building competence in certain domains. Facilities, knowledge, and personnel developed by DPSU with public financing must be used to the best of the nations capacity as we move towards self-reliance and export capability in the acquisition of defence.

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17

Ye, Shunyao. "Research on the Right of Self-Defence from the Perspective of International Law." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 5, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/5/2022994.

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The right of self-defence is an indispensable concept in international law, especially in the UN charter. States can protect their legitimate rights and interests from other states infringement by exercising different types of the right of self-defence. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, economy, and politics, the right of self-defense faces new challenges. The collective self-defence, the anti-terrorism self-defence and the preventive self-defence are not perfect, and the specific content of the armed attack is not clear. Although there is no clear solution system in international law at present, it can be thought of and tried from the aspects of perfecting restrictive provisions, reasonably interpreting relevant terms, and strengthening the compelling force of international law.

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18

Ferreira da Silva, Peterson, and Augusto W. M. Teixeira Júnior. "The relationship between defence policy, the defence budget, and force structure in contemporary Brazil." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs/10.2.4.

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The roles and objectives of the Brazilian Armed Forces are strongly related to missions other than external security, despite having abundant natural resources to secure and regional interests that may be affected by great power competition in South America. Given this background, what are Brazil's main challengesregarding the relationship between defence policy, defence budget and force structure? To address this research problem, we explore an analytical approach that connects defence policy to budget execution in the context of civil-military relations in Brazil. The methodological framework of the paper is a qualitative approach, choosing a single case study as its research design. We adopted a broader historical perspective to raise observations to cope with the single-country study's classical limitations. Thus, the paper deals with two levels of analysis: domestic (Ministry of Defence) and international (geopolitical landscape). Based on official documents and budgetary data between 1999 and 2021, we trace the significant consequences of the Brazilian Armed Forces' continuous involvement in internal security issues, such as public security, border security, environmental crimes and migration crises. The paper reveals that Brazil's military spending, characterised by relatively high costs on personnel and low investments, has detrimental effects on defence acquisitions, training, readiness andoperations. Our main argument is that a more active civilian direction and assertive defence policy are fundamental factors to balance the Brazilian Armed Forces personneland investments expenditures.

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19

Fehr, Colton. "The Moral Foundation of Criminal Defences and the Limits of Constitutional Law." McGill Law Journal 68, no. 3 (July 1, 2023): 291–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/law.v68i3.1307.

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The Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in R v Khill provided a novel moral framework for self-defence. Whereas self-defence was previously categorized as a justification, the Court now maintains that it constitutes an excuse in some cases. In other cases, the Court suggests self-defence sits between justification and excuse, captured by a principle I elsewhere call “moral permissibility”. The Court’s choice to adopt a more robust relationship between the moral principles underlying justification/excuse and self-defence is principled. However, the basis for that conclusion—the application of moral philosophy to the law of criminal defences—applies with equal force to the law of duress and necessity. Unfortunately, the statutory duress defence and section 8(3) of the Criminal Code limit the juristic scope of those defences. Although these restrictions may be challenged under section 7 of the Charter, this challenge will likely fail as defendants need not be denied a defence. Instead, they will be denied a proper moral assessment of their actions. To instill greater coherency into the law, it is prudent to repeal the statutory duress defence. This approach would allow courts to utilize the broad wording of the new “defence of person” provision to develop the law of self-defence, necessity, and duress in line with the moral philosophy underlying these defences. Constitutionalizing the principles underlying criminal defences can nevertheless serve two broader purposes: mitigating the tendency of courts and counsel to unduly rely upon other less transparent (jury nullification) or heavy-handed (judicial review) legal devices to avoid conviction.

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20

Falkowski, Mariusz, Wojciech Horyń, and Kazimierz Nagody-Mrozowicz. "The Territorial Defence Force as an Element of the National Security System." Security Dimensions 27, no. 27 (September 28, 2018): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0288.

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The purpose of this article is to present the basic determinants as regards the use of the Territorial Defence Force (TDF) in the national defence system. The article focuses on issues related to security and defence as well as their impact on national security, and indicates the need to establish territorial forces in order to increase military potential in any country. What is more, it describes basic tasks which TDF can perform during individual stages of armed operations. Particular attention is paid to the fulfilment of the tasks by TDF as regards purely army-related activities, both military and non-military. It is indicated that TDF is a military formation that fills the gap as regards the security of a given area or territory, and that it can supplement the operational forces, thus constituting a vital element of the national defence system.

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21

Freer, Elaine. "DRIVING FORCE: SELF-DEFENCE AND DANGEROUS DRIVING." Cambridge Law Journal 77, no. 1 (March 2018): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197318000144.

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22

Matthijs, Herman. "Is There Money for a European Defence Force?" Advances in Politics and Economics 1, no. 1 (March 21, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v1n1p44.

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<p><em>This article examines European defence expenditure and more specifically the question of whether there is sufficient financial leeway to establish a European defence initiative.</em></p><p><em>In view of the numerous defence threats on Europe’s external borders: Russia, Turkey, growing migration pressures and the ineffectiveness of the external borders of the “Schengen-zone”, this article will examine the following: </em></p><p><em>- What are the defence expenditures of the European members of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and of non-NATO members in Europe;</em></p><p><em>- Would it be possible to establish a European army with these financial resources?</em></p><p><em>The current figures are primarily based on NATO financial sources (see references). These NATO figures refer to defence spending, including military pensions and militarized police forces such as the “Gendarmerie” in France and the “Koninklijke Marechaussee” in The Netherlands.</em></p><p><em>In conclusion the article tries to respond to the question of which states would be necessary and/or potentially available for the creation of a European defence force?</em></p><em>First, this study gives a short overview of the defence history in western Europe after the second world war, followed by the European attempts concerning this item. Finally, this article examines the topic of this article in point three; namely: which European countries are potential partners for an European defence system.</em>

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23

Muhammad Nasrullah Mirza and Adil Sajid. "Use of Force in Self-Defence for Global Peace: A Conceptual Framework." Strategic Studies 39, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.039.03.00102.

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This paper attempts to link legal and theoretical perspectives of the use of force in self-defence and, thereafter, formulates a conceptual framework based on these two key concepts: use of force as a legitimate right for self-defence and pre-emptive self-defence as an unlawful security doctrine in existing legal structure (UN Charter). The focus is on identifying: i) the primary factors which, in combination as well separately, present a broader view of legal justification for use of force in self-defence and ii) the factors facilitating an unlawful unilateral military action in self-defence. The primary objective is to link both theoretical and legal aspects to formulate a conceptual model. In fact, this study presents an overall picture capable of explaining the key linkage of the use of force in self-defence and breach of international peace, whereby a state launches a pre-emptive attack against another state.

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24

De Ridder, Mornay, and Kambidima Wotela. "Conceptualising a research interrogating of management functions in the South African National Defence Force." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 12, no. 10 (December 25, 2023): 228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i10.3119.

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South African Defence Review 2015 found that the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is in significant decline and will lose important military capabilities in the long term if nothing is done. In a shrinking defense budget, general rhetoric blames aging equipment and staff for the decline. However, managerial issues in the SANDF may be to blame for the decline. We examined academic and other literature to find the origin of this problem and found that the SANDF does not use any systems management methodology to manage tasks. This peculiarity hinders SANDF management and prevents it from providing credible defense to South Africa. We found that empirical studies on SANDF management are scarce and failed to explain this oddity. To understand why the SANDF's application inherent management functions fail to provide a genuine defense capacity, this paper proposes a cognitive technique to conceptualize an empirical investigation beyond a literature review. We propose a systems management approach based on the Administrative Theory of Management, Neoclassical Theory of Management, and General Systems Theory frameworks in management education. We believe that empirical public and management research may create defence capabilities management understanding. This premise guides our study conceptualization by outlining the research context and then doing a research problem analysis to find the knowledge gap. To examine the literature, we use thematic summative content analysis. The research conceptualisation—problem statement, purpose statement, research questions, strategy, design, process, and methods, and interpretative frameworks—is based on this analysis. On the latter, we expect to write later.

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25

Blockmans, Steven, and Dylan Macchiarini Crosson. "PESCO: A Force for Positive Integration in EU Defence." European Foreign Affairs Review 26, Special Issue (August 1, 2021): 87–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2021028.

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Differentiation, or what some have called the ‘negative starting point’ of integration, has always been the norm in EU defence policy. Driven by both endogenous and exogenous (f)actors, political leaders in the European Council are nevertheless mindful of the need for Member States to cooperate in more structured ways to better protect their citizens against security threats. For this reason, a package of harmonizing measures has been developed with remarkable speed since 2016. Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is the most prominent innovation in this field. Given the high levels of politicization in defence it is perhaps surprising that PESCO has produced the most inclusive expression of enhanced cooperation, even if it is the most flexible of the differentiated integration mechanisms provided by the Treaties. This is largely the result of a German push for inclusivity, which prevailed over a French desire for a higher level of ambition. Monitored by the European External Action Service (EEAS) and the European Defence Agency (EDA) and increasingly driven by the Commission’s Directorate General for Defence Industry and Space (DG DEFIS), which manages the European Defence Fund (EDF), PESCO is a force that generates ‘positive integration’ by de-fragmenting the defence market in the European Union. This article builds on empirical research that maps the varied clusters of Member States lining up behind different types of defence capability development projects. It observes a process of coagulation across the microcosm of PESCO, coupled with formal expressions of differentiated integration, both vertically and horizontally, and offers explanations for these trends. European Union, differentiated integration, defence, PESCO

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26

Sadler, Nicole, Miranda Van Hooff, Richard A. Bryant, Ellie Lawrence-Wood, Jenelle Baur, and Alexander McFarlane. "Suicide and suicidality in contemporary serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force personnel." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 55, no. 5 (March 16, 2021): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867421998751.

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Objective: The risk of suicide in contemporary serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force personnel is an area of significant concern, driving government-directed inquiries, community campaigns and most recently, the establishment of a permanent National Commissioner for Defence and Veteran Suicide Prevention. This concern is mirrored in international militaries and despite investment in prevention programmes, suicide is a leading cause of death in military populations. This review seeks to summarise recent findings from Australian research regarding the magnitude and factors associated with suicide and suicidality in contemporary serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force populations and discusses research findings, implications and future opportunities. Methods: Initial review of the prevalence of suicide and suicidality in the general community and military populations is presented, followed by review of recent research findings pertaining to suicides and suicidal thoughts, plans and attempts in contemporary serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force personnel. Key findings are presented from the 2010 Australian Defence Force Mental Health and Wellbeing Prevalence Study and the 2015 Transition and Wellbeing Research Programme. Results: Differences between serving and ex-serving Australian Defence Force cohorts were observed, with rates of completed suicide in ex-serving Australian Defence Force males more than double that of serving Australian Defence Force males, and increased risk for suicidality observed among those who had recently transitioned out of full-time Australian Defence Force service. Risk for increased suicidality and completed suicide is particularly evident for younger males of lower ranks, and those who have been medically discharged. Conclusions: The findings provide insight into career phases and groups that should be followed-up and targeted for prevention and early intervention programmes, including prior to and several years following transition out of full-time military service. Further research to better understand the factors that influence those who develop suicidal ideation, and those who progress to plans and attempts, will inform a more sophisticated approach to suicide prevention programmes.

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27

Davies, Murray James. "Spiritual Injuries—An Australian Defence Force Experience." Journal of Veterans Studies 6, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.21061/jvs.v6i1.152.

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28

Storey, Tony. "Self-Defence: Insane Delusions and Reasonable Force." Journal of Criminal Law 78, no. 1 (February 2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2014.78.1.886.

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29

de Klerk, Vivian, and Gary P. Barkhuizen. "English in the South African Defence Force." English World-Wide 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.19.1.04dek.

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The article reports on research carried out at an army camp in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in 1996; it aimed to examine language use at the camp across all levels and in all contexts, in order to assess the degree to which South Africa's new multilingual language policy of 1994 has taken root, and in particular to ascertain the extent to which English was being used, and what troops and staff felt about its use. Questionnaires, interviews and observation techniques were used to provide a full description of linguistic practices, views and attitudes at all levels and in a wide range of activities in the camp. Results suggest that despite the national language policy, and despite a very low number of L1 English speakers in the camp, English is playing a very significant role across all levels as lingua franca for efficient communication, and this is matched with a pervasively positive view about its continued use.

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Wallace, Duncan, and Stephen Rayner. "Telepsychiatry services in the Australian Defence Force." Australasian Psychiatry 21, no. 3 (May 29, 2013): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856213476123.

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Landy, Rosemary A., and John H. Pearn. "Medical Ethics in the Australian Defence Force." Professional Ethics, A Multidisciplinary Journal 8, no. 2 (2000): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/profethics2000827.

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32

Arenson, Kenneth J. "The Paradox of Disallowing Duress as a Defence to Murder." Journal of Criminal Law 78, no. 1 (February 2014): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2014.78.1.892.

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The common law has long recognised that what would otherwise constitute murder should be reduced to the lesser offence of voluntary manslaughter in instances where the accused was induced to kill because of provocative conduct on the part of the deceased that does not amount to lawful excuse or justification such as self-defence or defence of others. In what is often termed as a reasonable concession to human frailty, the law has opted to treat those who kill under such circumstances as less morally blameworthy than those who kill in the absence of such provocation or other mitigating circumstances such as a genuinely held, albeit objectively unreasonable belief, that the use of deadly force was necessary in self-defence or the defence of another person. In sharp contrast, the common law has steadfastly declined to allow the defence of duress to be interposed in like manner as a partial defence to the crime of murder. The discussion to follow will examine whether this disparate treatment is justifiable in light of the stated underpinnings of these defences. The discussion will conclude by exploring various proposals for reform and the extent to which they are likely to result in sanctions that are commensurate with the relative degrees of moral culpability of those who seek to interpose these defences as complete or partial defences to the crime of murder.

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Howe, Herbert M. "The South African Defence Force and Political Reform." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 1 (March 1994): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00012532.

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South Africa's security establishment, specifically the South African Defence Force (S.A.D.F.), illustrates important linkages between national security and political reform. The military and police influence reconciliation, for better or for worse, in all post-conflict states, especially those experiencing an interregnum between authoritarianism and hoped-for democracy, and in which no undisputed ‘winner’ has yet emerged. Alexis de Tocqueville noted long ago that ‘the most perilous moment for a bad government is one when it seeks to mend its ways’, Reform and political change, as Samuel Huntington observes, ‘may contribute not to political stability but to greater instability …[and] encourages demands for still more changes which can easily snowball’. Both suddenly unrestrained popular demands and forces loyal to the ancien régime (including the military) may threaten the process and outcome of reform.

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Priyono, Sigit. "EVALUASI IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN MINIMUM ESSENTIAL FORCE (MEF) PADA POSTUR PEWIRA TNI Jurnal Manajemen & Bisnis Aliansi ANGKATAN UDARA." Aliansi : Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis 14, no. 2 (October 6, 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46975/aliansi.v14i2.43.

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The objective of this research was to understand comprehensively of the evaluation of implementation policy ofMinimum Essential Force (MEF) in pertain of human resources focus on officers in the Indonesian Airforce, I was aqualitative recearch with an evaluative method of CIPP model, conducted in Ofiice of Ministry of Defence, IndonesianArmed forces Head quaters, and Indonesian Airforce head quaters, Jakarta.The data were collected through participant observation using interview, observation, document study, andrecording as well as focus group discussion. The data analysis and intrepretation indicates that (1) Indonesiandefence policy to build of minimum essential force by small and more effective with limited of budget; (2) ScopeDefence policy at minimum essential force: (a) Organization (b) Defence Budget (c) Human resources, Three of themare able to protect of the sourvergnity and territorial integrity in the border or in the flash point area; (3) MEF PolicyIn the Indonesian Air Force should be implemented particularly officers as backbond to catch up effectivity, efficiency,equity, and responsiveness of implementation management system in the The Indonesian Air Force organization wasfound to more effective.The findings of this evaluation by CIPP methode scored 3,24 as good result, and give some recommendation topractice continuous improvement to redesign of defence policy by involving of society and in practica to the AirForce organization to reconstruct human resources planning especially for officers.

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Uttley, Matthew, Benedict Wilkinson, and Armida van Rij. "A power for the future? Global Britain and the future character of conflict." International Affairs 95, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz101.

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Abstract This article explores how the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence's (MoD) institutional vision of the potential future character of conflict is reflected in current defence policy decision-making and future force development planning. On the face of it, institutional arrangements in the MoD suggest that the results of ‘horizon-scanning’ and ‘futures’ analysis guide long-term defence planning in the design and development of the UK's future military roles and force structure. Our analysis points to the opposite. It suggests that it is the unchallenged assumption that the UK will remain a ‘Tier One’ defence power capable of deploying military power on a global scale and the MoD's long-term planning cycle that shape long-range forecasts of the future operating environment, rather than the other way round. Our explanation for this inversion is derived from the ‘New Institutionalism’ approach to public policy analysis. In taking this approach, we suggest that the outcomes of UK defence policy formation are strongly influenced by path dependency in the form of baked-in institutional ideas about the ‘appropriate’ role of Britain as a military power (‘what should be done’), along with historical capability investments underpinning UK defence that are costly to reverse (‘what can be changed’). By extension, we argue that if these embedded path dependencies explain the development of previous and current UK defence policy, then it should come as no surprise that the current ends, ways and means in UK defence are projected forward in the MoD's institutional view of potential future operating environments, resulting in limited change within established paths.

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O'Brien, Kevin, and Zakir Rahmani. "Career Aspirations of Young Australians in Relation to the Defence Force." Australian Journal of Career Development 4, no. 3 (October 1995): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629500400316.

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At present some 7000 jobs are available for young Australians in the Australian Defence Force. As a part of recruiting strategies the Defence Force Recruiting Branch regularly examines the issues and concerns on which 17–24 year olds base their career decisions. This case study describes the key findings of recent research undertaken by two different consultants on the perceptions of young Australians towards schooling, careers and employment, and identifies the factors affecting their choice of a career in the Australian Defence Force. Based on a paper presented at the Australian Association of Career Counsellors Conference, April 1995.

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Tomaszewski, Janusz. "Formowanie Wojsk Obrony Terytorialnej." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 26 (August 23, 2019): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.26.5.

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Development of Territorial Defence Forces Territorial Defence Forces TDF began their official activity on 1 January 2017. They are the fifth single service in the Polish Armed Forces next to Lang Forces, Air Force, Navy and Special Operations Forces. It has been established that the organization of TDF is going to be strictly related to the currently existing administrative division of the country, giving a total of 17 brigades. Ultimately, there are to be 53,000 soldiers within the ranks. In times of peace TDF should mainly be ready to execute crisis management activities, in times of war TDF should support regular Polish Army Forces in terms of direct warfare.

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Preda Davidoiu, Mădălina, and Sorin Pînzariu. "Non-Discrimination and Equal Treatment Regarding the Exercise of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms by Military Personnel." Scientific Bulletin 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2022-0017.

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Abstract The principles of equality and non-discrimination are the foundation of the system of protection of human rights, enshrined in every domestic and international instrument. As a visible symbol of national unity for the achievement of defence and security prerogatives, the armed forces can act as a positive force. By successfully implementing inclusive models and integrating recommendations on the fundamental rights and freedoms of military personnel, the armed forces must ensure societal linguistic, cultural, ethnic and gender-specific respect. In this way, the armed forces achieve group cohesion and achieve the common goal of achieving national defence.

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39

Guštin, Damijan. "Defence of the Republic of Slovenia 1991–2004: from Individual to Collective Defence." Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no. 3 (December 5, 2016): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.3.06.

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Following the successful defence of the country in June and July 1991, the Republic of Slovenia developed its partly unestablished defence system in the light of the instability of the country’s southern neighbourhood that continued to be ravaged by war for the next five years. As an independent country, Slovenia developed its system of national defence in the context of armed neutrality, but with a desire to join Nato and thus transition to a system of collective defence. The Territorial Defence was developed into a regular army and renamed as the Slovenian Armed Forces in 1994. In the circumstances dictated both by restrictions imposed by the UN (arms embargo) as well as the country’s own capacities and available material resources, Slovenia developed a single-type army based on national service and initial large numbers that were gradually reduced. In 1993, the country decided to pursue collective defence as a strategic goal and initiated efforts to join Nato. As Slovenia moved closer to Nato and as the security of its immediate environment changed, numerous reforms of the Army and of the defence sector loomed. During Slovenia's preparations to join Nato from 2000 to 2004, the country abandoned its national service system in 2003 and reformed the Slovenian Armed Forces into a professional army numbering about 7600 professional soldiers, NCOs and officers, as well as an additional limited voluntary reserve force.

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Ghosh, Sekhar. "Applicability of Force in Defence against Terrorist Attacks." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 58, no. 2 (April 2002): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492840205800207.

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41

Rietjens, Sebastiaan. "Intelligence in defence organizations: a tour de force." Intelligence and National Security 35, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 717–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2020.1737397.

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42

Holmes, Georgina. "Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment." Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 8, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2014.964449.

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43

Dawson, Squadron Leader A. S., and R. J. Smales. "Restoration longevity in an Australian Defence Force population." Australian Dental Journal 37, no. 3 (June 1992): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1992.tb00742.x.

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44

Sakhuja, Vijay. "Japanese maritime self defence force: Kata and Katana." Strategic Analysis 24, no. 4 (July 2000): 807–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700160008455248.

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45

Chalmers, Malcolm. "A Force for Influence? Making British Defence Effective." RUSI Journal 153, no. 6 (December 2008): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840802670015.

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46

Martin, Nicola. "Performance nutrition: The New Zealand Defence Force perspective." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20 (November 2017): S143—S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.515.

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47

Habiba, Princess. "The Australian Defence Force Academy Skype Sex Scandal." Armed Forces & Society 43, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 300–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16642040.

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In 2011, the Australian Defence Force Academy became embroiled in a sex scandal when a cadet made public, claims of abuse. Her claims led to a number of inquiries, which unveiled many other historical abuse claims. As such, this case revealed some of the potential problems associated with the containment of such disputes. To explore this further, a brief review of workplace changes (1930–present) was conducted, which highlighted the development of current containment measures. This was followed by a two-pronged case analysis of the 2011 Australian Defence Force Academy Skype sex scandal. Boltanski’s process theory was used in conjunction with Bourdieu’s field theory to study the containment of the case. Combined, these analyses revealed that, while a focus on the central players and their relations as psychologized/personal is a main strategy for containment, this approach can deflect attention from other factors that play important roles, resulting in more significant, far-reaching problems.

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Jans, Nicholas A. "Military Professionalism: Changes in the Australian Defence Force." Armed Forces & Society 15, no. 2 (January 1989): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x8901500202.

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49

Joseph, Keith. "Contemporary Ethical Issues Within the Australian Defence Force." Professional Ethics, A Multidisciplinary Journal 6, no. 3 (1998): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/profethics199863/411.

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50

Horn, Mark E. T., Tarek Elgindy, and Antonio Gomez-Iglesias. "Strategic workforce planning for the Australian Defence Force." Journal of the Operational Research Society 67, no. 4 (April 2016): 664–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.2015.85.

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