Relevant bibliographies by topics / Defence and Trade

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Defence and Trade'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Defence and Trade"

1

O'Connor, Bernard. "In Defence of Trade Defence." Global Trade and Customs Journal 2, Issue 2 (February 1, 2007): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2007015.

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Bickel, Fabian. "Brexit and Trade Defence: Effects of a Changed Territory." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab005.

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ABSTRACT After the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU), the EU’s trade defence measures no longer applied to the territory of the UK. This means that the UK now applies its own trade defence measures and has transitioned some of the EU’s trade defence measures. The EU applies its trade defence measures to the reduced territory of the EU27, while third parties that had imposed trade defence measures against the EU now apply them against the EU27 and the UK. This article analyses the compatibility of these changed measures with WTO law. It argues first that in principle WTO law allows changes in the territorial scope of trade defence measures if the investigation and imposition of the measures remain attributable to the imposing WTO Member. This defends the EU’s and the UK’s approaches. Second, changed circumstances’ reviews or adaptations of the measures by the EU or the UK may be necessary. However, this happens rarely and only if specific evidence is provided. Third, subject to review or adaptations where warranted, third countries can apply their measures targeting the EU against the EU27 and the UK.
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Boots, Mike, and Alex Best. "The evolution of constitutive and induced defences to infectious disease." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1883 (July 25, 2018): 20180658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0658.

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In response to infectious disease, hosts typically mount both constitutive and induced defences. Constitutive defence prevents infection in the first place, while induced defence typically shortens the infectious period. The two routes to defence, therefore, have very different implications not only to individuals but also to the epidemiology of the disease. Moreover, the costs of constitutive defences are likely to be paid even in the absence of disease, while induced defences are likely to incur the most substantial costs when they are used in response to infection. We examine theoretically the evolutionary implications of these fundamental differences. A key result is that high virulence in the parasite typically selects for higher induced defences even if they result in immunopathology leading to very high disease mortality. Disease impacts on fecundity are critical to the relative investment in constitutive and induced defence with important differences found when parasites castrate their hosts. The trade-off between constitutive and induced defence has been cited as a cause of the diversity in defence, but we show that the trade-off alone is unlikely to lead to diversity. Our models provide a framework to examine relative investment in different defence components both experimentally and in the field.
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Park, Gihong, and Hans G. Dam. "Cell-growth gene expression reveals a direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in red tide dinoflagellate prey." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1944 (February 10, 2021): 20202480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2480.

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Induced prey defences against consumers are conspicuous in microbes, plants and animals. In toxigenic prey, a defence fitness cost should result in a trade-off between defence expression and individual growth. Yet, previous experimental work has failed to detect such induced defence cost in toxigenic phytoplankton. We measured a potential direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in a red tide dinoflagellate prey using relative gene expression (RGE) of a mitotic cyclin gene ( cyc ), a marker that correlates to cell growth. This approach disentangles the reduction in cell growth from the defence cost from the mortality by consumers. Treatments where the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella were exposed to copepod grazers significantly increased toxin production while decreasing RGE of cyc , indicating a defence-growth trade-off. The defence fitness cost represents a mean decrease of the cell growth rate of 32%. Simultaneously, we estimate that the traditional method to measure mortality loss by consumers is overestimated by 29%. The defence appears adaptive as the prey population persists in quasi steady state after the defence is induced. Our approach provides a novel framework to incorporate the fitness cost of defence in toxigenic prey–consumer interaction models.
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Chatterjee, Tonmoy, and Nilendu Chatterjee. "National Defence Under Alternative Trade Policy Regimes: Theory and Evidence from Developing Countries." Foreign Trade Review 56, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732520961346.

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Defence mechanism for any nation is the way through which internal as well as external geo-political condition can be stabilised. Moreover, defence sector can also be treated as one of the most potential sectors regarding financial transactions and the relevance of it is valid both in autarky and in the regime of international trade. Using Granger Causality for a panel of 27 developing countries across Asian and South American continents, we have found that different trade measures are playing major role in the way of functioning of national defence. For further analytical purpose and also to select the most effective trade policy regime among the alternatives, we have adopted a trade theoretic framework. In this regard, we have used a four-sector general equilibrium trade model with special emphasis on defence as well as R&D to defence to illustrate the impact of trade liberalisation on defence system. From such setup and by using bootstrap policy simulation we have found that trade liberalisation in the form foreign direct investment (specific to the R&D to defence) as the most effective trade regime to claim gains from trade in the presence of defence dualism for any small open developing economy. Such comparative statics is critical from the policy perspective. Policymakers should be cautious before defence industry liberalisation. JEL Codes: H56, C33, F11, F14, F21, D58
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Wischhoff, Uschi, Fernando Marques-Santos, Giselle Bonetti, Lilian T. Manica, James J. Roper, and Marcos Rodrigues. "Are nest defense behaviours and fitness components linked in white-rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa)?" Behaviour 156, no. 2 (2019): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003535.

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Abstract How are personalities maintained in wild animal populations? A possible mechanism is the existence of trade-offs between fitness components (survival and reproductive success) among behavioural types. We investigated this trade-off in white-rumped swallows (Tachycineta leucorrhoa) by capturing adults and monitoring their reproduction over time. We focused on the personality trait of nest defence against a human. We found that swallows with different levels of nest defence had similar probability to return from migration between two years (a proxy for survival). In one year, swallows that defended their nests more boldly were also more likely to succeed. However, nest defence was not linked to nestling weight or number of fledglings. Thus, we found no evidence of a trade-off between fitness components. It is possible that the investigated relationships become relevant only in extreme years that severely alter the costs and benefits of this behaviour.
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Melin, Yves. "Protective Orders in Trade Defence Investigations." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2014): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014034.

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Vaerenbergh, Pieter Van. "The EU’s Commitment to Social and Environmental Standards in its Modernised Trade Defence Instruments." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 25, no. 4 (2022): 843–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2022-4-843.

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Since the modernisation of the Basic Regulations in 2017 and 2018, the EU explicitly exerts social and environmental goals through the application of its trade defence instruments. Whereas the Commission portrayed the new rules as a guarantee that high European standards would not disadvantage the European industry in application of trade defence instruments, commentators were quick to question the EU’s true intentions behind the inclusion of social and environmental considerations. This article reviews three major aspects of social and environmental considerations in trade defence practice: the significant distortions methodology, the new calculation of the injury margin and the application of the Union interest test. This article commends the EU’s effort to reconcile the two seemingly opposing goals of trade defence and social and environmental protection, and identifies areas of improvement as well as possibilities to options to further “green” the trade defence instruments.
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Lindgren, B. S., and K. F. Raffa. "Evolution of tree killing in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): trade-offs between the maddening crowds and a sticky situation." Canadian Entomologist 145, no. 5 (June 11, 2013): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.27.

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AbstractBark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) play important roles in temperate conifer ecosystems, and also cause substantial economic losses. Although their general life histories are relatively similar, different species vary markedly in the physiological condition of the hosts they select. Most of ∼6000 known species colonise dead or stressed trees, a resource they share with a large diversity of insects and other organisms. A small number of bark beetle species kill healthy, live trees. These few are of particular interest as they compete directly with humans for resources. We propose that tree killing evolved when intense interspecific competition in the ephemeral, scarce resource of defence-impaired trees selected for genotypes that allowed them to escape this limitation by attacking relatively healthy trees. These transitions were uncommon, and we suggest they were facilitated by (a) genetically and phenotypically flexible host selection behaviours, (b) biochemical adaptations for detoxifying a wide range of defence compounds, and (c) associations with symbionts, which together aided bark beetles in overcoming formidable constitutive and induced host defences. The ability to detoxify terpenes influenced the evolutionary course of pheromonal communication. Specifically, a mate attraction system, which was exploited by intraspecific competitors in locating poorly defended hosts, became a system of cooperative attack in which emitters benefit from the contributions responders make in overcoming defence. This functional shift in communication was driven in part by linkage of beetle semiochemistry to host defence chemistry. Behavioural and phenological adaptations also improved the beetles’ abilities to detect when tree defences are impaired, and, where compatible with life history adaptations to other selective forces, for flight to coincide with seasonally predictable host stress agents. We propose a conceptual model, whereby the above mechanisms enable beetles to concentrate on those trees that offer an optimal trade-off between host defence and interspecific competition, along dynamic gradients of tree vigour and stand-level beetle density. We offer suggestions for future research on testing elements of this model.
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Fones, Helen N., Gail M. Preston, and J. Andrew C. Smith. "Variation in defence strategies in the metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens is indicative of synergies and trade-offs between forms of defence." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 172418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172418.

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In the metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens, zinc may provide a defence against pathogens. However, zinc accumulation is a variable trait in this species. We hypothesize that this variability affects the outcome of interactions between metal accumulation and the various constitutive and inducible defences that N. caerulescens shares with non-accumulator plants. We compare zinc concentrations, glucosinolate concentrations and inducible stress responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death, in four N. caerulescens populations, and relate these to the growth of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae , its zinc tolerance mutants and Pseudomonas pathogens isolated from a natural population of N. caerulescens. The populations display strikingly different combinations of defences. Where defences are successful, pathogens are limited primarily by metals, cell death or organic defences; there is evidence of population-dependent trade-offs or synergies between these. In addition, we find evidence that Pseudomonas pathogens have the capacity to overcome any of these defences, indicating that the arms race continues. These data indicate that defensive enhancement, joint effects and trade-offs between different forms of defence are all plausible explanations for the variation we observe between populations, with factors including metal availability and metal-tolerant pathogen load probably shaping the response of each population to infection.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Defence and Trade"

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MacIntosh, Elizabeth C. "Italy : defence industries and the arms trade, 1949-1989." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26707.

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Italy became one of the major exporters of arms by the early 1980s, behind only the United States, the Soviet Union, and France. Although its position was later overtaken, it remained one of Europe's main producers and suppliers, without the presence of pronounced military and foreign policy ambitions at the state level. The military industries grew as a result of Italy's close association with other Western and in particular the American defence establishment beginning in the late 1940s. The Italians had access to some of the most advanced military technology through co-production and licence arrangements with its senior allies. By the 1970s, the defence area became the fastest growing sector of the Italian economy when markets were exploited mainly in the Third World. Although about two-thirds of the industry was state-owned, Italian businessmen acted independently in selling arms through Italian trade networks which thrived with very little government direction or intervention. The absence of government assistance actually appeared to favour the export of Italian weapons, because the lack of interest in the sector also meant that Italy maintained perhaps the most lenient export legislation in the West. As the industry expanded, manufacturers availed themselves increasingly of representatives of the foreign trade ministry, the secret services and military attaches abroad in the promotion of Italian war equipment. And as Italy came into the circle of the world's major economic powers, its politicans attempted for a time to adopt the defence industry as a tool of international prestige. However supporters of the industry did not resolve the contradiction between the low priority Italy continued to give to defence and foreign policy, and the success of the country's industrialists in supplying arms to areas of tension. As business began to decline sharply in the late 1980s for Italy's defence firms, industrialists turned to the possibility of reconversion programs.
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Zucco, Normand P. (Normand Philip) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Budgetary trade-offs and Canadian defence spending: a question of priorities." Ottawa, 1989.

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El, Taweel Khaled. "Dealing with trade defence instruments in the context of economic integration in Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60043.

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The launching of the T-FTA in June 2015 presents an opportunity for accelerating regional integration in Africa towards the establishment of a single market through deepening COMESA-EAC-SADC integration. This milestone can contribute positively to African development. Nevertheless, it faces different structural and technical challenges, including the risk of aggressive export strategies and unfair trade practices, which may wipe away a substantial part of the integration gains. This could undermine African integration plans and the largely infant industries in Africa, especially since many African countries lack sufficient technical skills, institutional capacity, and the legal framework to deal efficiently and effectively with unfair trade practices and to respond to situations which may require the application of emergency tools to better adapt to economic challenges. Apart from Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, South Africa and Zambia national Trade Defence Instruments (TDIs) are not well developed. This could further constrain the ambitious African plans of economic integration. The thesis concludes that, although an effective TDI system is crucial for African integration as it can provide the required protection for African infant industries and unlock the potentials of African economic integration, the current African TDI systems are not effective. This is confirmed by the limited resort to TDIs in the African continent and the general perception that an effective TDI system is not a priority on the integration agenda. The concluded T-FTA TDI legal regime is not supportive for African integration plans in the long run. Africa should envisage how to upgrade its TDI system to make better use of the tools available under the WTO to deal with unfair trade measures, including anti-dumping to face dumped imports, countervailing measures to face subsidized imports, and safeguard measures to temporarily suspend concessions in the face of surge in imports. Africa can improve its national and regional TDIs system by learning from more developed TDI systems incorporated by other economic blocks such as the EU, NAFTA, Mercosur, and ASEAN. This thesis submits that the EU TDIs system is the most suitable to the African integration objectives. This submission is made while recognising the different level of development on both sides. The thesis submits that the long-term objective of the T-FTA is to have a regional investigating authority. It draws several recommendations to enhance African TDI system by working on five main categories: (A) The strategic direction; (B) The institutional framework; (C) Enhancing engagements; (D) Application of TDIs; and (E) The supportive factors.
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Public Law
LLD
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Buckley, John Dale. "The development of RAF coastal command trade defence strategy, policy and doctrine 1919-1945." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317333.

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Butler, Luke R. A. "Public contract law as a barrier to, and instrument for, Transatlantic defence trade liberalization." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4993/.

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The European Union recently adopted a Defence Procurement Directive. Designed to regulate an internal market for defence material, the development is highly controversial. For many years, the U.S. has received privileged access to the national defence markets of the Member States. A lack of competition has resulted in stagnated markets with decreased increased possibilities of dependence on the U.S. In respective to the Directive, U.S. commentators have identified the possibility for its provisions to discriminate against U.S. contractors. This forces a fundamental assessment of the role of legal institutions which regulate transatlantic defence trade. This thesis aims to subject the EU and U.S. defence procurement regimes to critical description and analysis.
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Gould, Gillian, and n/a. "The expanding role of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade : 1952 - 1993." University of Canberra. Administrative Studies, 1993. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060712.120351.

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This research essay examines the emergence and development of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade and its attempts to influence foreign policy. Established as the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs in 1952, it was the first committee to have a specific portfolio alignment. The purpose of the committee was to ensure that a considerable number of parliamentarians could become informed about foreign affairs issues. The establishment of a committee for such a purpose was surprising in that proponents of parliamentary reform at that tune were strongly advocating that a comprehensive system of committees be created for the purposes of financial scrutiny of government expenditure and consideration of legislation. Against this background it is interesting that the new committee was not given - and indeed showed no intention of assuming - the role of scrutinising the activities of the Department of External (and later, Foreign) Affairs. It is also interesting that Prime Minister Robert Menzies instigated the committee despite the fact that the government - and particularly the Minister for External Affairs R G Casey - feared the committee might go beyond its terms of reference and attempt to exert influence on government policy. Consequently the government imposed severe restrictions on the committee's activities which resulted in the Opposition steadfastly refusing to participate in the work of the committee for 15 years. Once some of these restrictions were removed, the committee began to operate as a bipartisan committee in 1967 and promptly set about attempting to influence government policy in foreign affairs. Casey's worst fears were realised. Over the years the brief of the committee expanded into the areas of defence and trade. Eleven of the committee's reports address significant defence issues and since 1987 the committee has conducted extensive inquiries into trade matters. For the purposes of this research essay however I have focused on the development of the committee's interest and influence in the area of foreign affairs. Chapter One of this essay describes the background of parliamentary reform which resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive system of committees within the Australian Parliament. Against this background the emergence of the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs is outlined in Chapter Two. Chapter Three identifies the major trends in the work of the committee while Chapter Four examines the influence and some of the mechanisms through which the committee has exerted pressure on foreign affairs policy. The conclusions of my research are addressed in Chapter Five. This research essay is based on an analysis of official committee documents which address foreign affairs issues from 1967 to the present. The major sources for the essay therefore are the reports of the committee, government responses to those reports and parliamentary debates. Other works consulted include academic journals and monographs. I have also gained numerous insights into the powers and limitations of committees through informal discussions with members of various committees and colleagues. To these people I am indebted for their thoughtful and provocative remarks. In particular I thank Professor John Halligan of the University of Canberra for his assistance and encouragement in bringing this research essay to its conclusion.
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Erickson, Mark. "Toward a sociology of morally contestable work : a case study of the defence industry in the North East of England." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337285.

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Tesoro, Stephenie. "In (H)Arm's Way : A Look Into the Culture of the Defense and Security Industry." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-398037.

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Through an examination of the businesses and people that support war-making, collectively known as the defense and security industry, this thesis reveals the controlling processes at work that make the business of war palatable to those who work within the industry. Three controlling processes are examined: (1) The industry’s culturally specific language; a barrier built with syntax, preventing both entry from outsiders and exit by insiders, allowing for institutionalized insanity to set in while also legitimizing the business pursuits of these companies as normal and acceptable; (2) The scientific pursuit and technology itself, supported and maintained by the exalted position the pursuit of science holds in Western society, and the assumption that technological innovation is always an intellectual and noble pursuit, which is critical to the industry’s survival; (3) The ideologies of Western liberal democracy that buttresses the industry; defined primarily by insecurity, assumed moral authority, and neoliberal capitalism/short-term self-interest. The terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001 served as a springboard for the industry to imbed itself into domestic settings, and carry-out acts of war in faraway countries without the consent of the people, thereby threatening the democratic ideals it claims to protect.
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Koutrakos, Panos. "Trade, foreign policy and defence in EU constitutional law : the legal regulation of sanctions, exports of dual-use goods and armaments /." Oxford [u.a.] : Hart, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/324099142.pdf.

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Ellis, Robert Peter. "The impact of ocean acidification, increased seawater temperature and a bacterial challenge on the immune response and physiology of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1250.

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Anthropogenic activities are fundamentally altering the chemistry of the world’s oceans. Many of these modifications could have a significant impact on the health of marine organisms. Yet, despite being proposed as one of the most significant threats that marine ecosystems face, to date very little is known about the impact of anthropogenic climate change, and ocean acidification in particular, on host defence. The aims of this thesis are to investigate the impact of environmental stressors on the invertebrate immune response, providing empirical data on how anthropogenically induced stressors will impact the invertebrate immune system and how this will impact organism condition and subsequent physiological trade-offs. Exposure to reduced seawater pH and increased temperature significantly reduced the immune response in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. This reduction in immune response could indicate stress-induced immune dysfunction. However, the immune system protects an organism from infectious disease, ensuring survival, and should therefore be evaluated functionally rather than immunologically. By subsequently exposing mussels to a bacterial challenge this study demonstrated that an earlier study which measured a reduction in host defence represented a trade-off of immune system maintenance costs, with mussels maintaining a capacity to up-regulate immune defence when required. However, whilst this immune plasticity ensures mussels are able to survive a pathogen exposure, such a strategy appears to be physiologically costly. This cost is seen as a reduction in reproductive investment, an altered energy metabolism and an altered fatty acid composition in organisms exposed to low pH. Therefore the overarching picture that emerges is, without measuring physiological processes functionally, and in neglecting any physiological trade-offs, it is possible that many studies may misinterpret the complex physiological responses of marine organisms to ocean acidification.
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Books on the topic "Defence and Trade"

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Mortimer, J. E. In defence of trade unionism. London: Institute of Employment Rights, 1998.

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Bungenberg, Marc, Michael Hahn, Christoph Herrmann, and Till Müller-Ibold, eds. The Future of Trade Defence Instruments. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95306-9.

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Trapp, Patricia. The European Union’s Trade Defence Modernisation Package. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91363-2.

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Yves, Boyer, Taylor Trevor, and Imai Ryūkichi 1929-, eds. The Defence trade: Demand, supply and control. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1994.

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Convoy protection: The defence of seaborne trade. London: Arms and Armour, 1993.

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Jean-François, Bellis, and Van Bael & Bellis (Firm), eds. EU anti-dumping and other trade defence instruments. 5th ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2011.

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The RAF and trade defence 1919-1945: Constant endeavour. Keele, Staffordshire: Ryburn Publishing, 1995.

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Export or die: Britain's defence trade with Iran and Iraq. London: Cassell, 1996.

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Disney, Richard. The seniority model of trade union behavior: A (partial) defence. Canterbury: University of Kent at Canterbury, 1987.

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Fergusson, James. Canadian defence trade and Europe: Methodological concerns and empirical evidence. Kingston, Ont: Centre for Studies in Defence Resources Management, National Defence College, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Defence and Trade"

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Malashevich, Bruce, and Mark Love. "Trade Defense Instruments: The Leading Edge of U.S. Trade Policy." In The Future of Trade Defence Instruments, 233–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95306-9_10.

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Arnold, Guy. "Defence, the Arms Trade and Mercenaries." In The New South Africa, 168–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230213852_19.

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Chubb, Danielle, and Ian McAllister. "Trade and Relations with Asia." In Australian Public Opinion, Defence and Foreign Policy, 121–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7397-2_6.

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Louth, John. "Introduction: The UK Trade in Arms: Exports – An End to Certainty?" In Understanding UK Defence Exports, 1–18. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003221494-1.

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Bindel, Julie. "A Queer Defence of the Sex Trade." In The Pimping of Prostitution, 277–303. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55890-9_10.

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Bindel, Julie. "A Queer Defence of the Sex Trade." In The Pimping of Prostitution, 275–301. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95947-1_10.

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Trapp, Patricia. "The EU’s Modernised Trade Defence Instruments: Promoting Sustainable Development in the EU’s Trade Relations?" In The European Union’s Trade Defence Modernisation Package, 253–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91363-2_8.

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Hahn, Michael. "The Multilateral and EU Legal Framework on TDIs: An Introduction." In The Future of Trade Defence Instruments, 3–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95306-9_1.

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Oesch, Matthias, and Tobias Naef. "Trade Defence Instruments and Switzerland: The Big Sleep." In The Future of Trade Defence Instruments, 261–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95306-9_11.

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Chen, Yusong. "Anti-Dumping Laws and Implementation in China: A 16 Years Review After Accession to the WTO." In The Future of Trade Defence Instruments, 283–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95306-9_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Defence and Trade"

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Tandon, Himanshu, Shubham Maheshwari, Sandhya Makkar, and Geetha Manoharan. "Impact of trade deficit on defence expenditure." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH IN SCIENCES, ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082286.

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Ivan, Lucian. "Management of Covid-19 Crisis at the Level of Defence Industry." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/21.

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According to estimates and analyses by the international community of economic analysts, the medical crisis generated by the Covid-19 pandemic will induce a major economic and financial crisis worldwide which, in conjunction with the current geopolitical situation, characterized by a high degree of uncertainty (e.g. strategic economic confrontation between the US and China, the position of force adopted by the Russian Federation), will affect production and supply chains, amplify the phenomenon of the adoption of trade policies of a protectionist nature, and, indirectly, will significantly affect national defense budgets. In this fluid geopolitical context, characterized by insecurity and systemic instability, a strategic rethink and recalibration of defence policies can be predicted in a new context, defined by the multipolar competition and the asymmetry of geopolitical geometry, the conflict between civilizational models (competition between democracy vs. autocratic/totalitarian political regimes), to the detriment of regional and international collective security arrangements. Changing government priorities generated by the pandemic crisis generated by Covid-19 may lead to a reduction in budgets for military endowment programs. Most governments allocate about 2% of GDP annually to the defence sector. Given the pandemic generated by Covid-19, there is a risk that some states will significantly reduce the budget allocated to the defence industry in order to increase the budgets for health systems, given the need to expand hospitals, as well as the purchase of medical equipment and services. In Romania, the topic of tools and opportunities that may be able to ensure the improvement of the effects and overcoming the economic crisis is currently being discussed through active economic measures, including in the field of the defence industry. In Romania, however, the path from debate to public policy and strategy assumed and applied is traditionally long and hard, requiring more pragmatism in addressing strategic economic issues.
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Göktepe, Hülya. "Unfair Competition in Imports and Anti-damping Practices in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01219.

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Unfair competition in imports is done by dumping or subsidy. According to the Turkish legislation dumping; export price of a product to Turkey being less than the normal value for the like product, subsidy; a direct or indirect financial contribution by the country of origin or export, which confers a benefit or any form of income or price support within the meaning of Article XVI of GATT 1994. In the case of unfair competition in imports, General Directorate of Imports applies trade defence instruments (antidumping, antisubsidy, safeguard measures) in compliance with WTO rules and national legislation, and follows up the enforcement of those measures. The purpose in this study is to contribute to Turkish literature related to damping and subsidy. In this study, national and international regulation on antidumping will be given. It will be explained antidumping practices in Turkey. Dumping investigations will be presented. The data from Ministry of Economy and foreign trade data will be used. This study is a descriptive study.
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Mack, I. D., and D. J. Hurl. "The Replacement Cruise Engine for the DDH 280 Tribal Class Destroyer." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-243.

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A description of the existing propulsion plant in the DDH 280 Class Destroyer and problems with the existing cruise engine fit are outlined. The trade off analysis and option study which led to the decision to replace the existing cruise engine with a replacement gas turbine is examined and the criteria which were used in the selection of the Allison 570 K are then briefly addressed. Finally the intended technical fit and design considerations associated with the installation into the vessel are described. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily of the Department of National Defence, Canada.
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Duchateau, Etienne, and Richard Logtmeijer. "System-Of-Systems Modelling and Simulation in Warship Design for Operations." In SNAME 14th International Marine Design Conference. SNAME, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/imdc-2022-261.

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Naval ships, or more generically naval systems, rarely operate as a single asset, most often they operate in small or large task-groups. Individual ships are thus part of a larger complex interacting system-of-systems performing a variety of tasks and missions in support of national and international naval operations. In such a system-of-systems composition naval systems are mutually supportive. For example, a replenishment ship is there to support task-group combatants, while the combatants in turn protect the replenishment ship which typically has few self-defence measures. Timely insight into system interactions and trade-offs driving the performance, effectiveness and affordability of these system-of-systems is crucial in achieving balanced designs which work and operate effectively in naval operations. A NATO Research Task Group (RTG) was initiated to investigate how systems-of-systems technical, operational and cost modelling can help in identifying and understanding such insights aiding requirements elucidation. In support of this RTG, the Netherlands Defence Materiel Organization has worked on a test-case to demonstrate the benefits and possibilities of assessing alternative naval ship designs, and their individual technical requirements, in a system-of-systems modelling approach. In this test-case, a small task-group performing two consecutive naval operations, mine clearance and a non-combatant evacuation, was modelled with the purpose of investigating the influence of ship design requirements on the overall mission effectiveness. Specifically, the interactions of varying requirements on ship signatures and mine clearance sonar performance were investigated. Also, the difference between a single large or two smaller amphibious assault ships was included. This was done to investigate the trade-off between a single large ship with concentrated but possibly vulnerable landing capacity versus two smaller ships with distributed and less vulnerable landing capacity. Each system-of-systems alternative was evaluated in terms of the overall mission effectiveness, which is defined as the number of evacuees rescued, and total acquisition cost. The results of the test-case indicate that indeed a significant trade-off in mission effectiveness and cost exists between investing in mine clearance sonar performance versus reducing the vulnerability of the task-group ships, either by distributing the landing capacity over two assault ships, or by reducing the ship signatures. The cost-benefit results clearly show these distinct trade-offs giving the supporting information for setting the task-group ships requirements. In conclusion, the applied system-of-systems modelling approach has made it possible to identify and quantify important interactions in the test-case. Traditional single ship, single operation modelling and simulation would not have captured these essential insights. Hence, designing effective and affordable (war) ships requires a broadening of scope from a single ship and single operation perspective to a system-of-systems performing multiple (consecutive) operations.
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Wang, Xiao, Siyue Wang, Pin-Yu Chen, Yanzhi Wang, Brian Kulis, Xue Lin, and Sang Chin. "Protecting Neural Networks with Hierarchical Random Switching: Towards Better Robustness-Accuracy Trade-off for Stochastic Defenses." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/833.

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Despite achieving remarkable success in various domains, recent studies have uncovered the vulnerability of deep neural networks to adversarial perturbations, creating concerns on model generalizability and new threats such as prediction-evasive misclassification or stealthy reprogramming. Among different defense proposals, stochastic network defenses such as random neuron activation pruning or random perturbation to layer inputs are shown to be promising for attack mitigation. However, one critical drawback of current defenses is that the robustness enhancement is at the cost of noticeable performance degradation on legitimate data, e.g., large drop in test accuracy.This paper is motivated by pursuing for a better trade-off between adversarial robustness and test accuracy for stochastic network defenses. We propose Defense Efficiency Score (DES), a comprehensive metric that measures the gain in unsuccessful attack attempts at the cost of drop in test accuracy of any defense. To achieve a better DES, we propose hierarchical random switching (HRS), which protects neural networks through a novel randomization scheme. A HRS-protected model contains several blocks of randomly switching channels to prevent adversaries from exploiting fixed model structures and parameters for their malicious purposes. Extensive experiments show that HRS is superior in defending against state-of-the-art white-box and adaptive adversarial misclassification attacks. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of HRS in defending adversarial reprogramming, which is the first defense against adversarial programs. Moreover, in most settings the average DES of HRS is at least 5X higher than current stochastic network defenses, validating its significantly improved robustness-accuracy trade-off.
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Lee, Hogun, and Jaeyoung Lee. "Korean Offset Trade Model in Defense Industry." In Business 2013. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2013.34.14.

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Giani, Annarita. "Efficiency and accuracy trade-offs in process detection." In Defense and Security, edited by Edward M. Carapezza. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.548177.

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Guenther, Jens-Uwe, Christian Bohling, Mario Mordmueller, and Wolfgang Schade. "Trace detection of nitrogen-based explosives with UV-PLF." In Security + Defence, edited by Colin Lewis, Douglas Burgess, Roberto Zamboni, François Kajzar, and Emily M. Heckman. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.865590.

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Rivera, Mark A., and Jennifer Hill. "Automated design optimization and trade studies using STK scenarios." In Defense and Security, edited by Pejmun Motaghedi. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.602259.

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Reports on the topic "Defence and Trade"

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Feminist Foreign Policy: Contributions and Lessons. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.110.

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A relatively small number of countries have an explicit “Feminist Foreign Policy” (FFP). Those most often cited are Sweden, Canada, France, Mexico, and Spain. In theory, an FFP moves beyond gender mainstreaming in foreign development assistance to include: (1) a wider range of external actions, including defence, trade and diplomacy (2) a wider range of marginalised people, not just women. Within foreign development assistance, it implies a more coherent and systematically institutionalised approach to gender mainstreaming. In practice, those countries with an explicit FFP implement it in different ways. Canada currently focuses on development assistance, France on development assistance and formal diplomacy, Sweden more comprehensively covers the trade and defence policy arenas. Mexico and Spain are yet to produce detailed implementation plans. There is increasing academic interest in FFP, but most analyses found during the course of this rapid review focus on narrative content of policies rather than impact. Policy advocacy and advice is provided by several high-profile advocacy organisations. National government agencies in Sweden, France and Canada have produced some evaluations of their FFP, but the evidence is weak. There are many international institution evaluations of gender mainstreaming for many different sectors that are context-specific.
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Niblett, Robin. Global Britain in a divided world: Testing the ambitions of the Integrated Review. Royal Institute of International Affairs, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135195.

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In the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy, published in March 2021, the UK government set out four strategic objectives for ‘Global Britain’. A year later, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the shift to a more divided world have put the vision of the UK as a ‘problem-solving and burden-sharing nation with global perspectives’ to an urgent and severe test. This research paper finds that the UK has made clear contributions to its objectives of upholding the values and security of the liberal democracies. But it has undercut its commitments to support global resilience, and its international economic agenda remains very much a work in progress. The government must now prioritize rebuilding its relationship with the EU; leverage the G7 to avoid being sidelined by closer US–EU cooperation; and give greater strategic purpose to its trade agenda. It also needs to follow through on its commitments to support the resilience of the international community, or it will fail to live up to its goal of launching a truly global Britain.
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Kaminski, Paul G. Defense Trade and Cooperation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada340177.

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Hoffman, Wyatt. "Making AI Work for Cyber Defense: The Accuracy-Robustness Tradeoff ". Center for Security and Emerging Technology, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/2021ca007.

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Artificial intelligence will play an increasingly important role in cyber defense, but vulnerabilities in AI systems call into question their reliability in the face of evolving offensive campaigns. Because securing AI systems can require trade-offs based on the types of threats, defenders are often caught in a constant balancing act. This report explores the challenges in AI security and their implications for deploying AI-enabled cyber defenses at scale.
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Sullivan, Shannon M. Globalized Security Reshaping America's Defense Trade Policy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407839.

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Loy, James M., and Robert G. Ross. Global Trade: America's Achilles' Heel (Defense Horizons, Number 7, February 2002). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422551.

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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.

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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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Mayfield, W. T., and Stephen R. Welke. Proceedings of the IDA (Institute for Defense Analyses) Workshop on Formal Specification and Verification of Ada (Trade Name) (2nd) Held in Alexandria, Virginia on July 23-25, 1985. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172747.

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