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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Davis, Anne-Christine, and Robert Brandenberger, eds. Formation and Interactions of Topological Defects. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1883-9.

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2

Hill, C. T. Cosmological structure formation from soft topological defects. Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1988.

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3

Davis, Anne-Christine. Formation and Interactions of Topological Defects: Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Formation and Interactions of Topological Defects, held August 22-September 2, 1994, in Cambridge, England. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995.

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4

Patterson, James D. Electronic characterization of defects in narrow gap semiconductors: Final report, November 25, 1992 to November 25, 1994. Marshall Space Flight Center, AL: [National Aeronautics and Space Administration], George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1994.

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5

Patterson, James D. Electronic characterization of defects in narrow gap semiconductors: Comparison of electronic energy levels and formation energies in Mercury Cadmium Telluride Mercury Zinc Telluride and Mercury Zinc Selenide, semi-annual report, September 19, 1994 to March 19, 1995. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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6

S, Suresh, ed. Thin film materials: Stress, defect formation and surface evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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7

Freund, L. B. Thin film materials: Stress, defect formation, and surface evolution. Cambridge, [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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8

Freund, L. B. Thin film materials: Stress, defect formation, and surface evolution. Cambridge, [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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9

Anne-Christine, Davis, Brandenberger Robert Hans, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., and NATO Advanced Study Institute on Formation and Interactions of Topological Defects (1994 : Cambridge, England), eds. Formation and interactions of topological defects. New York: Plenum Press, 1995.

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10

Hodges, Hardy M. Formation of topological defects in phase transitions. 1989.

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11

Neumann, Wolfgang, Anna Mogilatenko, and Kurt Scheerschmidt. Nature of Crystal Defects: Formation, Structure, Analysis. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2022.

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12

Neumann, Wolfgang, Anna Mogilatenko, and Kurt Scheerschmidt. Nature of Crystal Defects: Formation, Structure, Analysis. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2022.

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13

Neumann, Wolfgang, Anna Mogilatenko, and Kurt Scheerschmidt. Nature of Crystal Defects: Formation, Structure, Analysis. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2022.

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14

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Formation of Topological Defects in Phase Transitions. Independently Published, 2018.

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15

Laboratory, Fermi National Accelerator, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The formation of topological defects in phase transitions. Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1989.

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16

Formation of the Heart and its Regulation. Birkhäuser, 2012.

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17

Tomanek, Robert J., and Robert B. Runyan. Formation of the Heart and its Regulation. Birkhäuser, 2012.

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18

Kachelriess, Michael. Phase transitions and topological defects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802877.003.0016.

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As the early universe cools down, it may perform transitions to phases with more and more broken symmetries. In a first-order phase transition, fields may be trapped in the false vacuum; the rate of the resulting tunneling process to the true vacuum is derived. Phase transitions can lead also to the formation of topological defects. Their structure and the reason for their stability are discussed.
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19

Tomanek, Robert J., and Robert B. Runyan. Formation of the Heart and Its Regulation. Birkhauser Verlag, 2012.

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20

(Editor), Robert J. Tomanek, and Robert B. Runyan (Editor), eds. Formation of the Heart & Its Regulation (Cardiovascular Molecular Morphogenesis). Birkhauser, 2001.

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21

1936-, Ferrante John, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Equivalent crystal theory of alloys. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1991.

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22

Formation and Interactions of Topological Defects: Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Formation and Interactions of Topological ... 22-September 2, 1994, in Cambridge, England. Springer, 2011.

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23

Calder, Peter. Chronic long bone osteomyelitis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.011001.

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Pathological features of chronic osteomyelitis♦ Necrotic bone♦ Compromised soft tissues with reduction in vascularity♦ Ineffective host response♦ Sequestrum formation♦ New bone formation from viable periosteum and endosteum♦ Formation of involucrum:Treatment principles in chronic osteomyelitis♦ Surgical debridement – remove all devitalized necrotic tissue♦ Dead space management:• Soft tissue defect – avoid healing by secondary intention. Consider local and free flaps• Bone defects – small structural with autologous bone graft, consider Papineau ‘open bone grafting’ where free tissue transfer is not an option, distraction osteogenesis with bifocal and bone transport for large defects including fibula transfer♦ Bone stability – movement needs to be eliminated♦ Antibiotic therapy – based on culture and sensitivity, local administration with PMMA beads or collagen sponge, Lautenbach procedure in resistant cases.
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24

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Electron diffraction evidence for the ordering of excess nickel atoms by relation to stoichiometry in nickel-rich B'-NiAl formation of a nickel-aluminum (Ni2Al) superlattice. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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25

Kühn, Wolfgang, and Gerd Walz. The molecular basis of ciliopathies and cyst formation. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0303.

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Abnormalities of the cilium, termed ‘ciliopathies’, are the prime suspect in the pathogenesis of renal cyst formation because the gene products of cystic disease-causing genes localize to them, or near them. However, we only partially understand how cilia maintain the geometry of kidney tubules, and how abnormal cilia lead to renal cysts, and the diverse range of diseases attributed to them. Some non-cystic diseases share pathology of the same structures. Although still incompletely understood, cilia appear to orient cells in response to extracellular cues to maintain the overall geometry of a tissue, thereby intersecting with the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway and the actin cytoskeleton. The PCP pathway controls two morphogenetic programmes, oriented cell division (OCD) and convergent extension (CE) through cell intercalation that both seem to play a critical role in cyst formation. The two-hit theory of cystogenesis, by which loss of the second normal allele causes tubular epithelial cells to form kidney cysts, has been largely borne out. Additional hits and influences may better explain the rate of cyst formation and inter-individual differences in disease progression. Ciliary defects appear to converge on overlapping signalling modules, including mammalian target of rapamycin and cAMP pathways, which can be targeted to treat human cystic kidney disease irrespective of the underlying gene mutation.
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26

Kavokin, Alexey V., Jeremy J. Baumberg, Guillaume Malpuech, and Fabrice P. Laussy. Quantum Fluids of Light. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782995.003.0010.

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In this chapter, we deal with polaritons as a “quantum fluid of light”, described by variants of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. We discuss how interactions between flowing polaritons and a defect allow to study their superfluid regime and generate topological defects. Including spin gives rise to an effective magnetic field (polariton spin-orbit coupling) that acts on the topological defects—half-solitons and half-vortices—behaving as effective magnetic monopoles. We describe various techniques to create periodic potentials, that can lead to the formation of polaritonic bands and gaps with a unique flexibility. Special focus is given to topologically nontrivial bands, leading to a polariton topological insulator, based on a polariton graphene analog.
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27

Freund, L. B., and S. Suresh. Thin Film Materials: Stress, Defect Formation and Surface Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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28

Freund, L. B., and S. Suresh. Thin Film Materials: Stress, Defect Formation and Surface Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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29

Freund, L. B., and Suresh S. Thin Film Materials: Stress, Defect Formation, and Surface Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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30

Freund, L. B., and Suresh S. Thin Film Materials: Stress, Defect Formation and Surface Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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31

Freund, L. B., and Suresh S. Thin Film Materials: Stress, Defect Formation and Surface Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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32

Freund, L. B., and Suresh S. Thin Film Materials: Stress, Defect Formation and Surface Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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33

Freund, L. B., and Suresh S. Thin Film Materials: Stress, Defect Formation and Surface Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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34

Venables, David. Defect formation and evolution in high dose oxygen implanted silicon. 1992.

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35

Gabrielle, Kaufmann-Kohler, and Rigozzi Antonio. 3 The Arbitration Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199679751.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses the notion, content, and effects of the arbitration agreement, defined as an agreement to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes that have arisen or may arise between the parties in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not, which may be in the form of a clause in a contract or of a separate ‘submission agreement’ (compromis arbitral). The chapter examines the principle of separability and the requirements for the validity of the arbitration agreement, namely arbitrability, written form, and substantive validity, including the agreement’s formation, interpretation, extension to third parties, and termination. Finally, it discusses to what extent defects of the arbitration agreement can be remedied by conduct.
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36

Odds, Frank C. Pathogenesis of fungal disease. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0008.

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The pathogenesis of fungal disease involves an interplay between fungal virulence factors and host immune responses. Most fungal pathogens are opportunists that preferentially invade hosts with immune defects, but the fact that relative pathogenicity varies between fungal species (and even between different strains within a species) is evidence that fungi have evolved multiple, different molecular virulence factors. Experiments in which genes encoding putative virulence attributes are specifically disrupted and the resulting mutants are tested for virulence in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts have identified or confirmed many gene products as significant for the pathogenesis of various types of fungal disease. These include factors determining fungal shape in vivo, biofilm formation, and a plethora of surface components, including adhesins and hydrolytic enzymes. This chapter provides an overview of fungal virulence attributes.
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37

Subramanian, Gopalakrishnan. Atomistic simulation studies of defect formation, migration and stability in ion-implanted silicon. 2000.

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38

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0014.

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Choline is required for the structural integrity of cell membranes and is involved in methyl-group metabolism, neurotransmission, transmembrane signalling, and lipid and cholesterol transport and metabolism. Choline is critical during fetal and neonatal life to ensure optimal brain and cognitive development. There is an intersection of the pathways of choline, folate, and vitamin B12 in the formation of methionine from homocysteine. Maternal peri-conceptional deficiency for choline, like folate, is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the offspring. It is recommended that pregnant women do not restrict fat severely from their diets, as choline is derived from the lipid content of food. Strict vegetarian or vegan diets may be low in choline. The high secretion rate of choline into breast milk means that lactating women have a high demand, and multivitamins containing choline may be helpful for both pregnancy and breastfeeding.
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39

L, Lukas H., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A calormetric determination of the enthalpy of formation and a description of the defect structure of the ordered beta-phase /Ni, Cu//1-x/ Al/x. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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40

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Identification and Control of Gravity Related Defect Formation During Melt Growth of Electro-Optic Single Crystals Bismuth Silicate(bi12sio20). Independently Published, 2018.

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41

Mavi, Jagroop, Anne C. Boat, Senthilkumar Sadhasivam, and Catherine P. Seipel. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0050.

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is an embryologic defect in diaphragm formation that allows abdominal contents to enter into the fetal pleural cavity, resulting in ipsilateral lung compression, pulmonary hypoplasia, and abnormal pulmonary vasculature. Though diagnosis is frequently made on prenatal imaging, the diagnosis should be considered in any newborn with respiratory distress. Prenatal predictors of defect severity include evaluation of observed-to-expected lung volumes on fetal magnetic resonance imaging and lung-to-head ratio on fetal ultrasound. Treatment focuses on medical stabilization, including optimization of oxygenation and ventilation, followed by surgical repair. Anesthetic considerations for these patients include management of coexisting cardiac disease and ventilatory parameters, in addition to standard neonatal anesthetic considerations.
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42

Boat, Anne C., and Senthilkumar Sadhasivam. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0055.

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) affects approximately 1 in 2,500 live births and results from an embryologic defect in diaphragm formation allowing abdominal contents to enter the fetal pleural cavity. Prognosis and treatment options vary depending on the extent and location of the diaphragmatic hernia, but CDH remains a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Anesthesia for neonatal repair of CDH can be involved, as patients often have many organ systems affected by their disease process.
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43

Nozhkina, N. V., N. A. Roslaya, and T. V. Zaripova. Organization and procedure for the examination of temporary disability. SIB-Expertise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0473.12072021.

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The electronic training manual "Organization and procedure for the examination of temporary disability" was developed on the basis of qualification requirements for the specialty "Organization of health care and public health", the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education, taking into account the professional standards "Specialist in the organization of health care and public health" and "Physician-competence required for the examination of temporary disability (ETD) and work as part of the medical commission carrying out ETD, the ability to determine the signs of TD and signs of persistent dysfunction caused by the disease, the consequence of injuries or defects. The manual consists of 7 modules containing up-to-date information on the organizational and legal issues of ETD, the legislative framework, modern regulatory requirements for the issuance of certificates of incapacity for work, including the procedure for the formation of certificates of incapacity for work in the form of an electronic document. The issues of the activity of the medical commission of a medical organization concerning the conduct of ETD, the analysis of morbidity with temporary disability and the control of the Social insurance fund of the Russian Federation over the organization of ETD and the validity of issuing certificates of incapacity for work in medical organizations. The materials of the manual are illustrated, which allows you to visually present the questions being studied, contain test tasks and situational tasks for self-control. Supplementing theoretical information with methodological materials for conducting practical exercises allows you to master the material qualitatively and contributes to the preservation of the acquired knowledge and competencies.
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44

Bynander, Fredrik, and Pär Daléus. Swedish Coalition Governments and the Quest for Re-election. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783848.003.0010.

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This chapter is a comparison of the leadership capital formation process of two Moderate party prime ministers, Carl Bildt and Fredrik Reinfeldt. Their government formation challenges were similar but their strategies differed and the ultimate outcomes—electoral defeat for Bildt and re-election for Reinfeldt—suggest superior “capital management” in the latter case. The findings, however, show that the ability to maintain support for the entire coalition is core for electoral success, and that this task is paradoxical for a leader of both a government and the senior coalition partner. Also, capitalizing on major events during the term in office is crucial as illustrated by the similar exposure to financial crises by the two governments and the relative success of the Reinfeldt government in exhibiting strength and efficacy under pressure.
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45

Erlinge, David, and Göran Olivecrona. Diagnosis and management of ST-elevation of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0147.

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ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is generally caused by a ruptured plaque that triggers local thrombus formation, which occludes the coronary artery. STEMI should be diagnosed rapidly, based on the combination of ST-segment elevation and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. The main treatment objective is myocardial tissue reperfusion as quickly as possible. The preferred method of reperfusion is primary percutaneous coronary interventionif transport time is below 2 hours, and thrombolysis if longer STEMI patients with acute onset cardiogenic shock should be evaluated by echocardiography to exclude mechanical complications, such as flail mitral insufficiency, ventricular septal defect or tamponade. Secondary prevention includes aspirin, adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists, statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitors, and lifestyle changes.
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46

Storrs, Christopher. Military Engineers, Maps and the Survival of the Savoyard State (1559–1798). Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861209.003.0004.

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The Savoyard state was an extreme example of the importance of military engineers and map making in the process of state formation because of the composite multi-lingual nature of the state and its vulnerable position between the power of France and the domains of the Austrian Habsburgs. The Dukes of Savoy attained royal status by often duplicitous policies and endless participation in wars on east and west which require extensive fortification. Their capital Turin survived a great siege in 1706. Latterly military cartography of high quality was produced in Savoy by its prestigious military engineers who inevitably bore responsibility when its expensive, ineffective defences collapsed before French Revolutionary armies.
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47

Sprague, Stuart M., and James M. Pullman. Spectrum of bone pathologies in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0122.

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Histologic bone abnormalities begin very early in the course of chronic kidney disease. The KDIGO guidelines recommend that bone disease in patients with chronic kidney disease should be diagnosed on the basis of bone biopsy examination, with bone histomorphometry. They have also proposed a new classification system (TMV), using three key features of bone histology—turnover, mineralization, and volume—to describe bone disease in these patients. However, bone biopsy is still rarely performed today, as it involves an invasive procedure and highly specialized laboratory techniques. High-turnover bone disease (osteitis fibrosa cystica) is mainly related to secondary hyperparathyroidism and is characterized by increased rates of both bone formation and resorption, with extensive osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and a progressive increase in peritrabecular marrow space fibrosis. On the other hand, low-turnover (adynamic) bone disease involves a decline in osteoblast and osteoclast activities, reduced new bone formation and mineralization, and endosteal fibrosis. The pathophysiological mechanisms of adynamic bone include vitamin D deficiency, hyperphosphataemia, metabolic acidosis, inflammation, low oestrogen and testosterone levels, bone resistance to parathyroid hormone, and high serum fibroblast growth factor 23. Mixed uraemic osteodystrophy describes a combination of osteitis fibrosa and mineralization defect. In the past few decades, an increase in the prevalence of mixed uraemic osteodystrophy and adynamic bone disease has been observed.
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48

Nojkina, N. V., N. A. Roslaya, and I. V. Rusakova. Examination of temporary disability in the practice of a dentist. SIB-Expertise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0466.12072021.

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The electronic training manual "Examination of temporary disability in the practice of a dentist" was developed on the basis of qualification requirements for the specialty "Organization of health care and public health", the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education, taking into account the professional standards "Specialist in the organization of health care and public health" and "Physician dentist. "The manual consists of 5 modules containing up-to-date information on the organizational and legal issues examination of temporary disability (ETD), the legislative framework, the principles of examination of temporary disability, modern regulatory requirements for the issuance of certificates of incapacity for work, including the procedure for the formation of certificates of incapacity for work in the form of an electronic document in case of illness, during care for a sick family member The issues of the activity of the medical commission of a medical organization concerning the conduct of ETD, the analysis of morbidity with temporary disability and the control of the Social insurance fund of the Russian Federation over the organization of ETD were considered and reasonably by issuing certificates of incapacity for work in medical organizations. The materials of the manual are illustrated, which allows you to visually present the questions being studied, contain test tasks and situational tasks for self-control. Supplementing theoretical information with methodological materials for conducting practical exercises allows you to master the material qualitatively and contributes to the preservation of the acquired knowledge and competencies.State Educational Standard of Higher Education, taking into account the professional standards "Specialist in the organization of health care and public health" and "Physician-competence required for the examination of temporary disability (ETD) and work as part of the medical commission carrying out ETD, the ability to determine the signs of TD and signs of persistent dysfunction caused by the disease, the consequence of injuries or defects. The manual consists of 7 modules containing up-to-date information on the organizational and legal issues of ETD, the legislative framework, modern regulatory requirements for the issuance of certificates of incapacity for work, including the procedure for the formation of certificates of incapacity for work in the form of an electronic document. The issues of the activity of the medical commission of a medical organization concerning the conduct of ETD, the analysis of morbidity with temporary disability and the control of the Social insurance fund of the Russian Federation over the organization of ETD and the validity of issuing certificates of incapacity for work in medical organizations. The materials of the manual are illustrated, which allows you to visually present the questions being studied, contain test tasks and situational tasks for self-control. Supplementing theoretical information with methodological materials for conducting practical exercises allows you to master the material qualitatively and contributes to the preservation of the acquired knowledge and competencies.
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49

Petersen, Klaus, and Nils Arne Sørensen. From Military State to Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0011.

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Compared to most other countries, Denmark was only marginally affected by the two world wars. However, this does not mean that war had no impact on the historical development of the Danish welfare state. First, the formation of the nation state is directly linked to war and military defeats. As a result, Denmark gradually went from being a medium-sized European power to a small nation state with a very homogeneous population. Second, being a small state, the overall Danish security strategy was a passive one from 1870 to the end of the Cold War with a focus on domestic issues. The welfare state is part of this story. Third, as a consequence of this, the voice of the military was marginalized in politics and almost completely absent in debates on social issues. Still, war was a reality and both world wars affected the Danish social security system in various ways.
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50

Mundy, Anthony R., and Daniela E. Andrich. Upper urinary tract reconstruction. Edited by Anthony R. Mundy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0048.

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This chapter addresses the problem of dealing with a ruptured, ligated or transected ureter, or a ureteric defect caused accidentally or intentionally by surgery. Ureteric strictures may occur as a result of tuberculosis or schistosomiasis. Tuberculous strictures may occur at either end of the ureter; schistosomal strictures occur primarily in the distal ureter. Ureteric stones are another cause of stricture formation and these tend to occur at the common sites of impaction of a stone; therefore, particularly just above the pelvic brim and just outside the bladder. It also develops the theme known as ‘bridging the gap’ and describes the techniques of ureteroureterostomy; the psoas hitch and Boari flap with ureteric reimplantation; transureteroureterostomy (TUU); and the ileal ureter; and briefly refers to renal autotransplantation. Finally, we introduce the concept of ‘complexity’ by reference to the problems of the patient with ureteric obstruction because of, or otherwise associated with radiotherapy.
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