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Journal articles on the topic 'DEFECTIVE GROUND'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Kodavanti, Pradeep Vinaik, P. V. Y. Jayasree, and Prabhakara Rao Bhima. "Multi-input multi-output antenna measurements with super wide bandwidth for wireless applications using isolated T stub and defected ground structure." ACTA IMEKO 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v11i1.1213.

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The paper presents the idea of defective ground structures for the improvement in the radiation characteristics of the antenna especially in the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) configuration. The proposed antenna model with partially flared out feed system is designed and analyzed with defective ground in both single and array configuration. A T stub is a T shaped stub used in this work with defected ground structure. A T stub is included along with defective ground to enhance the MIMO configuration features. The simulations are carried out on electromagnetic modelling tool and analyzed by measuring the parameters like reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, radiation pattern and current distribution plots. For the fabrication of the proposed antenna these measurements are very important. The antenna is fabricated and validated in terms of S-parameters and VSWR. The proposed results are good agreement with the simulated results. The overall size of the antenna is 24 × 18 x 0.8 mm<sup>3</sup>.

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2

., Brajesh Kumar Gupta. "ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR DISC ANTENNA USING DEFECTIVE GROUND PLANE." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 22 (June 25, 2014): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0322028.

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3

INATOMI, Yutaro, Kouki ZEN, Guangqi CHEN, and Kiyonobu KASAMA. "LIQUEFACTION RISK ANALYSIS FOR ARTIFICIALLY SOLIDIFIED GROUND IN TERMS OF PERCENT DEFECTIVE OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering) 67, no. 2 (2011): I_423—I_428. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejoe.67.i_423.

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4

Gupta, Swati, and Dhirendra Kumar. "Compact Patch Antenna Array using Defective Ground Structure on Feedline." International Journal of Computer Applications 149, no. 9 (September 15, 2016): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016911574.

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5

Abdul Khalid, M. F., Z. Ismail Khan, Z. Awang, I. Pasya, N. Ab Wahab, and I. M. Yassin. "Dual-Band Bandpass Filter with Dumbbell Shaped Defective Ground Structure." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 7, no. 2 (April 21, 2017): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.2.1342.

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6

Sarade, Shrenik Suresh, and Sachin Ruikar. "Development Of Multiband MIMO Antenna With Defective Ground Structure: Review." Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020): 1829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.196.

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7

Venkatachalam, Dinesh, and Murugesan Govindasamy. "A miniaturized planar antenna with defective ground structure for UWB applications." IEICE Electronics Express 16, no. 14 (2019): 20190242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.16.20190242.

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8

Liu, Zhao, Yongshun Wang, Yao Hu, and Lijun Zhang. "Design of Wideband Decoupling Antenna Array for 5G Smartphones at N77/N78/N79/WLAN 5 GHz Bands." Applied Sciences 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2023): 9370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13169370.

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We propose a broadband decoupled antenna pair for 5G mobile terminals. The broadband decoupled design of this antenna pair is based on the characteristic mode theory (CMA) and defective ground structure. First, CMA is applied to obtain the characteristic current distribution of the antenna, then the characteristic current sensitive regions are optimized to make the antenna introduce new modes and obtain a wide bandwidth. After that, an antenna pair is added with defective ground structure to obtain a wideband decoupled antenna pair that has small size and high isolation. Next, an eight-element MIMO antenna system is constructed with the obtained broadband decoupled antenna pair, and a composite decoupling technique consisting of defective ground structure (DGS) and decoupling strip is applied to the two antenna pairs on the same side of the bezel to improve the isolation. The simulation and prototype test results show that the eight-element MIMO antenna with −10 dB bandwidth of 3.28~5.85 GHz mainly covers the N77/N78/N79/WLAN 5 GHz band, and the antenna pair are only 1.6 mm apart with good isolation (−16.7 dB), the ECC is less than 0.01, and it has a good total efficiency at the main operating frequency. Finally, the effect of a user’s hand on the antenna is briefly analyzed to verify the robustness of the proposed MIMO antenna system.

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9

Sindhadevi, M., K. Malathi, A. Henridass, and A. K. Shrivastav. "Crosstalk Reduction Using Defective Ground Plane Structures In RF Printed Circuit Boards." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 39, no. 2 (September 8, 2013): 1107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0720-0.

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10

Wu, Chao-Ming, Jia-Wun Syu, and Wen-Chung Liu. "DUAL-BAND SLOTTED PATCH ANTENNA WITH DEFECTIVE GROUND FOR WLAN/WIMAX APPLICATIONS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters 53 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierl15022503.

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11

., B. Suryakanth. "BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA USING SLOTS AND DEFECTIVE GROUND STRUCTURE." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 05 (May 25, 2016): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0505095.

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12

Misala, Syamala, and Satyaanuradha Mosa. "C-BAND RECTANGULAR DRA WITH DEFECTIVE GROUND STRUCTURE FOR SATELLITE UPLINK APPLICATIONS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 127 (2022): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc22100402.

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13

Hanapi, Kausar M., Sharul K. Abdul Rahim, B. M. Saad, Mohd Subri Abdul Rani, and Mohamad Zoinol Abd Aziz. "An elliptically planar UWB monopole antenna with step slots defective ground structure." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 9 (June 24, 2014): 2084–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28530.

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14

Mirdha, Vinita, Deepak Bhatnagar, Summaiyya Saleem, Brajraj Sharma, and Krishan G. Jangid. "Circularly Polarized Antenna with Metallic Reflector for High-Gain Satellite Communication." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 4 (May 4, 2023): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i4.6391.

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This paper describes the design and performance of a circularly polarized antenna for satellite communication applications. The antenna design includes a monopole patch antenna, split ring resonator, defective ground surface and a metallic reflector. The antenna is designed to operate in multiple frequency bands and to have high gain. The metallic reflector is used to enhance the antenna gain by reflecting the signal in the same phase as the transmitted signal, thereby strengthening the signal. The antenna resonates in 4.4 GHz and 7.6 GHz frequency bands, making it suitable for satellite communication applications. The paper presents both simulated and measured results of the antenna's performance, including return loss, gain, VSWR and polarization characteristics. The paper provides a detailed analysis of antenna's performance, demonstrating its suitability for satellite communication applications. The use of a metallic reflector, the split ring resonator and defective ground surface design results into antenna's high gain and multiband operation.

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15

Indiketiya, Samanthi, Piratheepan Jegatheesan, and Pathmanathan Rajeev. "Evaluation of defective sewer pipe–induced internal erosion and associated ground deformation using laboratory model test." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 8 (August 2017): 1184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0558.

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Sinkholes induced by long-term internal erosion around defective sewer pipes have been widely reported. There is a need for an efficient method to understand the influence of pipe defects on internal erosion and ground settlement. This paper presents an approach to the investigation of erosion-induced ground settlement and the susceptibility of pipe bedding materials to internal erosion. A new and efficient erosion test apparatus is introduced, aided by controlling most of the key influencing parameters. The corresponding ground displacement is tracked by image correlation based on particle image velocimetry (PIV). The basic parameters investigated are (i) the process of cavity initiation and evolution, (ii) the rate of soil loss, (iii) the gradation of eroded soil, and (iv) the corresponding ground displacement. The results indicate that particles less than 0.3 mm are highly vulnerable to erosion through 5 mm openings of embedment material with a maximum particle size of 4.75 mm. The proposed method is beneficial, as it allows measurement of the deformation at any time and at any location throughout the test and facilitates checking the resistance to erosion of pipe embedment materials.

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16

S. Mohan Reddy, S., M. Vinod Kumar, B. Sanjay, and K. Aruna Kumari. "Comparative Analysis of Edge Feeding and coaxial Feeding Technique with Fixed Frequency." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.7 (March 18, 2018): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.11080.

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The performance of rectangular microstrip patch antenna with the edge feeding and coaxial feeding techniques with DGS (Defective ground structure) and DSS (Defective substrate structure) are analyzed. It was observed that the return loss for Edge feeding is -28.39dB, for DSS it is - 26.44 and return loss for coaxial with DGS is -27.50dB and for DSS is -28.52. VSWR is approximately equal to 1 for all designs and also it was observed that the Gain is enhancement in Edge feeding and Bandwidth is improvement with coaxial feeding. The antenna designing and simulation is done by using the ANSOFT HFSS Software.

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17

Feng, Guirong, Lei Chen, and Xiaowei Shi. "A broadband circularly polarized monopole antenna employing parasitic loops and defective ground plane." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 62, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.31998.

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18

Aurelian, L. "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Vaccines: New Ground for Optimism?" Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 3 (May 2004): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.3.437-445.2004.

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ABSTRACT The development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against genital herpes has proven problematic. Difficulties are associated with the complexity of the virus life cycle (latency) and our relatively poor understanding of the mechanism of immune control of primary and recurrent disease. The types of effector cells and the mechanisms responsible for their activation and regulation are particularly important. Studies from my and other laboratories have shown that recurrent disease is prevented by virus-specific T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines (viz., gamma interferon) and activated innate immunity. Th2 cytokines (viz., interleukin-10 [IL-10]) and regulatory (suppressor) T cells downregulate this immune profile, thereby allowing unimpeded replication of reactivated virus and recurrent disease. Accordingly, an effective therapeutic vaccine must induce Th1 immunity and be defective in Th2 cytokine production, at least IL-10. These concepts are consistent with the findings of the most recent clinical trials, which indicate that (i) a herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD-2) vaccine formulated with a Th1-inducing adjuvant has prophylactic activity in HSV-2- and HSV-1-seronegative females, an activity attributed to the adjuvant function, and (ii) a growth-defective HSV-2 mutant (ICP10ΔPK), which is deleted in the Th2-polarizing gene ICP10PK, induces Th1 immunity and has therapeutic activity in both genders. The ICP10ΔPK vaccine prevents recurrent disease in 44% of treated subjects and reduces the frequency and severity of recurrences in the subjects that are not fully protected. Additional studies to evaluate these vaccines are warranted.

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19

Rama Sanjeeva Reddy, B., and D. Vakula. "Tri-band dual circularly polarized planar antenna with defective ground structure for wireless applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, no. 7 (April 13, 2015): 1121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715000628.

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A novel tri-band asymmetric slot with defective ground structure (DGS) microstrip antenna for dual circular polarization (CP) is proposed. By placing a slot with 45° across diagonally at the center of the patch, excites resonant bands with narrow bandwidth and dual CP operation. The main design challenge is to introduce optimized defected element of circular dumbbell shape to enhance the impedance bandwidth with frequency shift operation at all bands. DGS enabled antenna is practically fabricated and simulated. Antenna is compact in size and shows a good quality of CP at two resonant bands and linearly polarized at one band. Structure displays the impedance bandwidth of 8% (2.26–2.45 GHz), 5.45% (3.41–3.6 GHz) and 3.07% (5.12–5.28 GHz). The design also shows 40 and 11 MHz, 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth at lower and middle bands, respectively. Simulated gain for each band is 4.72, 6.2 and 4 dB. Performance of antenna with and without DGS is also studied and compared. This single probe feed proposed antenna remains consistent with good radiation patterns and sufficient antenna gain over the operating bands. Excellent agreement was obtained between measurements and simulations.

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20

Mylona, Panagiota, Paul Linstead, Rob Martienssen, and Liam Dolan. "SCHIZORIZA controls an asymmetric cell division and restricts epidermal identity in the Arabidopsis root." Development 129, no. 18 (September 15, 2002): 4327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.18.4327.

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The primary root of Arabidopsis has a simple cellular organisation. The fixed radial cell pattern results from stereotypical cell divisions that occur in the meristem. Here we describe the characterisation of schizoriza (scz), a mutant with defective radial patterning. In scz mutants, the subepidermal layer (ground tissue) develops root hairs. Root hairs normally only form on epidermal cells of wild-type plants. Moreover, extra periclinal divisions (new wall parallel to surface of the root) occur in the scz root resulting in the formation of supernumerary layers in the ground tissue. Both scarecrow (scr) and short root (shr) suppress the extra periclinal divisions characteristic of scz mutant roots. This results in the formation of a single layered ground tissue in the double mutants. Cells of this layer develop root hairs, indicating that mis-specification of the ground tissue in scz mutants is uncoupled to the cell division defect. This suggests that during the development of the ground tissue SCZ has two distinct roles: (1) it acts as a suppressor of epidermal fate in the ground tissue, and (2) it is required to repress periclinal divisions in the meristem. It may act in the same pathway as SCR and SHR.

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21

Davuluri, Akhila John, and P. Siddaiah. "Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground structure for ku band." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1337-1345.

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This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.

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22

Qian Feng, 钱锋, 贾建军 Jia Jianjun, 张亮 Zhang Liang, and 王建宇 Wang Jianyu. "Defective Pixel Correction of Spot-Detecting Camera in Satellite-to-Ground Laser Communication ATP System." Chinese Journal of Lasers 41, no. 5 (2014): 0505007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201441.0505007.

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23

Mahapatra, Shaktijeet, and Mihir Narayan Mohanty. "An Optimized Feed Hexagonal Antenna with Defective Ground Plane for UWB Body Area Network Application." Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.200503.

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Body area network has facilitated monitoring, authentication and security through sensors or microstrip antenna with specified frequency. The purpose of this research work is to propose a simplified way to search for an optimal length of the inset for edge feeding using the Evolutionary Algorithm search by minimizing the reflection coefficient using ANSYS HFSS. The optimal inset length resulted in an antenna with better radiation efficiency and wider bandwidth. The antenna structure is 70x70x1.6 mm3, with a modified ground. The purpose of this antenna is communication in Ultra-wideband and works in 5.4, 8.1, and 9.8 GHz bands respectively. The resonant bandwidth measured are 1.02, 0.28, 0.12 GHz, respectively. Simultaneously the achievable gains are 3.18, 7.81, and 19.95 dB, respectively in free space. As the antenna is of wearable type, the front-to-back ratio evaluated for each band is 2.31, 7.01, and 13.91 respectively. The results of the fabricated antenna agree with the simulated results. The specific absorption rates at resonant frequencies were observed to be 0.3, 0.56 and 0.24 W/kg respectively when antenna is placed on a human tissue model. The antenna is useful for on-body communication at ISM band, and high data rate off-body communication in body area networks.

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24

Rao, Nelapati Ananda, and Siddaiah P. "Defective ground structure and complimentary split ring resonator loaded compact wideband antenna for radiolocation applications." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 18, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 2328. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v18i5.15953.

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25

Gandhimohan, J., and T. Shanmuganantham. "Scaling of Performance Indicators in a Defective Ground Structure Based Microstrip Slotted Rectangular Patch Antenna." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8040.

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26

Chakraborty, Mrinmoy, Biswarup Rana, P. P. Sarkar, and Achintya Das. "Design and Analysis of a Compact Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Slots using Defective Ground Structure." Procedia Technology 4 (2012): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2012.05.064.

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27

Alam, Md Jubaer, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Sabirin Abdullah, and Mohammad Tariqul Islam. "Double-split labyrinth resonator with defective ground system for wide-band band-stop filter application." AIP Advances 8, no. 8 (August 2018): 085127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5029968.

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28

Zaidi, A., A. Baghdad, A. Ballouk, and A. Badri. "Design and Optimization of a High Gain Multiband Patch Antenna for Millimeter Wave Application." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2942-2950.

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<p>This paper presents an enhanced Quadri-band microstrip patch antenna, using defective slots in the ground plane, designed to operate in the millimeter wave band, formulated using cavity model and simulated by an EM-simulator, based on finite element method: HFSSv15 (High Frequency Structure Simulator). The proposed antenna incorporates two symmetric patterns of “U” shaped slots with an “I” shaped slot engraved in the middle of the ground plane. The resulting antenna has four frequency bands; the first resonant frequency is located in the Ka band, at about 27Ghz, the second at nearly 35Ghz, the third at 41Ghz and the last one at 51GHz. Those resonant frequencies could be shifted by tuning the slots dimensions introduced if the ground plane of the proposed antenna .</p><p> </p>

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29

Sozykin, Sergey Anatolevich, Valeriy Petrovich Beskachko, and G. P. Vyatkin. "Calculation of Adsorption Parameters for Lithium on Carbon Nanotube (7,7) with a Double Vacancy." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.132.

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The adsorption of lithium atoms on carbon nanotubes with double vacancy structural defects (2V-defect) is being studied with first-principle modeling. The structure of defective tubes in ground state is considered, the role of effects related to finite sizes of a model is evaluated. It is demonstrated that the location of a carbon 8-ring formed by 2V-defect above the center is the most preferable for a lithium atom.

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30

Tsukimoto, Susumu, Tatsuhiko Ise, Genta Maruyama, Satoshi Hashimoto, Tsuguo Sakurada, Junji Senzaki, Tomohisa Kato, Kazutoshi Kojima, and Hajime Okumura. "Correlation between Local Strain Distribution and Microstructure of Grinding-Induced Damage Layers in 4H-SiC(0001)." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.177.

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Evaluation of surface damage layers formed by mechanical grinding processes is indispensable in epi-ready SiC wafer preparation. As well as microstructure, the analysis of local strain distribution in the damage layers gives a clue on control of the wafer quality. Advanced electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique is applied to evaluate the strain distribution of the damage layers. It is revealed that the elastic strain distribution can be classified into a hierarchy of three regions with respect to depth from the surface. Combining EBSD analysis with TEM observation, large compressive elastic strain and misorientation are introduced in the highly-defective region underneath the ground wafer surface. In addition, the gradient distribution of the strain is observed clearly below the highly-defective region. The knowledge of correlating between strain distribution and microstructure is promising to control the damage layer for the wafer preparation.

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31

Ravikiran, H. K., J. Jayanth, Naziya Farheen H S, and G. H. Yogeesh. "2.4 G HZ MINIATURISED RECTANGULAR MPA WITH DEFECTED GROUND AND PATCH." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 9 (January 1, 2023): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2023.v07i09.025.

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This study aimed to develop a miniaturised rectangular microstrip patch antenna with a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz. In order to achieve this, an initial microstrip antenna's resonance frequency was shifted from 3 GHz to a lower frequency by employing a defective ground structure (DGS) with a triangular-shaped slot into the ground plane. Also Triangular ring slots used defect the patch to improve co- and cross-polarization separation. Finally, a successful downsizing of up to 28% along the length and 18% along the width of the patch is achieved compared to the traditional 2.4 GHz microstrip antenna. The findings of the experiments have been obtained using high-frequency structure simulator software (HFSS). The substrate used in this work is RT/ Duroid 5880, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 1.575 mm.

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32

Yaroslav, Bederak, and Busel Sergei. "DETERMINATION OF THE LOCATION OF THE INCREASED TRANSITIONAL RESISTANCE OF THE CABLE WITH PAPER-OIL INSULATION FOR VOLTAGE 6 (10) KV." Energy saving. Power engineering. Energy audit., no. 9-10(175-176) (March 15, 2023): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2313-8890.2022.09.03.

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The publication deals with the problem of determining the location of damage to a cable with paper-oil insulation, in which one of the cores is characterized by increased transient resistance. A model of the defective cable was created and calculated. The stages of finding the place of damage are substantiated. Proposed a method of determining the current and voltage of the detected cable with a defective core only according to the tabular data of the cables without taking into account the resistance of the load, the power transformer and the system. A model of the processes taking place in KL has been developed. Methods of determining the location of damage to a cable with paper-oil insulation, laid by an overpass or in the ground, one of whose cores is characterized by increased transient resistance, are considered. Proposals have been developed to change the currently valid regulatory documents regarding the requirement to measure the length of the cable route with a reflectometer at each phase to prevent cable breakage and measure the direct current resistance between the phases of the cable line at the beginning of the line when its end is shorted, which will allow timely detection of the cable, one of the cores which has an increased transient resistance. The activation of the protection against short circuits to the ground in the cable line with a defect is substantiated. Methods of finding the location of the defect in the cable laid both in the ground and on the overpass are described. Measures are proposed to help detect a cable with increased transient resistance on one of the cores during operational preventive tests.

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33

Rajauria, Vaishali. "Cone Shaped Multiband Antenna for Wireless Applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35363.

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In this paper multi-band microstrip-fed monopole antenna is proposed to apply Satellite communication, GSM 860 & GSM 1800. A cone-shaped defected patch antenna with the reduced ground plane is proposed to build a multi-band antenna. Because of the defective patch, the antenna resonating in triple bands 860MHz, 1.8GHz &2. 1GHz.The size of the antenna is 72*1.6*100 mm3. The antenna simulation is done on CST software using FR-4 substrate.

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34

Khan, Asif, Suiyan Geng, Xiongwen Zhao, Zahoor Shah, Mishkat Ullah Jan, and Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky. "Design of MIMO Antenna with an Enhanced Isolation Technique." Electronics 9, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081217.

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The isolation between the microstrip patches has a great significance to examine the performance of the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antennas. The patch antennas are placed on the top of 1.46 mm thick Rogers RO3003 substrate having a length of 60 mm, a width of 50 mm, and relative permittivity of 3. The distance between the resonators is 0.06λ and they are stimulated by two coaxial probes extended from the bottom ground layer. The defective ground structure of the H-shape slot is inserted on the bottom ground layer to achieve high isolation (mutual coupling reduction). The proposed MIMO antenna operates at 5.3 GHz frequency, which can be used for WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and future 5G services all over the world. The results of the designed structure have been simulated in a finite element method-based solver high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The simulated results show that the reflection coefficient (S11) and isolation (S21) at the desired frequency are −32 dB and −41 dB, respectively.

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35

Garašić, Jasnica. "Najznačajnije novine stečajnog zakona iz 2015. godine." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 38, no. 1 (2017): 131–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.38.1.5.

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This paper gives the analysis of the most important novelties that the new Bankruptcy Act of 2015 brought into Croatian bankruptcy law. The author points at many contradictory, imprecise and defective provisions of the new Bankruptcy Act, especially provisions regarding a pre-bankruptcy reason (ground), pre-bankruptcy proceedings, advance payment for the costs of bankruptcy proceedings, appointment of bankruptcy administrators (bankruptcy trustees), action to contest legal transactions of the debtor, liquidation of objects on which the right for separate satisfaction exists, bankruptcy plan, group of companies (connected companies), bankruptcy proceedings against liquidation estate and international bankruptcy. Due to numerousness of the defective legal solutions and disturbing easiness with which some of the basic principles of bankruptcy law and civil procedure law generally have been directly broken, it is necessary to prepare new legal provisions that shall change and amend the Bankruptcy Act of 2015.

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36

Sandi, E., B. Maruddani, D. F. Ronald, and R. Ramadhan. "A wideband microstrip triangle patch antenna with double dumbbell shaped Defective Ground Structure for 5G application." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1098, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 042093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1098/4/042093.

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Carrive, Pierre, Albane Saintenoy, Emmanuel Léger, Steven A. Arcone, and Pascal Sailhac. "Exploiting Ground-Penetrating Radar Signal Enhancements by Water-Saturated Bulb Surrounding Defective Waterpipes for Leak Detection." Geosciences 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100368.

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The detection of water leakage along its transportation network has important societal impacts, such as avoiding a large volume of water wasted along the waterways or preventing water-related chemical or physical surrounding media deterioration. Among the vast domain of destructive techniques, Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a common and efficient tool used for detection in many near-surface contexts, and it is particularly efficient in civil engineering cases, such as utility detection, due to its fine resolution and the ease of data acquisition. A peculiar form of signal enhancement appears in GPR profiles recorded over spheres and cylinders where velocity contrasts exist between the body’s material and the surrounding medium. We used this enhancement to detect potential water leakages in water pipes. After exhibiting the signal enhancement effect in a laboratory sandbox experiment using a spherical glass ball, we verified the results with numerical experiments with varied sphere and cylinder sizes and dielectric properties. We then investigated field and numerical experiments of GPR transects above a “real life” water-leaking PVC pipe. Our results show that the water cylinder and water infiltration bulb produced a characteristic signal that could be used for detecting water leakages along water pipes. The largest amplitude in the GPR signal is caused by a bottom pipe reflection enhanced by the water bulb and not by the top of the pipe. We stress the risk of miscalculating the pipe’s depth during velocity estimation when amplitude enhancement conditions are met. Beyond civil-engineering impacts, knowledge on signal amplification phenomena can help GPR data interpretations in sedimentology and hydrogeology studies.

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38

Tachikawa, Hiroto, Yoshinori Nagoya, and Hiroshi Kawabata. "A Density Functional Theory Study of Ground and Low-Lying Excited Electronic States in Defective Graphenes." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 5, no. 8 (July 6, 2009): 2101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct900151s.

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39

Nandamuri, Shilpa, and Shankar Stevens. "Space Diverse and Frequency MIMO Antenna with Defected Ground Structure." Journal of Telecommunication Study 7, no. 2 (August 10, 2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jts.2022.v07i02.005.

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A four-port DGS (defective ground structure) MIMO antenna is the subject of an inquiry. The proposed design in this study operates at a range of frequencies (1.8 GHz NB-IoT band, 2.4 GHz ISM band, 3.1 GHz sub 6 GHz, Wi-Max, and 4.8 GHz 5G connectivity band). The antenna is driven by an excited microstrip transmission line. All ports of the recommended MIMO antenna are isolated by less than -15dB, and its tiny (20 cm by 15 cm) footprint. It also takes into account radiation characteristics including s-parameters, radiation pattern, directivity, gain, return loss, and bandwidth. Measurements of MIMO performance such the Envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and mean effective gain (MEG) are also employed to ensure proper diversity performance. Utilizing CST Microwave Studio, the proposed antenna is examined. The resonant frequencies of antennas 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.1 GHz, and 4.8 GHz, respectively. The greatest gain it provides is 9.15dB. There is 20 dB isolation between ports.

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40

Sokunbi, Oludayo, and Hussein Attia. "Highly reduced mutual coupling between wideband patch antenna array using multiresonance EBG structure and defective ground surface." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 62, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 1628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.32193.

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41

Abdel-Qader, Ikhlas, Fadi Abu-Amara, and Osama Abudayyeh. "Fractals and Independent Component Analysis for Defect Detection in Bridge Decks." Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/506464.

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We present in this paper a framework for the automatic detection and localization of defects inside bridge decks. Using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) raw scans, this framework is composed of a feature extraction algorithm using fractals to detect defective regions and a deconvolution algorithm using banded-independent component analysis (ICA) to reduce overlapping between reflections and to estimate the radar waves travel time and depth of defects. Results indicate that the defects' estimated horizontal location and depth falling within 2 cm (76.92% accuracy) and 1 cm (84.62% accuracy) from their actual values.

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42

Park, Sung Han, Su Hyun Park, Hang Gyeong Chin, Moo Je Cho, Robert A. Martienssen, and Chang-deok Han. "Inhibitor of striate conditionally suppresses cell proliferation in variegated maize." Genes & Development 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2000): 1005–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.14.8.1005.

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Since the work done by R.A. Emerson in the 1930s, Inhibitor of striate (Isr) has been recognized as a dose-dependent genetic modifier of variegation in chlorotic leaf striping mutants of maize such as striate2 (sr2). We have shown thatIsr specifically inhibits proliferation and differentiation of plastid defective cells in sr2 mutants. Leaf narrowing is due to loss of intermediate veins and ground tissue located at leaf margins, and the few remaining plastid defective cells are of irregular size and aberrant organization. The Isr gene has been cloned by targeted transposon tagging. Isr mRNA is expressed throughout young leaves, but Isr chimeras indicate that the expression ofIsr at leaf margins is sufficient to suppress both the lateral expansion of sr2 leaves and the extent of striping. Isr protein appears to encode a chloroplast protein with sequence similarity to a family of bacterial phosphatases involved in carbon catabolite repression or in carbon metabolism. We propose that the action ofIsr in nuclear and plastid communication could be triggered by carbon stress.

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Guo, Honglei, Yu Chen, Qiannan Wu, Jianyang Wang, Yu He, Yonghong Cao, and Mengwei Li. "A Multi-Frequency Omnidirectional Antenna Based on a Ring-Shaped Structure." Micromachines 14, no. 5 (May 3, 2023): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14050994.

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A multi-frequency microstrip antenna loaded with a ring-like structure has been proposed. The radiating patch on the antenna surface consists of three split-ring resonator structures, and the ground plate consists of a bottom metal strip and three ring-shaped metals with regular cuts to form a defective ground structure. The proposed antenna works in six different frequency bands covering 1.10, 1.33, 1.63, 1.97, 2.08, and 2.69 GHz and works entirely when connected to 5G NR (FR1, 0.45–3 GHz), 4GLTE (1.6265–1.6605 GHz), Personal Communication System (1.85–1.99 GHz), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (1.92–2.176 GHz), WiMAX (2.5–2.69 GHz), and other communications frequency bands. Moreover, such antennas also have stable omnidirectional radiation properties across different operating frequency bands. This antenna meets the needs of portable multi-frequency mobile devices and provides a theoretical approach for the development of multi-frequency antennas.

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44

Sriram, A., and M. Sangeetha. "Design of UWB Antenna for Multimedia and High-Speed Automotive Communication." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2335, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2335/1/012007.

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Abstract This paper reveals a planar ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with defective ground structure is designed and analyzed. A size of 24 × 24 × 1.6 mm3 circular shaped proposed UWB antenna uses FR-4 substrate covering the impedance bandwidth (S11 ≤ −10 dB) of 11 GHz ranging from 2.9 GHz to 13.9 GHz and also offers a peak gain of 5.1 dBi, more than 65% of efficiency in overall UWB operating band with omnidirectional radiation pattern. The simulated results of proposed UWB planar antenna have good performance, and is well-suited for high-speed and multimedia communications in vehicular environment.

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Yang, Ping, Guo Juan Li, and Xiao Zhi Zhang. "Area Symbol Model for GIS Based on AutoCAD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.588.

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Area symbol is an import part for GIS area objects, and area symbol model is essential to GIS. The traditional area symbol model widely used in domestic is elaborated in detail, and abnormal status came from the defective model are analyzed. In order to solve the questions, the common ground between AutoCAD hatch model and the existing GIS area model is pursued. And on this basis, an area symbol model for GIS based on array structure is proposed, that could avoid the basic problem of area display by area symbol. Accordingly, some suggestions are put forward for the change of area symbol model.

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Wysocka-Diller, J. W., Y. Helariutta, H. Fukaki, J. E. Malamy, and P. N. Benfey. "Molecular analysis of SCARECROW function reveals a radial patterning mechanism common to root and shoot." Development 127, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.3.595.

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Mutation of the SCARECROW (SCR) gene results in a radial pattern defect, loss of a ground tissue layer, in the root. Analysis of the shoot phenotype of scr mutants revealed that both hypocotyl and shoot inflorescence also have a radial pattern defect, loss of a normal starch sheath layer, and consequently are unable to sense gravity in the shoot. Analogous to its expression in the endodermis of the root, SCR is expressed in the starch sheath of the hypocotyl and inflorescence stem. The SCR expression pattern in leaf bundle sheath cells and root quiescent center cells led to the identification of additional phenotypic defects in these tissues. SCR expression in a pin-formed mutant background suggested the possible origins of the starch sheath in the shoot inflorescence. Analysis of SCR expression and the mutant phenotype from the earliest stages of embryogenesis revealed a tight correlation between defective cell divisions and SCR expression in cells that contribute to ground tissue radial patterning in both embryonic root and shoot. Our data provides evidence that the same molecular mechanism regulates the radial patterning of ground tissue in both root and shoot during embryogenesis as well as postembryonically.

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47

Wu, Aiting, Mingyang Zhao, Pengquan Zhang, and Zhonghai Zhang. "A Compact Four-Port MIMO Antenna for UWB Applications." Sensors 22, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 5788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155788.

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A compact four-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for ultrawideband (UWB) applications is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna has four unit cell antennas. Each unit cell is placed orthogonal to its adjacent elements. The radiation element of each unit cell is composed of a cut semicircular patch and a stepped microstrip feed line. The whole ground on the back side consists of four parts of defective ground and their extended branches, which are connected through a “卍” structure. The main decoupling technology used in the MIMO antenna is polarization diversity. In addition, protruded ground and parasitic elements are added to achieve a higher isolation. This compact antenna has a small area of 45 mm × 45 mm and is printed on a single layer substrate (FR4) with an εr = 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. This antenna has an impedance bandwidth (S11 < −10 dB) of 3.1–13.1 GHz (123%) and an isolation of less than −17 dB. The envelope correction coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.02 and the average gain is 4 dBi. The ultrawide bandwidth and compact size of the proposed antenna make it a promising candidate for UWB applications.

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Sarade, Shrenik, and Sachin Ruikar. "Development of Two UWB Multiband MIMO Antennas with Enhanced Isolation and Cross-Correlation." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 9893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5422.

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An Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) MIMO antenna working at millimeter-wave is proposed in this research. It is composed of eight radiating elements with various shapes. It is designed with a rectangular structure and various carved slots. The carved slots are used to increase the antenna's bandwidth. The antenna's radiating elements are placed near one another, and thus, isolation is widespread. In order to improve the isolation of the MIMO antenna, parasitic elements and a defective ground structure are used. Antenna parameters such as Correlation Coefficient (CC), Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), and Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) depend on the isolation. Parasitic elements with a rectangular form are positioned between the radiating patches. Rectangular-shaped ground structures with defects comprise the ground plane. An FR-4 substrate is used to fabricate the antenna. The analysis of the antenna shows that there is less than -14dB return loss, less than -40dB isolation, less than 0.0010 cross-correlation, less than 0.10 TARC, and higher than 500MHz bandwidth. The antenna uses a fractional bandwidth higher than 35% (UWB) for the 6GHz frequency and operates on a variety of bands. This antenna is suitable for many different wireless system applications.

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Ambalgi, Ambresh P., Sujata S K, and Hunagund P. V. "Fabrication and Characterization of Multiband Printed Antenna with Defective ground Structure Coated with Silver Nanomaterial for Wireless Applications." International Research Journal on Advanced Science Hub 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjash.2021.003.

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50

Alsariera, Hussein, Z. Zakaria, A. A. M. Isa, Sameer Alani, M. Y. Zeain, Othman S. Al-Heety, S. Ahmed, Mussa Mabrok, and R. Alahnomi. "Simple broadband circularly polarized monopole antenna with two asymmetrically connected U-shaped parasitic strips and defective ground plane." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 18, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v18i3.14313.

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