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Academic literature on the topic 'Defect'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Defect"

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Kumaresh, Sakthi, and R. Baskaran. "Software Defect Prevention through Orthogonal Defect Classification (ODC)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 3 (October 15, 2013): 2393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v11i3.1166.

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“Quality is never an accident; it is always the result of intelligent effort” [10]. In the process of making quality software product, it is necessary to have effective defect prevention process, which will minimize the risk of making defects /errors in software deliverables. An ideal approach would involve effective software development process with an integrated defect prevention process. This paper presents a Defect Prevention Model in which Defect Prevention Process(DPP) is integrated into software development life cycle to reduce the defects at early stages itself, thereby reducing the defect arrival rate as the project progresses to the subsequent stages. Orthogonal Defect Classification (ODC) scheme involving defect trigger, defect type etc. are discussed in this work to illustrate how ODC can be used in the defect prevention process. ODC can be used to measure development progress with respect to product quality and identify process problems, which will help to come out with “Best Practices” to be followed to eradicate the defects in the subsequent projects.
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Liu, Xing Fang, Guo Sheng Sun, Jin Min Li, Yong Mei Zhao, J. Y. Li, L. Wang, Wan Shun Zhao, M. C. Luo, and Yi Ping Zeng. "Micro-Raman Investigation of Defects in a 4H-SiC Homoepilayer." Materials Science Forum 556-557 (September 2007): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.556-557.387.

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Three types of defects, namely defect I, defect II, defect III, in the 4H-SiC homoepilayer were investigated by micro-raman scattering measurement. These defects all originate from a certain core and are composed of (I) a wavy tail region, (II) two long tails, the so called comet and (III) three plaits. It was found that there are 3C-SiC inclusions in the cores of defect II and defect III and the shape of inclusion determines the type of defect II or defect III. If the core contains a triangle-shaped inclusion, the defect III would be formed; otherwise, the defect II was formed. No inclusion was observed in the core of the defect I. The mechanisms of these defects are discussed.
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Park, Jungeun, Yongwoon Cha, Hamad Al Jassmi, Sangwon Han, and Chang-taek Hyun. "Identification of Defect Generation Rules among Defects in Construction Projects Using Association Rule Mining." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 3875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093875.

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This study aims to identify the defect generation rules between defects, to support effective defect prevention at construction sites. Numerous studies have been performed to identify the relations between defect causes, to prevent defects in construction projects. However, identifying the inter-causal pattern does not yet guarantee an ultimate grasp of what constitutes proper defect mitigation strategies, unless the underlying defect-to-defect generation rules are thoroughly understood too. Specifically, if a defect generated in a work process is ignored without taking necessary corrective action, then additional defects could be generated in its following works as well. Thus, to minimize defect generation, this study analyzes the defects in the sequence of a construction work. To achieve this, the authors collected 9054 defect data, and association rule mining is used to analyze the rules between the defects. Consequently, 216 rules are identified, and 152 rules are classified into 3 categories along with 4 experts (71 expected rules, 22 unexpected but explainable rules, and 59 unexpected and unexplainable rules). The generation rules between the defects identified in this study are expected to be used to regularize various defect types to determine those that require priority management.
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Park, Junmo, and Deokseok Seo. "Defect Index of Timberwork in House, Korea." Forests 12, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070896.

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Wood is a material that is familiar to humans and environment-friendly, and it is used widely as a building material. However, as the dispute over housing defects have increased in Korea, various defects have occurred in timberwork and have become disputes. Notwithstanding, efforts to analyze defects in timberwork systematically to reasonably solve the problem are lacking. In this study, defects in timberwork from housing complexes in Korea were standardized, and critical defects were selected to suggest a method as a management standard. The standard for defects includes time, types of facility work, location and subject, and defect phenomenon. The defect time is categorized into before handover and after handover, whereas facility work is divided into woodwork, door and window work, finishing work, and miscellaneous work. Location and subject are categorized into 13 areas, such as ceiling, floor, and door, and phenomena concerned are of 14 types, including faults and no installation. Therefore, the standardized defect items according to such criteria are classified into a total of 63 types. Ten defect items, whose numbers of defect occurrences per defect and defect repair cost ratio above the average, were selected, including discoloration and breakage of the wooden floor. The repair cost ratio of these defect items accounted for 85.62% of the total repair costs. On the contrary, the repair cost for the defects from the timber work outlined in the Construction Appraisal Practice, a representative defect standard in Korea, was 54.54% of the total. Meanwhile, according to the Defect Judgment Standard, the defect repair cost attributed 45.54% of the total. Therefore, since the 10 defect items proposed in this study can explain the defects in the timberwork compared with other standards, it would be reasonable to designate these 10 defect items as essential defects.
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Bentham, James R., Arjun Gujral, Satish Adwani, Nick Archer, and Neil Wilson. "Does the technique of interventional closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect reduce the incidence of heart block?" Cardiology in the Young 21, no. 3 (February 1, 2011): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951110002039.

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AbstractObjectiveTo describe the difficulties and differing techniques in the transcatheter placement of amplatz ventricular septal defect devices to close perimembranous ventricular septal defects and place these in the context of the expanding literature on ventricular septal defect catheter closure.BackgroundSurgery remains the established first-line therapy for closure of haemodynamically significant perimembranous ventricular septal defects. Transcatheter techniques appeared to promise a possible alternative, obviating the need for cardiac surgery. However, significant technical and anatomical constraints coupled with ongoing reports of a high incidence of heart block have prevented these hopes from being realised to any significant extent. It is likely that there are important methodological reasons for the high complication rates observed. The potential advantages of transcatheter perimembranous ventricular septal defect closure over surgery warrant further exploration of differing transcatheter techniques.MethodsBetween August, 2004 and November, 2009, 21 patients had a perimembranous ventricular septal defect closed with transcatheter techniques. Of these, 14 were closed with a muscular amplatz ventricular septal defect device. The median age and weight at device placement were 8 years, ranging from 2 to 19 years, and 18.6 kilograms, ranging from 10 to 21 kilograms, respectively.ResultsThere were 25 procedures performed on 23 patients using 21 amplatz ventricular septal defect devices. Median defect size on angiography was 7.8 millimetres, ranging from 4 to 14.3 millimetres, with a median device size of 8 millimetres, ranging from 4 to 18 millimetres, and a defect/device ratio of 1.1, with a range from 0.85 to 1.33. Median procedure time was 100 minutes, with a range from 38 to 235 minutes. Adverse events included device embolisation following haemolysis in one, and new aortic incompetence in another, but there were no cases of heart block. Median follow-up was 41.7 months, with a rangefrom 2 to 71 months.ConclusionsEvaluating transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using amplatz ventricular septal defect devices remains important, if a technically feasible method with low and acceptable complication rates is to be identified. Incidence of heart block may be minimised by avoiding oversized devices, using muscular devices, and accepting defeat if an appropriately selected device pulls through. Given the current transcatheter technologies, the closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects should generally be performed in children when they weigh at least 10 kilograms.
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Kawakita, Shirou, Mitsuru Imaizumi, Shogo Ishizuka, Hajime Shibata, Shigeru Niki, Shuichi Okuda, and Hiroaki Kusawake. "Characterization of Electron-Induced Defects in Cu (In, Ga) Se2 Thin Films by Photoluminescence." MRS Proceedings 1771 (2015): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.405.

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ABSTRACTCIGS thin films were irradiated with 100 or 250 keV electrons to reveal the radiation defect by analyzing PL measurement. The PL intensity decreased due to non-radiative recombination defects induced by electron irradiation. Furthermore, the intensity 0.8 eV peak of the PL spectrum was observed from CIGS films irradiated with 250 eV electrons and is said to correspond to In-antisite defects in CIGS materials. The defects can usually change into InCu-VCu complex defects combined with VCu, since the formation energy of the complex defect is lower than that of each defect. Cu interstitial defects induced by 250 keV electron irradiation would diffuse to VCu of the complex defect, whereupon the complex defect might become an In-antisite defect due to 250 keV electron irradiation.
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Fukuda, Toyoki, Ichiro Kashima, and Shigeki Yoshiba. "Surgical treatment of an unusual atrial septal defect: the vestibular defect." Cardiology in the Young 14, no. 2 (April 2004): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951104002197.

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A 14-year-old female patient underwent surgical treatment of multiple atrial septal defects associated with unroofed coronary sinus and pulmonary valvar stenosis. One of the defects was that of the superior oval fossa and the other a large ellipsoidal defect positioned inferior to the inferior rim of the oval fossa. The patient underwent primary closure of the defects with a favorable result. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first surgical experience of an unusual atrial septal defect or the vestibular defect.
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HUQ, ABUL M. A., ABUHANIF K. BHUIYAN, KIN LIAO, and KHENG LIM GOH. "DEFECT–DEFECT INTERACTION IN SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES UNDER TORSIONAL LOADING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 10 (April 20, 2010): 1215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921005510x.

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This paper presents an analysis of interactions between a pair of Stone–Wales (SW) defects in a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) that has been subjected to an external torque. Defect pairs, representing the different combinations of SW defect of A (SW-A) and B (SW-B) modes, were incorporated in SWCNT models of different chirality and diameter and solved using molecular mechanics. Defect–defect interaction was investigated by evaluating the C–C steric interactions in the defect that possesses the highest potential energy, E, as a function of inter-defect distance, D. This study reveals that the deformation of the C–C bond is attributed to bond stretching and bending. In the SW-B defects, there is an additional contributor arising from the dihedral angular deformation. The magnitude of E depends on the type of defect but the profile of the E versus D curve depends on the orientation of the defects. The largest indifference length, D0, beyond which two defects cease to interact, is approximately 30 Å. When the angular displacement of the tube increases two-fold, E increases, but the profile of the E versus D curve is not affected. The sense of rotation affects the magnitude of E but not the profile of the E versus D curve.
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Cao, Zhen, Da-Peng Hao, Gang Tang, Zhi-Peng Xun, and Hui Xia. "Influence of cluster shaped defects on fracture process of fiber bundle." Acta Physica Sinica 70, no. 20 (2021): 204602. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20210310.

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Defects that exist inside composites have an important effect on the tensile fracture properties of composites. The fiber bundle model is a theoretical model commonly used to study the tensile fracture properties of disorder materials. Existing work on fiber bundle models with single fiber defects shows that after single fiber defects are introduced into the fiber bundle model, the defects have a significant effect on the tensile fracture properties of the model. Since there are more complex microscopic defect structures in actual materials, such as voids, gaps, impurities, dislocations, micro-cracks, etc, it is necessary to build a multi-size defect model. In order to study the defects of different sizes and damage degrees existing in actual materials, the spatial size of the defect, the degree of defect and the distribution of fiber damage levels within the defect and other influencing factors are introduced to construct an extended fiber bundle model with cluster shaped defects. For the model, it is first assumed that the degree of defect of the fiber inside each cluster decays linearly from the center to the outside in two spatial attenuation forms: exponential decay and constant degree of defect. In the fiber bundle model of this cluster-shaped defect, the two most important factors are the number of defects <i>α</i> and the upper limit of defect size <i>β</i>. The numerical simulation method is used to analyze the influence of the number of defects, the upper limit of defect size, and spatial distribution of degree of defective fibers inside defect on the macroscopic mechanical properties and statistical properties of fracture when the model is subjected to quasi-static load borne under the nearest neighbor stress redistribution. Through the simulation analysis, it is found that owing to the overlapping competition mechanism of the defect spatial distribution, when the upper limit <i>β</i> of the defect size is large, the influence of the number of defects on the system load capacity trends to saturation. Since the defect degree of the defect center fiber is proportional to the defect size, with the upper limit <i>β</i> of the defect size increasing, its influence on the load capacity of the model becomes more and more significant. When large size defects exist, even if the number of defects is small, the load bearing performance of the material will be significantly reduced. The spatial distribution function of the damage degree of fiber inside the defect has no substantial influence on the above rules, and only changes the specific value of each fracture property. The simulation analysis results in this paper have certain theoretical significance in improving the mechanical properties of composite materials.
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Yao, Zong Jian, Gui Lan Yu, Yue Sheng Wang, and Jian Bao Li. "Flexural Vibration in a Ternary Locally Resonant Phononic Crystal Thin Plate with Defects." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1282.

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The improved supercell plane wave expansion method is applied to theoretically study the propagation of flexural waves in a ternary locally resonant phononic crystal thin plate with a point defect and linear defects. The thin concrete plate composed of a square array of steel cylinders hemmed around by rubber is considered here. Absolute band gaps in low frequency are obtained. For the point defect, the defect mode is localized around the defect, and the magnitude of the resonant defect mode is strongly dependent on the defect filling fraction, mass density and Young’s modulus of the defect cylinder. For the straight linear defects, several resonant linear defect bands appear inside the absolute band gap. And the displacement distributions show that the flexural waves could well propagate along the linear defects.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Defect"

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Weight, Braden Michael. "Inspection of Excited State Properties in Defected Carbon Nanotubes from Multiple Exciton Generation to Defect-Defect Interactions." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31784.

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Covalent SP3-hybridization defects in single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been prevalent in recent experimental and theoretical studies for their interesting photophysical properties. These systems are able to act as excellent sources of single, infrared photons, even at room temperature, making them marketable for applications to sensing, telecommunications, and quantum information. This work was motivated by recent experimental studies on controllable defect placement and concentration as well as investigating carrier multiplication (CM) using DFT-based many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) methods to describe excitonic relaxation processes. We find that pristine CNTs do not yield appreciable MEG at the minimum threshold of twice the optical gap 2Eg, but covalent functionalization allows for improved MEG at the threshold. Finally, we see that defect-defect interactions within CNT systems can be modeled simply as HJ-aggregates in an effective Hamiltonian model, which is shown to be valid for certain, highly-redshifted defect configurations at low defect-defect separation lengths.
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Liu, Chen. "VLSI circuit defect diagnosis : open defects and run-time speed." Diss., University of Iowa, 2008. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/8.

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Hassan, Syed Karimuddin and Syed Muhammad. "Defect Detection in SRS using Requirement Defect Taxonomy." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5253.

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Context: Defects occurred in the SRS may cause problems in project due to implementation of poor requirements which require extra time, effort, resources and budget to complete it. Reading techniques i.e., checklist based reading (CBR) helps to guide reviewers in identifying defects in software requirement specification (SRS) during individual requirement inspections. Checklists contain potential defects/problems to look for, but often lack clear definitions with examples of the problem, and also their abstractions are different. Therefore, there is a need for identifying existing defects and classifiers and to create a consolidated version of taxonomy. Objectives: We developed taxonomy for requirement defects that are in requirement specifications and compared it with the checklist based approach. The main objective was to investigate and compare the effectiveness and efficiency of inspection techniques (checklist and taxonomy) with M.Sc. software engineering students and industry practitioners by performing a both controlled student and industry experiment. Methods: Literature review, controlled student experiment and controlled industry experiment were the research methods utilized to fulfill the objectives of this study. INSPEC and Google scholar database was used to find the articles from the literature. Controlled student experiment was conducted with the M.Sc. software engineering students and controlled industry experiment was performed with the industry practitioners to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the two treatments that are checklist and taxonomy. Results: An extensive literature review helped us to identify several types of defects with their definitions and examples. In this study, we studied various defect classifiers, checklists, requirement defects and inspection techniques and then built taxonomy for requirement defects. We evaluated whether the taxonomy performed better with respect to checklist using controlled experiments with students and practitioners. Moreover, the results of student experiment (p= 0.90 for effectiveness and p=0.10 for efficiency) and practitioner experiment (p=1.0 for effectiveness and p=0.70 for efficiency) did not show significant values with respect to effectiveness and efficiency. But because of less number of practitioners it is not possible to apply a statistical test since we also have used standard formulas to calculate effectiveness and efficiency. 2 out of the 3 reviewers using taxonomy found more defect types compared to 3 reviewers using checklist. 10-15% more defects have been found by reviewers using taxonomy. 2 out of the 3 reviewers using taxonomy are more productive (measuring in hours) compared to reviewers of checklist. Although the results are quite better than the student experiment but it is hard to claim that reviewers using taxonomy are more effective and efficient than the reviewers using checklist because of less subjects in number. The results of the post experiment questionnaire revealed that the taxonomy is easy to use and easy to understand but hard to remember while inspecting SRS than the checklist technique. Conclusions: Previously researchers created taxonomies for their own purpose or on industry demand. These taxonomies lack clear and understandable definitions. To overcome this problem, we built taxonomy with requirement defects which consists of definitions and examples. No claims are made based on student experiment because of insignificant values with respect to effectiveness and efficiency. Although the controlled industry experiment results showed that taxonomy performed slightly better than the checklist in efficiency i.e., in defect detection rate and effectiveness i.e., number of defect found. From this we can conclude that taxonomy helps guiding the reviewers to indentify defects from SRS but not quite much so it is recommended to perform a further study with practitioners in a large scale for effective results.
skarimuddin@yahoo.com, hassanshah357@gmail.com
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Steinegger, Thomas. "Defect Engineering." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek &quot;Georgius Agricola&quot, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:105-8973489.

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Die Kenntnisse über die zur Passivierung führenden Wechselwirkungen des Verunreinigungselements Cu mit EL2 und EL6 wurden dahingehend erweitert, dass ein Gültigkeitsbereich für die Messungen zur Bestimmung der konzentrationsproportionalen Messgröße der Defekte festgelegt wurde. Der Defekt EL6 ist das die 0.8 eV-PL-Emission bedingende und die Ladungsträgerlebensdauer determinierende Rekombinationszentrum. Die Lebensdauer wird durch mindestens ein weiteres Zentrum beeinflusst. Die atomare Struktur des EL6 wurde mit AsGa VAs und die des weiteren Zentrums mit Asi bestimmt. Mittels Wärmebehandlung kann die Ladungsträgerlebensdauer gezielt beeinflusst werden. Bei der Bildung und Annihilation sowie der Verteilung der Defekte EL2, EL6, VGa und der As-Ausscheidungen besteht eine wechselseitige Korrelation. Sowohl strukturelle Defekte als auch die Inkorporation von Dotierelementen, deren Atomradien deutlich kleiner sind als Ga und As, stellen beeinflussende Faktoren dar. Das Defekt-Transformations-Modell erklärt die Bildung wachstumsfähiger Keime einer As-Ausscheidung durch EL2 bzw. EL6 mit den sich in der ersten Koordingationssphäre befindenden As-Atomen. Das Gitterrelaxations-Modell ermöglicht die Interpretation der katalytischen Wirkung des Dotierelements C. Die Umsetzung dieser Ergebnisse bedeutet die Anwendung des Defect Engineerings im SI-LEC-GaAs.
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Tran, Qui Can Cuong. "Empirical evaluation of defect identification indicators and defect prediction models." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2553.

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Context. Quality assurance plays a vital role in the software engineering development process. It can be considered as one of the activities, to observe the execution of software project to validate if it behaves as expected or not. Quality assurance activities contribute to the success of software project by reducing the risks of software’s quality. Accurate planning, launching and controlling quality assurance activities on time can help to improve the performance of software projects. However, quality assurance activities also consume time and cost. One of the reasons is that they may not focus on the potential defect-prone area. In some of the latest and more accurate findings, researchers suggested that quality assurance activities should focus on the scope that may have the potential of defect; and defect predictors should be used to support them in order to save time and cost. Many available models recommend that the project’s history information be used as defect indicator to predict the number of defects in the software project. Objectives. In this thesis, new models are defined to predict the number of defects in the classes of single software systems. In addition, the new models are built based on the combination of product metrics as defect predictors. Methods. In the systematic review a number of article sources are used, including IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Springer Link, in order to find the existing models related to the topic. In this context, open source projects are used as training sets to extract information about occurred defects and the system evolution. The training data is then used for the definition of the prediction models. Afterwards, the defined models are applied on other systems that provide test data, so information that was not used for the training of the models; to validate the accuracy and correctness of the models Results. Two models are built. One model is built to predict the number of defects of one class. One model is built to predict whether one class contains bug or no bug.. Conclusions. The proposed models are the combination of product metrics as defect predictors that can be used either to predict the number of defects of one class or to predict if one class contains bugs or no bugs. This combination of product metrics as defect predictors can improve the accuracy of defect prediction and quality assurance activities; by giving hints on potential defect prone classes before defect search activities will be performed. Therefore, it can improve the software development and quality assurance in terms of time and cost
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Hansen, Mark David. "Zero defect data." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13812.

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Rogers, Stuart Craig. "Defect Detection Microscopy." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2256.

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The automotive industry's search for stronger lighter materials has been hampered in its desire to make greater use of Magnesium alloys by their poor formability below 150°C. One current challenge is to identify the complex structure and deformation mechanisms at work and determine which of these are primary contributors to the nucleation of defects. Orientation Imaging Microscopy has been the most accessible tool for microstructural analysis over the past 15 years. However, using OIM to analyze defect nucleation sites requires prior knowledge of where the defects will occur because once the defects nucleate the majority of microstructural information is destroyed. This thesis seeks to contribute to the early detection of nucleation sites via three mechanisms: 1. Detection of cracks that have already nucleated, 2. Detection of surface topography changes that may indicate imminent nucleation and 3. Beam control strategies for efficiently finding areas of interest in a scan. Successive in-situ OIM scans of a consistent sample region while strain is increased, while using the three techniques developed in this thesis, will be employed in future work to provide a powerful defect analysis tool. By analyzing retrieved EBSD patterns we are able to locate defect / crack sites via shadowing on the EBSD patterns. Furthermore, topographical features (and potentially regions of surface roughening) can be detected via changes in intensity metrics and image quality. Topographical gradients are currently only detectable in line with the beam incidence. It is therefore suggested that the tensile specimens to be examined are orientated such that the resulting shear bands occur preferentially to this direction. The ability to refine the scan around these areas of interest has been demonstrated via an off-line adaptive scan routine that is implemented via the custom scan tool. A first attempt at a defect detection framework has been outlined and coded into MATLAB. These tools offer a first step to accessing the information about defect nucleation that researchers are currently seeking.
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Chroneos, Alexander. "Defect processes in germanium." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443837.

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Huang, H.-C. "Defect-free shell elements." Thesis, Swansea University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378091.

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Hendren, Stuart. "Extra special defect groups." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403603.

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Books on the topic "Defect"

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Weaver, Will. Defect. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.

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1930-, Chikawa J., Sumino K. 1931-, Wada K. 1950-, Society of Non-Traditional Technology (Japan), and Symposium on "Defects and Qualities of Semiconductors" (1984 : Tokyo, Japan), eds. Defects and properties of semiconductors: Defect engineering. Tokyo: KTK Scientific, 1987.

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Hayes, W. Defects and defect processes in nonmetallic solids. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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M, Stoneham A., ed. Defects and defect processes in nonmetallic solids. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Institute, Pennsylvania Bar. Construction defect litigation. Mechanicsburg, Pa. (5080 Ritter Rd., Mechanicsburg 17055-6903): Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 2012.

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Ammons, Robert E. Tire defect litigation. Tucson, Ariz: Lawyers & Judges Pub. Company, Inc., 2016.

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L, Bertagnolli Catherine, and United States. Forest Service. Intermountain Region., eds. Tree defect guide. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, 1994.

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Dinteman, Walter Anthony. Zero Defect Hiring. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2003.

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Zero defect software. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.

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L, Bertagnolli Catherine, and United States. Forest Service. Intermountain Region., eds. Tree defect guide. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Defect"

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Walgraef, Daniel. "Defects and Defect Bifurcations." In Partially Ordered Systems, 107–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1850-0_7.

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Stoneham, A. M. "Defects and Defect Processes." In Materials Modification by High-fluence Ion Beams, 217–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1267-0_15.

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Faisal, Nadimul, Ömer Necati Cora, Muhammed Latif Bekci, Romana Ewa Śliwa, Yehuda Sternberg, Shashank Pant, Richard Degenhardt, and Anil Prathuru. "Defect Types." In Structural Health Monitoring Damage Detection Systems for Aerospace, 15–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_3.

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AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the common types of defects found in various structural materials and joints in aircraft. Materials manufacturing methods (including large-scale production) have been established in the aircraft industry. However, as will be seen in this chapter, manufacturing defects and defects during in-service conditions are very common across all material types. The structural material types include metals, composites, coatings, adhesively bonded and stir-welded joints. This chapter describes the defect types as a baseline for the description of their detection with the methods of Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_5 to 10.1007/978-3-030-72192-3_8. Based on the understanding of the defect types, there is great expectation for a technical breakthrough for the application of structural health monitoring (SHM) damage detection systems, where continuous monitoring and assessment with high throughput and yield will produce the desired structural integrity.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Defect." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 198. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3359.

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Bianchi, Massimo, Roland Allen, Antonio Mondragon, Alexander Gavrilik, and John Howie. "Defect." In Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry, 122. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4522-0_150.

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Weik, Martin H. "defect." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 375. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_4583.

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Lega, J. "Defects and Defect-Mediated Turbulence." In Patterns, Defects and Materials Instabilities, 7–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0593-1_2.

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Dabbagh, Ali. "Atrial Septal Defect, Ventricular Septal Defect." In Congenital Heart Disease in Pediatric and Adult Patients, 417–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10442-8_21.

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Thompson, Jeroen. "Radiation Defect." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 1–2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_53-2.

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Vavilov, Vladimir, and Douglas Burleigh. "Defect Characterization." In Infrared Thermography and Thermal Nondestructive Testing, 181–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48002-8_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Defect"

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Kim, Sunghun. "Defect, defect, defect." In the 8th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2365324.2365325.

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Fleuret, J. R., S. Ebrahimi, C. Ibarra-Castanedo, and X. P. V. Maldague. "Defect Detection Enhancement, A Survey." In QIRT. QIRT Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21611/qirt.2022.3014.

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This paper investigates several methods that can improve the segmentation of defects. The literature in terms of defect detection is quite rich but often the method involved introduces approaches that will facilitate the defect detection. Few papers introduce methods involving the segmentation of images. These papers nevertheless are dependent on many priors,offer partial detection when the defect’s surface has non-homogenous physical features. Robust approaches are extremely time-consuming. In the recent years, several works have proposed approaches that have rendered previously time-consuming methods more reasonable in terms of execution time. These approaches such as Dense Conditional Random Fields are well known for their ability to make quite robust segmentation. Because these methods take into account the area surrounding the defect, they have the ability to reconstruct the topology of defects that have been segmented into different regions e.g. dueto an inhomogeneity at the surface.
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Tang, Ping, Min Wang, Zhangwei Ling, Nanhui Jin, and Weican Guo. "Creep Behavior and Defect Interference of Volume Defect Under High Temperature." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63458.

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Volume defect is the common defect in high temperature pressure pipeline. Those defects have a great influence on stress redistribution of the pipes in high temperature, and affect the integrity and safety operation of high temperature components. In this paper, the defects were regularized, and a high temperature creep model was established. Based on this model, creep behavior of high temperature pressure pipeline with volume defect was studied, and the stress concentration of the main feature points in the defect was researched. Then, defects interference effect was discussed, and the critical interference distance was given. The results provide theoretical support to the safety assessment of high temperature structure with defects.
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Tangyunyong, Paiboon, Rick McFarland, Richard S. Flores, Sean Pearson, and Marco O. Sanchez. "Pseudo-Soft Defect Localization." In ISTFA 2009. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2009p0038.

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Abstract In this paper, we describe a modified soft defect localization (SDL) technique, PSDL (pseudo-soft defect localization), to localize pseudo-soft defects in integrated circuits (ICs). Similar to soft defects, functional failures due to pseudo-soft defects are sensitive to operating parameters (such as voltages, frequencies and temperatures) and/or laser exposures. Pass/fail states in pseudo soft defect failures are, however, not fully reversible after laser exposure or after changing operating parameters. PSDL uses the methodology of conventional SDL and/or TIVA in combination with a new scanning scheme for defect localization. An example will be shown to demonstrate the use of this technique to localize pseudo-soft defects.
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Zhang, Gongjie, Kaiwen Cui, Tzu-Yi Hung, and Shijian Lu. "Defect-GAN: High-Fidelity Defect Synthesis for Automated Defect Inspection." In 2021 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacv48630.2021.00257.

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Stark, Terrence J., Phillip E. Russell, and Corey Nevers. "3-D Defect Characterization using Plan View and Cross-Sectional TEM/STEM Analysis." In ISTFA 2005. ASM International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2005p0344.

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Abstract The primary objectives of failure analysis on structurally complex semiconductor devices are often to determine a defect's location and composition. Determining exactly how these defects propagate through a sample in three dimensions, to confirm a failure mode, is often elusive. This paper discusses characterizations of two defect types to illustrate a technique of sequentially imaging whisker type defects from orthogonal orientations using TEM/STEM. The first type is a high resistance short between two metal lines that is best imaged using STEM in order to observe subtle differences in material composition. The second is a crystalline dislocation through an optoelectronic device that is best observed using TEM. Details of resistive short characterization and crystalline defect characterization performed are provided. TEM/STEM has shown to be a practical tool for locating defects prior to cross sectional analysis. This allows defects to be located and characterized in three dimensions.
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Kim, Kukbin, Byung-Joo Kim, Jinsoo Park, Young-Cheol Yoon, and Deukjin Park. "Fatigue Strength Evaluation of Defects Embedded in Large-Sized Stud Bolt of Marine Engine." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82663.

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Millimeter-sized defects are often found during inspection near the centerline of the shank of large-sized stud bolts. Determination of allowable defect size is practically required in view of safety. An experimental investigation on the fatigue strength of the stud bolt has been carried out in order to evaluate the effect of defects embedded in the stud bolt on the fatigue strength. Fatigue testing was conducted for stress ratios of 0.0, 0.4 and 0.7 using plain specimens and defected specimens having a defect embedded inside to examine the fatigue limit according to the stress ratio. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were also conducted in order to determine initial defect size, crack initiation site and propagation rate from beach marks on the fracture surface. Existing small defect evaluation methods currently available were used for the strength evaluation. Allowable internal defect size was determined based on the high mean and high cycle stress states of the bolt by linear elastic fracture mechanics.
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Wagner, Stefan. "Defect classification and defect types revisited." In the 2008 workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1390817.1390829.

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Shenvi, Ajit Ashok. "Defect prevention with orthogonal defect classification." In Proceeding of the 2nd annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1506216.1506232.

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Li, Xin, Yu Bai, and Amin Wang. "Study on Residual Strength Estimation Methods of Corroded Pipelines Under Internal Pressure." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83184.

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A significant effort over the past 30 years has been made to study the behavior of metal-loss defects of corroded pipeline under static internal pressure using experimental, numerical and theoretical methods. According to DNV RP F101, the real corrosion defects can be divided into three types, namely single defect, interacting defect and complex shaped defect. A single defect is one that does not interact with a neighboring defect; an interacting defect is one that interacts with neighboring defects in an axial or circumferential direction; a complex shaped defect is a defect that results from combining colonies of interacting defects, or a single defect for which a profile is available.
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Reports on the topic "Defect"

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Watkins, George D., and Michael J. Stavola. Defects and Defect Processes in GaN. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada446577.

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Kuech, Thomas F. Defect Engineering and Defect Complexes in Compound Semiconductors Alloys. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398372.

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Denys, Waele, and Lefevre. L52239 Input to Code Revision for Interaction of Girth Weld Defects under Plastic Collapse Conditions. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011348.

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A pipeline girth weld may contain one single or multiple defects. If discrete multiple notches occur, current codes define by applying proximity rules the defect dimensions to be used in an ECA. The defect interaction rules contained in pipeline specific standards are based on linear elastic fracture mechanics with conservative approximations. Similar solutions for failure by plastic collapse are non-existent. In this study, using experimental data of wide plate tests, interaction criteria for ductile girth welds containing multiple coplanar surface breaking defects are proposed. Based on a simple plastic collapse assessment, defect length limits ensuring the onset of remote yielding in the pipe bodies are calculated. A two-tier assessment procedure, based on a comparison of the sum of the individual defect lengths with these characteristic limits, is proposed. If the total defect length is smaller than the characteristic defect length limit interaction will not occur. The defect length limit ensuring remote yielding in the case of multiple defects is dependent on the spacing between defects. The defect length limits also incorporate the effect of yield-to-tensile ratio. The performance behaviour of wide plates with coplanar surface-breaking defects is compared with existing and proposed interaction criteria. The assessment shows that the proposed defect interaction procedure is less conservative than the rules currently embodied in pipeline specific standards.
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Heinisch, H. L. Effects of in-cascade defect clustering on near-term defect evolution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/543218.

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Van Vechten, James A., and John F. Wager. Point Defects in Semiconductors: Microscopic Identification, Metastable Properties, Defect Migration, and Diffusion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada206947.

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Grant. L52006 Shape Resolution Accuracy and Calculated Remaining Strength for Corrosion Defect Clusters. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011169.

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Reliable predictions of the remaining strength of corroded pipelines are dependent on the availability of an accurate description of the defect shape that is detected by in-line inspection (ILI) tools. This is particularly the case for complex shaped defects that are closely spaced. If only the maximum defect dimensions are recorded and subsequently used in a defect assessment then a low remaining strength is likely to be predicted for the corroded pipeline. However, if the defect profile had been more accurately mapped then improved predictions of the remaining strength can be determined from the subsequent defect assessment. This report examines the critical dimensions of metal loss defects that are subsequently used in deterministic assessments.
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Johnson, M. A., and G. E. Sommargren. Mask Blank Defect Detection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15013535.

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Ungar, Abraham A. The Hyperbolic Triangle Defect. GIQ, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/giq-5-2004-225-236.

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Dodds, N. E., and S. P. Henslee. Sodium bond defect investigations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1548400.

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Zinkle, S. J., and C. Kinoshita. Defect production in ceramics. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/543217.

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