Journal articles: 'DEET'

1

Choi, Charles Q. "DEET Beaters." Scientific American 299, no. 2 (August 2008): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0808-34c.

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Briassoulis, G., M. Narlioglou, and T. Hatzis. "Toxic encephalopathy associated with use of DEET insect repellents: a case analysis of its toxicity in children." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 1 (January 2001): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701676731093.

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(1) Respiratory distress and seizures developed in an 18-month-old boy following brief exposure to low-strength (17.6%) N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). A review of the literature revealed 17 reports of DEET-induced encephalopathy in children. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the potential toxicity of DEET is high and that available repellents containing DEET, irrespective of their strength, are not safe when applied to children's skin. (2) Although this is a case report, we used the features of published reports of DEET-induced encephalopathy in children to support the diagnosis, since the evidence that the child's illness was caused by DEET was circumstantial. In the following case analysis, clinical reports of children < 16 years old have been reviewed and analyzed in an effort to relate direct DEET toxicity to various clinical, demographic, and toxic compound exposure factors (Fisher's exacttest and logistic regression analysis). (3) DEET-induced encephalopathy in children (56%o girls) followed not only ingestion or repeated and extensive application of repellents, but also a brief exposure to DEET (45%). Of those who reported a dermal exposure, 33% reported an exposure to a product containing DEET <20%. Seizures, the most prominent symptom (72%), were significantly more frequent when DEET solutions were applied to the skin (P < 0.01). Mortality (16.6%) did not correlate significantly with the concentration of the DEET liquid used, duration of skin exposure, pattern of use, age, or sex. (4) Data of this case analysis suggest that repellents containing DEET are not safe when applied to children's skin and should be avoided in children. Additionally, since the potential toxicity of DEETis high, less toxic preparations should be probably substituted forDEET-containingrepellents, whenever possible.

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Clem, James R., David F. Havemann, and Marsha A. Raebel. "Insect Repellent (N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide) Cardiovascular Toxicity in an Adult." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 3 (March 1993): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302700305.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of N,N-diethyl- m-toluamide (DEET)-induced cardiovascular toxicity in an adult and reviews other cases that have been reported in the published literature. Human and animal data available on DEET pharmacokinetics are reviewed and factors that predispose an individual to DEET toxicity are identified. DATA SOURCES: Case report information was obtained through personal contact with the patient during hospitalization and by telephone, and also from the patient's medical records. Computerized literature searches were conducted with the following systems to obtain medical literature on DEET toxicity: TOXLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and MEDLINE. Index Medicus was searched manually. STUDY SELECTION: All reported cases of DEET toxicity in children and adults were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Case reports were evaluated for the quantity of the DEET exposure (topical or oral), the clinical manifestations of the exposure, and the outcome of the exposure. DATA SYNTHESIS: This case is similar in some aspects to those already in the literature; however, very few cases of DEET toxicity in adults have been reported. Cardiovascular toxicity in humans related to DEET application has not been previously reported in the published medical literature. DEET exposure (topical or oral) results in a highly variable clinical course. Whether the outcome is death or recovery without sequelae is difficult to predict. CONCLUSIONS: Adults, as well as children, are at risk for toxicity from insect repellents. The use of highly concentrated DEET-containing insect repellents should be avoided to reduce the risk of toxicity in both children and adults. The consequences of DEET toxicity are variable and unpredictable.

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Moody, Richard P. "Automated in Vitro Dermal Absorption (AIVDA): A New in Vitro Method for Investigating Transdermal Flux." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 25, no. 3 (May 1997): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299702500318.

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A new in vitro method for investigating transdermal flux is described. The method, called Automated In Vitro Dermal Absorption (AIVDA), employed small autosampler vial inserts (Moody cells) to hold human skin (0.07cm2) in a standard autosampler carousel. HPLC was used to monitor the permeation rate of test compounds. Analysis was fully automated and remotely monitored and controlled via a modem. A modified Hank's balanced salt solution was used to minimise HPLC background interference. Permeation assays conducted with Deep Woods®, a commercial N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)-based mosquito repellent, showed no significant difference in DEET absorption between fresh and frozen human abdominal skin (Student's t test [p ≤ 0.05] 56 ± 9.1% [n = 4] and 48 ± 6.3% [n = 4], respectively). No significant difference was obtained for DEET absorption in human skin pretreated with barrier cream. Preliminary tests conducted to validate AIVDA versus the standard Bronaugh procedure demonstrated excellent agreement for DEET permeation in rat skin (62 ± 12.8% [n = 4] Moody cells; 59 ± 8.1% [n = 3] Bronaugh cells). AIVDA has many advantages over other in vitro permeation tests, including automation, higher analytical sensitivity, rapid sample processing and the ability to use small (5mm outside diameter) skin specimens.

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Pickett, J. A., M. A. Birkett, and J. G. Logan. "DEET repels ORNery mosquitoes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 36 (September 4, 2008): 13195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807167105.

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6

Bucci, Mirella. "A DEET-induced confusion." Nature Chemical Biology 7, no. 11 (October 18, 2011): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.704.

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7

Roberts, James R., and J. Routt Reigart. "Does Anything Beat DEET?" Pediatric Annals 33, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-20040701-09.

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Fediuk, Daryl J., Tao Wang, Joshua E. Raizman, Fiona E. Parkinson, and Xiaochen Gu. "Tissue Deposition of the Insect Repellent DEET and the Sunscreen Oxybenzone From Repeated Topical Skin Applications in Rats." International Journal of Toxicology 29, no. 6 (October 19, 2010): 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810380147.

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Insect repellent N,N-diethyl- m-toluamide (DEET) and sunscreen oxybenzone are capable of enhancing skin permeation of each other when applied simultaneously. We carried out a cellular study in rat astrocytes and neurons to assess cell toxicity of DEET and oxybenzone and a 30-day study in Sprague-Dawley rats to characterize skin permeation and tissue disposition of the compounds. Cellular toxicity occurred at 1 µg/mL for neurons and 7-day treatment for astrocytes and neurons. DEET and oxybenzone permeated across the skin to accumulate in blood, liver, and brain after repeated topical applications. DEET disappeared from the application site faster than oxybenzone. Combined application enhanced the disposition of DEET in liver. No overt sign of behavioral toxicity was observed from several behavioral testing protocols. It was concluded that despite measurable disposition of the study compounds in vivo, there was no evidence of neurotoxicological deficits from repeated topical applications of DEET, oxybenzone, or both.

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Fediuk, Daryl J., Tao Wang, Yufei Chen, Fiona E. Parkinson, Michael P. Namaka, Keith J. Simons, Frank J. Burczynski, and Xiaochen Gu. "Metabolic Disposition of the Insect Repellent DEET and the Sunscreen Oxybenzone Following Intravenous and Skin Administration in Rats." International Journal of Toxicology 31, no. 5 (October 2012): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581812459893.

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Insect repellent N,N-diethyl- m-toluamide (DEET) and sunscreen oxybenzone have shown a synergistic percutaneous enhancement when applied concurrently. Both compounds are extensively metabolized in vivo into a series of potentially toxic metabolites: 2 metabolites of DEET, N,N-diethyl- m-hydroxymethylbenzamide (DHMB) and N-ethyl- m-toluamide (ET), and 3 metabolites of oxybenzone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DMB), and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone (THB). In this study, the metabolites were extensively distributed following intravenous and topical skin administration of DEET and oxybenzone in rats. Combined application enhanced the disposition of all DEET metabolites in the liver but did not consistently affect the distribution of oxybenzone metabolites. The DHMB appeared to be the major metabolite for DEET, while THB and its precursor DHB were the main metabolites for oxybenzone. Repeated once-daily topical application for 30 days led to higher concentrations of DEET metabolites in the liver. Hepatoma cell studies revealed a decrease in cellular proliferation from all metabolites as single and combined treatments, most notably at 72 hours. Increased accumulation of DHMB and ET in the liver together with an ability to reduce cellular proliferation at achievable plasma concentrations indicated that simultaneous exposure to DEET and oxybenzone might have the potential to precipitate adverse effects in a rat animal model.

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10

Sfara, Valeria, Gastón A. Mougabure-Cueto, and Paola A. González-Audino. "Modulation of the behavioral and electrical responses to the repellent DEET elicited by the pre-exposure to the same compound inBlattella germanica." PeerJ 4 (June 28, 2016): e2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2150.

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Insects under different stimuli from the environment modify behavioural responses due to changes in the sensitivity of neurons at the peripheral and/or at the central level of the nervous system. This phenomenon is called neuronal plasticity, and sensory adaptation is an example of it. An insect repellent is a chemical that produces oriented movements of the insects away from its source. In this work we studied the modulation of the behavioural and electrical response to the repellent N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) in males of the German cockroachB. germanicaproduced by previous exposure to the same repellent.Methods.We determined repellency using a circular arena, one half of which was treated with DEET. The time spent by insects in each half of the arena was measured, and a repellency coefficient (RC) was calculated. The RCs of pre-exposed and non-pre-exposed insects were compared. To determine a possible role of nitric oxide in the modulation of the response to DEET after pre-exposure, the nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-acetyl-cysteine (SNAC) was applied on cockroaches’ antennae. The electrical activity of the cockroaches’ antennae in response to DEET was recorded using electroantennogram (EAG) technique. The response to DEET was recorded also after a long stimulation with the same repellent, and after topical application of SNAC and dbcGMP (a cGMP analogue) on the antennae.Results.We found that previous exposure ofB. germanicamales to the repellent DEET produced an increase of the repellency at the behavioural level, measured as RC. A possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in the transduction pathway of this phenomenon is suggested, since treatment of the cockroaches with the NO donor SNAC also produced an increase of the repellency elicited by DEET. On the other hand, the response of the cockroaches’ antennae exposed to DEET was determined electrophysiologically. The electrical activity in response to DEET decreased when the insects’ antennae were stimulated with a long pulse of the repellent. The activity of the antennae was restored after 10 min. Treatment of the antennae either with SNAC or dbGMPc also produced a decrease in the response of the antennae to the repellent.Discussion.The previous exposure to a chemical stimulus can modify the behaviour associated to the same stimulus, increasing or decreasing the behavioural response. In the case of DEET we found that pre-exposure increased DEET repellency in male cockroaches. We also found NO involvement in a similar phenomenon. On the other hand, the test showed that DEET is perceived by insects’ antennae as an odour. A long exposure of the antennae to DEET caused a transient decrease in the response of the antennae to the same compound. The same effect was achieved by treating the antennae with SNAC or dbcGMP, suggesting the involvement of the NO/cGMP system in the transduction pathway of the sensory adaptation phenomenon elicited by an odour in this species.

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11

Dorman, David C. "Diethyltoluamide (DEET) Insect Repellent Toxicosis." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 20, no. 2 (March 1990): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(90)50033-9.

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12

Lu, WeiYu, Justin K. Hwang, Fangfang Zeng, and Walter S. Leal. "DEET as a feeding deterrent." PLOS ONE 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2017): e0189243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189243.

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13

Radosevich, Thomas, and Brian Veauthier. "Is DEET safe for children?" Evidence-Based Practice 17, no. 2 (February 2014): E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ebp.0000540581.96806.e0.

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Ferreira, Ignatius, Harald Brünig, Walter Focke, Regine Boldt, René Androsch, and Andreas Leuteritz. "Melt-Spun Poly(D,L-lactic acid) Monofilaments Containing N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide as Mosquito Repellent." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030638.

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Malaria is still a major tropical disease, with Africa particularly burdened. It has been proposed that outdoor protection could aid substantially in reducing the malaria incidence rate in rural African communities. Recently, melt-spun polyolefin fibers containing mosquito repellents have been shown to be promising materials to this end. In this study, the incorporation of N,N‑Diethyl‑3‑methylbenzamide (DEET)—a popular and widely available mosquito repellent—in commercially available, amorphous poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) is investigated with the aim of producing biodegradable mosquito-repelling filaments with a reduced environmental impact. It is shown to be possible to produce macroscopically stable PDLLA-DEET compounds containing up to 20 wt.-% DEET that can be melt-spun to produce filaments, albeit at relatively low take-up speeds. A critical DEET content allows for stress-induced crystallization during the spinning of the otherwise amorphous PDLLA, resulting in the formation of α-crystals. Although the mechanical integrity of the filaments is notably impacted by the incorporation of DEET, these filaments show potential as materials that can be used for Malaria vector control.

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Riddick, E. W., J. R. Aldrich, and J. C. Davis. "DEET Repels Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Adults in Laboratory Bioassays1." Journal of Entomological Science 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.3.373.

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The potential of least-toxic compounds to repel adults of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was explored. Bioassays in olfactometers and Petri dishes were designed to test the hypothesis that DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) can effectively repel H. axyridis adults. A bioassay in a y-tube olfactometer indicated that beetles spent significantly less time in the test arm (DEET; 10, 100, and 1,000 μg) than in the control arm (hexane blank) within a 10-min time frame. A bioassay in a 3-neck bulb-tube olfactometer indicated that significantly more beetles avoided the test arm (DEET, 142 μg) than the control arm (hexane blank) within a 40-min time frame. A bioassay in a Petri dish revealed that significantly more beetles avoided filter paper disks treated with DEET (0.1 and 1.0 mg/cm2; aged for 1 d or 5 d) than acetone (the control) within a 60-min time frame. Finally, another bioassay in a Petri dish revealed that significantly more beetles avoided filter paper strips coated with DEET/paraffin (1% or 9% mixture, aged for 1 d or 23 d) than camphor/paraffin (0.1, 1 and 9% mixtures, aged for 1 d or 23 d), or paraffin alone (the control). This investigation suggests that DEET has good potential for repelling H. axyridis adults and should be field-tested on urban structures.

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WILSON, M. D., M. OSEI-ATWENEBOANA, D. A. BOAKYE, I. OSEI-AKOTO, E. OBUOBI, C. WIAFE, and A. KISZEWSKI. "Efficacy of DEET and non-DEET-based insect repellents against bites ofSimulium damnosumvectors of onchocerciasis." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 27, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01054.x.

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Ali, Abbas, Nurhayat Tabanca, Betul Demirci, Vijayasankar Raman, Jane M. Budel, K. Hüsnü Can Baser, and Ikhlas A. Khan. "Insecticidal and Biting Deterrent Activities of Magnolia grandiflora Essential Oils and Selected Pure Compounds against Aedes aegypti." Molecules 25, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061359.

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In our natural products screening program for mosquitoes, we tested essential oils extracted from different plant parts of Magnolia grandiflora L. for their insecticidal and biting deterrent activities against Aedes aegypti. Biting deterrence of seeds essential oil with biting deterrence index value of 0.89 was similar to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). All the other oils were active above the solvent control but the activity was significantly lower than DEET. Based on GC-MS analysis, three pure compounds that were only present in the essential oil of seed were further investigated to identify the compounds responsible for biting deterrent activity. 1-Decanol with PNB value of 0.8 was similar to DEET (PNB = 0.8), whereas 1-octanol with PNB value of 0.64 showed biting deterrence lower than 1-decanol and DEET. The activity of 1-heptanol with PNB value of 0.36 was similar to the negative control. Since 1-decanol, which was 3.3% of the seed essential oil, showed biting deterrence similar to DEET as a pure compound, this compound might be responsible for the activity of this oil. In in vitro A & K bioassay, 1-decanol with MED value of 6.25 showed higher repellency than DEET (MED = 12.5). Essential oils of immature and mature fruit showed high toxicity whereas leaf, flower, and seeds essential oils gave only 20%, 0%, and 50% mortality, respectively, at the highest dose of 125 ppm. 1-Decanol with LC50 of 4.8 ppm was the most toxic compound.

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18

Knepper, T. P. "Analysis and fate of insect repellents." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0341.

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During summer months the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) could always be detected in influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and anthropogenically influenced surface waters. In Germany the concentrations have decreased constantly since 1999, when DEET was substituted by Bayrepel. DEET can be degraded in WWTP, but only after an adaptation period and values in the influent above the threshold value. Since the year 2000 Bayrepel could also be detected during the summer months in the influents of WWTP, whereas in the effluents Bayrepel was not present.

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Rivera-Cancel, Giomar, Daniela Bocioaga, and Anthony G. Hay. "Bacterial Degradation of N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (DEET): Cloning and Heterologous Expression of DEET Hydrolase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 9 (March 2, 2007): 3105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02765-06.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas putida DTB grew aerobically with N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) as a sole carbon source, initially breaking it down into 3-methylbenzoate and diethylamine. The former was further metabolized via 3-methylcatechol and meta ring cleavage. A gene from DTB, dthA, was heterologously expressed and shown to encode the ability to hydrolyze DEET into 3-methylbenzoate and diethylamine.

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Chaney, Leslie A., Robin W. Rockhold, and Arthur S. Hume. "Cardiorespiratory Effects Following Acute Exposure to Pyridostigmine Bromide and/or N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in Rats." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 4 (July 2002): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810290096450.

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The acute lethal interaction that occurs in rodents when high doses of a peripherally restricted cholinesterase inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide (PB), and the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) are combined was first described during studies of chemical mixtures that were targeted as potential causative agents of Gulf War illnesses. This study was intended to provide insight into possible mechanisms of that lethal interaction. Following a single intraperitoneal injection of PB (2 mg/kg) and/or DEET (300 or 500 mg/kg), respiratory activity was measured in conscious freely moving rats using whole-body plethysmography. Cardiovascular function was also monitored simultaneously through an arterial catheter. PB (2 mg/kg) given alone stimulated respiration and increased blood pressure. Arterial pH levels were decreased, whereas pO2 and pCO2 remained at control levels. Administration of DEET (300 mg/kg) alone increased tidal volume and decreased blood pressure. Blood gases and pH levels were unaltered. A higher dose of DEET (500 mg/kg) also decreased respiratory and heart rate. Coadministration of PB (2 mg/kg) and DEET (300 mg/kg) increased tidal volume, decreased arterial pH, and elevated pCO2. Heart rate and blood pressure declined progressively after drug coadministration. Pretreatment with atropine methyl nitrate (AMN), a peripherally selective competitive antagonist at nicotinic and muscarinic receptor sites, reduced the individual effects of PB or DEET, and significantly increased survival after co-exposure to these agents. Although changes in respiratory function may have contributed to the lethal interaction, it was concluded that the primary cause of death was circulatory failure.

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Eyupoglu, Seyda, Dilek Kut, Ahmet Onur Girisgin, Can Eyupoglu, Mehmet Ozuicli, Habip Dayioglu, Mustafa Civan, and Levent Aydin. "Investigation of the bee-repellent properties of cotton fabrics treated with microencapsulated essential oils." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 8 (May 3, 2018): 1417–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518773370.

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In this study, to produce single-use bee-repellent fabrics, a variety of essential oils were encapsulated with gum arabic wall material at a 1:5 ratio of wall to the core substance. The following core substances were used: lavender oil, laurel oil, fennel oil, N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), lavender + laurel oil, lavender + fennel oil, laurel + fennel oil, lavender + fennel + laurel oil, lavender oil + DEET, fennel oil + DEET and laurel oil + DEET. Lavender, fennel and laurel oils were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In this context, 11 different microcapsules were produced. After the microencapsulation process, the microcapsules were analyzed with a light microscope and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, an image processing application was developed and implemented to determine the particle size distribution of the microcapsules. After the analysis of the microcapsules, cotton fabric samples were treated with the microcapsules. In order to analyze the microcapsules on the fabric samples, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used. To analyze the bee-repellent abilities of the fabric samples, 12 different measurement cabinets made of pine tree and glass were produced. According to the results, lavender and fennel oils can be used as bee-repellent alternatives to DEET in beekeeping.

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Lee, Youngseok, Sang Hoon Kim, and Craig Montell. "Avoiding DEET through Insect Gustatory Receptors." Neuron 67, no. 4 (August 2010): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.006.

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Ramaswamy, K. "Topical application of DEET for schistosomiasis." Trends in Parasitology 19, no. 12 (December 2003): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2003.10.001.

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Miller, Penny. "Avoiding the Bite: Update on DEET." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 137, no. 5 (June 2004): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/171516350413700504.

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Silbering, Ana F., Rati Bell, Daniel MÃ¼nch, Steeve Cruchet, Carolina Gomez-Diaz, Thomas Laudes, C. Giovanni Galizia, and Richard Benton. "Ir40a neurons are not DEET detectors." Nature 534, no. 7608 (June 2016): E5—E7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature18321.

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Shrestha, Bhanu, and Youngseok Lee. "Mechanisms of DEET gustation in Drosophila." Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 131 (April 2021): 103550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103550.

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Satoto, Tri Baskoro T., Budi Mulyaningsih, M. M. Sintorini, A. F. Sugiarto, and B. A. Kesuma. "Repellency Test of Wet Tissue Containing DEET (N,N-diethyl- 3-metatoluamide) and Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon citratus) Againts Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 5, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v5i4.135.

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Dengue hemorrhagic fever has been one of the major health problems in Indonesia. As the disease spreads out by Aedes aegypti, a variety of ways has been conducted to disconnect host, agent, and the environment chain including prevention of human contact with the vector using by various repellents.The present test compared the complete protection time of N,N-diethyl- 3-metatoluamide (DEET) and citronella oil impregnated in wet tissue against Aedes aegypti. For this test, an ethanol-based 12.5% DEET and 20% citronella oil were prepared, into which dry tissue papers were immersed, drain in open air, and then stored in aluminum foil packs for one day and one week. Meanwhile, a number of disease-free adult female Aedes aegypti were placed in mosquito cages. The prepared one-day and oneweek stored wet tissues were used to swab volunteer adult human hands (from elbow to wrist) which were then inserted into the mosquito cage in three replicates (25 mosquitoes each cage). Elapsed time from first hand insertion to the first mosquito bite was calculated and expressed as repellency time of the impregnated repellent. It was found that the average repellency times of one-day stored 12.5% DEET and 20% citronella oil wet tissues were 4 hour 26 minutes and 14.24 minutes, respectively, while for oneweek stored were 4 hour 6 minutes and 12.57 minutes, respectively. Post Hoc test showed that the repellency time difference between one-day and one-week storage was not statistically significance (p = 0.524 for DEET and p = 0.681 for citronella oil). Key words: Aedes aegypti, DEET, citronella oil, wet tissueAbstrakDemam berdarah merupakan salah satu masalah utama kesehatan di Indonesia. Karena penyakit ini disebarkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti, berbagai cara telah dilakukan untuk memutus rantai pejamu, agen, dan lingkungan, termasuk mencegah kontak manusia dengan vektor dengan menggunakan bermacam-macam pengusir serangga. Uji ini membandingkan waktu proteksi N,N-diethyl-3-metatoluamide (DEET) dengan wak tu proteksi minyak sitronella yang terkandungkan dalam tisu basah terhadap Aedes aegypti. Untuk uji ini, dibuat larutan 12,5% DEET dalam etanol dan larutan 20% minyak sitronella. Sejumlah tisu kering dicelupkan ke dalam masing-masing larutan ini, ditiriskan dalam udara terbuka, kamudian dibungkus dengan lembaran aluminium dan disimpan selama satu hari dan satu minggu. Sementara itu, sejumlah nyamuk Aedes aegypti betina yang bebas penyakit ditempatkan dalam sangkar. Tisu basah yang telah disimpan selama satu hari dan satu minggu diusapkan pada bagian tangan (dari sikut sampai pergelangan tangan) relawan, kemudian tangan yang telah diusap itu dimasukkan ke dalam sangkar nyamuk dalam tiga replikasi uji (25 ekor nyamuk per sangkar). Waktu antara pemasukan tangan sampai dengan gigitan nyamuk pertama dinyatakan sebagai waktu usir tisu basah. Ditemukan bahwa waktu usir rata-rata tisu basah 12,5% DEET dan 20% minyak sitronella yang disimpan satu hari masing-masing 4 jam 26 menit dan 14,24 menit, sedangkan untuk tisu basah yang disimpan satu minggu masing-masing 4 jam 6 menit dan 12, 57 menit. Uji Post Hoc menunujukkan bahwa penyimpanan tisu basah satu hari dan satu minggu tidak berbeda secara bermakna (p = 0,524 untuk DEET dan p = 0,681 untuk minyak sitronella).Kata kunci: Aedes aegypti, DEET, minyak sitronella, tisu basah

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Shirai, Y., K. Kamimura, and K. Nagasaki. "A24 Efficacy of aromatic compounds conlaining deet as insect repllent." Medical Entomology and Zoology 49, Supplement (1998): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.49.49_2.

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Almeida, Rafael M., Barbara A. Han, Alexander J. Reisinger, Catherine Kagemann, and Emma J. Rosi. "High mortality in aquatic predators of mosquito larvae caused by exposure to insect repellent." Biology Letters 14, no. 10 (October 2018): 20180526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0526.

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In the face of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks, effective mosquito control is a primary goal for public health. Insect repellents, containing active compounds such as DEET and picaridin, are a first defence against biting insects. Owing to widespread use and incomplete sewage treatment, these compounds are frequently detected in surface waters, but their effects on aquatic taxa such as mosquito larvae or their naturally occurring aquatic predators are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of commercial products containing DEET and picaridin on survivorship of mosquito larvae, and their potential indirect effects on survival of larval salamanders, a major predator of mosquito larvae. Larval mosquitos were not affected by exposure to repellents containing DEET or picaridin. We found no larval salamander mortality in control and DEET treatments, but mortality rates in picaridin treatments ranged from 45 to 65% after 25 days of exposure. Salamander larvae exposed to repellents containing picaridin began to display tail deformities and impaired development four days after the experiment began. Our findings suggest the possibility that environmentally realistic concentrations of picaridin-containing repellents in surface waters may increase the abundance of adult mosquitos owing to decreased predation pressure.

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Slaninova, Andrea, Helena Modra, Martin Hostovsky, Eliska Sisperova, Jana Blahova, Iveta Matejova, Monika Vicenova, et al. "Effects of Subchronic Exposure toN,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide on Selected Biomarkers in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpioL.)." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/828515.

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DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) is the most common active ingredient in the insect repellents commonly detected in European groundwater. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of subchronic DEET exposure on biochemical and haematological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase, and the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.). Two specific proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes were selected to assess an immunological status of the fish. Fish were exposed for 28 days to three concentrations of DEET (1.0 µg/L, 0.1 mg/L, and 1.0 mg/L) where 1 µg/L is corresponding to the concentration found in the environment. DEET had a significant(P<0.05)effect on increased RBC, decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin value (MCH) compared to control groups in the concentration of 1 mg/L. A significant decline(P<0.05)in triacylglycerols (TAG) in plasma was found in the concentration of 1 mg/L compared to the control groups. The parameters of oxidative stress in tissues of common carp were weekly affected and immunological parameters were not affected.

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Goodyer, Larry, Martin Grootveld, Kedar Deobhankar, Mustapha Debboun, and Manju Philip. "Characterisation of actions of p-menthane-3,8-diol repellent formulations against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 9 (June 15, 2020): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa045.

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Abstract Background Characterisation of mosquito repellents using arm-in-cage tests are performed by assessing the 95% effective dose (ED95), half-life and complete protection time (CPT). This study fully characterizes these properties for p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), which has not been widely studied, and a long-acting formulation containing a PMD-vanillin composite. Methods A series of arm-in-cage tests against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes were devised using 6 volunteers to estimate CPT or 10 to estimate the ED95 and half-lives for three repellents: 20% N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), 30% PMD and a novel 30% PMD-vanillin formulation. Non-linear regression analysis was used to characterize the relationship between applied dose and CPT. Results PMD and DEET showed a very similar log dose relationship to CPT; however, the PMD-vanillin formulation exhibited a sigmoidal ‘S-shaped’ relationship. This resulted in a 1.5-fold higher CPT for PMD-vanillin compared with that of 20% DEET when applied at a dose of 1.6 mg/cm2, but little difference was observed at lower doses of 0.8–1 mg/cm2. The ED95 value for the 30% PMD and PMD-vanillin formulations were 0.25 and 0.24 mg/cm2, respectively, these being higher than that for 20% DEET (0.09 mg/cm2). The half-lives for 30% PMD and 20% DEET were similar (2.23 vs. 2.74 h), but longer for the PMD-vanillin formulations (3.8 h). Conclusions A full characterisation for other repellent formulations, particularly those claiming extended longevity, should be conducted in order to identify differences at various applied doses.

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Reynoso, M. M. N., S. Mengoni, and R. A. Alzogaray. "The Behavioral Response of Blattella germanica (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) Exposed to DEET Varies Throughout Its Life Cycle." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (January 3, 2020): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz354.

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Abstract The German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., is a hemimetabolous insect pest of economical and medical importance. N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) is an insect repellent whose effect on this species has received very little attention. The objective of this work was to determine whether the behavioral response of B. germanica to DEET varies along its life cycle. DEET repellence was assessed in small, medium, and large nymphs, and in adults of both sexes, all originated from the same laboratory colony (CIPEIN). The experimental arena consisted in a piece of filter paper treated with repellent on one half (195 µg/cm2) and solvent alone on the other half. A cockroach was placed on the filter paper, and its behavior was filmed. An image analyzer was used to quantify how long the insect spent on each side of the paper. As a control, a cockroach was exposed to a piece of filter paper treated with solvent (acetone) alone. Each assay was repeated independently six times. Distribution coefficient (DC) values were calculated, a parameter that ranges between 0 (attraction) and 1 (repellence). Small nymphs were more sensitive to DEET (mean DC = 0.93). The mean DC values of the other groups varied between 0.62 (medium nymphs) and 0.71 (male adults). The group of medium nymphs was the only one whose behavior was not significantly altered by exposure to DEET. The results show the importance of assessing insect repellents at different stages of the insect’s life cycle in order to obtain a complete panorama of its effect.

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Garrettson, Lorne. "Commentary–DEET: Caution for Children Still Needed." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 35, no. 5 (January 1997): 443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563659709001225.

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Rooney, Tom. "Keeping Biting Insects at Bay: Beyond DEET." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 88, no. 3 (July 2007): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2007)88[251:kbiabb]2.0.co;2.

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DeGennaro, Matthew. "The mysterious multi-modal repellency of DEET." Fly 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2015.1079360.

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MCNAMARA, DAMIAN. "Answering Parents' Questions About DEET, ‘Natural’ Repellents." Skin & Allergy News 39, no. 4 (April 2008): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(08)70246-8.

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Guo, Hao, Kishor Kunwar, and Dean Smith. "Multiple channels of DEET repellency in Drosophila." Pest Management Science 76, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 880–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5592.

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Wigfield, Yuk Y., and Charles C. McLenaghan. "Nitrosamines in formulations of deet and EPTC." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 44, no. 1 (January 1990): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01702356.

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Mohammadi, Rahman, Mehdi Khoobdel, Ali A. Talebi, Maryam Negahban, Mohamad Norani, Mohammad Moradi, and Omid Dehghan. "In vivo Evaluation of the Repellency Effects of Nanoemulsion of Mentha piperita and Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oils against mosquitoes." Open Biotechnology Journal 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070702014010145.

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Introduction: The present study aimed to prepare Nanoemulsions of Mentha piperita and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils and comparison of the repellant activity of them with normal essential oils and DEET in the field conditions. Methods: To determine the protection and failure time of the essential oils and DEET in the field condition against natural population of night biting culicid mosquitoes, 4 human volunteers participated in night biting test. GC-MS was used to determine the essential oil components and the Dynamic Light Scattering device was used to measure droplet size and zeta potential. Results: The relative abundance of more common species captured in this study was 40.09% and 31.65% for Anopheles superpictus, and Culex pipiens, respectively. Based on the results, the protection time of nanoemulsions of M. piperita 50% against night biting mosquitoes was 4.96±0.21 h. Also, the protection for nanoemulsions essential oil 50% of E. globulus was 6.06±0.20 h. Comparison of the results showed that the protection time of nanoemulsions of M. piperita and E. globulus was significantly higher than of their normal essential oils (P˂0.01). Also, the protection time of DEET (as a gold standard) was significantly higher than of normal essential oil and nanoemulsions of M. piperita (P˂0.01), but there is no significant difference between DEET and nanoemulsions of E. globulus (P˃0.01). Conclusion: Due to the safety and biocompatibility of the nanoessential oils, and also relatively adequate and acceptable protection time, nanoemulsions of E. globulus and probably M. piperita can be considered as good repellents. It is recommended to do more research on these nanoemulsion repellents, as they may be good alternatives to DEET.

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Nakada, N., M. Yasojima, Y. Okayasu, K. Komori, and Y. Suzuki. "Mass balance analysis of triclosan, diethyltoluamide, crotamiton and carbamazepine in sewage treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 7 (April 1, 2010): 1739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.100.

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The behavior of antibacterial triclosan, insect-repellent diethyltoluamide (DEET), anticonvulsant carbamazepine, and antipruritic crotamiton was investigated at two sewage treatment plants (STPs) to clarify their complete mass balance. Twenty-four-hour flow-proportional composite samples were collected from the influent and effluent of primary and final sedimentation tanks, a biofiltration tank and disinfection tanks. Sludge samples (i.e., activated and excess sludge) and samples of the return flow from the sludge treatment process were collected in the same manner. The analytes in both the dissolved and particulate phases were individually determined by a gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometer. Triclosan was dominantly detected in the particulate phase especially in the early stage of treatment (up to 83%) and was efficiently removed (over 90%) in STPs, mainly by sorption to sewage sludge. Limited removal was observed for DEET (55±24%), while no significant removal was demonstrated for crotamiton or carbamazepine. The solid-water distribution coefficients (Kd, n=4) for triclosan (log Kd: 3.7–5.1), DEET (1.3–1.9) and crotamiton (1.1–1.6) in the sludge samples are also determined in this study. These findings indicate the limitations of current sewage treatment techniques for the removal of these water-soluble drugs (i.e. DEET, carbamazepine, and crotamiton).

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Miot, Hélio Amante, Rafaelle Fernandes Batistella, Khristiani de Almeida Batista, Dimas Eduardo Carneiro Volpato, Leonardo Silveira Teixeira Augusto, Newton Goulart Madeira, Vidal Haddad Jr., and Luciane Donida Bartoli Miot. "Comparative study of the topical effectiveness of the andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis) and DEET 50% as repellent for Aedes sp." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 46, no. 5 (October 2004): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652004000500004.

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DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) is nowadays the most effective mosquito repellent available, however, its use can present some topical and systemic side effects. Some botanical compositions, as Andiroba (Carapa guianensis), have been proved repellent properties at low cost and toxicity. An experimental study was driven involving four volunteers submitting their forearms covered with Andiroba oil at 100%, DEET 50%, refined soy oil, Andiroba oil 15% and in the absence of products, directly to healthy females of Aedes sp. The times of first and third bites were checked. The results showed that the median of the first bite without any product was 17.5s and the third bite, 40.0s. In the soy oil, the bites happened in 60.0s and 101.5s, in the presence of Andiroba oil 100%, in 56.0s and 142.5s and in Andiroba oil 15%, in 63.0s and 97.5s. The volunteers using DEET 50% had not received bites after 3600s in most of the experiments (p < 0.001 Wilcoxon). Pure Andiroba oil compared to the soy oil, forearm without product and Andiroba oil 15%, showed discreet superiority (p < 0.001 Wilcoxon). Our conclusion is that this study demonstrated that the pure Andiroba oil presents discreet repellent effect against bite of Aedes sp., being significantly inferior to DEET 50%.

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Msangi, Shandala, Eliningaya Kweka, and Aneth Mahande. "Repellent Activity of TRIG (N-N Diethyl Benzamide) against Man-Biting Mosquitoes." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9037616.

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A study was conducted to assess efficacy of a new repellent brand TRIG (15% N-N Diethyl Benzamide) when compared to DEET (20% N-N Methyl Toluamide). The repellents were tested in laboratory and field. In the laboratory, the repellence was tested on human volunteers, by exposing their repellent-treated arms on starved mosquitoes in cages for 3 minutes at hourly intervals, while counting the landing and probing attempts. Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were used. Field evaluation was conducted by Human Landing Catch technique. During the night, the repellents were applied on arms and legs and mosquitoes landing on these areas were collected. In laboratory tests, TRIG provided complete protection (100%) against Anopheles gambiae when applied at 1.25 g, while DEET provided this at 0.75 g. When tested on Aedes aegypti, TRIG provided complete protection when applied at 1 g, compared to 0.5 g for DEET. In the field, when applied at a recommended dose, both TRIG and DEET achieved above 90% protection against both An. arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus and a Complete Protection Time of about 6 hrs against both species of mosquitoes. The performances of the two products were found to be comparable and TRIG was recommended for use as repellent against mosquito bites.

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Wang, Jun Hua, Gang Huang, and Yong Tang Jia. "A Preliminary Study on the Anti-Mosquito Nanocapsule." Applied Mechanics and Materials 487 (January 2014): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.487.98.

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Anti-mosquito nanocapsules were prepared using the copolymer of styrene (ST) and ethyl acrylate (EA) as wall and deet as core by micro-emulsion polymerization. The mean particle size of nanocapsules was about 424nm and the loading of deet was about 73% under the conditions of 2% SDS as emulsifier and the ratio of core/wall 1:1. Scanning electron microscopy and laser particle size analyzer were employed to characterize the nanocapsules.

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LEE, HOI-SEON. "Food Protective Effect of Acaricidal Components Isolated from Anise Seeds against the Stored Food Mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.6.1208.

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The acaricidal activity of anise seed–isolated anisaldehyde and commercially available components of anise seed was examined against Tyrophagus putrescentiae adults and compared with those of synthetic acaricides, benzyl benzoate, dibutyl phthalate, and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). On the basis of LD50 (50% lethal dose) values, the compound most toxic to T. putrescentiae adults was anisaldehyde (LD50, 0.96 μg/cm2), followed by benzyl benzoate (LD50, 11.3 μg/cm2), anethole (LD50, 12.3 μg/cm2), dibutyl phthalate (LD50, 13.3 μg/cm2), DEET (LD50, 13.5 μg/cm2), estragole (LD50, 17.4 μg/cm2), and myrcene (LD50, 56.2 μg/cm2). Anisaldehyde was about 11.8 and 14 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate and DEET against T. putrescentiae adults, respectively. The results suggested that anisaldehyde, anethole, estragole, and myrcene derived from anise seeds are useful as a lead compound to development new agents for selective control of the stored food mite.

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Estep, Alden S., Neil D. Sanscrainte, Ingeborg Cuba, Gregory M. Allen, James J. Becnel, and Kenneth J. Linthicum. "Failure of Permethrin-Treated Military Uniforms to Protect Against a Laboratory-Maintained Knockdown-Resistant Strain of Aedes aegypti." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/19-6906.1.

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ABSTRACT Military forces and the recreational industry rely on the repellent properties of permethrin-treated fabrics and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (deet)–based lotions to provide protection from disease vectors and hematophagous organisms. Concerns regarding efficacy have been raised as pyrethroid resistance becomes more common and recent publications present contradictory conclusions. In this preliminary study, consenting volunteers were exposed to pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti strains while wearing sleeves of untreated or permethrin-treated army uniform fabric as well as with untreated or deet-treated exposed forearms. Deet was nearly 100% effective against both susceptible and resistant strains. However, permethrin treatment provided no significant protection against the resistant Puerto Rico strain relative to untreated control sleeves. These results confirm that pyrethroid-resistant vectors can negate the efficacy of permethrin-treated uniforms. Additional testing with resistant field strains is needed to better understand the risk to service members.

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Yoon, Jong Kwang, Kang-Chang Kim, Yeondong Cho, Yong-Dae Gwon, Han Sam Cho, Yoonki Heo, Kihoon Park, et al. "Comparison of Repellency Effect of Mosquito Repellents for DEET, Citronella, and Fennel Oil." Journal of Parasitology Research 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/361021.

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To confirm that Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines are applicable to test the efficacy of mosquito repellents, these guidelines were used to test the efficacy and complete protection times (CPTs) of three representative mosquito repellents: N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), citronella, and fennel oil. The repellency of citronella oil decreased over time, from 97.9% at 0 h to 71.4% at 1 h and 57.7% at 2 h, as did the repellency of fennel oil, from 88.6% at 0 h to 61.2% at 1 h and 47.4% at 2 h. In contrast, the repellency of DEET remained over 90% for 6 h. The CPT of DEET (360 min) was much longer than the CPTs of citronella (10.5 min) and fennel oil (8.4 min). These results did not differ significantly from previous findings, and hence confirm that the KFDA guidelines are applicable for testing the efficacy of mosquito repellents.

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Yener, Hande Ece, Georg Hillrichs, and René Androsch. "Phase behavior of solvent-rich compositions of the polymer/drug system poly(butylene succinate) and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET)." Colloid and Polymer Science 299, no. 5 (January 19, 2021): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-021-04810-z.

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AbstractPoly(butylene succinate) (PBS) is used to produce micro-/nanoporous biodegradable scaffolds, suitable for the release of the mosquito repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), based on thermally induced phase separation. For solvent-rich compositions up to 30 m% PBS, it was found that PBS dissolves in DEET at elevated temperatures. During cooling, spherulitic crystallization of PBS occurs, with the crystallization temperature decreasing with the content of DEET and the cooling rate, as determined by cloud-point measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized-light optical microscopy. Scaffold morphologies of quenched solutions were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy as a function of the polymer concentration and the quenching temperature. These two parameters control the nucleus density/spherulite size, the degree of intermeshing of spherulites, and the intra- and interspherulitic pore size, with the latter typically being of the order of magnitude of few micrometers.

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Kim, Soon-Il, Jun-Hyung Tak, Jeong Kyu Seo, Seong Ryel Park, Jiwon Kim, and Kyung-Hwan Boo. "Repellency of Veratraldehyde (3,4-Dimethoxy Benzaldehyde) against Mosquito Females and Tick Nymphs." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 4861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114861.

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Arthropod-borne infectious diseases cause many deaths and a major economic burden worldwide. Repellents play an important role in protecting people from infectious biting arthropods. The repellency of veratraldehyde, a known food additive, and the WJ-1041 formulation containing 10% veratraldehyde was tested against Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens females and Haemaphysalis longicornis nymphs using arm-in-cage, indoor or filter paper tests. Veratraldehyde exhibited repellency similar to or lower than that of n,n-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) against A. albopictus, but in H. longicornis, the activity of veratraldehyde was better than that of DEET. The repellency of the 10% veratraldehyde solution was comparable to that of 20% DEET against the two mosquitoes. When comparing repellency between the WJ-1041 formulation (10% veratraldehyde) and 10% DEET against C. pipiens pallens, A. Albopictus and H. longicornis, the two showed similar repellency and complete protection time (CPT) values. However, there was a small difference depending on the tested insects. The absorption of veratraldehyde via skin was minimal, if at all. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and Tmax) of veratraldehyde in blood samples of rats were not different from those of the control group. Based on these results, veratraldehyde has high potential to be commercialized as a repellent agent against infectious disease-borne pests in the near future.

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Frances, Stephen P., Kerryn L. Rowcliffe, and Donna O. MacKenzie. "Field Effectiveness of a Metofluthrin Fan-Based Emanator and Deet as Repellents Against Aedes vigilax in Southeast Queensland, Australia1." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/19-6905.1.

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ABSTRACT A field study to compare a formulation containing 40% deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzamide) in ethanol (Bushman™) and a battery-powered fan emanator with a chemical strip containing 31.2% metofluthrin (OFF!® Clip-On™) was conducted at Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia, in February 2016. The 40% deet provided 100% protection against mosquitoes for 5 h until tests ceased, while the OFF! Clip-On device provided only 42.2–60.8% protection against Aedes vigilax during the same period.

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Kulma, M., T. Bubová, O. Kopecký, and F. Rettich. "Lavender, Eucalyptus, and Orange Essential Oils as Repellents Against Ixodes Ricinus Females." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 48, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2017-0014.

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Abstract This study evaluated the repellent effect of three essential oils against females of Ixodes ricinus, which is considered to be the main arthropod disease vector in Europe. The essential oils could be regarded as user- and environment-friendly alternatives to synthetic repellents. As a comparison sample, the most widely used synthetic repellent DEET was used. All the tested oils exhibited moderate to high initial repellency of 65-85% 5 min after application. The testing was terminated after 80 min, when lavender and eucalyptus repelled 45% and 15% of ticks, respectively. No effect of orange oil was observed after a 20-min mark. The effect of DEET was found to be high and stable (95-100%) throughout the experiment. This study thus revealed that the investigated oils are not as effective as DEET. On the other hand, especially lavender showed an interesting potential as an alternative repellent for outdoor activities of shorter duration.

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Journal articles on the topic 'DEET'

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