Journal articles: 'Deer-park'

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Martin, Robert A., James G. Honey, Pablo Peláez-Campomanes, H. Thomas Goodwin, Jon A. Baskin, and Richard J. Zakrzewski. "Blancan lagomorphs and rodents of the Deer Park assemblages, Meade County, Kansas." Journal of Paleontology 76, no. 6 (November 2002): 1072–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000057887.

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A new collection of lagomorphs and rodents from the Deer Park B local fauna (l.f.) of Meade County, Kansas is described and compared with other small mammal assemblages of the Meade Basin, including the underlying Deer Park A l.f. Deer Park A was correctly assigned by Hibbard to the Blancan, bridging the gap between earlier Blancan faunas such as Fox Canyon and the late Blancan Sanders l.f. Recent fieldwork indicates that the Deer Park quarries may lie in the Rexroad Formation, rather than in the Ballard Formation as previously assumed. The geology and extinct mammalian contingent at Deer Park suggest that the lower horizon of Deer Park A was an active spring that gradually turned into a marshy environment during Deer Park B time. The rodents of Deer Park B are indicative of an open prairie ecosystem that might have been somewhat more arid than that of southwestern Kansas today.

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Sahani, Achmad Hasan, Sri Mulyati, Tri Bhawono Dadi, Sri Mumpuni Sosiawati, Kusnoto Kusnoto, and Ratna Damayanti. "Identification of Gastrointestinal Worms Egg on Spotted Deer (Axis axis) and Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) at Wonorejo Bibit Park and Surabaya Flora Park." Journal of Parasite Science 2, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jops.v2i2.16403.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the type of gastrointestinal worms egg of Spotted Deer (Axis axis) and Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) at Wonorejo Bibit Park and Surabaya Floral Park. The research was conducted in October-December 2017 used total 50 specimen of sample faeces, 40 sample faeces from Surabaya Flora Park and 10 sample faeces from Wonorejo Bibit Park, the samples analyzed at the Department of Parasitology Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University. The results showed that the degree of helmint gastrointestinal in Bawean Deer and Spoted Deer at Wonorejo Bibit Park showed 0% while at the Surabaya Flora Park is 15%. The type of worm found were Trematoda class it was Fasciola sp. The resuls of the analysis used Chi-Square test and showed no significantly differences degree of gastrointestinal helminth infection (p>0.05) .

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Edgar, Matthew. "Deer Park or the Monastery?" Philosophy Today 46, no. 3 (2002): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday200246335.

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Huxley, Thomas. "Moccas: An English Deer Park." Biological Conservation 98, no. 3 (April 2001): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00161-0.

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Stone, Leslie Anne. "The Japanese village and deer park." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 31, no. 3 (September 2011): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2011.552195.

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Boyes, Gareth, John Fletcher, Aiden Foster, Peter Green, Sam Ecroyd, and Kit Heawood. "Darting of wild and park deer." Veterinary Record 189, no. 3 (August 2021): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vetr.804.

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Ghimire, Shravan Kumar, Man Kumar Dhamala, Babu Ram Lamichhane, Rishi Ranabhat, Khim Bahadur KC, and Shashank Poudel. "Identification of suitable habitat for Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 6 (April 26, 2019): 13644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4129.11.6.13644-13653.

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Swamp Deer is a globally threatened large-sized deer species confined within small patches of the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Swamp Deer occurred in Chitwan National Park, Nepal but was extirpated in the 1960s primarily due to widespread hunting. We assessed the habitat suitability at present for the Swamp Deer in Chitwan National Park using multi-criteria analysis in GIS and vegetation assessment using frequency, dominance, and cover. Within the 952.63km2 area of the national park, the habitat suitability analysis identified 14.57km2 as highly suitable, 134.87km2 as suitable, and 803.19km2 as moderate to least suitable area. Most of the national park’s grassland is suitable for Swamp Deer. Grassland is dominated by Saccharum spp.; Imperata cylindrica is the most widely distributed grass species followed by Saccharum spp., Narenga porphyrocoma, and Apluda mutica. Grass species of the Poaceae family are the most preferred species by Swamp Deer, which are found within short grasslands. The study revealed that Padampur Phanta could be the most suitable site for the reintroduction of Swamp Deer due to its highest proportion of short grass and availability of preferred food species and good habitat in comparison to other blocks. Invasion of swamps of Chitwan by Mikania micrantha and Eichornia crassipes could be a limiting factor for the habitat suitability of Swamp Deer.

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Zhu, Shibing, Yi Qu, Yingzhu Liu, D. V. Dobrynin, O. V. Sukhova, I. P. Kotlov, R. B. Sandlersky, A. A. Yachmennikova, and V. V. Rozhnov. "The structure of the amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica) potential habitats and evaluation of its prey in the Taipingou national park (China) based on remote sensing data." Исследования Земли из Космоса, no. 4 (August 17, 2019): 60–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0205-96142019460-86.

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Today the population of the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in the Russian Far East is being restored, young individuals are spread within the historical range, including the territory of China. Here the assessment of the territories suitability that exists at Northeastern China as the habitat of the Amur tiger and its food supply (three species of ungulates – wild boar, red deer and roe deer) are shown. Basically a specially protected area is chosen – the Taipingou National Park, located on the border of the Public Republic of China and Russia. The modeling of habitat suitability for ungulates was carried out on the basis of remote sensing data (Earth remote sensing) by using two different approaches – expert geo-information assessment of the territory and discriminant analysis modeling. The modeling of the suitability of ungulate habitats without the variability of plant communities based on discriminant analysis and showed a small difference between the model results for wild boar and roe deer. Nevertheless, the connection with the morphometric characteristics of the relief is more important for the wild boar than for the roe deer, and for the roe deer there is a variability of vegetation types more important. The results of the analysis that included the type of biotopes, showed that the wild boar prefers the central and northern parts of the Taipingou National Park, while the roe deer is the western part of the park; red deer is more common in the southern part of the park.

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Hough, Carole. "Deer in Sussex Place-Names." Antiquaries Journal 88 (September 2008): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500001347.

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Recent evidence for fallow deer at the first-century AD Roman palace at Fishbourne, Sussex, is supported by place-names identifying a nearby deer park and testifying to the presence of fallow deer in Anglo-Saxon Sussex.

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Sari, Kezia Kartika, and Priscilla Epifania Ariaji. "EKSPLORASI DESAIN TAMAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN BIOFILIK BERBASIS ETIKA LINGKUNGAN DI BSD." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 3, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v3i1.10906.

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Ethical Biophilic Park in BSD, Tangerang Is a connected open green spaces between a green park and a deer park., which one has existing faunal element specifically deer. Located at Jakarta’s suburban area, BSD Biophilical Park is one of many parks that foster a herd of deer. Both sites were found not maximized in their function, the existing deer foster has not considered fulfilling five freedoms of animal welfare, which must looked at into more in the future. Conceiving the needs of the human-animal interaction, biophilic and rewilding design methods are expected to be sufficient for the welfare of both parties. The park allocates a variety of artificial natural elements, closeness to faunal elements, as well as space experiences in enclosed spaces. Observing on how the park treat the herd, and how it affects the human activity, creates an output of a green park, that is still connected with the deer park, and also ones which has a full-length trail to see the herd without direct interaction such as petting and. In addition to the design, it involuntarily comply environmental ethics that favor the following welfare of the animal itself. Keywords: Biophilical Park; Deer Fostering; Environmental Ethics; Opened Green Public; Space Rewilding Abstrak Taman Biofilik Berbasis Etika Lingkungan di BSD merupakan perpaduan dua ruang terbuka hijau yang salah satunya memiliki unsur fauna berupa rusa. Terletak di daerah sub urban Jakarta, Taman Biofilik BSD merupakan satu-satunya taman yang merawat rusa. Kedua tapak ditemukan belum maksimal dalam fungsinya, pemeliharaan rusa juga dianggap belum memenuhi lima unsur kesejahteraan hewan, yang kedepannya harus lebih diperhatikan. Memahami kebutuhan adanya hubungan dan interaksi antara manusia dan hewan, metode desain biofilik dan untuk diliarkan diharapkan dapat mencukupi kesejahteraan bagi kedua pihak. Taman mengalokasikan berbagai unsur alam buatan, kedekatan dengan unsur fauna, serta pengalaman ruang yang bersifat lebih terbuka atau tidak sepenuhnya terbangun dinding empat sisi. Mengamati perlakuan taman eksisting pada hewan, dan pengaruh aktivitas manusia didalamnya, menghasilkan taman manusia yang tetap terintegrasi dengan taman rusa, yang didalamnya terdapat jalur untuk melihat-lihat rusa tanpa secara langsung memegang atau memberi makan rusa. Terapan desain secara tidak langsung menghasilkan interaksi yang mematuhi etika lingkungan yang kerap mempengaruhi kesejahteraan hewan itu sendiri.

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Dixon, Gabriel, Andrew S. Marriott, Graham Stelfox, Chris Dunkerley, and Sven P. Batke. "How do red deer react to increased visitor numbers? A case study on human-deer encounter probability and its effect on cortisol stress responses." Nature Conservation 43 (February 26, 2021): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.43.56266.

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The numbers of visitors to greenspaces in the United Kingdom has increased over the last few years as the health benefits of spending time in greenspaces have become better known. This has led to problems for conservation ecologists due to increased numbers of reported human-wildlife encounters. Deer are often found in public spaces and are of particular concern. Previous research suggests elevated levels of stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) in deer is a result of increased human activity. This has been linked to several negative effects on the deer’s health. From a practitioner’s point of view, it is therefore important to implement effective management strategies that are based on scientific evidence to help ensure the welfare of managed deer populations. In an effort to identify the impact of visitor numbers on faecal cortisol concentrations, samples from 2 red deer (Cervus elaphus) herds in Lyme Park (Cheshire), United Kingdom, were collected and analysed. A predictive spatial model was developed based on logistic regression to identify areas within the park of low and high human-deer encounter probability. The faecal cortisol levels were found to be significantly higher on days with a high number of visitors. In addition, landscape features such as buildings and roads increased the probability of human-deer encounters, whereas woodland and scrub decreased the probability. However, human-deer encounter probability changed with distance to the features. By providing local park managers with this scientific data, these findings can directly inform current management efforts to reduce deer stress levels in Lyme Park. In addition, the spatial modelling method has the capacity to be implemented in other parks across the country with minimal cost and effort.

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Singh, Jagjeet, Nupur Goyal, Vivek Dalal, Poonam kumari, and Vinay Malik. "Avifaunal diversity in the Deer Park of Hauz Khas, New Delhi." ESSENCE International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation 9, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31786/09756272.18.9.1.105.

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Quinn, Norman W. S. "Reconstructing Changes in Abundance of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park, Ontario, 1860-2004." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i3.142.

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The history of White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Moose, Alces alces, and Beaver, Castor canadensis, in Algonquin Park since the 1860s is reviewed and placed in the context of changes to the forest, weather, and parasitic disease. Deer seem to have been abundant in the late 1800s and early 1900s whereas Moose were also common but less so than deer. Deer declined through the 1920s as Moose probably increased. Deer had recovered by the 1940s when Moose seem to have been scarce. The deer population declined again in the 1960s, suffered major mortality in the early 1970s, and has never recovered; deer are essentially absent from the present day Algonquin landscape in winter. Moose increased steadily following the decline of deer and have numbered around 3500 since the mid-1980s. Beaver were scarce in the Park in the late 1800s but recovered by 1910 and appear to have been abundant through the early 1900s and at high numbers through mid-century. The Beaver population has, however, declined sharply since the mid-1970s. These changes can best be explained by the history of change to the structure and composition of the Park's forests. After extensive fire and logging in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the forest is now in an essentially mature state. Weather and parasitic disease, however, have also played a role. These three species form the prey base of Algonquin's Wolves, Canis lycaon, and the net decline of prey, especially deer, has important implications for the future of wolves in the Park.

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Sinha, Alolika, Bibhuti Prasad Lahkar, and Syed Ainul Hussain. "Current population status of the endangered Hog Deer Axis porcinus (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae) in the Terai grasslands: a study following political unrest in Manas National Park, India ." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 13 (October 26, 2019): 14655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5037.11.13.14655-14662.

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The Endangered Hog Deer Axis porcinus has experienced drastic population declines throughout its geographical range. There is limited knowledge of its current population status, particularly from northeastern India. In this study the population density of Hog Deer was assessed in Manas National Park, which was a deer stronghold prior to the armed conflict that lasted for almost two decades, resulting in depressed deer populations. With the cessation of conflict, efforts were invested by both government and conservation organisations for the recovery and conservation of charismatic fauna in the park. Studies on Hog Deer populations, however, were lacking and thus reliable information on current status is unavailable. Current population status and threats faced by Hog Deer were assessed to aid informed conservation decisions. Distance sampling techniques (line transects) were applied in the grassland habitat during the dry season of two consecutive years. The estimated Hog Deer density was 18.22±3.32 km-2. The potential threats to Hog Deer identified in Manas include habitat loss, habitat degradation due to spread of invasive plant species, illegal hunting, and other anthropogenic disturbances. Our study suggests that the Hog Deer population, though reviving, needs immediate conservation attention.

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Roberts, Cathryn, Martin Westbrooke, Singarayer Florentine, and Simon Cook. "Winter diet of introduced red deer (Cervus elaphus) in woodland vegetation in Grampians National Park, western Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 37, no. 1 (2015): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am14013.

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Although red deer (Cervus elaphus) have the potential to play a major role in influencing the structure and composition of vegetation, little is known about the dietary preferences of red deer in Australia. In the Grampians National Park, Victoria, where there is a large, established red deer population, there has been concern over the condition of woodlands, with lack of perennial seedling recruitment observed. We estimated the diets of 12 red deer using macroscopic sorting techniques. We examined rumen contents of seven male and five female red deer from four woodland Ecological Vegetation Classes, which indicate that they act as intermediate feeders. A wide variety of plants were ingested, with evergreen tree species, small trees and woody shrubs making up a large proportion of the diet, along with grasses. This study found that red deer show significantly different dietary intake due to sex, with females consuming a diet much higher in grasses, while males consume more trees and shrubs. These findings have implications for the management of red deer populations within the park and broader implications for their effects on Australian ecosystems.

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Kinley, Trevor A. "Seasonal movements of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia." Canadian Field-Naturalist 133, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v133i3.2201.

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Nineteen adult female White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus), fitted with very high frequency or global positioning system collars in the Rocky Mountains of southeast British Columbia, exhibited straight-line seasonal movements ranging from <4 km to 109 km. Movement was almost entirely along the floor of both low- and high-elevation valleys, although there was some use of mid-elevation mountainsides during early winter. Spatial locations of deer spanned 891–2234 m above sea level. Seasonal movements of these deer from a single winter range extended to two provinces, three national parks, one provincial park, non-park provincial Crown land, and private land. Deer populations with similar movement patterns may be most effectively managed by considering their extensive movements and coordinating approaches across jurisdictions.

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Taylor, Christopher. "Ravensdale Park, Derbyshire, and medieval deer coursing." Landscape History 26, no. 1 (January 2004): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2004.10594561.

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Baskevich, M. I., S. F. Sapelnikov, I. I. Sapelnikova, L. A. Khlyap, and A. S. Bogdanov. "Chromosomal and Molecular Analysis of Microtus arvalis s. l. (Rodentia, Mammalia) Caught in the Deer Natural Park: Zoogeographic and Ecological Aspects." Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, no. 2 (July 7, 2020): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1684-7318-2020-2-135-150.

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Priority data are presented on the chromosomal (routine, C-banding) and molecular (cyt b, p53) marking of several (n = 19) individuals of common vole sibling species from three previously not studied localities in the Central Black Earth region, at the territory of the Deer Natural Park (Lipetsk Region, Krasninsky District). All individuals caught on the territory of the Deer Natural Park in the northwestern part of the Lipetsk Region were identified by both genetic markers as M. arvalis form “arvalis” (MAA). No representatives of other M. arvalis s. l. sibling species, including recombinants, were found in our samples. The geographical location of the M. arvalis form “arvalis” found by us was estimated with respect to the distribution boundaries and hybridization sites of the 46-chromosome forms of M. arvalis s. l. in the Central Black Earth region. It is shown that the studied individuals have been caught within the range of the Microtus form “arvalis” and are largely removed from the hybridization sites of the 46-chromosomal forms M. arvalis s. l., discovered earlier in the southern Lipetsk region and the southeastern Kursk Region. No M. rossiaemeridionalis in the examined sample from the Deer Natural Park were found. The correspondence between the samples studied and identified as the M. arvalis form “arvalis” from the Deer Natural Park and native meadow biotopes is shown. The data of determining the taxonomic status of M. arvalis s. l. individuals from the Deer Natural Park are consistent with our perceptions of the nature of the geographical distribution and biotopic correspondence of M. arvalis s. l. sibling species and the chromosomal forms on the territory of the Central Black Earth region.

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Cook, S. Joy, D. Ryan Norris, and John B. Theberge. "Spatial dynamics of a migratory wolf population in winter, south-central Ontario (1990-1995)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 1740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-148.

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We examined the spatial distribution and movements of migratory wolves (Canis lupus lycaon) to a deer yard located adjacent to Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, during 5 winters from 1990 to 1995. Wolves from eastern and central Algonquin Provincial Park followed the annual migration of deer to yards located 13 km outside of the Park boundary. Spatial distributions were determined through mapping of telemetry locations and nearest neighbour analysis. We defined three spacing systems: consistent/high fidelity, clustered/moderate fidelity, and transitional/low fidelity. We found inconsistencies among packs in their adherence to these systems. Data indicate that areas of use changed quickly and tolerance levels among wolves in the deer yard were very high; alien wolves were recorded 163 times in close spatial and (or) temporal proximity. The social behaviour exhibited by this migratory population of wolves has never been recorded in a forested wolf-deer ecosystem. Factors that may contribute to this behavioural plasticity include food abundance, a high degree of genetic relatedness among wolf packs, and high rates of human-caused mortality.

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Srinivasulu, C., V. Nagulu, V. Vasudeva Rao, and Harsha Reddy. "Spotted Deer (Axis axis Erxleben) Herd in Osmania University Deer Park, Hyderabad." Zoos' Print Journal 14, no. 10 (September 21, 1999): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.zpj.14.10.125-7.

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Hartono, Hartono, Endang Suprihati, Erma Safitri, Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti, Mufasirin Mufasirin, and Kusnoto Kusnoto. "Identification of Gastrointestinal Endoparasite in Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) and Spotted Deer (Axis axis) at Bratang Flora Park – Surabaya." Journal of Parasite Science 3, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jops.v3i2.16518.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the endoparasites of Spotted Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) and Deer (Axis axis ) at Surabaya Flora Park. The research was conducted in December 2018 - January 2019 used total 60 specimen of sample faeces, consist of 30 sample of bawean deers faeces and 30 sample of spoted deers faeces, the samples analyzed at the Department of Parasitology Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. The results of the study found positive endoparasites on examination, samples of Bawean deer faeces (Axis kuhlii) and Spotted deer faeces(Axis axis) in Baratang Flora Park Surabaya found that 26 positive samples from 60 samples were obtained. Positive endoparasitic samples are protozoa at the stage of oocyst, namely Eimeria sp. 6 (10%) samples, worm eggs from the Nematoda class, Haemonchus sp. 20 (33.33%) and whereas endoparasites from other stages and classes were not found. The results of the analysis used Chi-Square test and showed no significantly differences degree of gastrointestinal endoparasite infection of Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) and Spotted deer (Axis axis) (p>0.05).

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Timsina, Tatwa P. "Conflict of Local People and Larger Mammals - A Case of Chitwan National Park in Central Nepal." Journal of Advanced Academic Research 1, no. 1 (September 29, 2015): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v1i1.13520.

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Background: Chitwan National Park which covers 932 km2 lies in the lowlands or inner terai of southern central Nepal. It has 503 rhinoceros, 120 tigers and 40-50 elephants. Wildlife such as leopard, wild dog, sloth bear, gaur, sambar, chital, hog deer, barking deer, wild pig etc. are also found in this park. The park is facing enormous enroachment from the local people.Objective: The objective of this study is to study the causes of conflicts and find out the ways for park-people management. This study has been designed to reveal the intricate relationship among the large mammals and local people and the resultant conflict.Methodology: The study has applied cross-sectional design and included 100 people. Both the quantitative and qualitative approaches have been used to collect data. Research instruments namely interview, questionnaire and observation were applied for this study.Results: Larger mammals and local people have both positive and negative interactions. Negative interaction or conflict takes place due to the competition between the park and people that are concerned at crop damage, livestock loss and injury to rhino, deer, boar, tiger etc. Regarding the types of crops damaged by the wildlife, mustard, potato, maize, paddy and wheat top the list.Conclusion: In Chitwan National Park, the relation between larger mammals and local people is positive such as promoting tourism and maintaining greenery and negative in some cases such as injury and damage by larger mammals, restrictions on the use of park resources for local people etc. The park-people relationship can be managed by introducing a number of measures which respect the lives of both the local people and wildlife in the park. Both the park authorities and local people should work in coordination so that the benefit from the immeasurable gift of nature could be exploited.Journal of Advanced Academic Research Vol.1(1) 2014: 99-106

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Forbes, G. J., and J. B. Theberge. "Response by wolves to prey variation in central Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 1511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-165.

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The influence of variation in prey availability in a wolf–moose–deer–beaver predator–prey community was studied from 1987 to 1992 in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada. Density, food habits, and movements of 57 radio-collared gray wolves (Canis lupus) were compared among three regions of varying moose (Alces alces) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) spatial and temporal abundance. Relative moose and deer availability was determined annually from 16 track surveys (5 km each), 150 pellet surveys (300 × 2 m), stratified aerial surveys (2 or 3 each winter), and prey carcass data. One region contained high moose abundance and virtually no deer year-round. The second region had high moose levels with moderate levels of deer, and a third region varied in deer winter abundance annually. Wolf use of deer was high, based on the proportion of deer in winter scats (9.3–32.1% frequency of occurrence; 4.3–22.5% total biomass) and the number of deer predation cases (50 carcasses) that occurred in all three regions, even in areas where deer were considered to be very rare. Wolf use of deer was positively correlated with increases in winter deer abundance (r2 = 0.66). Wolf density correlated with deer numbers (r2 = 0.74). In winter, deer in the third region migrated to a deer yard 15 km from Algonquin Park. A remaining overwintering deer density of less than 0.02/km2 appears to have prompted a movement of wolves to the deer yard. Of the 41 moose consumed by wolves in winter, most (71%) were scavenged animals that had died with infestations of winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus). Beaver (Castor canadensis) apparently acted as important buffer prey species when deer numbers were low. The Algonquin wolf's reliance on smaller prey items appears to be a function of the fluctuating prey base, which promotes alternative hunting strategies, and the small size of the Algonquin wolf, which makes it an inefficient predator of moose. Even though moose were relatively constant in availability, and a major food item, the wolf population was responding primarily to the availability of deer.

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Wajdzik, Marek, Zbigniew Kołodziej, Piotr Bilański, and Katarzyna Szyjka. "Forest management and hunting in areas adjacent to national parks: the example of the Magura National Park." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0014.

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Abstract the aim of the study was to evaluate arguments for hunting and its impact on forest management and conservation in national parks as well as areas directly adjacent to them. the issue was examined using the example of the Magura national Park (MnP) for which data on the number of deer and predatory mammals included in the statistical yearbooks for 2013-2014 were available. the quality and size of the food sources provided by this type of forest habitat were evaluated using data obtained from the literature. We also included data on the dietary habits of wolves and lynxes as well as their impact on the number of large ungulates in our analysis. the maximum carrying capacity of forest stands in the Magura national Park was determined to be 789 deer units (dear unit = 1 red deer or 0.3 elk or 5 roe deer), whereas in fact in 2014, the abundance of ungulates reached a total of 1230 deer units. our analysis evaluating the impact of wolf and lynx populations on ungulates in the area showed that these predators can kill up to 212 deer per year (140 individuals by wolves and 72 by lynxes). the growth in deer population, however, varies from 25.8% to 27.7%, which in the MnP amounts to 258-277 new born individuals per year, meaning that the wolf and lynx populations in the MnP are not able to prevent the number of deer from growing. the current population of ungulates (1230 deer units ) having reached a density of 6.6 deer units/km2 exceeds the capacity of the MnP and thus poses a real threat to maintaining both, the nature of the park and the adjacent stands. this article shows that the natural maintenance of balance in the predator-prey relationship is unlikely under these conditions and failure to allow for anthropogenic interference to regulate the number of ungulates in protected areas may result in an increase in the density of their population. Potential destruction of other valuable assets such as forest habitats may consequently follow. the current population of ungulates (1,230 deer units) having reached a density of 6.6 deer units/km2 exceeds the capacity of the MnP and thus poses a real threat to maintaining the nature of both the park and the adjacent stands. this article shows that the natural maintenance of balance in the predator-prey relationship is unlikely under these conditions and failure to allow for anthropogenic interference to regulate the number of ungulates in protected areas may result in an increase in the density of their population. Potential destruction of other valuable assets such as forest habitats may consequently follow.

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Nasir, Nasir, Zakaria Zakaria, and Yuslinaini Yuslinaini. "Standarisasi Kepuasan Wisatawan Pengguna Jasa Taman Rusa Lamtanjong Aceh Besar dan beberapa Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya." Jurnal EMT KITA 3, no. 2 (November 20, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35870/emt.v3i2.110.

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This study aims to determine the extent of tourist satisfaction in using the services of the Great Aceh Lamtanjong Deer Park, analytical equipment used is multiple linear regression with reliability testing and validity tests, so far the results of the study indicate that all independent variables have a positive effect on consumer satisfaction, from the results of the regression coefficient the physical evidence factor becomes the biggest factor affecting tourist satisfaction in the Lamtanjong Aceh Besar Deer Park, then responsiveness is the lowest factor affecting consumer satisfaction. Keywords: satisfaction, tourists, service users

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Forsyth, David M., Andrew M. Gormley, Luke Woodford, and Tony Fitzgerald. "Effects of large-scale high-severity fire on occupancy and abundances of an invasive large mammal in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 39, no. 7 (2012): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12033.

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Context Despite large mammals being an important component of many ecosystems, there is little information on the impacts of fire on large mammal populations. Aims We evaluated the effects of the large-scale high-severity ‘Black Saturday’ fires of 7 February 2009 on occupancy and abundances of an invasive large mammal, the sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), in south-eastern Australia. Methods The effects of the Black Saturday fires on the abundance of sambar deer were assessed using repeated annual counts of faecal pellets during 2007–11 in Kinglake National Park, which was burnt, and in Mount Buffalo National Park, which was not burnt. Pre-fire occupancy was modelled from data collected at 80 4-km2 cells using three survey methods. The same survey methods were used at 15 burnt (n = 9 sampled pre-fire) and 15 unburnt (n = 5 sampled pre-fire) cells 16–24 months after Black Saturday. Because multiple surveys were performed in each cell, we used a Bayesian state–space site-occupancy model to partition changes in the probability of occupancy from changes in the probability of detection. Key results Counts of sambar deer pellets increased linearly during 2007–11 in the unburnt Mount Buffalo National Park. Pellet counts also increased linearly in Kinglake National Park from 2007 to 2008, and then decreased (to zero) following Black Saturday; pellet counts increased again in 2010 and 2011. Sambar deer occupancy was weakly reduced (from 0.99 to 0.88) in burnt cells 16–24 months after Black Saturday, but was little changed in unburnt cells (from 0.99 to 0.98). Conclusions We conclude that the abundance of sambar deer was substantially reduced by the large-scale high-severity Black Saturday fires, but that most burnt habitat was reoccupied 16–24 months later. Implications There is concern about the negative impacts of invasive sambar deer on native biodiversity, particularly immediately post-fire. Our study suggests that it takes at least 8 months before sambar deer recolonise areas burnt by a large-scale high-severity fire; however, a risk-averse approach would be to act (e.g. by erecting fences or culling) sooner than that.

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Nakano, Dana Y. "Playing Foreign and Building Community at Deer Park." Contexts 17, no. 4 (November 2018): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504218812872.

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MORRIS, T. F. "KIERKEGAARD ON TAKING AN OUTING TO DEER PARK." Heythrop Journal 48, no. 3 (May 2007): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2265.2007.00320.x.

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Thapamagar, Tilak, Shivish Bhandari, Kishor Ghimire, and Daya Ram Bhusal. "Threats to endangered musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in the Khaptad National Park, Nepal." Folia Oecologica 46, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2019-0020.

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AbstractThe Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) is classified as an “Endangered” species by the IUCN Red list category. We studied anthropogenic pressure on the musk deer population in the Khaptad National Park, Nepal. The questionnaire survey was applied from October to November 2018. Out of 111 respondents, 77% reported that the primary objective for poacher kills to the musk deer was musk pod, followed by skin (15%) and meat (8%). The major part of the killing tools represented traps; however, 23% respondents stated that poachers also use snares, 20% respondents reported guns, and 18% persons interviewed had no idea regarding the tool the poachers use to kill the musk deer. There was a significant difference between the male and female respondents regarding their opinion on musk deer conservation; male respondents exhibited more positive attitudes towards musk deer conservation than female respondents (Chi-squared 8.21; P < 0.05). People based conservation awareness programs and alternative income generating sources must be employed for long term musk deer conservation in the Nepal Himalayas.

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Davies, Christopher, Wendy Wright, Fiona E. Hogan, and Hugh Davies. "Detectability and activity patterns of sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) in Baw Baw National Park, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 3 (2020): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am19029.

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Introduced sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) are increasing in abundance and distribution across much of south-eastern Australia and causing damage to native ecosystems. However, the current paucity of knowledge surrounding many aspects of sambar deer ecology is limiting our capacity to make informed management decisions, and properly gauge the extent of deer impacts. Here we investigate correlates of sambar deer detectability and describe activity patterns of sambar deer in Baw Baw National Park (BBNP) to inform control operations. Camera traps were deployed in BBNP between October and December 2016. We used an occupancy modelling framework to investigate sambar deer detectability and camera trap record time stamps to determine sambar deer activity patterns. Sambar deer were found to be significantly more detectable near roads and in areas of sparse tree density and displayed strong crepuscular activity patterns. Control operations carried out along roads at dawn and dusk could be effective, at least in the short term. Likewise, aerial culling could be an effective control option for sambar deer populations in BBNP. This study highlights the utility of camera trap data to inform the application of control operations for cryptic invasive species.

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Gable, Thomas D., and Daniel P. Gable. "Wolf (Canis sp.) attacks life-like deer decoy: insight into how wolves hunt deer?" Canadian Field-Naturalist 133, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v133i1.2044.

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We know of no documented observations of wolves (Canis sp.) detecting and then attacking a White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during spring, summer, or fall. We describe an observation of a wolf attacking a life-like, two-dimensional deer decoy in November 2017 near Killarney Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. The wolf appeared to locate the decoy by sight rather than sound or scent, suggesting that the profile of a deer is sufficient to trigger an attack by a wolf.

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CANDELA, M. G., A. CABALLOL, and P. M. ATANCE. "Wide exposure toCoxiella burnetiiin ruminant and feline species living in a natural environment: zoonoses in a human–livestock–wildlife interface." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 3 (October 25, 2016): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816002454.

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SUMMARYAssessment of the role of wild and domestic hosts as potential reservoirs of misdiagnosed zoonoses, such as Q fever byCoxiella burnetii, is an important public health issue today both for wildlife conservation and management of disease in human–livestock–wildlife interface. This study used ELISA, an indirect antibody, to research (2003–2013)C. burnetiiinfection in seven free-living wild and domestic ruminant species and in European wildcats (Felis silvestris). The animals studied were 0 European wildcats, 21 Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica), 314 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 556 fallow deer (Dama dama), 211 European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), eight roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 407 bovines (Bos taurus) and 3739 sheep (Ovis aries). All the animals shared the same habitat in the Serranía de Cuenca Natural Park (Castile-La Mancha, Spain). The study area is an example of human–domestic–wildlife interface where people and domestic animals live in close proximity to wildlife. ObservedC. burnetiiseropositive frequencies were: 33·3% European wildcats, 23·8% Spanish ibex, 22·5% domestic sheep 1·5% red deer, 1·4% European mouflon, 0·24% cattle, 0·18% fallow deer and 0% roe deer. The study found a wideC. burnetiiprevalence of previous and present exposure in wild and domestic ruminant hosts in the Serranía de Cuenca Natural Park and reports the first evidence ofC. burnetiiexposure in free-living European wildcats.

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McDaniel, Greg, Evelyn Merrill, and Fred Lindzey. "Ecology of Deer on Devils Tower National Monument." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2863.

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Currently, white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (0. hemionus) use Devils Tower National Monument and adjacent private agricultural lands year round or migrate from the Monument to other areas. Construction of a game proof fence by adjoining landowners threatens to enclose Devils Tower National Monument. If this occurs, deer use of the Monument may be substantially altered and longÂterm management of the population may be faced with many of the problems associated with island reserves. National Park Service management policy charges the Monument to detect or predict changes in the natural resources under its stewardship. However, current deer use of the Monument is not well documented so that a baseline for monitoring long term changes is lacking. The University of Wyoming Department of Zoology and Physiology and the Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, in cooperation with the University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center and Devils Tower National Monument, initiated a study in June 1990 to document the population and habitat ecology of whiteÂtailed and mule deer on Devils Tower National Monument. Objectives of the study during this reporting period were to: 1. radio-collar a representative sample of the adult female population of deer 2. radio-locate adult does to identify daily and seasonal habitat use and movement patterns 3. determine seasonal deer densities on the Monument

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Chlebicki, Andrzej, and Wojciech Spisak. "Amauroascus kuehnii and other fungi isolated from a deer horn in Poland." Polish Botanical Journal 61, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pbj-2016-0016.

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Abstract Four keratinophilic fungi isolated from deer horn collected in Gorce National Park (Poland) are reported: Amauroascus kuehnii Arx with its malbranchea-like anamorph, Isaria fumosorosea Wize, Mortierella elongata Linnem., and Penicillium spinulosum Thom s.l. The record of Amauroascus kuehnii is its second locality in Europe, and keratin deer horn is a new substrate for this fungus.

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Redford, Kent H. "Emas National Park and the plight of the Brazilian cerrados." Oryx 19, no. 4 (October 1985): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300025631.

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Brazil's Emas National Park protects important populations of the endangered pampas deer, giant anteaters, armadillos, rheas and many other mammals and birds, but its road and river boundaries are not the best that could be provided to protect this valuable cerrado Park. Uncontrolled fires are also a problem, killing giant anteaters and destroying gallery forest. The author spent two years doing research in central Brazil and visited the Park many times.

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Smagol, V. M., O. G. Babich, V. K. Kaminetskyi, V. L. Yarysh, and V. O. Smagol. "Formation of Inter-Species Links in Ungulates in the Azov-Sivash National Nature Park." Vestnik Zoologii 53, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2019-0025.

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Abstract The succession of ungulate fauna was studied under conditions of artificially high density and limited residential area on the Biryuchy Island of the Azov-Sivash National Nature Park. Forming of inter-specific relationships between populations of the moufflon, red-deer and fallow-deer were revealed. The social hierarchy of the mentioned species, which are at the same trophic level, is determined. For the population of each species the factors influencing the dynamics of its number are given. Competition of species in steppe habitat is based solely on trophic relationships because the protective properties of the land are minimized. The forage base creates equal conditions for different species, since there is no woody vegetation in the steppe, which makes the large size of the red deer not important for the food obtaining. Concerning the fallow-deer, there is activation in reproductive potential, which is the part of the strategy in competition for resources and indicates its wider ecological lability in comparison with the red-deer. Meanwhile, a high level of adaptation to the conditions of the open steppe is noted in the moufflon, which (together with high reproductive capacity) rationally uses pasture potentials while the fallow-deer and red-deer have a certain level of stenophagy.

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Bhandari, Shivish, Mukesh Kumar Chalise, and Chiranjibi Prasad Pokharel. "Diet of Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0008.

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AbstractWe studied the diet of the Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, by identifying 109 prey items from 85 tiger scats. Tigers in this region fed upon eight different mammal species. Chital (Axis axis) was the major prey with a frequency of 45% of the Tigers’ diet. The occurrence of other prey species included sambar (Cervus unicolor, 23%), wild pig (Sus scrofa, 15%), hog deer (Axis porcinus, 9%), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak, 4%), and gaur (Bos gaurus, 2%). Tigers also hunted livestock, but this prey comprised a small component of the relative biomass (buffalo 5% and cow 2%). Our study suggests that the tiger depends mostly upon wild prey for its subsistence in the Chitwan National Park, but will also sporadically hunt livestock.

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Ford-Thompson, Adriana E. S., Carolyn Snell, Glen Saunders, and Piran C. L. White. "Dimensions of local public attitudes towards invasive species management in protected areas." Wildlife Research 42, no. 1 (2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14122.

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Context Invasive species management is often a source of contention; therefore, understanding human dimensions is viewed increasingly as critical for management success. Aims Using invasive Javan rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) in the Royal National Park (RNP), Sydney, as a case study, we sought to identify key dimensions of local public attitudes towards deer and associated management interventions, to identify the most divisive issues, and to assess the influence of experiences on attitudes. Methods We used a mixed-methods approach, using a questionnaire targeted at residents closest to the border of the RNP (n = 406, 30% response rate). The potential for conflict index (PCI2) was used to analyse 32 framing statements, generated through in-depth interviews with 18 key stakeholders from a range of stakeholder groups (e.g. conservation, hunting, animal welfare). We also tested for significant differences in attitudes between those who had or had not experienced deer impacts or received information on deer management. We conducted qualitative analysis of open comments to identify emergent themes and develop an attitudes framework. Key results We identified three overarching dimensions to local attitudes, namely, stakeholder, wildlife and management dimensions, each consisting of key themes and issues, forming the attitudes framework. The most divisive issues based on PCI2 analysis related to deer remaining in the park (PCI2 = 0.626), the heritage value of deer (PCI2 = 0.626), the need to remove deer (PCI2 = 0.531) and the need to kill non-natives in national parks (PCI2 = 0.535). Experience of deer–vehicle collisions and property damage were associated with significantly more negative attitudes towards deer and non-native species and more trust in ecological evidence (P < 0.001), whereas positive experience of deer had the opposite effect (P < 0.001). These experiences were also associated with attitudes towards aerial shooting (P < 0.05) but not hunting. Receiving information improved trust in ecological evidence and decreased belief in heritage value of deer (P < 0.05). Conclusions Attitudes of the local public were varied and complex; however, a mixed-methods bottom-up approach allowed us to identify specific key issues of divisiveness and make management recommendations. Implications The framework and analysis have the potential to facilitate conflict mitigation and develop invasive species management strategies that are inclusive of the local community.

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Hockett, Karen S., and Troy E. Hall. "The Effect of Moral and Fear Appeals on Park Visitors’ Beliefs about Feeding Wildlife." Journal of Interpretation Research 12, no. 1 (April 2007): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720701200102.

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This study tested the effectiveness of two written messages compared to a control condition in changing campers’ beliefs about feeding deer at Shenandoah National Park. Drawing on the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion, both interventions were designed to promote central route processing. One used research on hazard warnings to present a fear appeal message highlighting risks to visitors, while the other used norm activation theory to develop a moral appeal that focused on impacts to deer. Questionnaires (control n =111, moral appeal n = 115, fear appeal n = 116) assessed level of agreement with belief statements taken from the appeals as well as related statements that would indicate whether message elaboration occurred. The fear appeal increased agreement that deer could cause physical harm to people and appeared to cause elaboration on these messages, but the moral appeal did not strengthen previously held beliefs that feeding harmed the deer. Both appeals reduced self-reported frequencies of deer feeding. Women agreed more strongly with some of the moral appeal statements in all conditions, but the interventions affected men and women equally. Results suggest that fear appeals may be an effective technique for changing beliefs about feeding wildlife.

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Fritsch, Isabel, Gabriele Luyven, Heike Köhler, Walburga Lutz, and Petra Möbius. "Suspicion of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Transmission between Cattle and Wild-Living Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) by Multitarget Genotyping." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 4 (December 16, 2011): 1132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06812-11.

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ABSTRACTMultitarget genotyping of the etiologic agentMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisis necessary for epidemiological tracing of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). The study was undertaken to assess the informative value of different typing techniques and individual genome markers by investigation ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosistransmission between wild-living red deer and farmed cattle with known shared habitats. Fifty-threeM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosistype II isolates were differentiated by short sequence repeat analysis (SSR; 4 loci), mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR; 8 loci), and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis based on IS900(IS900-RFLP) using BstEII and PstI digestion. Isolates originated from free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Eifel National Park (n= 13), six cattle herds living in the area of this park (n= 23), and five cattle herds without any contact with these red deer (n= 17). Data based on individual herds and genotypes verified that SSR G2 repeats did not exhibit sufficient stability for epidemiological studies. Two common SSR profiles (without G2 repeats), nine MIRU-VNTR patterns, and nine IS900-RFLP patterns were detected, resulting in 17 genotypes when combined. A high genetic variability was found for red deer and cattle isolates within and outside Eifel National Park, but it was revealed only by combination of different typing techniques. Results imply that within this restricted area, wild-living and farmed animals maintain a reservoir for specificM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisgenotypes. No host relation of genotypes was obtained. Results suggested that four genotypes had been transmitted between and within species and that one genotype had been transmitted between cattle herds only. Use of multitarget genotyping forM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosistype II strains and sufficiently stable genetic markers is essential for reliable interpretations of epidemiological studies on paratuberculosis.

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Smith, Michael, and Jerrold Dodd. "Effects of Domestic Livestock and Wildlife Grazing in Grand Teton National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2899.

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The Snake River plains and foothill areas of Jackson Hole have been grazed by domestic livestock since settlement of the area. Wildlife populations, including elk (Cervus elaphus), buffalo (Bison bison), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and antelope (Antilocapra americana) have historically used the area. Moose (Alces alces) are currently relatively abundant. Currently, livestock continue to use part of the area contained in Grand Teton National Park either as a concession or due to authorization by Park enabling legislation. Large grazing wildlife also inhabit the Park area. Park managers need information concerning the effects of grazing by large ungulates on vegetation resources, to achieve desired plant community goals by effectively managing grazing.

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Weerasekera, D. S., S. J. Perera, D. K. K. Nanayakkara, H. M. S. S. Herath, A. N. L. Rathnasekara, and K. B. Ranawana. "The Antler Cycle and Fecal Testosterone of Male Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor unicolor at the Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka." BioMed Research International 2020 (June 13, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6903407.

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This study is aimed at evaluating the relationship between endogenous testosterone levels and antler development in male sambar deer (Rusa unicolor unicolor) inhabiting the Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka. Seven antler growth stages of sambar were documented based on phenotypic observations for the first time in Sri Lanka as (a) cast, (b) growing 1—single spike, (c) growing 2—antler fork into a Y as the second tine appears, (d) growing 3—velvet begins to harden as the third tine appears, (e) growth completed—velvet shedding begins, (f) hard antler, and (g) casting. Fecal samples were collected every month for a period of eighteen months from male sambar deer in different stages of the antler growth cycle, feeding in the wet patana grasslands of the park, and the fecal testosterone level was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Ten animals were randomly selected from each antler stage for the experiment. The results disclose that the highest concentrations of testosterone were recorded in the hard antler stage. Velvet shedding was preceded by an increase in the testosterone level, and it is the sudden drop in the testosterone concentration which triggers the antler casting. The casting stage corresponded with the lowest mean testosterone concentration. Although the study was able to conclude a clear relationship between the fecal testosterone levels of the male sambar deer in the Horton Plains National Park and their antler stages, there is no clear seasonality for the antler cycle.

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McDaniel, Greg, Evelyn Merrill, and Fred Lindzey. "Population and Habitat Ecology of Deer on Devils Tower National Monument." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 15 (January 1, 1991): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1991.2973.

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White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (0. hemionis) currently use Devils Tower National Monument and adjacent private agricultural lands year round or migrate from the Monument to other areas. In 1989, a game fence was constructed on the west and north borders of the Monument. Enclosure of the Monument by additional fencing could alter habitat use of deer substantially and create many of the problems associated with island reserves. National Park Service management policy directs the Monument to predict changes in the natural resources under its stewardship. Because current deer use of the Monument is not well documented, the Department of Zoology and Physiology and the Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, in cooperation with the Devils Tower National Monument, initiated a study in June 1990 to document current population numbers and habitat ecology of white-tailed and mule deer on the Monument as a baseline for monitoring long-term changes in the deer herd.

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Hossen, Amir, M. Farid Ahsan, and Mohammad Kamruzzaman. "Deer Population Growth in the Bangabandhu Safari Park in Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 43, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v43i1.46250.

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Recarte, J. M., J. P. Vincent, and A. J. M. Hewison. "Flight responses of park fallow deer to the human observer." Behavioural Processes 44, no. 1 (July 1998): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(98)00037-0.

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Borah, Jimmy, Tridip Sharma, Kamal Azad, Pallabi Chakraborty, and Anindya Swargowari. "Photographic evidence of the swamp deer in Manas National Park." Oryx 47, no. 4 (September 26, 2013): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001063.

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Kamler, Jan F., Bogumiła Jędrzejewska, and Włodzimierz Jędrzejewski. "Activity Patterns of Red Deer in Białowieża National Park, Poland." Journal of Mammalogy 88, no. 2 (April 20, 2007): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/06-mamm-a-169r.1.

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Dzięciołowski, Ryszard, Jacek Goszczyński, Michał Wasilewski, and Joanna Babińska-Werka. "Numbers of red deer in the Słowiński National Park, Poland." Acta Theriologica 40 (February 15, 1995): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.95-5.

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Samuel, W. M., T. R. Platt, and S. M. Knispel-Krause. "Gastropod intermediate hosts and transmission of Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei, a muscle-inhabiting nematode of mule deer, Odocoileus h. hemionus, in Jasper National Park, Alberta." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-138.

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Over 11 000 gastropods from Jasper National Park, Alberta, were examined (1976–1977) for larvae of Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei. Seven species of gastropods were infected: Deroceras laeve (5.3%), Zonitoides nitidus (1.5%), Euconulus fulvus (1.3%), Discus shimeki (1.2%), Zonitoides arboreus (0.8%), Vitrina limpida (0.7%), and Discus cronkhitei (0.6%). Examination of deer feces collected throughout the year (1974–1980) for first-stage larvae of P. odocoilei indicated maximum numbers were passed in March and April. All deer became infected as fawns in autumn apparently by accidently ingesting infected gastropods.

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Achhami, Bishnu, Hari Prasad Sharma, and Ashok Bahadur Bam. "Gastro Intestinal Parasites of Musk Deer (Moschus Chryso-Gaster Hodgson, 1839) in Langtang National Park, Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (November 24, 2016): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v21i1.16053.

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This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of musk deer in Langtang National Park, Nepal. A total of 9 fecal samples were collected systematically and analyzed using standard procedures during May-June, 2014. Overall 7 species of parasites including 4 nematodes, 1 cestode, 1 trematode and 1 protozoan parasite were recorded. Prevalence of Ascaris sp. was high (88.89%) followed by Eimeria sp. (77.78%), Trichuris sp. (66.67%), Strongyloides sp. (55.56%), Moniezia sp. (44.44%), Strongyle (44.44%) and Paramphistomum sp. (44.44%). Most of the samples had heavy parasitic infestation and multiple parasites were also observed in same individual. The high parasitic prevalence might have adverse health impact on musk deer. The possibility of cross-transmission of parasites between livestock and wildlife in Langtang National Park should be studied in future.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVol. 21, No. 1, 2016, Page: 71-75

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