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Journal articles on the topic 'Deep water flow'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Timmermans, M.-L., P. Winsor, and J. A. Whitehead. "Deep-Water Flow over the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2765.1.

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Abstract The Arctic Ocean likely impacts global climate through its effect on the rate of deep-water formation and the subsequent influence on global thermohaline circulation. Here, the renewal of the deep waters in the isolated Canadian Basin is quanitified. Using hydraulic theory and hydrographic observations, the authors calculate the magnitude of this renewal where circumstances have thus far prevented direct measurements. A volume flow rate of Q = 0.25 ± 0.15 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) from the Eurasian Basin to the Canadian Basin via a deep gap in the dividing Lomonosov Ridge is estimated. Deep-water renewal time estimates based on this flow are consistent with 14C isolation ages. The flow is sufficiently large that it has a greater impact on the Canadian Basin deep water than either the geothermal heat flux or diffusive fluxes at the deep-water boundaries.

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2

Bensi, Manuel, Vedrana Kovačević, Leonardo Langone, Stefano Aliani, Laura Ursella, Ilona Goszczko, Thomas Soltwedel, et al. "Deep Flow Variability Offshore South-West Svalbard (Fram Strait)." Water 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040683.

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Water mass generation and mixing in the eastern Fram Strait are strongly influenced by the interaction between Atlantic and Arctic waters and by the local atmospheric forcing, which produce dense water that substantially contributes to maintaining the global thermohaline circulation. The West Spitsbergen margin is an ideal area to study such processes. Hence, in order to investigate the deep flow variability on short-term, seasonal, and multiannual timescales, two moorings were deployed at ~1040 m depth on the southwest Spitsbergen continental slope. We present and discuss time series data collected between June 2014 and June 2016. They reveal thermohaline and current fluctuations that were largest from October to April, when the deep layer, typically occupied by Norwegian Sea Deep Water, was perturbed by sporadic intrusions of warmer, saltier, and less dense water. Surprisingly, the observed anomalies occurred quasi-simultaneously at both sites, despite their distance (~170 km). We argue that these anomalies may arise mainly by the effect of topographically trapped waves excited and modulated by atmospheric forcing. Propagation of internal waves causes a change in the vertical distribution of the Atlantic water, which can reach deep layers. During such events, strong currents typically precede thermohaline variations without significant changes in turbidity. However, turbidity increases during April–June in concomitance with enhanced downslope currents. Since prolonged injections of warm water within the deep layer could lead to a progressive reduction of the density of the abyssal water moving toward the Arctic Ocean, understanding the interplay between shelf, slope, and deep waters along the west Spitsbergen margin could be crucial for making projections on future changes in the global thermohaline circulation.

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3

Dong, Changming, James C. McWilliams, and Alexander F. Shchepetkin. "Island Wakes in Deep Water." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 962–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3047.1.

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Abstract Density stratification and planetary rotation distinguish three-dimensional island wakes significantly from a classical fluid dynamical flow around an obstacle. A numerical model is used to study the formation and evolution of flow around an idealized island in deep water (i.e., with vertical island sides and surface-intensified stratification and upstream flow), focusing on wake instability, coherent vortex formation, and mesoscale and submesoscale eddy activity. In a baseline experiment with strong vorticity generation at the island, three types of instability are evident: centrifugal, barotropic, and baroclinic. Sensitivities are shown to three nondimensional parameters: the Reynolds number (Re), Rossby number (Ro), and Burger number (Bu). The dependence on Re is similar to the classical wake in its transition to turbulence, but in contrast the island wake contains coherent eddies no matter how large the Re value. When Re is large enough, the shear layer at the island is so narrow that the vertical component of vorticity is larger than the Coriolis frequency in the near wake, leading to centrifugal instability on the anticyclonic side. As Bu decreases the eddy size shrinks from the island breadth to the baroclinic deformation radius, and the eddy generation process shifts from barotropic to baroclinic instability. For small Ro values, the wake dynamics is symmetric with respect to cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. At intermediate Ro and Bu values, the anticyclonic eddies are increasingly more robust than cyclonic ones as Ro/Bu increases, but for large Re and Ro values, centrifugal instability weakens the anticyclonic eddies while cyclonic eddies remain coherent.

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4

Fieux, M., and J. C. Swallow. "Flow of deep water into the Somali Basin." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 35, no. 2 (February 1988): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(88)90041-6.

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5

张, 雨晴. "Flume Experiment Research Progress of Deep Water Gravity Flow." Advances in Geosciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 1062–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ag.2020.1011105.

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6

Liu, Ko-Fei. "Tide-Induced Ground-Water Flow in Deep Confined Aquifer." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 122, no. 2 (February 1996): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1996)122:2(104).

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7

Siedler, Gerold, Jürgen Holfort, Walter Zenk, Thomas J. Müller, and Tiberiu Csernok. "Deep-Water Flow in the Mariana and Caroline Basins*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 566–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2511.1.

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Abstract Two major water masses dominate the deep layers in the Mariana and Caroline Basins: the Lower Circumpolar Water (LCPW), arriving from the Southern Ocean along the slopes north of the Marshall Islands, and the North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW) reaching the region from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Hydrographic and moored observations and multibeam echosounding were performed in the East Mariana and the East Caroline Basins to detail watermass distributions and flow paths in the area. The LCPW enters the East Mariana Basin from the east. At about 13°N, however, in the southern part of the basin, a part of this water mass arrives in a southward western boundary flow along the Izu–Ogasawara–Mariana Ridge. Both hydrographic observations and moored current measurements lead to the conclusion that this water not only continues westward to the West Mariana Basin as suggested before, but also provides bottom water to the East Caroline Basin. The critical throughflow regions were identified by multibeam echosounding at the Yap Mariana Junction between the East and West Mariana Basins and at the Caroline Ridge between the East Mariana and East Caroline Basins. The throughflow is steady between the East and West Mariana Basins, whereas more variability is found at the Caroline Ridge. At both locations, throughflow fluctuations are correlated with watermass property variations suggesting layer-thickness changes. The total transport to the two neighboring basins is only about 1 Sverdrup (1Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) but has considerable impact on the watermass structure in these basins. Estimates are given for the diapycnal mixing that is required to balance the inflow into the East Caroline Basin. Farther above in the water column, the high-silica tongue of NPDW extends from the east to the far southwestern corner of the East Mariana Basin, with transports being mostly southward across the basin.

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8

Kouskoulas, David M., and Yaron Toledo. "Deep water gravity wave triad resonances on uniform flow." Physics of Fluids 32, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 076603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0012631.

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9

McCave, I. N., T. Kiefer, D. J. R. Thornalley, and H. Elderfield. "Deep flow in the Madagascar–Mascarene Basin over the last 150000 years." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1826 (January 15, 2005): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2004.1480.

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The SW Indian Ocean contains at least four layers of water masses with different sources: deep Antarctic (Lower Circumpolar Deep Water) flow to the north, midwater North Indian Deep Water flow to the south and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water to the north, meridional convergence of intermediate waters at 500–1500 m, and the shallow South Equatorial Current flowing west. Sedimentation rates in the area are rather low, being less than 1 cm ka −1 on Madagascar Ridge, but up to 4 cm ka −1 at Amirante Passage. Bottom flow through the Madagascar–Mascarene Basin into Amirante Passage varies slightly on glacial–interglacial time–scales, with faster flow in the warm periods of the last interglacial and minima in cold periods. Far more important are the particularly high flow rates, inferred from silt grain size, which occur at warm–to–cold transitions rather than extrema. This suggests the cause is changing density gradient driving a transiently fast flow. Corroboration is found in the glacial–interglacial range of benthic d 18 O which is ca. 2%, suggesting water close to freezing and at least 1.2 more saline and thus more dense glacial bottom waters than present. Significant density steps are inferred in isotope stage 6, the 5e–5d, and 5a–4 transitions. Oxygen isotope data suggest little change by mixing in glacial bottom water on their northward path. Benthic carbon isotope ratios at Amirante Passage differ from glacial Southern Ocean values, due possibly to absence of a local productivity effect present in the Southern Ocean.

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10

Burckel, Pierre, Claire Waelbroeck, Yiming Luo, Didier M. Roche, Sylvain Pichat, Samuel L. Jaccard, Jeanne Gherardi, Aline Govin, Jörg Lippold, and François Thil. "Changes in the geometry and strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial (20–50 ka)." Climate of the Past 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2016): 2061–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2061-2016.

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Abstract. We reconstruct the geometry and strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the Heinrich stadial 2 and three Greenland interstadials of the 20–50 ka period based on the comparison of new and published sedimentary 231Pa / 230Th data with simulated sedimentary 231Pa / 230Th. We show that the deep Atlantic circulation during these interstadials was very different from that of the Holocene. Northern-sourced waters likely circulated above 2500 m depth, with a flow rate lower than that of the present-day North Atlantic deep water (NADW). Southern-sourced deep waters most probably flowed northwards below 4000 m depth into the North Atlantic basin and then southwards as a return flow between 2500 and 4000 m depth. The flow rate of this southern-sourced deep water was likely larger than that of the modern Antarctic bottom water (AABW). Our results further show that during Heinrich stadial 2, the deep Atlantic was probably directly affected by a southern-sourced water mass below 2500 m depth, while a slow, southward-flowing water mass originating from the North Atlantic likely influenced depths between 1500 and 2500 m down to the equator.

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11

Hurynovich, Anatoly, and Valiantsin Ramanouski. "Artifisial replenishment of the deep aquifers." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500025.

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On the basis of the analysis, laboratory and pilot studies that have been conducted, schemes of artificial replenishment of deep aquifers are proposed. These schemes allow a groundwater recharge in order to water intake with generate electricity using the energy of the water flow and provide clear water, which serves to replenish underground water. Experimental section of this technological scheme was designed and built in the region of water intake in Brest (Belarus), on which were carried out hydrogeological surveys. Based on the above results, it was suggested to use the energy of the water flow in a water-inject well to convert it into electrical energy. A method for artificial groundwater recharge, which simultaneously allows groundwater recharge to the target groundwater without expending energy, generation of electricity using the power of the water flow and produces high quality water through the use of ozonation, which serves to replenish the groundwater was proposed. This is achieved through the use of hydraulic ram pump water-lifting devices, combined with electric generators, and a device for water purification such as an ozone generator. The proposed scheme and well design also allows the removal of iron and manganese from underground water and can be organized by two options, depending on the water source.

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12

Zhang, Zhiqiang, Bingcheng Si, Huijie Li, and Min Li. "Quantify Piston and Preferential Water Flow in Deep Soil Using Cl− and Soil Water Profiles in Deforested Apple Orchards on the Loess Plateau, China." Water 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 2183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102183.

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Piston and preferential water flow are viewed as the two dominant water transport mechanisms regulating terrestrial water and solute cycles. However, it is difficult to accurately separate the two water flow patterns because preferential flow is not easy to capture directly in field environments. In this study, we take advantage of the afforestation induced desiccated deep soil, and directly quantify piston and preferential water flow using chloride ions (Cl−) and soil water profiles, in four deforested apple orchards on the Loess Plateau. The deforestation time ranged from 3 to 15 years. In each of the four selected orchards, there was a standing orchard that was planted at the same time as the deforested one, and therefore the standing orchard was used to benchmark the initial Cl− and soil water profiles of the deforested orchard. In the deforested orchards, piston flow was detected using the migration of the Cl− front, and preferential flow was measured via soil water increase below the Cl− front. Results showed that in the desiccated zone, Cl− migrated to deeper soil after deforestation, indicating that the desiccated soil layer formed by the water absorption of deep-rooted apple trees did not completely inhibit the movement of water. Moreover, there was an evident increase in soil water below the downward Cl− front, directly demonstrating the existence of preferential flow in deep soil under field conditions. Although pore water velocity was small in the deep loess, preferential water flow still accounted for 34–65% of total infiltrated water. This study presented the mechanisms that regulate movement of soil water following deforestation through field observations and advanced our understanding of the soil hydrologic process in deep soil.

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13

Borenäs, Karin M., and Peter A. Lundberg. "On the deep-water flow through the Faroe Bank Channel." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, no. C2 (1988): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc093ic02p01281.

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14

Røy, Hans, Jae Seong Lee, Stefan Jansen, and Dirk de Beer. "Tide-driven deep pore-water flow in intertidal sand flats." Limnology and Oceanography 53, no. 4 (July 2008): 1521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.4.1521.

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15

Smethie, William M., Rana A. Fine, Alfred Putzka, and E. Peter Jones. "Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 105, no. C6 (June 15, 2000): 14297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900274.

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16

Dutykh, D., D. Clamond, and M. Chhay. "Serre-type Equations in Deep Water." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 12, no. 1 (2017): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/201712103.

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This manuscript is devoted to the modelling of water waves in the deep water regime with some emphasis on the underlying variational structures. The present article should be considered as a review of some existing models and modelling approaches even if new results are presented as well. Namely, we derive the deep water analogue of the celebrated SERRE–GREEN–NAGHDI equations which have become the standard model in shallow water environments. The relation to existing models is discussed. Moreover, the multi-symplectic structure of these equations is reported as well. The results of this work can be used to develop various types of robust structure-preserving variational integrators in deep water. The methodology of constructing approximate models presented in this study can be naturally extrapolated to other physical flow regimes as well.

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17

Abrashkin, A. A. "Standing vortex waves in deep water." Fluid Dynamics 31, no. 3 (May 1996): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02030232.

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18

Moreira, R. M., and J. T. A. Chacaltana. "Vorticity effects on nonlinear wave–current interactions in deep water." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 778 (July 31, 2015): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.385.

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The effects of uniform vorticity on a train of ‘gentle’ and ‘steep’ deep-water waves interacting with underlying flows are investigated through a fully nonlinear boundary integral method. It is shown that wave blocking and breaking can be more prominent depending on the magnitude and direction of the shear flow. Reflection continues to occur when sufficiently strong adverse currents are imposed on ‘gentle’ deep-water waves, though now affected by vorticity. For increasingly positive values of vorticity, the induced shear flow reduces the speed of right-going progressive waves, introducing significant changes to the free-surface profile until waves are completely blocked by the underlying current. A plunging breaker is formed at the blocking point when ‘steep’ deep-water waves interact with strong adverse currents. Conversely negative vorticities augment the speed of right-going progressive waves, with wave breaking being detected for strong opposing currents. The time of breaking is sensitive to the vorticity’s sign and magnitude, with wave breaking occurring later for negative values of vorticity. Stopping velocities according to nonlinear wave theory proved to be sufficient to cause wave blocking and breaking.

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19

Williams, Dara, Annette Harte, and Frank Grealish. "Development of an Analytical Tool for the Design of Deep Water Riser/Flow Line Thermal Insulation Systems." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 127, no. 2 (December 10, 2004): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1894403.

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The offshore oil and gas industry is predicting the discovery of more and more deep water reservoirs. Increased water depths create a requirement for reliable pipelines to economically recover these deep water fields and also to minimize flow assurance problems. Increased flow assurance problems in deeper waters increase the need for thermally insulated pipelines. In this paper we present an overview of the key issues in the analysis and design of thermal insulation systems, identify and discuss how these are addressed by the design tools developed within the DeFRIS project and present results used to validate the algorithms incorporated into the design tool.

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20

Dola, Shahpara Sheikh, Khairul Bahsar, Mazeda Islam, and Md Mizanur Rahman Sarker. "Hydrogeological Classification and the Correlation of Groundwater Chemistry with Basin Flow in the South-Western Part of Bangladesh." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 42, no. 1 (August 12, 2018): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v42i1.37831.

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Attempt has been made to find the relationship between the basin groundwater flow and the current water chemistry of south-western part of Bangladesh considering their lithological distribution and aquifer condition. The correlation of water chemistry and basin groundwater flow is depicted in the conceptual model. The water-types of shallow groundwater are predominantly Mg-Na-HCO3 and Ca- Mg-Na-HCO3 type. In the deep aquifer of upper delta plain is predominately Na-Cl, Ca-HCO3 and Mg- HCO3 type. In the lower delta plain Na-Cl type of water mainly occurs in the shallow aquifer and occasionally Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3 and Mg-HCO3 type may also occur in shallow aquifer of the eastern part of lower delta plain which could have originated from the recent recharge of rain water. Na- Cl type water is also found in the deep aquifer of lower delta plain. The origin of Na-Cl type water in the deep aquifer of lower delta part might be connate water or present day sea water intrusion. Fresh water occurring in the deep aquifer in the lower delta area is mostly of Mg-Ca-HCO3 and Na-HClO3 types. This type of water originate from intermediate or deep basin flow from the northern part of Bangladesh. The probable source of deep groundwater is Holocene marine transgression (Khan et al. 2000) occurred in 3000–7000 cal years BP and the deep groundwater of Upper Delta plain and Lower Delta plain is clearly influenced by deep basin flow coming from north part of BangladeshJournal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 1, 41-54, 2018

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21

Goderniaux, Pascal, Philippe Davy, Etienne Bresciani, Jean-Raynald de Dreuzy, and Tanguy Le Borgne. "Partitioning a regional groundwater flow system into shallow local and deep regional flow compartments." Water Resources Research 49, no. 4 (April 2013): 2274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20186.

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22

Cherian, Deepak A., and K. H. Brink. "Shelf Flows Forced by Deep-Ocean Anticyclonic Eddies at the Shelf Break." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 5 (May 2018): 1117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0237.1.

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AbstractIsolated monopolar eddies in the ocean tend to move westward. Those shed by western boundary currents may then interact with the continental margin. This simple picture is complicated by the presence of other flow features, but satellite observations show that many western boundary continental shelves experience cross-shelfbreak exchange flows forced by mesoscale eddies translating near the shelf break. Here we extend our previous study of eddy interaction with a flat shelf to that with a sloping shelf. Using a set of primitive equation numerical simulations, we address the vertical structure of the onshore and offshore flows forced by the eddy, the origin of the exported shelf water, and the extent to which eddy water can penetrate onto the shelf. The simulations reveal an asymmetry in the vertical structure of cross-shelfbreak flows: the offshore flow is generally barotropic, whereas the onshore flow is always baroclinic. The exported shelf water is sourced from downstream of the eddy in the coastal-trapped wave direction and is supplied by a barotropic alongshore jet. This “supply jet” has a Rhines-like cross-shore length scale proportional to (eddy velocity scale/shelf topographic beta)1/2 measured from the shelf break. Eddy water is forced onto the shelf and is present up to a distance of one internal Rossby deformation radius, defined using shelf properties, from the shelf break. We rationalize these horizontal and vertical scales, connect them to existing observations, and extend our previous parameterization of eddy-forced offshore shelf-water flux to account for nonzero shelf slopes.

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23

Rahmstorf, Stefan, and Matthew H. England. "Influence of Southern Hemisphere Winds on North Atlantic Deep Water Flow." Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, no. 9 (September 1997): 2040–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<2040:ioshwo>2.0.co;2.

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24

Tian, YANG, CAO Yingchang, WANG Yanzhong, LI Ya, and ZHANG ShaoMin. "Status and Trends in Research on Deep-Water Gravity Flow Deposits." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 89, no. 2 (April 2015): 610–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12451.

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25

Negre, César, Rainer Zahn, Alexander L. Thomas, Pere Masqué, Gideon M. Henderson, Gema Martínez-Méndez, Ian R. Hall, and José L. Mas. "Reversed flow of Atlantic deep water during the Last Glacial Maximum." Nature 468, no. 7320 (November 2010): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09508.

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26

Maciel, Guilherme M., Vinicius Albuquerque Cabral, Andre Luis Marques Marcato, Ivo C. Silva Junior, and Leonardo De M. Honorio. "Daily Water Flow Forecasting via Coupling Between SMAP and Deep Learning." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 204660–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3036487.

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27

GIDHAGEN, LARS, and BERTIL HAKANSSON. "A model of the deep water flow into the Baltic Sea." Tellus A 44, no. 5 (October 1992): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.t01-4-00005.x.

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28

Gidhagen, Lars, and Bertil HÅKansson. "A model of the deep water flow into the Baltic Sea." Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 44, no. 5 (January 1992): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v44i5.14971.

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29

Serié, Christophe, Mads Huuse, Niels H. Schødt, James M. Brooks, and Alan Williams. "Subsurface fluid flow in the deep-water Kwanza Basin, offshore Angola." Basin Research 29, no. 2 (January 20, 2016): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bre.12169.

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30

Sanli, Bengi Gozmen, and Huseyin Akilli. "Effects of Permeable Cylinder on the Flow Structure in Deep Water." Fluid Dynamics 53, no. 5 (September 2018): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0015462818050130.

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31

Chang, Tsang-Jung, Yu-Sheng Chang, Wei-Ting Lee, and Shang-Shu Shih. "Flow uniformity and hydraulic efficiency improvement of deep-water constructed wetlands." Ecological Engineering 92 (July 2016): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.03.028.

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32

Bodmer, Ph, and L. Rybach. "Heat flow maps and deep ground water circulation: Examples from Switzerland." Journal of Geodynamics 4, no. 1-4 (December 1985): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(85)90062-6.

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33

Zhu, Hong Jun, Zhi Peng Ou, Yuan Hua Lin, and Fang Fang Hu. "Large Eddy Simulations of Unsteady Wakes behind Riser in Offshore Deep Water." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.787.

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Riser vortex-induced vibration (VIV) has been the outstanding problem affecting the normal safe operation in offshore oil exploitation. In this paper, based on computational fluid dynamics, a three-dimensional large eddy simulation (LES) numerical model was used to calculate the flow fields of unsteady flow around marine riser with different approaching flow velocities. Then streamlines, velocity and vorticity contours, drag and lift coefficients in different conditions were obtained. Simulation results indicate that the flow properties in different depth display obvious difference, which present complex three dimensional characteristics with interacting. It is thus clear that flow around marine riser can not be regarded as plane potential flow simply. The results also show that with larger approaching flow velocity, lift coefficient amplitude is bigger and frequency is higher, which is easier to result in vibration. Our approach may provide some references for safe design and engineering practice of VIV controlling of marine riser.

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34

Kondapi, Phaneendra. "Flow Assurance." Mechanical Engineering 137, no. 03 (March 1, 2015): S13—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2015-mar-8.

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This article explores various aspects of flow assurance in subsea developments. Flow assurance is an understanding of multiphase flow fluid dynamics and analyses, an ability to identify flow-related problems using state-of-the-art prediction tools, and the knowledge to develop solutions that eliminate, mitigate or remediate flow-related issues encountered in subsea systems. Flow assurance is reliable, safe and cost-efficient management of hydrocarbons from reservoir to export without any flow-related issues over the life cycle of the oil field. Subsea developments continue to escalate in quantity and complexity as the exploration and production companies ramp up exploration of deep-water and ultra-deep-water reservoirs with complex formations in harsh environments with increased challenges. Some of the technologies under thermal solutions are thermal insulation, direct electric heating and electrically-heated pipe-in-pipe. Oil and gas companies generate revenue from the oil produced. If the oil flow stops, their revenue stops. The more it stops the more they lose cash. Hence it can be termed as cash flow assurance. With fluctuating oil prices and unpredictable production issues, engaging flow assurance at every stage starting with the early phase ensures uninterrupted transportation of reservoir fluid from pore to process facilities in a safe manner and insures cash flow.

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35

Ledwell, James R. "Comment on “Abyssal Upwelling and Downwelling Driven by Near-Boundary Mixing”." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 3 (March 2018): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0089.1.

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AbstractMcDougall and Ferrari have estimated the global deep upward diapycnal flow in the boundary layer overlying continental slopes that must balance both downward diapycnal flow in the deep interior and the formation of bottom water around Antarctica. The decrease of perimeter of isopycnal surfaces with depth and the observed decay with height above bottom of turbulent dissipation in the deep ocean play a key role in their estimate. They argue that because the perimeter of seamounts increases with depth, the net effect of mixing around seamounts is to produce net downward diapycnal flow. While this is true along much of a seamount, it is shown here that diapycnal flow of the densest water around the seamount is upward, with buoyancy being transferred from water just above. The same is true for midocean ridges, whose perimeter is constant with depth. It is argued that mixing around seamounts and especially midocean ridges contributes positively to the global deep overturning circulation, reducing the amount of turbulence demanded over the continental slopes to balance the buoyancy budget for the bottom and deep water.

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Pizzo, N. E., Luc Deike, and W. Kendall Melville. "Current generation by deep-water breaking waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 803 (August 22, 2016): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.469.

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We examine the partitioning of the energy transferred to the water column by deep-water wave breaking; in this case between the turbulent and mean flow. It is found that more than 95 % of the energy lost by the wave field is dissipated in the first four wave periods after the breaking event. The remaining energy is in the coherent vortex generated by breaking. A scaling argument shows that the ratio between the energy in this breaking generated mean current and the total energy lost from the wave field to the water column due to breaking scales as $(hk)^{1/2}$, where $hk$ is the local slope at breaking. This model is examined using direct numerical simulations of breaking waves solving the full two-phase air–water Navier–Stokes equations, as well as the limited available laboratory data, and good agreement is found for strong breaking waves.

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Wang, Nanzhe, Dongxiao Zhang, Haibin Chang, and Heng Li. "Deep learning of subsurface flow via theory-guided neural network." Journal of Hydrology 584 (May 2020): 124700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124700.

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Ju, Yong Tao, Hao Liu, Hui Yong Li, and Yu Han Shi. "Depositional Characteristics and Distribution of Lake-Floor Fan of Paleogene Lower Member 3 of Shahejie Formation in Northwestern Part of Huanghekou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1299.

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The lake-floor fan, as an important deposition of Paleogene in Huanghekou Sag, is characterized with both good physical character of reservoir and oil-bearing property, thus it has higher values for petroleum exploration. The lower Member 3 of Shahejie Formation, rich in sandstone, can be divided into lowstand system tract, extensive system tract and highstand system tracts based on seismic reflection signature, and core and logging data clearly. The sand bodies in the study area belonged to two kinds of lake-floor fan deposition formed under semi-deep-lake to deep-lake environment: deposition of the deep-water turbidite fan corresponded to lowstand system tract; deposition of the slump turbidite fan corresponded to extensive system tract and highstand system tract, which was formed by slumping fan delta front sand. Viewed from spatial distribution, the deep-water turbidite fan was mainly developed in the second-order fault downthrown of the basin, while the slump turbidite fan was distributed in the abrupt slope which located in the south of study area. The complex of lake-floor fan consists of various sediments’gravity flow deposits, including:(1)turbidity current deposit with characteristics of Bouma sequences; (2)mud-bearing sandy debris flow deposits with characteristics of dominated sand and mixed by mud; (3)sand-bearing muddy debris flow deposits with characteristics of dominated mud and mixed by sand; (4)gritty debris flow deposits with characteristics of massive gravel accumulation;(5)sandy slump deposits with characteristics of deformed sedimentary structure. During lower water level period(LSTs3L), most of the study area were erosion or sediment pass-by areas, and terrigenous clastic matters were directly transported into deep-water area under the second-order faulted belt, and then formed the deep-water turbidite fan. During higher water level period (ESTs3L, HSTs3L), the slump tuibidite fan, which resulted from various sediments’gravity flows, mainly developed in front of fan dalta in south. The sandstones of the lake-floor fan are the main reservoirs of oil in the northwestern part of the Huanghekou sag.

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39

Schlitzer, Reiner. "14C in the Deep Water of the East Atlantic." Radiocarbon 28, no. 2A (1986): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200007505.

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The renewal of east Atlantic deep water and its large-scale circulation and mixing have been studied in observed distributions of temperature, silicate, ΣCO2, and 14C. 14C variations in northeast Atlantic deep water below 3500m depth are small. Δ14C values range from − 100‰ to −125‰. 14C bottom water concentrations decrease from Δ14C =−117‰ in the Sierra Leone Basin to Δ14C = − 123‰ in the Iberian Basin and are consistent with a mean northward bottom water flow. The characteristic of the water that flows from the west Atlantic through the Romanche Trench into the east Atlantic was determined by inspection of θ/Δ14C and θ/SiO2 diagrams. A mean potential temperature of θ = 1.50 ± .05°C was found for the inflowing water. A multi-box model including circulation, mixing, and chemical source terms in the deep water has been formulated. Linear programing and least-squares techniques have been used to obtain the transport and source parameters of the model from the observed tracer fields. Model calculations reveal an inflow through the Romanche Trench from the west Atlantic, which predominates over any other inflow, of (5 ± 2) Sv (potential temperature 1.50°C), a convective turnover of (150 ± 50) years and a vertical apparent diffusivity of (4 ± 1) cm2/s. Chemical source terms are in the expected ranges.

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Long, Xiting, Keneng Zhang, Ruiqiang Yuan, Liang Zhang, and Zhenling Liu. "Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Constraints on the Pattern of a Deep Circulation Groundwater Flow System." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030404.

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Characterization of a deep circulation groundwater flow system is a big challenge, because the flow field and aqueous chemistry of deep circulation groundwater is significantly influenced by the geothermal reservoir. In this field study, we employed a geochemical approach to recognize a deep circulation groundwater pattern by combined the geochemistry analysis with isotopic measurements. The water samples were collected from the outlet of the Reshui River Basin which has a hot spring with a temperature of 88 °C. Experimental results reveal a fault-controlled deep circulation geothermal groundwater flow system. The weathering crust of the granitic mountains on the south of the basin collects precipitation infiltration, which is the recharge area of the deep circulation groundwater system. Water infiltrates from the land surface to a depth of about 3.8–4.3 km where the groundwater is heated up to around 170 °C in the geothermal reservoir. A regional active normal fault acts as a pathway of groundwater. The geothermal groundwater is then obstructed by a thrust fault and recharged by the hot spring, which is forced by the water pressure of convection derived from the 800 m altitude difference between the recharge and the discharge areas. Some part of groundwater flow within a geothermal reservoir is mixed with cold shallow groundwater. The isotopic fraction is positively correlated with the seasonal water table depth of shallow groundwater. Basic mineral dissolutions at thermoneutral conditions, hydrolysis with the aid of carbonic acid produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide with the water, and hydrothermal alteration in the geothermal reservoir add some extra chemical components into the geothermal water. The alkaline deep circulation groundwater is chemically featured by high contents of sodium, sulfate, chloride, fluorine, silicate, and some trace elements, such as lithium, strontium, cesium, and rubidium. Our results suggest that groundwater deep circulation convection exists in mountain regions where water-conducting fault and water-blocking fault combined properly. A significant elevation difference of topography is the other key.

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Liao, Jianbo, Aihua Xi, Sujuan Liang, Xinping Zhou, Zhiyong Li, Jun Di, Wenting Zhang, Rong Wanyan, and Pinghui Yu. "Genetic mechanisms of deep-water massive sandstones in continental lake basins and their significance in micro–nano reservoir storage systems: A case study of the Yanchang formation in the Ordos Basin." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0040.

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AbstractBased on field geological surveys of two deep-water sedimentary outcrops in the Yanchang formation of the Ordos Basin, X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental geochemical analysis, and polarizing microscope observations were conducted to investigate the causes of various sedimentary structures inside the massive sand bodies from deep-water debris flow. A genesis model of deep-water debris-flow sandstone is established: during the handling of the mass transport complexes in the basin slope, the soft sandy sedimentary layer with relatively strong shear resistance tears the soft muddy sedimentary layer with weak shear resistance and pulls various clumps inside the muddy layer. Finally, debris-flow massive sandstones with rich sedimentary structures are formed. Through argon ion polishing and field emission scanning electron microscopy, the debris-flow sandstones mainly develop micron-scale pores, and the pore radius is mainly distributed in the range of 1–8 µm. The sedimentary rocks from the semi-deep lake to deep lake facies only have a small number of nano-scale pores, and the pore radius is distributed between 20 and 120 nm.

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Brady, Patrick, Carlos Lopez, and Dave Sassani. "Granite Hydrolysis to Form Deep Brines." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 7, 2019): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112180.

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Reaction path calculations suggest that water fixation by zeolite and chlorite formation can account for much of the high salinity of deep brines in contact with deep granites, as well as their Ca/Na ratios, which reflect the rock-dominated chemistry of such brines. Resultant brines, undiluted by the influx of shallower fresher waters, are likely to be at equilibrium with laumontite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, anhydrite/gypsum, K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, and possibly halite. The growth of laumontite and chlorite consumes water, causing the concentration of residual salts to increase during the formation of such brines. In these analyses, the major trends suggest that these fundamental processes drive this outcome naturally. Predicted phase assemblages and end-point water compositions are relatively unaffected by the chemistry of the starting/reacting fluid. Additionally, mineralogical and mineral compositional variations both appear to have no major impact on brine formational trends. More precise analysis involves the use of Pitzer coefficients and considers Br/Cl exchange in the alteration phases. Explicit consideration of silicate dissolution points to water availability as a key control over granite alteration. Diffusion-limited water availability appears to lead to stagnant systems dominated by the increasing brine density and Ca/Na ratios with depth. Alteration phases tend to decrease permeability and porosity, further isolating such systems from the flow of shallower dilute fluids.

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Lv, Xiao-fang, Jiang-wei Zuo, Yang Liu, Shi-Dong Zhou, Da-yong Lu, Ke-le Yan, Bo-hui Shi, and Hui-jun Zhao. "Experimental study of growth kinetics of CO2 hydrates and multiphase flow properties of slurries in high pressure flow systems." RSC Advances 9, no. 56 (2019): 32873–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06445a.

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Ren, Shaoran, Yanmin Liu, Zhiwu Gong, Yujie Yuan, Lu Yu, Yanyong Wang, Yan Xu, and Junyu Deng. "Numerical simulation of water and sand blowouts when penetrating through shallow water flow formations in deep water drilling." Journal of Ocean University of China 17, no. 1 (January 6, 2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3454-5.

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45

Egorov, Alexander V., Robert I. Nigmatulin, and Aleksey N. Rozhkov. "Temperature effects in deep-water gas hydrate foam." Heat and Mass Transfer 55, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-018-2403-6.

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46

Haynes, Shannon J., Kenneth G. MacLeod, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Andrew Vande Guchte, Masoud A. Rostami, Christopher J. Poulsen, and Ellen E. Martin. "Constraining sources and relative flow rates of bottom waters in the Late Cretaceous Pacific Ocean." Geology 48, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47197.1.

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Abstract Geochemical data suggest that ocean circulation patterns changed over a period of long-term cooling during the last 10 m.y. of the Cretaceous (late Campanian–Maastrichtian). Proposed changes include enhanced deep-water formation in the South Atlantic and/or Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean, initiation or enhanced deep-water formation in the North Atlantic, and alternating regions of deep convection in the North and South Pacific. Existing geochemical data do not allow simple confirmation or rejection of any of these scenarios. To test Pacific circulation during the Maastrichtian, we measured neodymium isotopic (εNd) values from four Pacific Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program sites and compare results both to Earth system model simulations using Maastrichtian paleogeography and to previous studies. Pacific εNd results consistently show a small negative εNd excursion during a well-documented, ∼1–3 m.y. early Maastrichtian cooling pulse (EMCP) but no other consistent trends across the late Campanian–late Maastrichtian interval (∼10 m.y.). Model results show that different CO2 forcings lead to changes in rates, but not patterns, of circulation. These combined results support the existence of a sustained source region for intermediate and deep waters in the southwestern Pacific throughout the late Campanian–Maastrichtian and indicate that changes in εNd values during the EMCP reflect an increased rate of overturning in the Pacific rather than changes in the source area of Pacific bottom waters.

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Zhang, Xiaoyuan, Shipeng Li, Baoyu Yang, and Ningfei Wang. "Flow structures of over-expanded supersonic gaseous jets for deep-water propulsion." Ocean Engineering 213 (October 2020): 107611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107611.

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Hwang, Hajung, Jinho Woo, Won-Bae Na, and Hyeon-Ju Kim. "Three-Dimensional Flow Response Analysis of Subsea Riser Transporting Deep Ocean Water." Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers 27, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9765/kscoe.2015.27.2.113.

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Wenzel, Arne, Dennis Bünte, and Norbert P. Hoffmann. "Potential flow simulations of Peregrine-type deep water surface gravity wave packets." PAMM 15, no. 1 (October 2015): 537–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201510259.

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Fu, Jianhong, Yu Su, Wei Jiang, Xingyun Xiang, and Bin Li. "Multiphase flow behavior in deep water drilling: The influence of gas hydrate." Energy Science & Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 2020): 1386–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ese3.600.

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