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1

Han, Jiangchen. "An approach for upscaling the flow effects of multiple deep-water genetic units." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3121.

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Developing a deep-water basin raises many issues and challenges; one of the most significant and necessary issues is overpressure prediction. Basin modelling to construct full scale models is an effective way to find out overpressure distribution in many conditions. However, with current modelling and other methods, it is difficult to obtain data about highly heterogeneous complex structures, which involve coupling between hydraulics and geo-mechanics (compaction) in a system with spatial complexity and temporal evolution of geological bodies, termed as genetic units (GUs). The data collection is difficult and costly in both economic and time aspects. Understanding the role of the interactions between GUs could play a major role in helping to simplify the highly heterogeneous complex structures. The aim of this thesis is to develop the understanding that can underpin the creation of a workflow to be used to assess the role of interactions between GUs, in relation to predicting overpressure in deep-water sedimentary basins. Tilted sandy aquifers enclosed in muddy sediments (block rotation) are a good reference case which is not uncommon in deep-water basins worldwide. This thesis shows that, by applying basin modelling and response surface methodology, not only is a parameterised prediction possible but also the uncertainty of the parameters can be taken into consideration at the same time. A tilted aquifer, however, rarely exists alone within a ‘featureless’ mud background, but occurs along with other geological architectures of sediment units of the same genetic origins, deposited later. These genetic units may be channels and levees. The GUs could allow the fluid energy to dissipate more easily and therefore can reduce the overpressure at the crest. However, the existence of additional GUs complicates the prediction of the overpressure, as the dimensions of parameter space increases dramatically. This poses a big challenge to extend the prediction, and therefore calls for development of appropriate parameterised overpressure-prediction techniques. This thesis reports the development of parameterised overpressure-prediction techniques in the presence of multiple channels. This result forms the basis for follow-on research that can seek to further generalise the approach to a wider set of systems and their associated descriptive parameters.
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2

Reynolds, Ben Christopher. "Neodymium and lead isotope time series from Atlantic ferromanganese crusts." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342540.

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3

Chung, Shin Fun. "Characterisation of soft soils for deep water developments." University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0079.

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[Truncated abstract] This research has studied the penetration and extraction resistance profiles of different types of penetrometers in soft clay. The penetrometers of interest include the cone, T–bar, ball and plate. Effects of the surface roughness and aspect ratio of the T–bar penetrometer on its resistance have also been investigated. Undrained shear strength, Su, profiles derived from the penetration tests are compared with the shear strengths measured from field vane shear tests and laboratory (triaxial and simple shear) tests. Both in situ and centrifuge model penetration tests were undertaken for the research. In addition, ‘undisturbed’? tube samples were retrieved from both the field and the centrifuge strongbox samples (after completion of the centrifuge tests) for laboratory testing. The in situ testing was carried out in Western Australia, at the Burswood site near Perth, with tests including cone, T–bar, ball and plate penetrometer tests, and vane shear tests. Interestingly, the T–bar, ball and plate (‘full-flow’) penetrometers showed a narrow band of resistance profiles both during penetration and extraction, with a range of around 15 % between the highest and lowest profiles and standard deviation of 15 %. However, the cone penetrometer gave similar resistance at shallow depths but increasingly higher penetration resistance at depths greater than 7 m – a phenomenon that is also common in offshore results. During extraction, the cone penetrometer gave a higher resistance profile than the full–flow penetrometers for much of the depth of interest. The Su profile measured directly from the vane shear tests falls within the Su profiles derived from the penetration resistances of the full–flow penetrometers, using a single bearing factor, N = 10.5 (the value originally suggested in the literature for a T–bar penetration test). Again, the cone penetrometer demonstrated diverging results, requiring two separate values for the cone factor, Nkt (10.5 initially increasing to 13 for depths below 10 m) in order to give Su similar to the vane shear tests. This highlights the possible variability of the cone factor with depth. Cyclic penetration and extraction tests were performed at specific depths for each fullflow penetrometer. These tests comprised displacement cycles of ±0.5 m about the relevant depth, recording the penetration and extraction resistances over five full cycles. The results may be used to derive the remoulded strength and sensitivity of the soil. Laboratory tests such as triaxial and simple shear tests were performed on ‘undisturbed’ tube samples retrieved from the same site to evaluate the in situ shear strengths in the laboratory. However, the resulting Su data were rather scattered, much of which may be attributed to variable sample quality due to the presence of frequent shell fragments and occasional silt lenses within the test samples. In general, N factors for the full–low penetrometers, back–calculated using Su values measured from the simple shear tests, fell mainly in a range between 9.7 and 12.8 (between 10.4 and 12.2 for the standard size T–bar (250 mm x 40 mm))
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4

Haque, Md Mominul. "Comparison of behaviour of 1520 mm (60 in.) concrete pipe with sidd design under deep cover." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1176497142.

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5

Voeckler, Hendrik Maximilian. "Modeling deep groundwater flow through fractured bedrock in a mountainous headwater catchment using a coupled surface water - groundwater model, Okanagan Basin, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43539.

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Quantifying recharge to the mountain block from headwater catchments in snowmelt dominated upland mountainous regions is an important aspect of hydrologic studies. This study contributes to understanding of the interaction between surface water, soil water and deep groundwater flow in headwater catchments. A novel approach was developed for estimating the bedrock hydraulic conductivity of a regional-scale fractured bedrock aquifer using discrete fracture network (DFN) modeling. The methodology was tested in the mountainous Okanagan Basin, British Columbia, Canada. Discrete fractures were mapped in outcrops, and larger-scale fracture zones (corresponding to lineaments) were mapped from orthophotos and LANDSAT imagery. Outcrop fracture data were used to generate DFN models for estimating hydraulic conductivity for the fractured matrix (Km). The mountain block hydraulic conductivity (Kmb) was estimated using larger-scale DFN models. Simulated Km and Kmb values range from 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁷ m/s, are consistent with estimates from regional modeling studies, and are greatest in a N-S direction, coinciding with the main strike direction of Okanagan Valley Fault Zone. Kmb values also decrease away from the fault, consistent with the decrease in lineament density. Simulated hydraulic conductivity values also compare well with those estimated from pumping tests. The estimates of Kmb were then used to represent the deep bedrock in a coupled surface water - groundwater model using MIKE SHE for the Upper Penticton Creek 241 headwater catchment in the Okanagan Basin. Although highly uncertain due to parameter uncertainty and calibration error, recharge to deep groundwater was ~4% of the annual water budget. An specified outward flux from the catchment boundary, representing ~6% of annual water budget, did not significantly impact streamflow calibration, indicating that such deep groundwater losses from the catchment can be accommodated in a model. This outflow may contribute to cross-catchment flow and, ultimately, to groundwater inflow to lower elevation catchments in the mountain block. The modeling exercise is one of the first in catchment hydrology modeling within steep mountainous terrain in which the lower boundary of the model is not treated as impermeable, and in which recharge to the deep bedrock and discharge to the surrounding mountain block were estimated.
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6

Ryan, Svenja [Verfasser], Torsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Kanzow, Torsten [Gutachter] Kanzow, and Rhein [Gutachter] Monika. "On the Flow of Modified Warm Deep Water toward the Filchner Ronne Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, Antarctica / Svenja Ryan ; Gutachter: Torsten Kanzow, Rhein Monika ; Betreuer: Torsten Kanzow." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1171420447/34.

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7

Krienen, Lisa [Verfasser], Thomas R. [Akademischer Betreuer] Rüde, Benavides Antonio [Akademischer Betreuer] Cardona, and Loera Hector [Akademischer Betreuer] Lopez. "Understanding deep groundwater flow systems to contribute to a sustainable use of the water resource in the Mexican Altiplano / Lisa Krienen ; Thomas R. Rüde, Antonio Cardona Benavides, Hector Lopez Loera." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1195715005/34.

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8

Colombo, Pedro. "Modelling dense water flows through sills in large scale realistic ocean models : demonstrating the potential of a hybrid geopotential/terrain-following vertical coordinate." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU017/document.

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Dans le jargon de l’océanographie physique, un «overflow » est une masse d’eau dense, formée sur un plateau continental ou dans une mer marginale, qui rejoint l’océan ouvert en s’écoulant par-delà de fortes contraintes topographiques telles que d’étroits détroits, des seuils ou des talus continentaux particulièrement pentus. Ces processus d'overflow jouent un rôle important en distribuant les flux de chaleur et de sel dans l'océan, car ils alimentent les courants profonds et la plus grande partie des eaux profondes de l'océan global. Une représentation irréaliste de ces processus dans les modèles peut avoir un impact sur leur aptitude à simuler d'autres aspects majeurs de la circulation océanique globale.Représenter de manière réaliste les overflows est encore un défi en modélisation numérique de l’océan. Cette thèse étudie ce problème en utilisant le modèle de la circulation générale océanique NEMO avec une configuration régionale de l’overflow du détroit du Danemark (Denmark Strait Overflow, DSO) avec des résolutions dites eddy-permitting/resolving (permettant la génération de turbulence de mésoéchelle). Dans ce travail je propose d’abord une définition du DSO pour pouvoir caractériser les masses d'eaux qui lui sont associées et pour mettre en évidence et quantifier les principaux défauts de représentation du DSO rencontrés dans une simulation de référence réalisée avec les paramètres standards couramment utilisés dans les configurations globales de NEMO (configurations Drakkar).Grâce à cette définition, j’ai pu quantifier l'impact d'un grand nombre de paramètres du modèle sur la représentation du DSO avec des résolutions allant de l'eddy-permitting (1/12°) à l'eddy-resolving (1/60°). Cette étude, qui a nécessité un grand nombre de simulations de sensibilité, a été faite avec le système de coordonnée verticale classique utilisé dans NEMO, qui est la coordonnée géopotentielle z.Les améliorations les plus importants ont été trouvées en augmentant la résolution verticale et horizontale de façon cohérente. Mes résultats ont cependant montrés que la plupart des paramètres du modèle ont un impact très faible sur la représentation finale du DSO. En particulier, nous avons trouvé qu'augmenter la résolution verticale sans utiliser une résolution horizontale cohérente détériore la solution. La principale raison est que la paramétrisation EVD, représentant la convection libre forcée par une instabilité statique de la colonne d’eau, propage la veine de fluide en direction de la pente de la grille, et non de la pente de la topographie, ce qui induit une trop forte dilution des propriétés de l’overflow. Une très haute résolution horizontale et verticale (1/60° et 300 niveaux) permet de résoudre la couche d'Ekman de fond et de maintenir l'EVD localisé au fond, limitant ainsi la dilution de la veine d’eau dense.J’ai ensuite étudié la représentation du DSO dans un système de coordonnée hybride combinant une coordonnée suivant-le-terrain (s) avec la coordonnée géopotentielle (z). Les améliorations obtenues dans la représentation du DSO sont remarquables et pour une faible augmentation du coût de calcul. Finalement, nous proposons un système de coordonnée verticale mixte s-z qui consiste en une implémentation locale de la coordonnée s à l’intérieur de la grille du modèle en coordonnée z, limité à la région où le DSO se produit. Cette implémentation locale minimise les effets des erreurs du gradient de pression liés à ce type de coordonnée, fait une connexion lisse avec la coordonnée z, et n'introduit pas de coûts de calcul démesurés. L'amélioration de la représentation du DSO est encore très importante.Ce travail souligne l'importance d’adapter le système de coordonnée verticale aux processus physiques les plus pertinents. Un défi de la modélisation serait d'avoir un système de coordonnée verticale qui est localement adapté aux processus océaniques dominants
Overflows play an important role distributing the heat and salt fluxes in the ocean, feeding deep boundary currents and most of the world ocean deep waters. Therefore, an unrealistic representation of overflows in global models may have impacts over many aspects of the simulated state of the ocean.To achieve a realistic representation of overflows is still a challenge for ocean modelling. This work addresses this problem using the community ocean general circulation model NEMO with a regional configuration of the Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) at eddying resolutions. This work first proposes a definition of the DSO in order to characterize its associated water masses and to find the main caveats in a control simulation that uses the most standard parameters of the commonly used global configurations of NEMO (e.g. Drakkar configurations).Thanks to this definition we then study the impacts on the DSO of a large number of model parameters through a range of eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving resolutions (e.g. 1/12° and 1/60°) in the classic z-coordinate system used in NEMO. Main findings were found increasing the horizontal and vertical resolution, but most model parameters have no significant impacts. In particular it was found that increasing vertical resolution without using a coherent horizontal resolution degrades the solution. The main reason is the EVD parameterisation that propagates the dense vein of fluid along a grid-slope, instead the topographic slope. Coherent and very high resolution both in the horizontal and in the vertical is needed in order to resolve Ekman bottom boundary layer dynamics and keep the EVD localized to the very bottom.We also study the representation of the DSO with a hybrid terrain-following (s) and geopotential (z) coordinate system and obtained considerable improvements for a relatively small increase in computational cost. Finally, we propose a mixed s-z vertical coordinate that relies on a local implementation of s-coordinates within the z-coordinate model, limited to the area where DSO waters are produced. This local implementation is such that it minimizes the effects of pressure gradient errors linked to this type of coordinate, smoothly connects to the global z-coordinate, and does not add any significant computational cost. The improvement of the DSO is found to be drastic.This work emphasizes the utility of adapting the vertical coordinate system to the main physical problem. A modeling challenge would be to have a vertical coordinate system that is locally adapted to the most critical ocean process
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9

Zhang, Andi. "Numerical investigation of multiphase Darcy-Forchheimer flow and contaminant transport during SO₂ co-injection with CO₂ in deep saline aquifers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49065.

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Of all the strategies to reduce carbon emissions, carbon dioxide (CO₂) geological sequestration is an immediately available option for removing large amounts of the gas from the atmosphere. However, our understanding of the transition behavior between Forchheimer and Darcy flow through porous media during CO₂ injection is currently very limited. In addition, the kinetic mass transfer of SO₂ and CO₂ from CO₂ stream to the saline and the fully coupling between the changes of porosity and permeability and multiphase flow are two significant dimensions to investigate the brine acidification and the induced porosity and permeability changes due to SO₂ co-injection with CO₂. Therefore, this dissertation develops a multiphase flow, contaminant transport and geochemical model which includes the kinetic mass transfer of SO₂ into deep saline aquifers and obtains the critical Forchheimer number for both water and CO₂ by using the experimental data in the literature. The critical Forchheimer numbers and the multiphase flow model are first applied to analyze the application problem involving the injection of CO₂ into deep saline aquifers. The results show that the Forchheimer effect would result in higher displacement efficiency with a magnitude of more than 50% in the Forchheimer regime than that for Darcy flow, which could increase the storage capacity for the same injection rate and volume of a site. Another merit for the incorporation of Forchheimer effect is that more CO₂ would be accumulated in the lower half of the domain and lower pressure would be imposed on the lower boundary of the cap-rock. However, as a price for the advantages mentioned above, the injection pressure required in Forchheimer flow would be higher than that for Darcy flow. The fluid flow and contaminant transport and geochemical model is then applied to analyze the brine acidification and induced porosity and permeability changes due to SO₂ co-injection. The results show that the co-injection of SO₂ with CO₂ would lead to a substantially acid zone near the injecting well and it is important to include the kinetic dissolution of SO₂ from the CO₂ stream to the water phase into the simulation models, otherwise considerable errors would be introduced for the equilibrium assumption. This study provides a useful tool for future analysis and comprehension of multiphase Darcy-Forchheimer flow and brine acidification of CO₂ injection into deep saline aquifers. Results from this dissertation have practical use for scientists and engineers concerned with the description of flow behavior, and transport and fate of SO₂ during SO₂ co-injection with CO₂ in deep saline aquifers.
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10

Clesi, Vincent. "Formation de la Terre et de Mars : étude expérimentale et numérique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22750/document.

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La formation des noyaux planétaires métalliques est un évènement majeur pour l’évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques des planètes telluriques telles que nous les connaissons aujourd’hui. En effet, l’abondance des éléments sidérophiles (i.e. qui ont des affinités chimiques avec les phases métalliques) dans les manteaux planétaires s’explique par les conditions dans lesquelles se sont séparées les phases métalliques et silicatées. Au premier rang de ces conditions se trouvent la pression, la température et la fugacité d’oxygène. La distribution des éléments dans le noyau et le manteau ne peut en effet s’expliquer que pour un équilibre obtenu dans un océan magmatique profond, donc à haute pression et haute température ; et dans des conditions d’oxydo-réduction variables, dont l’évolution la plus probable est de passer d’un état réduit à un état oxydé. Un autre paramètre important est la présence ou non d’eau dans l’océan magmatique primitif. En effet, nous disposons de plus en plus d’arguments permettant d’expliquer l’arrivée des éléments volatils, notamment l’eau, pendant l’accrétion, à partir de briques élémentaires qui contiennent ces éléments. Si l’eau est présente tout au long de l’accrétion, et donc pendant la ségrégation du noyau, elle peut donc avoir un effet sur ce dernier phénomène. Dans cette hypothèse, nous avons mené des expériences de haute pression et haute température permettant de modéliser expérimentalement la formation du noyau en condition hydratée. Ces expériences nous ont permis de montrer que la présence d’eau a un effet sur l’évolution de l’état d’oxydation des manteaux planétaires. Cette évolution oxydo-réductive nous a permis de contraindre des modèles d’accrétion basés sur un mélange de chondrites EH et CI, qui confirment des modèles construits à partir de données isotopiques. Ces modèles nous ont permis de contraindre les concentrations primitives maximum en eau probables sur Terre (1,2-1,8 % pds.) et sur Mars (2,5-3,5 % pds.). D’autre part, nos avons mis en évidence le caractère lithophile (i.e. qui a des affinités chimiques avec les phases silicatées) de l’hydrogène à haute pression, a contrario de plusieurs études précédentes. De ce fait, la différence entre les concentrations initiales élevées en eau que nous obtenons dans nos modèles d’accrétion et les concentrations en eau estimées sur Terre et sur Mars actuellement (2000 ppm et 200 ppm, respectivement) ne peut pas être expliquée par un réservoir d’hydrogène dans le noyau. Enfin, pour améliorer les modèles de formation du noyau, nous avons mis en évidence, par des modèles numériques, l’effet important de la viscosité de l’océan magmatique sur le taux d’équilibre entre noyaux et manteaux des planètes telluriques. Cela nous mène à ré-évaluer les modèles de formation des planètes telluriques basés sur des résultats expérimentaux à l’équilibre, notamment l’extension maximale de l’océan magmatique. L’évolution de la viscosité de l’océan magmatique a donc un impact important sur la composition finale des noyaux planétaires (par exemple les teneurs en soufre, oxygène ou silicium des noyaux terrestres et martiens)
The formation of the metallic planetary cores is a major event regarding to the evolution of physical and chemical properties of the telluric planets as we know it today. Indeed, the siderophile elements (i.e. which has affinities with metallic phases) abundances in planetary mantles is explained by the conditions of core-mantle segregation. Among these conditions, pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity are the main ones controlling distribution of the elements between mantle and core. This distribution can only be explained by an equilibrium between metal and silicate obtained in a deep magma ocean, which implies high pressure and high temperature of equilibrium. Moreover, the oxygen fugacity must have varied during core-mantle segregation, in a reduced-to-oxidized path most probably. Another important parameter is whether or not water is present in the primordial magma ocean. Indeed, we now have more and more lines of evidences showing that the volatile elements, especially water, arrived during accretion and therefore during the core-mantle segregation, which means that water can have an effect on the latter phenomenon. Considering this hypothesis, we performed several high pressure-high temperature experiments which allowed us to model the formation of the core under hydrous conditions. These experiments demonstrated that water has a significant effect on the redox state evolution of planetary mantles. We use this redox evolution to constrain models of planetary accretions, based on a mix of EH and CI chondrites, showing a good agreement with models based on isotopic data. The output of these models is the maximum initial concentration in water on the Earth (1.2 -1.8 %wt) and on Mars (2.5-3.5 %wt). Furthermore, these experiments showed a lithophile behavior (i.e. which has affinities with silicated phases) of hydrogen at high pressures, contrary to previous studies. Therefore, the difference between high initial concentrations in water yielded by our accretion models and the estimated actual concentrations on the Earth and Mars (2000 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively) cannot be explained by a hydrogen reservoir in the core. Finally, to improve the models of core-mantle segregation, we showed by numerical simulations the important effect of the magma ocean viscosity on the equilibrium between planetary mantles and cores. it lead us to reevaluate the models of accretion based on experimental data, especially the maximum extent of magma oceans. The evolution of the magma ocean viscosity has therefore significant implications on the final composition of planetary cores (for instance on the sulfur, oxygen and silicon content of the Earth’s and Mars’ core)
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11

Henderson, Samuel Straker. "Tracking deep-water flow on Eirik drift over the past 160 kyr linking deep-water changes to freshwater fluxes /." 2009. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000051018.

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12

Chao, Wei-Ting, and 趙偉廷. "Flow field measurement of deep water breaking wave impact on a vertical wall." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04807003799474299761.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
97
Deep water breaking impact on a vertical wall were investigated in this research. The breaking waves were generated by linearly-varying-frequency wave trains. A P.I.V. measurement system was used to record the particle motion in fluids, such that the instantaneous wave flow field can be calculated. Based on the measured results, qualitative descriptions of the variations of flow field around the vertical wall during breaking wave impact process were made in this research. It showed that due to a plunging breaker causes much more violated flow filed than a spilling breaker does an air bag entrapped during the plunging breaking process. At wave crest, a vortex generation was produced during breaking processes. After wave impacting on a vertical wall, water recedes and the mores with water, then leaves the region of the vortex measured flow filed. Using the measured velocity information near the vertical wall and the method of linear momentum conservation in a control volume, the pressure distribution on the vertical wall were calculated and distributed as a log law curve for spilling and plunging breaker cases. The obtained result was similar to the results obtained by Kirkgoz (1995) using pressure gauges measurements.
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Lim, Ho Joon. "Experimental Study on Kinematics and Dynamics of Breaking Waves in Deep Water." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-8501.

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A new measurement technique called fiber optic reflectometer (FOR) was developed to investigate multiphase flows. The principle and setup of the FOR technique were introduced and applied to various experiments. Based on the coherently mixed signal between the Fresnel reflection off the fiber-liquid interface and the scattered signal off the object, such as a gas bubble, and a solid particle, this single probe technique is capable of simultaneously measuring the velocity of the object with a high accuracy and the phase of the fluid. In addition, bubble diameter, velocity, and void fraction were measured directly. By means of a simple modification of the FOR technique, solute concentration and refractive index change were measured with a greatly improved accuracy. This modified technique was used for measuring of a NaCl concentration in deionized water to validate a new normalization technique. In the second part of this thesis, a plunging breaking wave in deep water has been studied. Using the wave focusing method, a strong plunging breaker was generated with accuracy in the deep water condition in a two-dimensional wave tank. It was possible to describe the breaking process in detail using a high speed camera with a frame rate of 500 or 1000 fps. Four kinds of experimental techniques were employed or developed to investigate the plunging breaker. Bubble image velocimetry (BIV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) were used to measure the velocity fields. The velocity fields of the highly aerated region were obtained from the BIV measurements. In addition, the modified PIV technique is capable of measuring the velocities in the entire flow field including the aerated region. Mean and turbulent properties were obtained by the ensemble average. The mean velocity, mean vorticity, and mean kinetic energy were examined over the entire flow field. In addition, the Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy were calculated with high temporal and spatial resolutions. Free surface elevation was obtained from wave gauge measurements. BIV and PIV images were also used to obtain the free surface elevation and the boundary of the aerated region for more accurate results. The FOR technique was used to obtain the void ratio at each splash-up region. Compressibility of the plunging breaker was considered. Mass flux, momentum flux, kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses at each FOR station were recalculated using the void ratio obtained from the FOR measurements. All terms at the first splash-up region were highly overestimated more than 100 percent unless the void ratio was applied to the calculation of fluxes and energies. Compared with the fully developed first splash-up region, the overestimation at the second and third splash-up was less significant. However, most terms were overestimated by 20~30 percent when the void ratio was not considered.
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Littlepage, John Stanley. "Use of well testing and multiple point statistics in analyzing deep water channel turbidite reservoirs." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4120.

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Well testing has long been used to determine the dynamic characteristics of a reservoir. However due to the increase in interest in exploring deep offshore reservoirs and the expense associated with performing well tests of sufficient duration, alternative methods for retrieving reservoir specific information from tests of limited duration are necessary. This thesis presents analysis of derivative plots from well tests in different locations along a heterogeneous channelized environment and the information that can be derived the shape of these plots. The viability of calibrating a multiple point proxy that captures the reservoir flow connectivity information contained in well test data is explored. Such a proxy can provide useful insight into the nature of reservoir heterogeneity in the vicinity of the well. The behavior of the log-log derivative plot gives invaluable information about the nature of the reservoir surrounding the penetrating wells. Based on the change in slope of the derivative plot one can tell if a flow conduit or a low permeability zone is close to the well. Proximity to these features is also indicated in the curvature of the derivative plot with the test plot showing increasing symmetry as flow boundaries are approached. This was found to be true in both systematic simulations as well as in real build up test data. The calibration of the multiple point permeability proxy also provides information about the connectivity of the reservoir. Single point statistics provide the best estimate for wells either inside a channel or very close to the channel boundary. This is because of the relative homogeneity of permeability values within the spatial template used for averaging. The further the well gets from the channel fewer high permeability blocks will be picked up by the template and thus multiple point models provide the best estimate for effective permeability, Keff. Three point models were found to be the most accurate when the template exhibited complex permeability transition from the mudstone to the channel facies.
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15

Holder, Rachel. "Studies into the Initial Conditions, Flow Rate, and Containment System of Oil Field Leaks in Deep Water." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151119.

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Oil well blow outs are investigated to determine methods to quickly and accurately respond to an emergency situation. Flow rate is needed to guide containment and dispersal operations. The Stratified Integral Multiphase Plume, SIMP, model was used to investigate the range of initial conditions available to integral modeling. Sensitivity to initial conditions is modest, but without experimental data at the appropriate scale the most accurate condition is unable to be determined. Flow rates are difficult to directly measure in blow out situations, so another method must be determined; therefore, sensitivity of several parameters to flow rate was also evaluated. Methane concentration in the first intrusion can be used in conjunction with velocity and trap height measurements to determine flow rate using an integral model. Plume width and temperature were determined to have little sensitivity. Separately, a containment dome was tested in the laboratory to determine if a full scale dome can be used to contain an oil leak in the field. The dome was found to have satisfactory entrapment in the designed position.
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16

Zoeller, Khalhela. "Insights into the distribution and mobility of metals in the sheeted dike complex formed at fast-spreading ridges (Pito Deep, EPR)." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5264.

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Abstract:
Hydrothermal fluid circulation is an important process in the formation and evolution of ocean crust. A tectonic window located at Pit Deep (NE corner Easter Microplate) provides an ideal location to examine a 3-dimensional view of ocean crust formed at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise. This study focuses on the base metal (Cu, Ni, Mn, Co, Zn, and Pb) content of the bulk rock and mineral components in the sheeted dike complex. There is no observable trend of metal mobility with depth, geographic location, or dominant alteration phase. Secondary mineral analyses (using LA-ICP-MS) show that metals are redistributed throughout the sheeted dikes, entering into secondary sulphides, chlorite, and amphibole. Temperature and mineral stability is a primary control of metal mobility in these rocks. Due to highly variable metal concentrations and observed temperatures of alterations, the hydrothermal cell is suggested to be a continuously evolving system, and can cause the large variability observed in the metal distribution in the sheeted dikes.
Graduate
0996
0411
0372
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17

Reaume, Jonathan Daniel. "Wave-Cavity Resonator: Experimental Investigation of an Alternative Energy Device." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6960.

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Abstract:
A wave cavity resonator (WCR) is investigated to determine the suitability of the device as an energy harvester in rivers or tidal flows. The WCR consists of coupling between self-excited oscillations of turbulent flow of water in an open channel along the opening of a rectangular cavity and the standing gravity wave in the cavity. The device was investigated experimentally for a range of inflow velocities, cavity opening lengths, and characteristic depths of the water. Determining appropriate models and empirical relations for the system over a range of depths allows for accuracy when designing prototypes and tools for determining the suitability of a particular river or tidal flow as a potential WCR site. The performance of the system when coupled with a wave absorber/generator is also evaluated for a range piston strokes in reference to cavity wave height. Video recording of the oscillating free-surface inside the resonator cavity in conjunction with free-surface elevation measurements using a capacitive wave gauge provides representation of the resonant wave modes of the cavity as well as the degree of the flow-wave coupling in terms of the amplitude and the quality factor of the associated spectral peak. Moreover, application of digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) provides insight into the evolution of the vortical structures that form across the cavity opening. Coherent oscillations were attainable for a wide range of water depths. Variation of the water depth affected the degree of coupling between the shear layer oscillations and the gravity wave as well as the three-dimensionality of the flow structure. In terms of the power investigation, conducted with the addition of a load cell and linear table-driven piston, the device is likely limited to running low power instrumentation unless it can be up-scaled. Up-scaling of the system, while requiring additional design considerations, is not unreasonable; large-scale systems of resonant water waves and the generation of large scale vortical structures due to tidal or river flows are even observed naturally.
Graduate
0547
0548
reaumejd@uvic.ca
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