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Journal articles on the topic 'Deep water flow; Ocean; Seawater'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Uchida, Tsutomu, Ike Nagamine, Itsuka Yabe, et al. "Dissolution Process Observation of Methane Bubbles in the Deep Ocean Simulator Facility." Energies 13, no. 15 (2020): 3938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153938.

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To investigate the temperature dependency of the methane bubble dissolution rate, buoyant single methane bubbles were held stationary in a countercurrent water flow at a pressure of 6.9 MPa and temperatures ranging from 288 K to 303 K. The 1 to 3 mm diameter bubbles were analyzed by observation through the pressure chamber viewport using a bi-telecentric CCD camera. The dissolution rate in artificial seawater was approximately two times smaller than that in pure water. Furthermore, it was observed that the methane bubble dissolution rate increased with temperature, suggesting that bubble disso

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2

Nihous, Gérard C. "A Preliminary Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 129, no. 1 (2006): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2424965.

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Worldwide power resources that could be extracted from Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants are estimated with a simple one-dimensional time-domain model of the thermal structure of the ocean. Recently published steady-state results are extended by partitioning the potential OTEC production region in one-degree-by-one-degree “squares” and by allowing the operational adjustment of OTEC operations. This raises the estimated maximum steady-state OTEC electrical power from about 3TW(109kW) to 5TW. The time-domain code allows a more realistic assessment of scenarios that could reflect the

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3

Lu, Ling, Hong Pan, Wei Fan, and Yong Cai. "A Preliminary Study on Efficiency of Air-Lift Upwelling." Advanced Materials Research 422 (December 2011): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.422.424.

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Upwelling of deep seawater using air-lift system to the region, where sunlight reaches, can produce the ocean farm since deep seawater contains high concentration of nutrient such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The efficiency of air-lift upwelling along a 300 mm diameter vertical pipe has been studied in this paper. Using a plexiglass pipe as the upwelling-pipe, a laboratory experiment was performed in a 4.5 m deep tank to obtain the flow rate ratio of water to gas. We also performed numerical experiments using commercial CFD software FLUENT 6.3 based on conditions of experiment. Both the experim

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4

Anthony, K. R. N., G. Diaz-Pulido, N. Verlinden, B. Tilbrook, and A. J. Andersson. "Benthic buffers and boosters of ocean acidification on coral reefs." Biogeosciences 10, no. 7 (2013): 4897–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4897-2013.

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Abstract. Ocean acidification is a threat to marine ecosystems globally. In shallow-water systems, however, ocean acidification can be masked by benthic carbon fluxes, depending on community composition, seawater residence time, and the magnitude and balance of net community production (NCP) and calcification (NCC). Here, we examine how six benthic groups from a coral reef environment on Heron Reef (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) contribute to changes in the seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa). Results of flume studies using intact reef habitats (1.2 m by 0.4 m), showed a hierarchy of res

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Anthony, K. R. N., G. Diaz-Pulido, N. Verlinden, B. Tilbrook, and A. J. Andersson. "Benthic buffers and boosters of ocean acidification on coral reefs." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (2013): 1831–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-1831-2013.

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Abstract. Ocean acidification is a threat to marine ecosystems globally. In shallow-water systems, however, ocean acidification can be masked by benthic carbon fluxes, depending on community composition, seawater residence time, and the magnitude and balance of net community production (pn) and calcification (gn). Here, we examine how six benthic groups from a coral reef environment on Heron Reef (Great Barrier Reef, Australia) contribute to changes in seawater aragonite saturation state (Ωa). Results of flume studies showed a hierarchy of responses across groups, depending on CO2 level, time

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Yanagawa, Katsunori, Anja Breuker, Axel Schippers, et al. "Microbial Community Stratification Controlled by the Subseafloor Fluid Flow and Geothermal Gradient at the Iheya North Hydrothermal Field in the Mid-Okinawa Trough (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 331)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 19 (2014): 6126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01741-14.

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ABSTRACTThe impacts of lithologic structure and geothermal gradient on subseafloor microbial communities were investigated at a marginal site of the Iheya North hydrothermal field in the Mid-Okinawa Trough. Subsurface marine sediments composed of hemipelagic muds and volcaniclastic deposits were recovered through a depth of 151 m below the seafloor at site C0017 during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 331. Microbial communities inferred from 16S rRNA gene clone sequencing in low-temperature hemipelagic sediments were mainly composed of members of theChloroflexiand deep-sea archaeal

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7

WEI, GUANG-YI, HONG-FEI LING, DA LI, et al. "Marine redox evolution in the early Cambrian Yangtze shelf margin area: evidence from trace elements, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes." Geological Magazine 154, no. 6 (2017): 1344–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000115.

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AbstractNitrogen is an essential element for biological activity, and nitrogen isotopic compositions of geological samples record information about both marine biological processes and environmental evolution. However, only a few studies of N isotopes in the early Cambrian have been published. In this study, we analysed nitrogen isotopic compositions, as well as trace elements and sulphur isotopic compositions of cherts, black shales, carbonaceous shales and argillaceous carbonates from the Daotuo drill core in Songtao County, NE Guizhou Province, China, to reconstruct the marine redox environ

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Archer, D. "A model of the methane cycle, permafrost, and hydrology of the Siberian continental margin." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (2014): 7853–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-7853-2014.

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Abstract. A two-dimensional model of a passive continental margin was adapted to the simulation of the methane cycle on Siberian continental shelf and slope, attempting to account for the impacts of glacial/interglacial cycles in sea level, alternately exposing the continental shelf to freezing conditions with deep permafrost formation during glacial times, and immersion in the ocean in interglacial times. The model is used to gauge the impact of the glacial cycles, and potential anthropogenic warming in the deep future, on the atmospheric methane emission flux, and the sensitivities of that f

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9

Friðleifsson, Guðmundur Ó., Wilfred A. Elders, Robert A. Zierenberg, et al. "The Iceland Deep Drilling Project 4.5 km deep well, IDDP-2, in the seawater-recharged Reykjanes geothermal field in SW Iceland has successfully reached its supercritical target." Scientific Drilling 23 (November 30, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-23-1-2017.

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Abstract. The Iceland Deep Drilling Project research well RN-15/IDDP-2 at Reykjanes, Iceland, reached its target of supercritical conditions at a depth of 4.5 km in January 2017. After only 6 days of heating, the measured bottom hole temperature was 426 °C, and the fluid pressure was 34 MPa. The southern tip of the Reykjanes peninsula is the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Iceland. Reykjanes is unique among Icelandic geothermal systems in that it is recharged by seawater, which has a critical point of 406 °C at 29.8 MPa. The geologic setting and fluid characteristics at Reykjan

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10

Luz, Leticia G., Thiago P. Santos, Timothy I. Eglinton, et al. "Contrasting late-glacial paleoceanographic evolution between the upper and lower continental slope of the western South Atlantic." Climate of the Past 16, no. 4 (2020): 1245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1245-2020.

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Abstract. The number of sedimentary records collected along the Brazilian continental margin has increased significantly in recent years, but relatively few are located in shallow waters and register paleoceanographic processes in the outer shelf–middle slope prior to 10–15 ka. For instance, the northward flow up to 23–24∘ S of cold and fresh shelf waters sourced from the Subantarctic region is an important feature of current hydrodynamics in the subtropical western South Atlantic Ocean, and yet limited information is available for the long-term changes of this system. Herein, we considered a

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11

Kerrich, Robert, and John Ludden. "The role of fluids during formation and evolution of the southern Superior Province lithosphere: an overview." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 2-3 (2000): 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-098.

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Models for fluid flow and hydrothermal alteration for the Abitibi greenstone belt are reviewed in the light of Lithoprobe results in the region. In the Abitibi greenstone belt, eruption of volcanic sequences over 2750-2700 Ma was accompanied by pervasive low-temperature hydrothermal alteration at high water/rock ratios, giving systematic 18O-enrichment. Archean ambient ocean water bottom temperatures were likely ca. 30°C, and δ18O ~0 ± 1. Chert-iron formations precipitated from low temperature hydrothermal discharge. Base metal massive sulphide deposits formed at or near the seafloor from foc

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12

Ford, Heather L., та Maureen E. Raymo. "Regional and global signals in seawater δ18O records across the mid-Pleistocene transition". Geology 48, № 2 (2019): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46546.1.

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Abstract High-resolution seawater δ18O records, derived from coupled Mg/Ca and benthic δ18O analyses, can be used to evaluate how global ice volume changed during the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT, ca. 1250–600 ka). However, such seawater δ18O records are also influenced by regional hydrographic signals (i.e., salinity) and changes in deep-ocean circulation across the MPT, making it difficult to isolate the timing and magnitude of the global ice volume change. To explore regional and global patterns in seawater δ18O records, we reconstruct seawater δ18O from coupled Mg/Ca and δ18O analyses o

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13

Diler, Erwan, Nicolas Larché, and Dominique Thierry. "Cathodic Activity on Passive Materials in Deep Seawater." Corrosion 76, no. 4 (2020): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3328.

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In this study, the cathodic activity of biofilmed stainless steel surfaces was investigated at two exposure depths at the same location at 1,020 m and 2,020 m depth. For this purpose, a set of passive materials and sensors were exposed for 11 months in Azores, in the Atlantic Ocean. Characteristic cathodic depolarizations due to biological activity were observed in intermediary and deep water. However, a strong cathodic activity was only measured in deep water. Potential ennoblement appeared between 80 d and 200 d, depending on the exposure depth and the experimental setup used. In a given env

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14

Nihous, Gérard C. "An Order-of-Magnitude Estimate of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 127, no. 4 (2005): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1949624.

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Worldwide power resources that could be extracted from the steady-state operation of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants are estimated using a simple model. This order-of-magnitude analysis indicates that about 3×109kW (3 TW) may be available, at most. This value is much smaller than estimates currently suggested in the technical literature. It reflects the scale of the perturbation caused by massive OTEC seawater flow rates on the thermal structure of the ocean. Not surprisingly, maximum OTEC power nearly corresponds to deep cold seawater flow rates of the order of the average abyss

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15

Herrera, Jorge, Santiago Sierra, and Asier Ibeas. "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Other Uses of Deep Sea Water: A Review." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040356.

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Research into renewable energy is an active field of research, with photovoltaic and wind being the most representative technologies. A promising renewable energy source is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), based on the temperature gradient of seawater. This technology has two contradictory features, as its efficiency is relatively low while, on the other hand, its energy source is almost unlimited. OTEC research has focused on optimizing energy extraction, with different techniques having been used for this purpose. This article presents a review of the advances and applications of OTEC

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16

Völpel, Rike, André Paul, Annegret Krandick, Stefan Mulitza, and Michael Schulz. "Stable water isotopes in the MITgcm." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 8 (2017): 3125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3125-2017.

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Abstract. We present the first results of the implementation of stable water isotopes in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm). The model is forced with the isotopic content of precipitation and water vapor from an atmospheric general circulation model (NCAR IsoCAM), while the fractionation during evaporation is treated explicitly in the MITgcm. Results of the equilibrium simulation under pre-industrial conditions are compared to observational data and measurements of plankton tow records (the oxygen isotopic composition of planktic foraminiferal calcite)

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17

Timmermans, M.-L., P. Winsor, and J. A. Whitehead. "Deep-Water Flow over the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 8 (2005): 1489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2765.1.

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Abstract The Arctic Ocean likely impacts global climate through its effect on the rate of deep-water formation and the subsequent influence on global thermohaline circulation. Here, the renewal of the deep waters in the isolated Canadian Basin is quanitified. Using hydraulic theory and hydrographic observations, the authors calculate the magnitude of this renewal where circumstances have thus far prevented direct measurements. A volume flow rate of Q = 0.25 ± 0.15 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) from the Eurasian Basin to the Canadian Basin via a deep gap in the dividing Lomonosov Ridge is estimated. Dee

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18

Edwards, Margo H., Roy Wilkens, Chris Kelley, et al. "Methodologies for Surveying and Assessing Deep-Water Munitions Disposal Sites." Marine Technology Society Journal 46, no. 1 (2012): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.46.1.6.

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AbstractThe Hawaii Undersea Military Munitions Assessment (HUMMA) was designed to develop methodologies for surveying and assessing a historic deep-water munitions sea disposal site to determine the potential impact of the ocean environment on sea-disposed munitions and of sea-disposed munitions on the ocean environment and those that use it. HUMMA is the most comprehensive deep-water investigation conducted in the United States to look at both chemical and conventional munitions. Recognizing that each sea-disposed munitions site poses unique logistical and environmental challenges, the HUMMA

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19

Hoogakker, B. A. A., D. J. R. Thornalley, and S. Barker. "Millennial changes in North Atlantic oxygen concentrations." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 15 (2015): 12947–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-12947-2015.

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Abstract. Glacial–interglacial changes in bottom water oxygen concentrations [O2] in the deep Northeast Atlantic have been linked to decreased ventilation relating to changes in ocean circulation and the biological pump (Hoogakker et al., 2015). In this paper we discuss seawater [O2] changes in relation to millennial climate oscillations in the North Atlantic ocean over the last glacial cycle, using bottom water [O2] reconstructions from 2 cores: (1) MD95-2042 from the deep northeast Atlantic (Hoogakker et al., 2015), and (2) ODP 1055 from the intermediate northwest Atlantic. Deep northeast At

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Breier, John A., Michael V. Jakuba, Mak A. Saito, et al. "Revealing ocean-scale biochemical structure with a deep-diving vertical profiling autonomous vehicle." Science Robotics 5, no. 48 (2020): eabc7104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abc7104.

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Vast and diverse microbial communities exist within the ocean. To better understand the global influence of these microorganisms on Earth’s climate, we developed a robot capable of sampling dissolved and particulate seawater biochemistry across ocean basins while still capturing the fine-scale biogeochemical processes therein. Carbon and other nutrients are acquired and released by marine microorganisms as they build and break down organic matter. The scale of the ocean makes these processes globally relevant and, at the same time, challenging to fully characterize. Microbial community composi

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21

Roberts, Jenny, Julia Gottschalk, Luke C. Skinner, et al. "Evolution of South Atlantic density and chemical stratification across the last deglaciation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (2016): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511252113.

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Explanations of the glacial–interglacial variations in atmospheric pCO2 invoke a significant role for the deep ocean in the storage of CO2. Deep-ocean density stratification has been proposed as a mechanism to promote the storage of CO2 in the deep ocean during glacial times. A wealth of proxy data supports the presence of a “chemical divide” between intermediate and deep water in the glacial Atlantic Ocean, which indirectly points to an increase in deep-ocean density stratification. However, direct observational evidence of changes in the primary controls of ocean density stratification, i.e.

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22

Siedler, Gerold, Jürgen Holfort, Walter Zenk, Thomas J. Müller, and Tiberiu Csernok. "Deep-Water Flow in the Mariana and Caroline Basins*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 3 (2004): 566–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2511.1.

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Abstract Two major water masses dominate the deep layers in the Mariana and Caroline Basins: the Lower Circumpolar Water (LCPW), arriving from the Southern Ocean along the slopes north of the Marshall Islands, and the North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW) reaching the region from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Hydrographic and moored observations and multibeam echosounding were performed in the East Mariana and the East Caroline Basins to detail watermass distributions and flow paths in the area. The LCPW enters the East Mariana Basin from the east. At about 13°N, however, in the southern part of t

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23

Chen, Feng Yun, Wei Min Liu, and Liang Zhang. "Experimental Studies on the Seawater Desalination System Based on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 3254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3254.

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Seawater desalination system has been established based on the ocean thermal energy conversion in this paper. Through compared finned tube heat exchanger with round tube heat exchanger obtained the fresh water output at different temperature and flow velocity of the warm and cold sea water. In this system the energy of the warm and cold sea water has been fully utilized, and so improved the economic benefits of the ocean thermal energy conversion.

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Hwang, Hajung, Jinho Woo, Won-Bae Na, and Hyeon-Ju Kim. "Three-Dimensional Flow Response Analysis of Subsea Riser Transporting Deep Ocean Water." Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers 27, no. 2 (2015): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9765/kscoe.2015.27.2.113.

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Cui, Yifan, Qingfen Ma, Zhongye Wu, Hui Lu, Zezhou Gao, and Junqing Fan. "A Hydrostatic Pressure-Driven Desalination System for Large-Scale Deep Sea Space Station." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021 (January 27, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8898472.

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Compared with the common marine renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and wave energy, etc., the hydraulic pressure stored in the deep seawater can output stable and successive energy flow. Thus, it can be directly coupled with the reverse osmosis (RO) process to supply drinkable mineral water for crews of Deep Sea Space Station (DSSS). We proposed a novel submarine RO desalination system driven by the hydraulic pressure of deep seawater (SHP-RO), composed of a desalination branch to generate fresh water and a back pressure branch to ensure the depth independence of the desalination. The

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26

Desens, A., V. E. A. Post, G. J. Houben, T. Kuhn, M. Walther, and Thomas Graf. "It’s hydrogeology but not as we know it: Sub-seafloor groundwater flow driven by thermal gradients." E3S Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185400008.

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Groundwater flow beneath the oceans plays an important role for cooling the earth’s crust and geochemical cycles, yet it remains an understudied subject in hydrogeology. This contribution focuses on the circulation of seawater through basalt covered by deep-sea sediments in the equatorial northeast Pacific Ocean. Numerical model simulations are used to infer the factors controlling the flow patterns that develop between basalt outcrops. The energy to drive the flow is derived from the crustal heat flux. It is found that the sediment thickness plays a key role in determining the development of

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27

Ye, Wangquan, Jinjia Guo, Nan Li, Fujun Qi, Kai Cheng, and Ronger Zheng. "Depth Profiling Investigation of Seawater Using Combined Multi-Optical Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 74, no. 5 (2020): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702820906890.

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Depth profiling investigation plays an important role in studying the dynamic processes of the ocean. In this paper, a newly developed hyphenated underwater system based on multi-optical spectrometry is introduced and used to measure seawater spectra at different depths with the aid of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The hyphenated system consists of two independent compact deep-sea spectral instruments, a deep ocean compact autonomous Raman spectrometer and a compact underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system for sea applications (LIBSea). The former was used to take both Raman

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28

Suparta, Wayan. "Marine Heat as a Renewable Energy Source." WIDYAKALA: JOURNAL OF PEMBANGUNAN JAYA UNIVERSITY 7, no. 1 (2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36262/widyakala.v7i1.278.

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The ocean, which covers two-thirds of the land surface, receives heat from the sun's rays. Ocean water also receives heat that comes from geothermal heat, which is magma located under the seafloor. Ocean surface temperatures are warmest near the equator, with temperatures from 25°C to 33°C between 0 degrees and 20 degrees north and south latitude. This temperature difference can be utilized to run the driving machine based on the thermodynamic principle. A technology called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is capable of converting the temperature difference into electrical energy. OTEC i

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Hoogakker, B. A. A., D. J. R. Thornalley, and S. Barker. "Millennial changes in North Atlantic oxygen concentrations." Biogeosciences 13, no. 1 (2016): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-211-2016.

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Abstract. Glacial–interglacial changes in bottom water oxygen concentrations [O2] in the deep northeast Atlantic have been linked to decreased ventilation relating to changes in ocean circulation and the biological pump (Hoogakker et al., 2015). In this paper we discuss seawater [O2] changes in relation to millennial climate oscillations in the North Atlantic over the last glacial cycle, using bottom water [O2] reconstructions from 2 cores: (1) MD95-2042 from the deep northeast Atlantic (Hoogakker et al., 2015) and (2) ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) Site 1055 from the intermediate northwest Atla

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Coogan, Laurence A., and Kathryn M. Gillis. "Low-Temperature Alteration of the Seafloor: Impacts on Ocean Chemistry." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, no. 1 (2018): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010027.

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Over 50% of Earth is covered by oceanic crust, the uppermost portion of which is a high-permeability layer of basaltic lavas through which seawater continuously circulates. Fluid flow is driven by heat lost from the oceanic lithosphere; the global fluid flux is dependent on plate creation rates and the thickness and distribution of overlying sediment, which acts as a low-permeability layer impeding seawater access to the crust. Fluid-rock reactions in the crust, and global chemical fluxes, depend on the average temperature in the aquifer, the fluid flux, and the composition of seawater. The av

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Zaky, Amir H., Uwe Brand, Dieter Buhl, et al. "Strontium isotope geochemistry of modern and ancient archives: tracer of secular change in ocean chemistry." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 3 (2019): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0085.

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Strontium isotopes of marine archives provide a significant means for tracing physical and chemical processes operating over geologic time. Modern articulated brachiopods and halite samples were collected from all depths of the world’s main water bodies. Material from the Arctic, North and South Atlantic, North and South Pacific, Indian and Southern oceans, as well as Caribbean and Mediterranean seas provide baseline parameters for diagenetic screening and reconstruction of seawater curves. The Sr isotopic ratio of modern brachiopods is unobscured by latitude, depth, and biologic factors (Orde

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Ding, Hui, Jun Yu Dong, Hui Wang, Jing Zeng, and Jian Wu. "Estimating the Ocean Surface Drag Coefficient Based on the Least Squares Method." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2649.

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The aquaculture of the marine organism affects the flow of the sea to a certain extent. Thus, it also affects the water exchange rate and reduces the supplementary of nutrition salt, which accordingly restricts the growth of marine organisms to some extent. Therefore, studying the seawater resistance produced by the marine organisms in the sea has a practical significance. However, the drag coefficient of the seawater resistance produced by the marine organisms is unknown. The least squares method is a mathematical optimization technique to minimize the square of the error and find the best fu

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Ehrenman, Gayle. "From Sea to Sink." Mechanical Engineering 126, no. 10 (2004): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2004-oct-3.

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This article reviews supplies of water under stress; the prospect of rendering saltwater drinkable is growing more appealing and more affordable. A combination of need and cost is making desalination of saltwater more attractive in the United States, and reverse osmosis is the overwhelming choice when it comes to desalination methods. Desalination, the removal of salt from either brackish or seawater to render it potable, is nothing new. Desalination processes are generally divided into two methods: thermal and membrane. Either process can be used for seawater or brackish water. Brackish water

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Li, Zifeng, Peng Wang, Min Zhao, and Xuejiao Li. "Transverse Vibration Analysis of the Riser in Deep Water." Open Petroleum Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (2015): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874834101508010038.

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With high international oil price, the exhaustion of onshore resources and declination of oil and gas production in shallow sea, deep water has become the important succeeding area of worldwide oil and gas. During deepwater oil and gas development, riser must be used to isolate seawater, circulate drilling fluid, and compensate the heaving movements of the string and so on. However, with the operating water depth increasing, the loads of waves and ocean currents on the riser become more complex, leading to extremely high construction risk and funds risk of deep-water operations. In this paper,

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Druffel, Ellen R. M., Sheila Griffin, Ning Wang, and Brett D. Walker. "Temporal Variability of Dissolved Organic Radiocarbon in the Deep North Pacific Ocean." Radiocarbon 60, no. 4 (2018): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.39.

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ABSTRACTWe report marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ∆14C from seawater collected from the North central Pacific Ocean (NCP) in 2015. These measurements show DOC ∆14C values averaged –235±5‰ (n=3) in the mixed layer (24–81 m) and –544±5‰ (n=5) in the deep water (1500–5139 m). A comparison of these data with two previously published DOC ∆14C profiles from the NCP in 1985 and 1987 reveals that deep DOC ∆14C values have decreased. We discuss several possible mechanisms that could cause such a shift in DOC ∆14C values, including spatial inhomogeneity and temporal variability due to changes in t

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Yamamoto, Akitomo, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Rumi Ohgaito, Akinori Ito, and Akira Oka. "Glacial CO<sub>2</sub> decrease and deep-water deoxygenation by iron fertilization from glaciogenic dust." Climate of the Past 15, no. 3 (2019): 981–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-981-2019.

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Abstract. Increased accumulation of respired carbon in the deep ocean associated with enhanced efficiency of the biological carbon pump is thought to be a key mechanism of glacial CO2 drawdown. Despite greater oxygen solubility due to seawater cooling, recent quantitative and qualitative proxy data show glacial deep-water deoxygenation, reflecting increased respired carbon accumulation. However, the mechanisms of deep-water deoxygenation and contribution from the biological pump to glacial CO2 drawdown have remained unclear. In this study, we report the significance of iron fertilization from

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Sutton, Jill N., Gregory F. de Souza, Maribel I. García-Ibáñez, and Christina L. De La Rocha. "The silicon stable isotope distribution along the GEOVIDE section (GEOTRACES GA-01) of the North Atlantic Ocean." Biogeosciences 15, no. 18 (2018): 5663–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5663-2018.

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Abstract. The stable isotope composition of dissolved silicon in seawater (δ30SiDSi) was examined at 10 stations along the GEOVIDE section (GEOTRACES GA-01), spanning the North Atlantic Ocean (40–60∘ N) and Labrador Sea. Variations in δ30SiDSi below 500 m were closely tied to the distribution of water masses. Higher δ30SiDSi values are associated with intermediate and deep water masses of northern Atlantic or Arctic Ocean origin, whilst lower δ30SiDSi values are associated with DSi-rich waters sourced ultimately from the Southern Ocean. Correspondingly, the lowest δ30SiDSi values were observed

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De Vera, Joan, Priyanka Chandan, Paulina Pinedo-González, et al. "Anthropogenic lead pervasive in Canadian Arctic seawater." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 24 (2021): e2100023118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100023118.

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Anthropogenic Pb is widespread in the environment including remote places. However, its presence in Canadian Arctic seawater is thought to be negligible based on low dissolved Pb (dPb) concentrations and proxy data. Here, we measured dPb isotopes in Arctic seawater with very low dPb concentrations (average ∼5 pmol ⋅ kg−1) and show that anthropogenic Pb is pervasive and often dominant in the western Arctic Ocean. Pb isotopes further reveal that historic aerosol Pb from Europe and Russia (Eurasia) deposited to the Arctic during the 20th century, and subsequently remobilized, is a significant sou

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Yasunaga, Takeshi, and Yasuyuki Ikegami. "Finite-Time Thermodynamic Model for Evaluating Heat Engines in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion." Entropy 22, no. 2 (2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22020211.

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Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) converts the thermal energy stored in the ocean temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater into electricity. The necessary temperature difference to drive OTEC heat engines is only 15–25 K, which will theoretically be of low thermal efficiency. Research has been conducted to propose unique systems that can increase the thermal efficiency. This thermal efficiency is generally applied for the system performance metric, and researchers have focused on using the higher available temperature difference of heat engines to improv

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Zhang, Xiaoyuan, Shipeng Li, Baoyu Yang, and Ningfei Wang. "Flow structures of over-expanded supersonic gaseous jets for deep-water propulsion." Ocean Engineering 213 (October 2020): 107611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107611.

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Stubbins, A., J. Niggemann, and T. Dittmar. "Photo-lability of deep ocean dissolved black carbon." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (2012): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-485-2012.

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Abstract. Dissolved black carbon (DBC), defined here as condensed aromatics isolated from seawater via PPL solid phase extraction and quantified as benzene polycarboxylic acid oxidation products, is a significant component of the oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool. These condensed aromatics are widely distributed in the open ocean and appear to be tens of thousands of years old. As such DBC is regarded as highly refractory. In the current study, the photo-lability of DBC, DOC and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM; ultraviolet-visible absorbance) were determined over the course o

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Huthnance, John M. "Accelerating Dense-Water Flow down a Slope." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 6 (2009): 1495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3964.1.

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Abstract Where water is denser on a shallow shelf than in the adjacent deep ocean, it tends to flow down the slope from shelf to ocean. The flow can be in a steady bottom boundary layer for moderate combinations of upslope density gradient −ρx∞ and bottom slope (angle θ to horizontal):Here g is acceleration due to gravity, ρ0 is a mean density, and f is twice the component of the earth’s rotation normal to the sloping bottom. For stronger combinations of the horizontal density gradient and bottom slope, the flow accelerates. Analysis of an idealized initial value problem shows that, when b ≥ 1

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McCave, I. N., T. Kiefer, D. J. R. Thornalley, and H. Elderfield. "Deep flow in the Madagascar–Mascarene Basin over the last 150000 years." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1826 (2005): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2004.1480.

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The SW Indian Ocean contains at least four layers of water masses with different sources: deep Antarctic (Lower Circumpolar Deep Water) flow to the north, midwater North Indian Deep Water flow to the south and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water to the north, meridional convergence of intermediate waters at 500–1500 m, and the shallow South Equatorial Current flowing west. Sedimentation rates in the area are rather low, being less than 1 cm ka −1 on Madagascar Ridge, but up to 4 cm ka −1 at Amirante Passage. Bottom flow through the Madagascar–Mascarene Basin into Amirante Passage varies slightly on g

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Zhou, Bo, Jin Yang, Zhengli Liu, and Rongxin Zhou. "Model and experimental study on jetting flow rate for installing surface conductor in deep-water." Applied Ocean Research 60 (October 2016): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2016.09.008.

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Huang, Hao Cai, Yan Ying Ye, Can Jun Yang, Jian Xing Leng, and Ying Chen. "Study of the Sealing Characteristic of Polytetrafluoroethylene-Coated O-Ring Applied in Gas-Tight Deep-Sea Water Sampler." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.3.

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In ocean science research, it often requires the integrity of the gas content in samples of seawater. The gas-tight deep-sea water sampler (GTWS) based on pressure self-adaptive equalizer (PSAE) can satisfy the requirement very well. The PSAE is required to achieve a reliable dynamic sealing in deep sea. The general O-ring is difficult to meet this requirement. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated O-ring is chosen as the sealing parts. The finite element analysis (FEA) software ANSYS is used to analyze the contact pressure of the PTFE-coated O-ring in different conditions, that is, analyz

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Huthnance, J. M., J. T. Holt, and S. L. Wakelin. "Deep ocean exchange with west-European shelf seas." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 2 (2009): 1061–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-1061-2009.

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Abstract. We review mechanisms and studies of exchange between the north-east Atlantic and the adjacent shelf sea. Mechanisms include: well-developed summer upwelling and associated filaments off Portugal and north-west Spain giving exchange O(3 m2/s per unit length of shelf); prevailing westerly winds further north driving exchange O(1 m2/s); poleward flow along most of the upper slope with associated secondary circulation O(1 m2/s); meanders and eddies in this poleward flow; eddies shed from slope waters into the Bay of Biscay; local exchanges at shelf spurs and depressions or canyons (e.g.

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Stubbins, A., J. Niggemann, and T. Dittmar. "Photo-lability of deep ocean dissolved black carbon." Biogeosciences 9, no. 5 (2012): 1661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-1661-2012.

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Abstract. Dissolved black carbon (DBC), defined here as condensed aromatics isolated from seawater via PPL solid phase extraction and quantified as benzenepolycarboxylic acid (BPCA) oxidation products, is a significant component of the oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool. These condensed aromatics are widely distributed in the open ocean and appear to be tens of thousands of years old. As such DBC is regarded as highly refractory. In the current study, the photo-lability of DBC, DOC and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM; ultraviolet-visible absorbance) were determined over the co

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Jöhnck, Janika, Ann Holbourn, Wolfgang Kuhnt, and Nils Andersen. "Oxygen Isotope Offsets in Deep-Water Benthic Foraminifera." Journal of Foraminiferal Research 51, no. 3 (2021): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.51.3.225.

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ABSTRACT Despite the extensive use of the benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) as a proxy for paleoclimatic reconstructions, uncertainties remain regarding the consistency of interspecies offsets and the environmental factors controlling 18O fractionation. We investigated δ18O offsets of some frequently used Uvigerina, Bulimina, and Cibicidoides species in core top samples from different hydrographic and sedimentary regimes in the South China Sea, Makassar Strait, and Timor Strait/Eastern Indian Ocean. The δ18O values of the epifaunal taxa Cibicidoides mundulus and Cibicidoi

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Seungtaek, Lim, Lee Hoseang, and Kim Hyeonju. "Dynamic Simulation of System Performance Change by PID Automatic Control of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 1 (2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010059.

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Near infinite seawater thermal energy, which is considered as an alternative to energy shortage, is expected to be available to 98 countries around the world. Currently, a demonstration plant is being built using closed MW class ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). In order to stabilize the operation of the OTEC, automation through a PID control is required. To construct the control system, the control logic is constructed, the algorithm is selected, and each control value is derived. In this paper, we established an optimal control system of a closed OTEC, which is to be demonstrated in Ki

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Kawagucci, Shinsuke, Tetsuya Miwa, Dhugal J. Lindsay, et al. "Deep-sea water displacement from a turbidity current induced by the Super Typhoon Hagibis." PeerJ 8 (December 9, 2020): e10429. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10429.

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Turbidity currents are the main drivers behind the transportation of terrestrial sediments to the deep sea, and turbidite deposits from such currents have been widely used in geological studies. Nevertheless, the contribution of turbidity currents to vertical displacement of seawater has rarely been discussed. This is partly because until recently, deep-sea turbidity currents have rarely been observed due to their unpredictable nature, being usually triggered by meteorological or geological events such as typhoons and earthquakes. Here, we report a direct observation of a deep-sea turbidity cu

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