Journal articles: 'Deep peat'

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Zuhdi, Mohd, M. Edi Armanto, Dedi Setiabudidaya, and Ngudiantoro. "Performing Spatial Variabilityof Peat Depth by Using Geostatistics." E3S Web of Conferences 68 (2018): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186804021.

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Geostatistics has been knowns as a reliable tool to explore variability in space of any measured parameter. This research aims to study how peat depth change and vary in space using geostatistics aproach. The research took place in a peat land inMuaro Jambi district, Jambi province of Indonesia. The three different areas of peat depth [very deep (area A), deep (area B) and shallow (area C)] were purposely selected to investigate through borehole. From the total 120 boreholes, peat depth data were analyses using ArcGIS geostatistical analyses.The result showed that peat variability in shallow area is higher than that of deep and very deep area.It is also found that the reliable sampling distance in peat exploration should not be less than 230 meter in very deep area, 275 meter in deep area and 41 meter in shallow area.

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Sajarwan, Akhmat, Adi Jaya, and Irwan Sukri Banuwa. "Water Retention and Saturation Degree of Peat Soil in Sebangau Catchment Area, Central Kalimantan." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 26, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2021.v26i1.29-42.

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Water is an essential factor in forming, utilization, management, and sustainability of peat soil. This study was to obtain characteristics of water retention and porosity of peat soil. Peat samples were taken from the Natural Laboratory of Peat Forest, Central Kalimantan at shallow, medium, and deep peat at 0-50cm (surface) and 50-100 cm (subsurface), while laboratory analyses carried out at Soil Laboratory, Universitas Gajahmada. The result shows that volumetric moisture content at the surface lower than subsurface, except for deep peat. The total pore for the surface was 84.67-86.98%, while subsurface layers were 83.53-86.93%. For surface layer, saturated degree (S) medium peat higher than shallow and deep peat, while for shallow subsurface peat higher than medium and deep peat. S value all pF levels of surface for medium and deep peat higher than the subsurface. Bulk density for surface was 0.094g.cm-3 (rb(wet)) and 0.22g.cm-3(rb (dry)) for shallow peat while medium peat are 0.084–0.087g.cm-3(rb(wet)) and 0.18–0.20g.cm-3(rb(dry)), deep peat 0.064–0.090g.cm-3(rb(wet)) and 0.11–0.16g.cm-3(rb(dry)). For subsurface, bulk density of medium peat are 0.094–0.107g.cm-3 (rb(wet)) and 0.16–0.20g.cm-3 (rb(dry)), deep peat are 0.067–0.090g.cm-3 (rb(wet)) and 0.10–0.17g.cm-3 (rb(wet)). The particle density of surface and subsurface for shallow peat higher than medium and deep peat, with values 0.67-0.77g.cm3, 0.61-0.66g.cm3, and 0.53-0.63g.cm3 for shallow, medium, and deep peat, respectively. Total pores for the surface layer decrease with increasing dry bulk density (R = 0.624) and particle density (R = 0.375). This fact seems to confirm a directly proportional relationship between parameters bulk and particle density with total pores.

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Waldron, Susan, Allan J. Hall, and Anthony E. Fallick. "Enigmatic stable isotope dynamics of deep peat methane." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13, no. 1 (March 1999): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998gb900002.

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Holden, J., and T. P. Burt. "Piping and pipeflow in a deep peat catchment." CATENA 48, no. 3 (June 2002): 163–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00189-8.

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Yakonovskaya, T. B., A. I. Zhigulskaya, and P. A. Yakonovsky. "Assessment of applying VLF geophysical method to determine the peat deposit thickness." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 5, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2020-3-224-234.

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Peat deposits accumulate large reserves of carbon and play an important role in formation of global climate, biosphere, and hydrological conditions. High degree of knowledge of peat reserves is one of the prerequisites for scientifically based and economically viable wetland management. For economically efficient commercial activity, an enterprise developing a peat deposit must be confident in the availability of sufficient and high quality commercial peat reserves. Therefore, the topic of studying the thickness of peat deposits is quite relevant. The paper analyzes the experience of using the geophysical method called VLF ("very low frequency") to study the thickness of peat deposits. The method consisted of using a VLF receiver to measure the properties of VLF emitted by the peat deposit and the underlying mineral ground. The study was carried out at the Beloe Lake peat deposit in the Tukayevsky district of Tatarstan, at three peat areas of different depths: deep-lying (over 3 m), intermediate (1.5 – 3 m), and shallow (up to 1.5 m). The depth was confirmed by direct measurements in the wells. Low-frequency (VLF) measurements were carried out along the geophysical paths at each area of the peat deposit. The data were processed using the NAMEMD (Noise Empirical Decomposition) method and converted to resistivity and depth values using the specialized software. The study showed that the resistivity differs significantly between the areas of deep-lying and shallow peat. The resistivity varies depending on the peat thickness and the thickness of the buried wood horizons. In the horizons of deep-lying peat, the resistivity is strongly influenced by the degree of peat decomposition, its natural density and moisture. The presence of peaks and their height on the data interpretation plots characterizes the number and thickness of the horizons of buried wood in the peat deposit. With increasing depth of peat occurrence, the resistivity increases significantly. However, in the shallow areas, it does not show differences, being characteristic for the deep-lying peat area. This proves that the VLF method works correctly in peat layers and is capable to indicate the peat thickness, the number and thickness of the buried wood horizons.

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Suryanto, S., and K. Lambert. "AMELIORATION OF TROPICAL DEEP PEAT FOR LOWLAND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION1)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 369 (September 1994): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.369.50.

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Cao, Xiuling, Muci Yue, Haiyan Xu, Song Chen, Yongkang Hou, and Xingkuo Wang. "The Technology and Application of Improving Bearing Capacity of Deep Peat Soil Subgrade." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127201010.

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Peat soil is widely distributed in more than 500 countries around the world, covering an area of over 4 million square kilometers, among which the distribution area in China is about 40000 square kilometers, and most of Peat soil is distributed in swamps and forests. Peat soil is with high content of organic matter, poor engineering properties and low bearing capacity, which is very unfavorable to the safety and functionality of infrastructure construction. The Belt and Road, and the other two parts of the peat soil are studied in this paper. The key technologies of peat soil foundation are studied through literature review and comparative study. This will provide theoretical and technical support for repairing bridges, roads and houses in the distribution area of peat soil, and provide the theoretical basis and technical foundation for the construction of the “peat” Road area. Chinese Library Classification: TU08

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Ferdous, F., M. R. Rafiq, and M. I. Mahmud. "Aquifer Geometry and Water Quality in Relation to Occurrence and Distribution of Peat in Baghia-Chanda Beel, Bangladesh." Journal of Scientific Research 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v8i3.25360.

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Baghia-Chanda Beel, largest peat basin in Madaripur and Gopalganj (Bangladesh) districts occupies thick deposits of peat. Study focuses on the aquifer geometry and geochemical evaluation of groundwater in relation to occurrence and distribution of peat. Landuse map is generated to show the surface distribution of peat. Thick peat and clay layer respectively, with an average thickness of 7 ft, has been observed throughout the study area. Principal productive aquifer about 40 ft thick, is found at depth between 35 to 145 ft below ground surface. According to pH and EC values, groundwater is mildly acidic to slightly alkaline and fresh to brackish. High bicarbonate concentration which is more likely to be attributed from the oxidative degradation of peat is found at shallow aquifer below peat. Elevated sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) concentrations in deep aquifer are due to the trapping of ancient sea water in the subsurface during Quaternary period. Although deep aquifer is extensively low in arsenic, 68% and 44% shallow groundwater samples are arsenic (As) contaminated according to WHO, 2011 and Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard (DoE, 1997) limit respectively. Assessment of Water Quality Indexes (WQI>100) suggests that water from deep aquifer is more suitable for drinking purposes.

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Kazemian, Sina, Arun Prasad, Vahed Ghiasi, and Bujang Bin Kim Huat. "Effect of Cement on Compressibility and Microstructure of Tropical Peat." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.33.

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Peats are geotechnically problematic soil due to their high compressibility and low shear strength. Cement is widely used for the stabilization of peat by deep mixing method (DMM). This paper presents the results of the model study of compressibility property of peats stabilized with cement columns formed by DMM. The results of consolidation test, scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDX) showed that the compressibility of peats can be improved significantly by the installation of cement stabilized columns. The amount of cement used to form the column was observed to influence the engineering behaviour of treated tropical peats and it had more influence on sapric peat than on hemic and fibrous peats.

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Khairizal, Sisca Vaulina, and Hajry Arief Wahyudy. "ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI KELAPA DALAM (Cocos nucifera Linn) PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DAN LAHAN MINERAL DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR PROVINSI RIAU." DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 34, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2018.vol34(3).5410.

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ABSTRACT In Indragiri Hilir Regency, coconut grows on peat land and mineral land. The difference in land conditions will affect the amount of production and income that farmers will receive. The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the characteristics of Deep Coconut farmers on peat land and mineral land in Indragiri Hilir Regency. (2) Analyzing the production and income of Deep Coconut farmers on peat land and mineral land in Indragiri Hilir Regency. (3) Analyzing what factors influence the production of Deep Coconut on peat land and mineral land in Indragiri Hilir Regency. This study uses a survey method. The research location was determined in Kempas District for peat land and Concong District for mineral land. The sample is determined by purposive sampling, which is based on the age of coconut plants with a range of 10-15 years. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively, using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The results of the study show that (1) peat land and mineral land farmers have relatively the same characteristics farmers, the age of productive farmers, average education level graduating from elementary school, number of family dependents 3-4 people and having experience in farming for 20-29 years. (2) Coconut production on peat land is greater than mineral land, as well as income. (3) Factors that significantly affect coconut production on peat land are land and the number of productive plants, while for mineral land, they are processed. Keywords: Coconut, Peat Land, Mineral land, Cobb-Douglas

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Putkinen, Anuliina, Heli Juottonen, Sari Juutinen, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Hannu Fritze, and Kim YrjÃ¤lÃ¤. "Archaeal rRNA diversity and methane production in deep boreal peat." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 70, no. 1 (October 2009): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00738.x.

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Vodianitsky, Yu, A. Savichev, S. Trofimov, and E. Shishkonakova. "METALS IN OILED PEAT (WESTERN SIBERIA)." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 67 (June 30, 2011): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2011-67-67-79.

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The study of metals in oil-contaminated peat has double meaning. Firstly, it is diagnostic as convenient and simple The method of soil condition monitoring, and secondly, the ecological method to predict the state of the peat bog as a biocenosis element. Every pollutant elements in contaminated peat are divided into two bands. Some of them (Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Zr, Ba, Y, La, Ce, Nd) accumulate in the upper, bituminous layer of peat. Other elements (halogen chlorine, as well as metals: Ca, Mp, Zn, Cu, Sr), on the contrary, migrate deep into the peat layer with light fractions hydrocarbons. For capturing particularly moving Cu metals, Zn needs to be equipped with artificial geochemical barriers to prevent pollutants from entering groundwater and open ponds.

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Branigan, Keith, Kevin J. Edwards, and Colin Merrony. "Bronze Age fuel: the oldest direct evidence for deep peat cutting and stack construction?" Antiquity 76, no. 293 (September 2002): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0009133x.

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IntroductionPeat has been used as a fuel and as an additive to arable fields to aid fertility since prehistoric times in many parts of northern Europe (e.g. Fenton 1986; Whittle et al. 1986). The cutting of deep peat and the construction of peat stacks as part of the drying process has been documented from Medieval times, but the antiquity of such activities is unknown. Peat stacks are ephemeral structures whose purpose is to aid the drying of hard-won, wet peat in areas where other fuels such as wood and coal are expensive or unobtainable. They are typically cleared within a few months of construction and leave no traces of their former presence. Here we report the unprecedented discovery of a ‘fossil’ pyramidal peat stack dating to the 2nd millennium BC, from the Isle of Barra in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Individual turves contained finger and thumb impressions and pollen analysis reveals environmental conditions at around the time of cutting. The method of extracting and stacking the peat used some 3500 years ago may be similar to that used today.

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Michaelis, Dierk, Almut Mrotzek, and John Couwenberg. "Roots, Tissues, Cells and Fragments—How to Characterize Peat from Drained and Rewetted Fens." Soil Systems 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010012.

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We present analyses of macroscopic and microscopic remains as a tool to characterise sedge fen peats. We use it to describe peat composition and stages of peat decomposition, to assess the success of rewetting of a formerly drained fen, and to understand the workings of these novel ecosystems. We studied two percolation fen sites, one drained and one drained and rewetted 20 years ago. Years of deep drainage have resulted in a layer of strongly decomposed peat which lacks recognizable macro-remains. We could associate micro-remains with macro-remains, and thus still characterise the peat and the plants that once formed it. We show that the strongly decomposed peat is of the same origin as the slightly decomposed peat below, and that is was ploughed. We present descriptions of eight types of the main constituent of sedge peat: plant roots, including Carex rostrata type, C. lasiocarpa/rostrata type, C. limosa type, C. acutiformis type, C. echinata type, Phragmites australis type, Cladium type, Equisetum type. We describe three new non-pollen palynomorph types (microscopic remains) and five new subtypes. The rewetted fen provides insights into plant succession after rewetting and the formation of peat that predominantly consists of roots. Results indicate that leaf sheaths may be a consistent component of the peat.

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Yuwati, T. W., D. Rachmanadi, M. A. Qirom, P. B. Santosa, W. Halwany, S. Hakim, and D. Alimah. "The performance of paludiculture commodities at different peat depths in Central Kalimantan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 914, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012047.

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Abstract Paludiculture is one of the alternative efforts to restore degraded peatland. It involves rewetting, revegetation and revitalization of local livelihood. This research evaluated three paludiculture demonstration plots at Central Kalimantan, one in the shallow peat of Pilang village and two plots in the deep peat of Tumbang Nusa village. The plots were evaluated in terms of the plant’s growth, productivity, commodities introduced and environmental monitoring, including water table, soil physical and chemical properties, carbon stocks and CO2 emission. The results showed that the three plots were categorized as “compromised” paludiculture plots because some of the commodities were not local peatland species. Belangeran (Shorea balangeran) and horticultural plant species such as rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) showed good growth performance. Liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) was not suitable for deep peat due to its low survival rate and poor growth. The result also showed that soil peat characteristics of the sites were still in good condition; however, the impact of peatland utilization should have been monitored to support land-use sustainability. Moreover, stingless bee cultivation and vegetables could become potential commodities to be developed in shallow and deep peatland.

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Fahmi, Arifin Fahmi, Bostang Radjagukguk, Benito Heru Purwanto, and Eko Hanudin Hanudin. "The Influnece of Peat Layer on Hidrogen and Aluminium Concentration Originating from the Substratum Sulphidic Materials." Journal of Tropical Soils 17, no. 3 (January 25, 2013): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.v17i3.197-202.

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Much of peatland in Indonesia has sulphidic materials as substratum. Soil acidity and metal elements in peatlandmay originate from the sulphidic materials which occur underneath of the peat layer. Peat soil buffering capacity andchelating ability of the peat materials regulate the soil acidity and metal solubility in the peatland. The study wasaimed to examine the influence of peat thickness and land hydrological conditions on the concentrations ofexchangeable aluminium (Al) and hidrogen (H) in the peatland. The study was carried out on peaty acid sulphatesoil, deep peat, moderate peat and shallow peat. Exchangeable Al and H were observed in the wet season, transitionfrom wet to dry season and dry season. The results showed that exchangeables of Al and H were mainly originatedfrom sulphidic material which were occured underneath of the peat layer. Peat layer had an important role on thesolubility of Al and H in the peatland. Peat thickness had influence on exchangeable-Al and H, 50 cm of the peatthickness (shallow peat) was the critical for peat function to reduce the Al and H solubility in the peatland. Hydrologicalcondition factor did not influence on the solubility of Al and H.Keywords: Aluminium; hydrogen; peatland; sulphidic materials[How to Cite: Fahmi A, B Radjagukguk, B Heru Purwanto and E Hanudin. 2012. The Influnece of Peat Layer on Hidrogen and Aluminium Concentration Originating from the Substratum Sulphidic Materials. J Trop Soils, 17 (3): 197-202. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.3.197][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.3.197]

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Tan, Yong. "Finite element analysis of highway construction in peat bog." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 2 (February 2008): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-076.

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Parts of a U.S. Route 44 relocation project span across cranberry bog areas with deep peat deposits. The peat in the proposed roadway side was completely excavated and backfilled with granular soils, and using sheet pile walls as retaining structures. As peat exhibits low strength, high compressibility, and significant creep behavior, the long-term performance of the sheet pile walls was a great concern. To monitor the development of sheet pile deflections and total lateral earth pressures in peat, selected sheet piles located in peat deposits were instrumented with pressure cells and inclinometer casings. Furthermore, to understand the soil–structure interaction mechanism during roadway construction, the finite element (FE) code PLAXIS was employed to continuously model roadway construction in peat deposits. Peat was simulated by a soft soil creep (SSC) model, which can account for creep effects. One of the challenges in this simulation was how to model deep dynamic compaction (DDC), since the enormous momentum induced by DDC would cause local failure of the soil body and consequently result in termination of the program. This problem was satisfactorily solved by using a dynamic approach presented in this paper, and the FE-calculated results were compared with the field measurements. The comparison indicated that FE modeling yields predictions in a good agreement with field measurements and also could provide some reasonable explanations for the field observations.

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Lishtvan, I. I., U. M. Dudarchyk, V. M. Kraiko, A. V. Anufryieva, and N. A. Bulgakova. "Processing raw materials of Slavnoe peat deposit." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 56, no. 2 (June 7, 2020): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2020-56-2-212-219.

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The estimation of the resources and qualitative content of the raw materials of Slavnoe peat deposit, which is reserved by the government for biothermochemical proceeding, has been conducted. The potential directions of the complex use of raw materials are grounded based on the conducted complex of the research of organic and mineral, group and botanical contents, technological characteristics and the peat funds of Slavnoe deposit. Activated carbon, oil sorbent and concentrated microfertilizer are suggested as the main types of the products of the deep complex processing of the peat studied.

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Zhao, Zhuangjun, Margaret Mukami Gitau, Tao Hu, Yan Xie, Longxing Hu, and Jinmin Fu. "Investigation of Growth, Free Amino Acids, and Carbohydrate Concentration in the Roots of Perennial Ryegrass in Response to Soil Salinity at Subsurface Soil Depths." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, no. 6 (November 2016): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs03793-16.

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Plants growing in salt-affected soils may have retarded growth and inhibited or altered metabolic processes. This study aims at investigating the impact of subsurface soil salinity on root growth and metabolic processes in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The seeds of perennial ryegrass (cv. Quick Start II) were planted in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes (10 cm diameter × 42 cm long) for 2 months. The experiment consisted of three treatments: 1) control, 40 cm filled with sand–peat mixture (7 sand : 3 peat wt/wt); 2) T20, a 20-cm-deep layer of saline soil covered with a 20-cm-deep layer of sand–peat mixture; and 3) T30, a 30-cm-deep layer of saline soil covered with a 10-cm-deep layer of sand–peat mixture. Our study showed that soil salinity at the subsurface inhibited the growth of perennial ryegrass roots. Compared with the control, the root activity in saline soil layer decreased, whereas it remained high in the mixture-soil zone. The content of amino acids in the roots obtained from the surface soil (0–10 cm) in T30 was greater than that in both the T20 and the control regimes. The content of soluble sugars in the roots went up with the decrease of the depth of sand–peat mixture. The increased root activity and free amino acids content in the roots sampled from the upper soil layers coupled with the increased soluble sugars in the roots subjected to soil salinity stress in the bottom soil layer represents some adaptive responses and regulative mechanisms in perennial ryegrass.

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Fahmi, Arifin, Bostang Radjagukguk, and Benito Heru Purwanto. "Interaction of Peat Soil and Sulphidic Material Substratum: Role of Peat Layer and Groundwater Level Fluctuations on Phosphorus Concentration." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 19, no. 3 (October 2, 2015): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2014.v19i3.171-179.

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Phosphorus (P) often becomes limiting factor for plants growth. Phosphorus geochemistry in peatland soil is associated with the presence of peat layer and groundwater level fluctuations. The research was conducted to study the role of peat layer and groundwater level fluctuations on P concentration in peatland. The research was conducted on deep, moderate and shallow peat with sulphidic material as substratum, peaty acid sulphate soil, and potential acid sulphate soil. While P concentration was observed in wet season, in transition from wet to dry season, and in dry season. Soil samples were collected by using peat borer according to interlayer and soil horizon. The results showed that peat layer might act as the main source of P in peatland with sulphidic material substratum. The upper peat layer on sulphidic material caused by groundwater level fluctuations had no directly effect on P concentration in the peat layers. Increased of P concentration in the lowest sulphidic layer might relate to redox reaction of iron in the sulphidic layer and precipitation process. Phosphorus concentration in peatland with sulphidic material as substratum was not influenced by peat thickness. However, depletion or disappearance of peat layer decreased P concentration in soil solution. Disappearance of peat layer means loss of a natural source of P for peatland with sulphidic material as substratum, therefore peat layer must be kept in order to maintain of peatlands. [How to Cite: Arifin F, B Radjagukguk and BH Purwanto. 2014. Interaction of Peat Soil and Sulphidic Material Substratum: Role of Peat Layer and Groundwater Level Fluctuations on Phosphorus Concentration. J Trop Soils 19: 171-179. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.3.171]

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Leiber-Sauheitl, K., R. Fuß, C. Voigt, and A. Freibauer. "High CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes from grassland on histic Gleysol along soil carbon and drainage gradients." Biogeosciences 11, no. 3 (February 7, 2014): 749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-749-2014.

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Abstract. Drained organic soils are anthropogenic emission hotspots of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Most studies have focused on deep peat soils and on peats with high organic carbon content. In contrast, histic Gleysols are characterized by shallow peat layers, which are left over from peat cutting activities or by peat mixed with mineral soil. It is unknown whether they emit less GHGs than deep Histosols when drained. We present the annual carbon and GHG balance of grasslands for six sites on nutrient-poor histic Gleysols with a shallow (30 cm) histic horizon or mixed with mineral soil in Northern Germany (soil organic carbon concentration (Corg) from 9 to 52%). The net GHG balance, corrected for carbon export by harvest, was around 4 t CO2–C–eq ha−1 yr−1 on soils with peat layer and little drainage (mean annual water table < 20 cm below surface). The net GHG balance reached 7–9 t CO2–C–eq ha−1 yr−1 on soils with sand mixed into the peat layer and water tables between 14 cm and 39 cm below surface. GHG emissions from drained histic Gleysols (i) were as high as those from deep Histosols, (ii) increase linearly from shallow to deeper drainage, (iii) but are not affected by Corg content of the histic horizon. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) was linearly correlated with water table level even if it was below the histic horizon. The Reco/GPP ratio was 1.5 at all sites, so that we ruled out a major influence of the inter-site variability in vegetation composition on annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE). The IPCC definition of organic soils includes shallow histic topsoil, unlike most national and international definitions of Histosols. Our study confirms that this broader definition is appropriate considering anthropogenic GHG emissions from drained organic soils. Countries currently apply soil maps in national GHG inventories which are likely not to include histic Gleysols. The land area with GHG emission hotspots due to drainage is likely to be much higher than anticipated. Deeply drained histic Gleysols are GHG hotspots that have so far been neglected or underestimated. Peat mixing with sand does not mitigate GHG emissions. Our study implies that rewetting organic soils, including histic Gleysols, has a much higher relevance for GHG mitigation strategies than currently recognized.

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Leiber-Sauheitl, K., R. Fuß, C. Voigt, and A. Freibauer. "High greenhouse gas fluxes from grassland on histic gleysol along soil carbon and drainage gradients." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2013): 11283–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-11283-2013.

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Abstract. Drained organic soils are anthropogenic emission hotspots of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Most studies have focused on deep peat soils and on peats with high organic carbon content. In contrast, Histic gleysols are characterized by shallow peat layers, which are left over from peat cutting activities, or by peat mixed with mineral soil. It is unknown whether they emit less GHGs than deep Histosols when drained. We present the annual carbon and GHG balance of grasslands for six sites on nutrient-poor histic gleysols with a shallow (30 cm) histic horizon or mixed with mineral soil in Northern Germany (soil organic carbon concentration (Corg) from 9 to 52%). The net GHG balance, corrected for carbon export by harvest, was around 4 t CO2-C-eq. ha−1 yr−1 on soils with peat layer and little drainage (mean annual water table <20 cm below surface). The net GHG balance reached 7–9 t CO2-C-eq. ha−1 yr−1 on soils with peat layer and deeper drainage (mean annual water table >20 cm below surface) and on soils with sand mixed into the histic horizon, independent of water table level. GHG emissions from drained histic gleysols (i) were as high as those from deep histosols, (ii) linearly related to water table, (iii) but not affected by Corg content of the histic horizon. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) was linearly correlated with water table level even if it was below the histic horizon. The Reco : GPP ratio was 1.5 at all sites, so that we ruled out a major influence of the inter-site variability in vegetation composition on annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE). The IPCC definition of organic soils includes shallow histic topsoil, unlike most national and international definitions of histosols. Our study confirms that this broader definition is appropriate considering anthropogenic GHG emissions from drained organic soils. Countries currently apply soil maps in national GHG inventories which are likely not to include histic gleysols. The land area with GHG emission hotspots due to drainage is likely to be much higher than anticipated. Deeply drained histic gleysols are GHG hotspots which have so far been neglected or underestimated. Peat mixing with sand does not mitigate GHG emissions. Our study implies that rewetting organic soils, including histic gleysols, has a much higher relevance for GHG mitigation strategies than currently recognized.

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Shotyk, William, and Tommy Noernberg. "Sampling, handling, and preparation of peat cores from bogs: review of recent progress and perspectives for trace element research." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 363–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0160.

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Peat bogs are valuable archives of environmental change, including climate history, landscape evolution, and atmospheric deposition of trace elements, fallout radionuclides, and organic contaminants. Maintaining the fidelity of peat samples during collection and handling can be challenging, given that bogs consist mainly of fossil plant materials that typically have a very low density and are easily compressed. The surface layers of bogs, which are dominated by living plants and poorly decomposed fibrous peats, are especially problematic. To extract peat monoliths, we use a Belarus corer for deep layers and a Wardenaar device for surface layers. Both corers are constructed using titanium alloys to improve strength, reduce weight, and minimize the risk of contamination by the trace metals of environmental relevance. In this review, we include detailed drawings of the Belarus corer and photographs of the modifications to the Wardenaar corer. Modifications to the motorized Noernberg corer for frozen peat are described, and a complete set of drawings provided. A summary is given of simple procedures to minimize the risk of metal contamination in the laboratory from slicing and subsampling the peat cores and milling the dried samples.

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Pelletier, Nicolas, Julie Talbot, David Olefeldt, Merritt Turetsky, Christian Blodau, Oliver Sonnentag, and William L. Quinton. "Influence of Holocene permafrost aggradation and thaw on the paleoecology and carbon storage of a peatland complex in northwestern Canada." Holocene 27, no. 9 (February 1, 2017): 1391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683617693899.

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Permafrost in peatlands strongly influences ecosystem characteristics, including vegetation composition, hydrological functions, and carbon cycling. Large amounts of organic carbon are stored in permafrost peatlands in northwestern Canada. Their possible degradation into permafrost-free wetlands including thermokarst bogs may affect carbon (C) stocks, but the direction and magnitude of change are uncertain. Using peat core reconstructions, we characterized the temporal and spatial variability in vegetation macrofossil, testate amoebae, C content, and peat decomposition along a permafrost thaw chronosequence in the southern portion of the Scotty Creek watershed near Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories. The accumulation of limnic and minerotrophic peat prevailed at the site until permafrost formed around 5000 cal. yr BP. Three distinct permafrost periods were identified in the permafrost peat plateau profile, while permafrost only aggraded once in the thermokarst bog profile. Permafrost thawed at ~550 and ~90 cal. yr BP in the thermokarst bog center and edge, respectively. Both allogenic (climatic shifts and wildfire) and autogenic (peat accumulation, Sphagnum growth) processes likely exerted control on permafrost aggradation and thaw. While apparent carbon accumulation rates (ACARs) were lower during present and past permafrost periods than during non-permafrost periods, long-term C accumulation remained similar between cores with different permafrost period lengths. Deep peat was less decomposed in the permafrost plateau compared with the thermokarst bog, which we speculate is due more to differences in peat type rather than differences in decomposition environment between these two ecosystem states. Our study highlights the importance of considering potential deep peat C losses to project the fate of thawing permafrost peat C stores.

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Ludes-Fraulob, E., and J. R. Anderson. "Behaviour and Preferences Among Deep Litters in Captive Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Capucinus)." Animal Welfare 8, no. 2 (May 1999): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600021461.

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AbstractA captive group of white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus, was presented with four deep litters in simultaneous choice (or preference) tests. A floor covering of ground corn cob, woodchips, wood wool or peat was presented once in each quarter of the group ‘s indoor floor-area for 14 consecutive days, and the layout of the litters was rotated after each such period. The monkeys were observed on 10 days in each period to determine the occurrence of locomotion, foraging, play, and social contact on each of the litters. The ground corn cob was clearly the least attractive floor covering for the monkeys, while peat and wood wool proved to be the most attractive. Most instances of social contact occurred on the peat, due to the occurrence of communal peat-bathing, while wood wool afforded the most play. The provision of different litter types in different areas of the indoor enclosure is a simple means of promoting a greater range of natural activities in captive primates, and probably also in other animals.

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26

Lishtvan, I. I., V. M. Dudarchyk, V. M. Kraiko, A. V. Anufrieva, and N. A. Bulgakova. "Complex processing of peat of Esmonovkiy Mokh deposit to produce science-intensive production." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 56, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2020-56-1-96-104.

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The possible directions of the complex use of the identified peat funds of the Esmonovskiy Mokh deposit are grounded with the account of research on the distribution of the categories of peat raw material, the determination of its qualitative characteristics and the estimation of suitability for the release of recommended production. Activated carbon, oil sorbent and concentrate microfertilizer are suggested as the main types of the products of the deep complex proceeding of the peat studied.

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Sa’don, N. M., A. R. Abdul Karim, W. Jaol, and W. H. Wan Lili. "Sarawak Peat Characteristics and Heat Treatment." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.139.2014.

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Peat layer is extensively scattered over the land of Malaysia. In Sarawak alone, peatland represents 13 percent (about 1.66 million hectares) of Sarawak’s total land area. They are present, mostly in low-lying areas; with in some areas, peat exceeding 10 m in depth. During past few decades, the demands on development of land were expanded into the swamp and deep peat areas which cannot be avoided. Thus proper management and construction practices should be emphasized, in order to overcome consequential occurrence of ground subsidence problems. The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics of Sarawak peat, their empirical correlations as well as the effect of heat treatment on peat. The samples were taken from Matang, Batu Kawa, and Kota Samarahan sites, in Sarawak. The characteristic tests consist of degree of humidification, loss on ignition, Atterberg limit, particle density, moisture content and pH value. The results recorded high moisture content and organic content of Sarawak peat. It is also being categorized under the hemic group with pH values ranging from 3 to 4. The heat treatments with temperatures ranging from 100°C to 400°C were used on the peat samples. Samples collected were undergoing heat treatment and changes to its physical characteristic were compared with the original Sarawak peat. It was found that the heat treatments do influence the physical properties of Sarawak peat and have shown significant reduction in the compression index determined through the empirical correlations.

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Misnikov, Oleg, and Valeriy Ivanov. "Use of Deep Peat-Processing Products for Hydrophobic Modification of Gypsum Binder." E3S Web of Conferences 15 (2017): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20171501017.

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Kluber, Laurel A., Eric R. Johnston, Samantha A. Allen, J. Nicholas Hendershot, Paul J. Hanson, and Christopher W. Schadt. "Constraints on microbial communities, decomposition and methane production in deep peat deposits." PLOS ONE 15, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): e0223744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223744.

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Pramuhadi, Gatot, Muhammad Aji Setiawan, and Nenda Fuji Putri Daliesta. "STUDI PEREMAJAAN TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT DI AREAL LAHAN TANAH MINERAL DAN LAHAN GAMBUT." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 9, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v9i3.201-212.

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Oil palm trees that are more than 25 years old generally have low productivity of oil palm fruit and will decrease in productivity. For this reason, it is necessary to replant oil palm plants so that their productivity can be maintained high and increased. The aim of this research is to study the technique of replanting oil palm plants in mineral soil areas in the area of Kebun Aek Loba, PT Socfindo, Asahan Regency, North Sumatra Province and in the peatland area of Kebun Mandah Estate, PT Bhumireksa Nusa Sejati, Riau Province. Soil types in the Aek Loba garden area were dominated by mineral soils of the typic hapludult class and made from mother rock tufo toba and young alluvium with a soil pH of 5.5. Mandah Estate plantation area is 100% peat soil with a composition of 74% mature peat (sapric) and 26% medium peat (hemic). Peat is more than 3 meters deep (including very deep peat) and has a crumbly texture so it is easy to erode. The peat soil includes ombrogin peat (formed from large swampy plains), has a high acid content with a pH < 5.5, and has a peat soil density of (1.25 - 1.80) g / cc. Replanting activities in mineral soil areas include ripping, plowing, chipping, holing to planting with a large field capacity (0.04 - 0.72) ha / hour and a total time of completion of work (total field time) of 139.5 hours / ha. Replanting activities in peatland areas include falling, chipping, deboling, holing and planting with a large field capacity (0.06 - 1.25) ha / hour and a total field time of 73.7 hours / ha. Keywords: field capacity, mineral soils, peatlands, replanting, total field time

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Chertkova, Elena, and Victoria Sizova. "Economic Assessment of Low Humidity Peat Production Practice." E3S Web of Conferences 278 (2021): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127801024.

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The article presents a milled peat production practice based on deep bed drying up to a harvesting moisture content of 35%. The task of the developed technology is to minimize and stabilize the harvesting humidity in the field drying of peat, thereby reducing the time and thermal impact on the peat organic matter during a forced finish drying. The applied method of peat extraction provides for variable milling depth and differentiation of cycle harvesting to increase the number of cycles and the harvester seasonal output. An economic feasibility study has been carried out by the method of determining the operating costs per ton of a marketable product for each technological operation. It consists in a comparative assessment of two technological processes: the production practice based on intensification of milled peat drying up to a harvesting moisture content of 35% and the conventional harvesting of milled peat with moisture content of 45%. The developed technology of milled peat extraction makes it possible to ensure the required quality parameters in terms of humidity (≤ 35%) and to preserve natural bituminous components. Based on the economic assessment results, it has been found that there is a slight increase in operating costs per ton of a marketable product in comparison with the conventional practice.

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Rodzkin, Aleh, Euhenia Charnenok, and Borivoj Krstic. "The use of degraded peatlands for biomass production." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 140 (2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2140103r.

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The goal of this research is an assessment of the possible use of peatlands biomass and straw for the production of mixed bio-pellets. Peaty soils are a specific type of soils formed as the result of wetlands drainage. Peat mining is completed by the factory if the layer of the peat is less than 1-2 meters and not enough deep for effective mechanical excavation. After the peat excavation is finished, the biggest problem is the use of these lands for other purposes. One of the perspective directions is rewetting of post-mining peatlands to stimulate the growth of common reed, cattail, fescue, sedge, and other grasses which may grow in natural conditions, and also improve conditions for the cultivation of other plants, including trees. The yield of wetland grass in Belarus varies from 8.1 to 14 DM g ha-1 per year. The yield of willow wood can reach 8-10 of DM g ha-1 per year. The highest prime cost of biomass is obtained for willow wood, but it will be lower with the enlargement of the plantation area. Pellets with a high content of wood residues (sawdust) have the best technological parameters including calorific value when compared to pellets from only peat and peat plus straw. Biomass production on degraded peaty soils has also an ecological effect. The cost of carbon quotas on the market varies from 20 to 25 euro per ton, and biomass production can provide additional profit in the case of CO2 emissions trading depending on the biomass content in the fuel.

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Chen, Xi, Xavier Comas, Andrew Reeve, and Lee Slater. "Evidence for glacial geological controls on the hydrology of Maine (USA) peatlands." Geology 48, no. 8 (May 12, 2020): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46844.1.

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Abstract Freshwater pools commonly form eccentric crescent patterns in peatlands, an important atmospheric methane (CH4) source, and show an apparent spatial association with eskers in some deglaciated regions. However, the role of underlying permeable glacial deposits such as eskers in regulating hydrogeology, and perhaps even carbon cycling, in peatlands is rarely considered. In this study, ground-penetrating radar imaging and direct coring confirmed that clustered pools coincide with buried esker crests in contact with peat soil in Caribou Bog and Kanokolus Bog in Maine (USA). Hydraulic head and geochemical data combined with lidar indicate vertical water flow from shallow peat toward the permeable esker crests, suggesting enhanced downward transport of labile organic carbon that presumably accelerates rates of methanogenesis in deep peat. Eskers might therefore serve as proxies for enhanced CH4 production in deep peat, as supported by differences in dissolved CH4 profiles depending on proximity to pools. Geographic data compiled from multiple sources suggest that many peatlands with eccentric pools appear to be located proximal to esker systems in Maine and Fennoscandia. These geological factors may be important, previously unrecognized controls on water and the carbon cycle in peatlands.

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Putra, Erianto Indra, Hiroshi Hayasaka, Hidenori Takahashi, and Aswin Usup. "Recent Peat Fire Activity in the Mega Rice Project Area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." Journal of Disaster Research 3, no. 5 (October 1, 2008): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0334.

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The original objective of theMega Rice Project (MRP) in CentralKalimantan, Indonesia – to convert onemillion hectares of tropical swamp forest to paddy fields – instead produced large areas of abandoned farmland with bare peat subject to frequent fires. To understand how peat fire occurrence is related to drought, we analyzed 1997 to 2007 United States Department Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) hotspot data, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, and weather data. We found that peat fire activity was proportional to drought severity as determined by SST anomalies, and that peat fires – the number of hotspots – correlated strongly with SST anomalies, implying that MRP area peat fires are related to peat dryness. Surface fires start when ground water levels (GWL) are about 20 cm below the ground surface, and hundreds of such fires can occur with deeper GWL. A detailed and precise hotspot distribution map showed that large MRP areas (Blocks A and C) located on deep peat layers have high fire density due to ongoing human disturbance, classifying MRP area peat fires as a man-made disaster.

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35

Huang, Xinyan, and Guillermo Rein. "Computational study of critical moisture and depth of burn in peat fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 6 (2015): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14178.

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Smouldering combustion is the slow, low-temperature, flameless burning of porous fuels and the most important phenomenon of wildfires in peatlands. Smouldering fires propagate both horizontally and vertically through organic layers of the ground and can reach deep into the soil. In this work, we develop a one-dimensional computational model of reactive porous media in the open-source code Gpyro. We investigate the vertical in-depth spread of smouldering fires into peat columns 20 cm deep with heterogeneous profiles of moisture content (MC), inert content (IC) and density. The model solves the species, momentum and energy conservation equations with five-step heterogeneous chemistry, to predict the transient profiles of temperature, species concentration, reaction rates and depth of burn from ignition to spread and to extinction. Modelling results reveal that smouldering combustion can spread over peat layers with very high MC (>250%) if the layer is thin and located below a thick, drier layer. It is shown that the critical moisture for extinction can be much higher than the previously reported critical MC for ignition (e.g. extinction MC up to 256% for low-IC peat, with critical ignition MC of 117%). The predicted critical MC values and depths of burn are compared with experimental measurements for field samples in the literature, showing good agreement. This study provides the physical understanding of the role of moisture in the ignition and extinction of smouldering peat fires, and explains for the first time the phenomenon of smouldering in very wet peat layers.

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Aravena, Ramon, B. G. Warner, D. J. Charman, L. R. Belyea, S. P. Mathur, and Henri Dinel. "Carbon Isotopic Composition of Deep Carbon Gases in an Ombrogenous Peatland, Northwestern Ontario, Canada." Radiocarbon 35, no. 2 (1993): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200064948.

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Radiocarbon dating and carbon isotope analyses of deep peat and gases in a small ombrogenous peatland in northwestern Ontario reveals the presence of old gases at depth that are 1000–2000 yr younger than the enclosing peat. We suggest that the most likely explanation to account for this age discrepancy is the downward movement by advection of younger dissolved organic carbon for use by fermentation and methanogens bacteria. This study identifies a potentially large supply of old carbon gases in peatlands that should be considered in global carbon models of the terrestrial biosphere.

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Davenport, Ian J., Iain McNicol, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Greta Dargie, Ifo Suspense, Brice Milongo, Yannick E. Bocko, et al. "First Evidence of Peat Domes in the Congo Basin using LiDAR from a Fixed-Wing Drone." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142196.

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The world’s most extensive tropical peatlands occur in the Cuvette Centrale depression in the Congo Basin, which stores 30.6 petagrams of carbon (95% CI, 6.3–46.8). Improving our understanding of the genesis, development and functioning of these under-studied peatlands requires knowledge of their topography and, in particular, whether the peat surface is domed, as this implies a rain-fed system. Here we use a laser altimeter mounted on an unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) to measure peat surface elevation along two transects at the edges of a peatland, in the northern Republic of Congo, to centimetre accuracy and compare the results with an analysis of nearby satellite LiDAR data (ICESat and ICESat-2). The LiDAR elevations on both transects show an upward slope from the peatland edge, suggesting a surface elevation peak of around 1.8 m over ~20 km. While modest, this domed shape is consistent with the peatland being rainfed. In-situ peat depth measurements and our LiDAR results indicate that this peatland likely formed at least 10,000 years BP in a large shallow basin ~40 km wide and ~3 m deep.

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Sandhyavitri, Ari, Bambang Sujatmoko, Muhammad Yusa, and Vito Charly. "Mitigation of peat fires utilizing groundwater supply." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927602001.

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Mitigating the peat fire disasters in Indonesia during the dry season for more than 20 years (1997-2017) have obstructed by the limited accessibility of surface water resources (including water canals and rivers). Hence, there was a need to seek another opportunity to have access for the water for mitigating the peat fires from local shallow aquifer water resources. Various pumping tests have been conducted to explore the potential and characteristics of the shallow aquifer water for mitigating the peat fires in Riau, Indonesia. The groundwater transmission and storage (storativity) were tested using pump tests. The Cooper Jacob (a straight line) method had been applied to analyze the field data. This study has yielded the following results; the water transmissivity (T) was 1145.98 m2/day, water storage (S) coefficient was 1.09 x 10-3, and the deep depth of the shallow aquifer water (from the ground surface) was approximately 10 meter. Hence, this research identified that the potential shallow aquifer water produced from every single well in the surveyed area in Riau may reach 433.4 m3/day. The amount of this water was considered more than enough to extinguish 4 ha of peat fire occurrences.

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KING, J. A., K. A. SMITH, and D. G. PYATT. "Water and oxygen regimes under conifer plantations and native vegetation on upland peaty gley soil and deep peat soils." Journal of Soil Science 37, no. 3 (September 1986): 485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1986.tb00380.x.

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Thomas, P. "Role of cation exchange in preventing the decay of anoxic deep bog peat." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36, no. 1 (January 2004): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.07.003.

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41

Lieffers, V. J., and R. L. Rothwell. "Rooting of peatland black spruce and tamarack in relation to depth of water table." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-111.

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Rooting of Picea mariana Mill. BSP. and Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch trees was examined in four peatlands with different depth of water table. Peat blocks, 60 cm deep, 1.0 m from the base of each tree, were excavated and sectioned into 10-cm horizontal strata and the roots extracted. The presence of and depth to frost and the depth of water table were determined on each peat block. The periodic annual increment in basal area of each tree was determined. Rooting depth was strongly correlated with depth to water table. On wet sites, roots of both black spruce and tamarack were confined to hummocks, while on dry sites, roots penetrated to 60 cm. The deep roots were generally <2 mm in diameter and held in frozen peat layers until late June. There was a strong positive correlation between fine root biomass and depth of water table; however, total root biomass was not correlated with depth to water table. In general, growth rates of both black spruce and tamarack were positively correlated with water table.

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Yusa, Muhammad, Ari Sandyavitri, and Sigit Sutikno. "Application of electrical resistivity test to estimate carbon storage of tropical peat deposit (Case study of Bengkalis island)." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927605004.

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Indonesia has approximately 21 million hectares (ha) of tropical peat land, equivalent to 80% of peat deposit in Southeast Asia. It was estimated that Indonesia has 1.5 Giga tonne of carbon stock. However the estimation is still rough because there was no calculation of volume yet. This study explain the use the geophysical method of electrical resistivity test (ERT) combined with real time kinematic (RTK) and laboratory test to estimate the volume of peat deposit. Direct boring was also done to verify the ERT results. The location of study is in Bengkalis Island, Riau-Indonesia. Twelve (12) locations of ERT has been conducted covering area of 127164.667 ha. Visual observation from boring sample reveal that the peat in generally are fibric to hemic or H2-H6 according to Von Post classification. The peat layer has resistivity value range between 20-150 ohm meter. In general the peat can be classified as very deep peat with average thickness of 6.4 m. The ERT revealed that average lateral variability of peat thickness electrode line is less than 0.6 m. The estimated peat volume is 6803206275.152 m3. The average ash content is 6.5% which equivalent to 53.9% of carbon content. The average bulk density is 0.09 tonne/m3. It was estimated the carbon sink of the location is 330023536.41 tonnes which equivalent to 2595.3 tonne/ha.

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Tveit, Alexander T., Tim Urich, and Mette M. Svenning. "Metatranscriptomic Analysis of Arctic Peat Soil Microbiota." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 18 (July 11, 2014): 5761–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01030-14.

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ABSTRACTRecent advances in meta-omics and particularly metatranscriptomic approaches have enabled detailed studies of the structure and function of microbial communities in many ecosystems. Molecular analyses of peat soils, ecosystems important to the global carbon balance, are still challenging due to the presence of coextracted substances that inhibit enzymes used in downstream applications. We sampled layers at different depths from two high-Arctic peat soils in Svalbard for metatranscriptome preparation. Here we show that enzyme inhibition in the preparation of metatranscriptomic libraries can be circumvented by linear amplification of diluted template RNA. A comparative analysis of mRNA-enriched and nonenriched metatranscriptomes showed that mRNA enrichment resulted in a 2-fold increase in the relative abundance of mRNA but biased the relative distribution of mRNA. The relative abundance of transcripts for cellulose degradation decreased with depth, while the transcripts for hemicellulose debranching increased, indicating that the polysaccharide composition of the peat was different in the deeper and older layers. Taxonomic annotation revealed thatActinobacteriaandBacteroideteswere the dominating polysaccharide decomposers. The relative abundances of 16S rRNA and mRNA transcripts of methanogenicArchaeaincreased substantially with depth. Acetoclastic methanogenesis was the dominating pathway, followed by methanogenesis from formate. The relative abundances of 16S rRNA and mRNA assigned to the methanotrophicMethylococcaceae, primarilyMethylobacter, increased with depth. In conclusion, linear amplification of total RNA and deep sequencing constituted the preferred method for metatranscriptomic preparation to enable high-resolution functional and taxonomic analyses of the active microbiota in Arctic peat soil.

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Baysinger, Mackenzie R., Rachel M. Wilson, Paul J. Hanson, Joel E. Kostka, and Jeffrey P. Chanton. "Compositional stability of peat in ecosystem-scale warming mesocosms." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): e0263994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263994.

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Peatlands historically have acted as a C sink because C-fixation rates exceeded the rate of heterotrophic decomposition. Under future warmer conditions predicted for higher latitudes, however, that balance may shift towards higher rates of heterotrophic respiration leading to the release of previously stored C as CO2 and CH4. The Spruce and Peatlands Response Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment is designed to test the response of peatlands to climate forcing using a series of warmed enclosures in combination with peat below-ground heating from 0 to +9°C above ambient conditions. This experimental design allowed a test of chemical changes occurring within peatland soils following five years of warming. We analyzed samples in the uppermost 2m of peat using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) to quantify the relative abundance of carbohydrate and aromatic compounds in the peat. The peat soils were subjected to deep peat heating (DPH) beginning in June of 2014 followed by whole ecosystem warming (WEW) in August of 2015. We found that the relative amounts of labile and recalcitrant chemical compound groups across the full peat depth interval did not significantly change after five years of exposure to warming. This appears the case even though previous studies have shown that net C losses and loss of bulk peat mass to be instability over that time period. Results suggest that the current store of carbon in peatlands are largely compositionally stable leading to no changes the in the ratio of chemical moieties on the initial four-year timescale of this experiment.

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Nicoll, Bruce C., Barry A. Gardiner, Bill Rayner, and Andrew J. Peace. "Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type, and rooting depth." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-072.

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A database was constructed of tree-anchorage measurements from almost 2000 trees from 12 conifer species that were mechanically overturned on 34 sites in the United Kingdom between 1960 and 2000. Anchorage was compared among species, soil groups (freely-draining mineral, gleyed mineral, peaty mineral, and deep peat) and root depth classes (shallow, <40 cm; medium, 40–80 cm; and deep, >80 cm) using regressions of critical turning moment against stem mass. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) was used as a benchmark because it formed the largest part of the database and was the only species with all soil-group and depth-class combinations. Anchorage of Sitka spruce was strongest on peat and poorest on gleyed mineral soils. Deep rooting increased critical turning moments by 10%–15% compared with trees of equivalent mass with shallower roots. Significantly better anchorage than Sitka spruce was found for grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), with various rooting depths on freely draining and gleyed mineral soils and for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on medium-depth mineral soil. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) had poorer anchorage than Sitka spruce over a range of soil groups and root depth classes. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on shallow gleyed mineral soil, and Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire) on medium depth mineral soil, also had poorer anchorage. Other combinations had similar anchorage to the equivalent Sitka spruce. These results are discussed with respect to the development of forest wind-risk models.

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Garnett, M. H., and S. M. L. Hardie. "Isotope (14C and 13C) analysis of deep peat CO2 using a passive sampling technique." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41, no. 12 (December 2009): 2477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.09.004.

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CHEN, Pei-zhen, Jian-yu CUI, Lin HU, Miao-zhuang ZHENG, Shan-ping CHENG, Jie-wen HUANG, and Kang-guo MU. "Nitrogen Removal Improvement by Adding Peat in Deep Soil of Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration System." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 13, no. 5 (May 2014): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(13)60401-3.

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Dohong, Alue, Ammar Abdul Aziz, and Paul Dargusch. "Carbon emissions from oil palm development on deep peat soil in Central Kalimantan Indonesia." Anthropocene 22 (June 2018): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2018.04.004.

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Kravchenko, I. K., and A. A. Sirin. "Activity and metabolic regulation of methane production in deep peat profiles of boreal bogs." Microbiology 76, no. 6 (December 2007): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261707060203.

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Haakeel, M. S. S., M. Z. M. Ramzi, and M. C. M. Nasvi. "Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Reinforced with Single and Multiple Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) Columns." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 52, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v52i3.7360.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Deep peat'

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