Journal articles: 'Deep eutectic solvent electrolyte'

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Yigit, Ekrem Akif, and Yahya Erkan Akansu. "Investigation of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Super Dielectric Electrolytes for Supercapacitors." Energy Environment and Storage 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52924/mskh9311.

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This study investigates a new type of electrolyte based on deep eutectic solvents. Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents were prepared and they were used as base ionic solvents for super dielectric theory. Deep eutectic solvent was mixed with a non-conducting material such as fumed silica, alumina. The mixture shows a super dielectric behavior which is used as electrolyte for electrochemical double layer capacitors also known as supercapacitors. The supercapacitor cells were composed of an electrode, a paper-based separator and this super dielectric electrolyte. The electrode of commercial standard supercapacitor is used first as an electrode. Second an electrode slurry was prepared in order to make custom electrode. Then the performance of both cells was investigated. The specific capacitances of cells were measured and the amount of increase at the capacitances was evaluated. The results showed that up to 14-fold increase of the specific capacitances of the commercial supercapacitor have been achieved. Also, up to 12-fold increase of the specific capacitances of our custom-made cells have been achieved. The charge-discharge characteristics and ESR values of the cells confirms that the cells show outperforming properties. Deep eutectic solvents based super dielectric electrolytes are very promising electrolytes for high energy density supercapacitors.

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Protsenko, Vyacheslav, Lina Bobrova, and Felix Danilov. "Trivalent chromium electrodeposition using a deep eutectic solvent." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 65, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-05-2018-1946.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the electrolytic deposition of corrosion-resistant chromium coatings from a trivalent chromium plating bath based on deep eutectic solvent, a new generation of room temperature ionic liquids. Design/methodology/approach The electrolyte contained chromium (III) chloride, choline chloride and the additive of extra water. The surface morphology was estimated by means of SEM technique. The microstructure of as-deposited and annealed coatings was studied using X-ray diffraction method. The kinetics of the chromium electrodeposition and the corrosion electrochemical behavior of the coatings were investigated by cyclic voltammetry technique. Findings Chromium coatings with an amorphous type of microstructure are electroplated from this bath. Some carbon and oxygen are included in deposits obtained. The step-wise mechanism of the electrochemical reduction of Cr(III) ions to Cr(0) is detected. The current efficiency in this system sufficiently exceeds that typical of usual aqueous electrolytes. The coatings fabricated using plating bath based on deep eutectic solvent showed enhanced corrosion resistance in an acidic medium: there is no current peak of active dissolution in polarization curve and the corrosion potential shifts to more positive values as compared with “usual” chromium. Originality/value The electrodeposition of chromium coatings from an environmentally acceptable trivalent chromium electrolyte, a deep eutectic solvent containing chloride choline and extra water additive has been investigated for the first time.

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Nguyen, Thuy-Duy Thi, Phuong Tuyet Nguyen, and Phuong Hoang Tran. "Dye-sensitized solar cells using deep eutectic solvents mixed with ethanol as an effective electrolyte medium." Science and Technology Development Journal 21, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v21i1.424.

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This research aims to develop a new type of electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) which can be produced in cost-effective and large scale. DSCs using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) mixed with ethanol (50% w/w DES content), as an electrolyte medium, was studied herein for the first time. Ten types of DESs were synthesized and three among them were potential candidates for DSC electrolytes. Compared to toxic and volatile organic solvents, this mixed solvent is more eco-friendly and inexpensive. According to J-V curve measurements, DSCs that used DES-ethanol medium showed promising photovoltaic performance.

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Emanuele, Elisa, Andrea Li Li Bassi, Andrea Macrelli, Claudio Mele, Jacopo Strada, and Benedetto Bozzini. "Zinc Electrode Cycling in Deep Eutectic Solvent Electrolytes: An Electrochemical Study." Molecules 28, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28030957.

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Among post-lithium ion battery technologies, rechargeable chemistries with Zn anodes bear notable technological promise owing to their high theoretical energy density, lower manufacturing cost, availability of raw materials and inherent safety. However, Zn anodes, when employed in aqueous electrolytes, suffer from hydrogen evolution, passivation, and shape changes. Alternative electrolytes can help tackle these issues, preserving the green and safe characteristics of aqueous-based ones. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising green and low-cost non-aqueous solvents for battery electrolytes. Specifically, the cycling of Zn anodes in DESs is expected to be reversible, chiefly owing to their dendrite-suppression capability. Nevertheless, apart from a few studies on Zn plating, insight into the cathodic–anodic electrochemistry of Zn in DESs is still very limited. In view of developing DES-based battery electrolytes, it is crucial to consider that a potential drawback might be their low ionic conductivity. Water molecules can be added to the eutectic mixtures by up to 40% to increase the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive species and lower the electrolyte viscosity without destroying the eutectic nature. In this study, we address the electrochemistry of Zn in two different hydrated DESs (ChU and ChEG with ~30% H2O). Fundamental electrokinetic and electrocrystallization studies based on cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at different cathodic substrates are completed with a galvanostatic cycling test of Zn|Zn symmetric CR2032 coin cells, SEM imaging of electrodes and in situ SERS spectroscopy. This investigation concludes with the proposal of a specific DES/H2O/ZnSO4-based electrolyte that exhibits optimal functional performance, rationalized on the basis of fundamental electrochemical data, morphology evaluation and modeling of the cycling response.

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Wahyusi, Kindriari Nurma, Ika Nawang Puspitawati, and Abdul Rachman Wirayudha. "The Deep Eutectic Solvent in Used Batteries as an Electrolyte Additive for Potential Chitosan Solid Electrolyte Membrane." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 23, no. 2 (August 30, 2023): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.77318.

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The electrolyte or ion conductor acts as a bridge to transfer the ions the electrodes generate. In general, electrolytes are in the form of liquids. However, liquid electrolytes have drawbacks, including needing to be more practical and leaking quickly. Therefore, people switch to solid matrix electrolytes as battery electrolytes. An ideal solid electrolyte membrane must have chemical stability, thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, high flexibility, low cost, and abundant material availability. Lithium extraction from used batteries using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) was found to be an intelligent solvent. Mixing the method with lithium salt on a chitosan membrane can increase conductivity. This study aims to determine the lowest resistance value and highest conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes using Li2CO3 from used batteries. After separating the Lithium-Cobalt component from the used battery, it was extracted with deep DES solvent and precipitated using Na2CO3 to produce the Li2CO3 compound. Polymer electrolyte was synthesized by mixing polyvinyl alcohol and adding 0.2 grams, 0.4 grams, 0.6 grams, 0.8 grams, and 1 gram of chitosan. Li2CO3 variables are 0.2 grams, 0.4 grams, 0.6 grams, 0.8 grams, and 1 gram. The results showed that the higher content of chitosan and Li2CO3 led to an increase in ionic conductivity. These results concluded that the best solid electrolyte membrane was obtained with a variation ratio of 0.2 grams of chitosan with the addition of 1 gram of Li2CO3.

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PROTSENKO, Vyacheslav, Larysa PAVLENKO, Olexandr SUKHATSKYI, Tetyana BUTYRINA, and Felix DANILOV. "ELECTRODEPOSITION OF NANOCRYSTALLINE NICKEL-IRON ALLOY FROM AN ELECTROLYTE BASED ON A NEW TYPE OF IONIC LIQUIDS – DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT." Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. Series Сhemical Sciences 2022, no. 70 (September 30, 2022): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37827/ntsh.chem.2022.70.119.

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The paper reports the main features of electrochemical deposition of nickel-iron alloy from electrolyte based on the eutectic mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol, which is a typical representative of a new type of ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents (DES). It is found that the iron content in the deposited alloy increases with both increasing the applied cathode current density and increasing the concentration of iron ions in the electrolyte and the introduction of water additives. Thus, variation in the current density and the concentration of water additive in electrolytes based on DES is the factor of influence on the kinetics of partial electrode reactions, and hence on the composition and properties of the coating. It is shown that it is possible to deposit uniform coatings with iron content up to 10–13% from the investigated electrolyte containing water additive (up to 10 wt.%) at the deposition current density not exceeding 1–1.2 A/dm2. The current efficiency of the alloy deposition is close to the theoretical value (97–99%), i.e. the electrodeposition is practically not complicated by electrochemical processes involving components of a deep eutectic solvent. The surface of pure nickel deposited from an electrolyte based on DES without additional water is quite uniform with a small number of defects, pitting and small pores, while coatings deposited from the electrolyte containing water additives are characterized by granular surface morphology with many asymmetric spheroidal crystallites. The electrodeposition of a nickel-iron alloy yields the surface built of irregular spheroids that overlap and form a scaly-like type of surface morphology. Nickel-iron electrolytic coatings containing up to ~7% Fe, formed from the ethaline-based electrolyte, are nanocrystalline solutions of iron in nickel with a face-centered cubic nickel lattice and an average nanocrystallite size of about 6–15 nm. Nickel-iron alloy coatings electrochemically deposited under the conditions established in this work may be considered as promising electrode materials for the creation of new cheap and highly efficient electrocatalysts for water electrolysis in hydrogen energy.

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Gurkan, Burcu, Raziyeh Ghahremani, William Dean, Nicholas Scott Sinclair, Robert F. Savinell, and Jesse S. Wainright. "(Invited) Concentrated Hydrogen Bonded Electrolytes with Ferrocene and Viologen for Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461699mtgabs.

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We developed concentrated hydrogen bonded electrolytes (CoHBEs) derived from a mixture of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG) containing ferrocene and viologen redox species for redox flow batteries. CoHBEs are similar to deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in terms of having distinct physical properties including wide electrochemical window, and low volatility. However, CoHBEs do not necessarily meet the requirement of “deep eutectic temperature” at a specific composition of the parent compounds that form the DES. CoHBEs formed with viologen and ferrocene species in ChCl:EG demonstrate reversible redox reactions. More importantly, 0.5 M of a viologen derivative coupled with 1 M of a ferrocene derivative was achieved owing to the good solvent strength of ChCl:EG at 1:4 and 1:6 compositions. The resulting electrolyte presents about 2M equivalent concentration of the redox couple since the viologen derivative is able to undergo two successive electron transfer. A theoretical cell voltage of 1.35V is possible with this electrolyte. This presentation will discuss the electrochemical and transport properties of this electrolyte system, and their applicability in redox flow batteries as studied by spectro-electrochemical and flow cell experiments.

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Vieira, Luciana, Robert Schennach, and Bernhard Gollas. "In situ PM-IRRAS of a glassy carbon electrode/deep eutectic solvent interface." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 19 (2015): 12870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp00070j.

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Huynh, Tuyên Thi Kim, Thai Thị A. Đinh, Phuong Hoang Tran, Thanh Duy VO, Man Van Tran, and Phung My Loan Le. "Physical and electrochemical properties of DES solvents based on 2,2,2-trifluorocetamide and LiTFSI salt for Li-ion batteries." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 4, no. 2 (May 6, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i2.872.

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The liquid electrolyte transports lithium ions from anode to cathode during charging, and vice versa. The choice of electrolyte is also important since high ionic conductivity between electrodes is essential for high-performance batteries. Liquid electrolytes with lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent have been widely used since the 1970s when lithium primary batteries were first developed. Most lithium secondary batteries available today use organic electrolytes. Ionic liquids consist of organic cations and inorganic anions, due to the absence of a combustible and flammable organic solvent, they are known to produce safer batteries. Furthermore, they have a high polarity that allows dissolution of inorganic and organic metal compounds, and they can exist in a liquid state over a wide temperature range. Another type of solvent with similar physical properties and phase behavior to ILs is deep eutectic solvents (DESs) about which the first paper was recently published in 2001. These solvents are mixtures that have a much lower melting point than that of any of their individual components, mainly due to the charge delocalization occurring through hydrogen bonds between them. DESs are generally favored over ILs because they are cheaper and easier to prepare with high purity. In this work, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) were prepared by simple mixing Lithium bis[(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl] imide (LiTFSI) salt and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide TFA at various ratios ranging from 1:1.5 to 1:4, respectively. The formation of DESs was characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their physical and electrochemical properties were also evaluated based on their viscosity, conductivity, and oxidation stability window. Amongst our systems of interest, DES with LiTFSI: FAc ratio of 1:4 is the most promising as the electrolyte for Li-ion batteries, because it exhibited the lowest viscosity (42.2 mPa.s), the highest ionic conductivity (1.53 mS.cm-1 at 30oC) and relatively good anodic stability (5.2 V vs. Li+/Li).

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Lu, Ping, Peizhuo Sun, Qiang Ma, Huaneng Su, Puiki Leung, Weiwei Yang, and Qian Xu. "Rationally Designed Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Enabling Higher Performance for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries." Processes 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040649.

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Redox flow batteries hold promise as large-scale energy storage systems for off-grid electrification. The electrolyte is one of the key components of redox batteries. Inspired by the mechanism involved in solvents for extraction, a ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) is demonstrated, in which glycerol is introduced into the original binary ethaline DES. Redox pairs (active substance) dissolved in the solvent have low charge transfer resistance. The results show that the viscosity of the solvent with the ratio of choline chloride to ethylene glycol to glycerol of 1:2:0.5 decreases from 51.2 mPa·s to 40.3 mPa·s after adding the redox pair, implying that the mass transfer resistance of redox pairs in this solvent is reduced. Subsequent cyclic voltammetry and impedance tests show that the electrochemical performance with the ternary DES as the electrolyte in redox flow batteries is improved. When the ratio of 1:2:0.5 ternary DES is used as the electrolyte, the power density of the battery (9.01 mW·cm−2) is 38.2% higher than that of the binary one (6.52 mW·cm−2). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy further indicates that the introduction of glycerol breaks the hydrogen bond network of the solvent environment where the redox pair is located, unraveling the hydrogen bond supramolecular complex. Rational solvent design is an effective strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of redox batteries.

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Tran, Kieu T., Tuyen T. T. Truong, Hoang V. Nguyen, Quan D. Nguyen, Quan Phung, Phung M. L. Le, and Man V. Tran. "Hybrid Deep Eutectic Solvent of LiTFSI-Ethylene Glycol Organic Electrolyte for Activated Carbon-Based Supercapacitors." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (October 5, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9940750.

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This research work demonstrates a novel hybrid electrolyte based on a deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with organic solvents for high-performance supercapacitors. DES was formed between ethylene glycol (EG) and lithium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) and diluted by ethylene carbonate (EC) or acetonitrile (AN) with different amounts (10–50% wt.). Such a combination gives superior properties for hybrid electrolytes compared to pure DESs and reduces the volatility of mixed organic solvents. Regarding the electrochemical properties, DES-AN mixtures exhibited a better performance under high applied voltage and more reversible behavior than DES-EC ones, which suffered from the increasing distance in the electrical double layer. DES 1 : 4 + 20% wt. AN exhibited favorable electrolyte properties such as high ionic conductivity (3.1 mS·cm−1 at 30oC), relatively lower viscosity (14.28 mPa s at 30oC, approximately 2 times lower thanDES pure), and quite large electrochemical stability window up to 3.4 V (at 20–30% wt. AN) compared to the baseline electrolyte (LiTFSI/TBABF4 in AN). With these interesting properties, selected hybrid electrolyte (DES 1 : 4 + 20% wt. AN) tested in the symmetric capacitor using the activated carbon offered decent capacitance (15 F·g−1 at 3.4 V with a scanning rate of 1 A·g−1 and remains around 95% after 100 cycles) and good charge-discharge durability (>80% retention after 2000 cycles), especially the EDLC with DES 1 : 4 + 20% wt. AN shows good rate capacity (13.2 F·g−1 at 2 A·g−1, remaining 6 F·g−1 at 10 A·g−1).

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Hong, Shu, Yang Yuan, Chaozheng Liu, Weimin Chen, Ling Chen, Hailan Lian, and Henrikki Liimatainen. "A stretchable and compressible ion gel based on a deep eutectic solvent applied as a strain sensor and electrolyte for supercapacitors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 2 (2020): 550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05913j.

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Suarez, Sophia, Domenec Paterno, Tawhid Pranto, and Fariha Ahmed. "Dynamics of Novel Zinc Ion Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 56 (December 22, 2023): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02562720mtgabs.

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Zinc ion batteries are a niche alternative for battery applications. Their implementation is however afflicted by several factors, one of which is the need for more efficient electrolytes. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolytes based on ZnCl2salt offer many attributes including, including improved stability and reduced dendrite formation. In this work we will present a molecular level understanding of the ion dynamics in electrolyte mixtures based on ZnCl2 and various co-solvents including organic carbonates and water. Focus is on the ion dynamics as interrogated by 1H NMR spin-lattice relaxation times (T1 ) combined with ionic conductivity, viscosity and density measurements. As shown in Figure 1, preliminary T1 results infers multiple ionic coordinated species with varying rates of mobilities that are co-solvent dependent. Additionally, data shows selective interaction sites between the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, as well as the co-solvents. Figure 1. 1H T1 for the null and AcN co-solvent mixtures of (a) 1ZnCl2:4EtG and (b) 1ChCl:1ZnCl2:6EtG. Figure 1

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Mori, Ryohei. "All solid state rechargeable aluminum–air battery with deep eutectic solvent based electrolyte and suppression of byproducts formation." RSC Advances 9, no. 39 (2019): 22220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04567h.

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Zaidi, W., L. Timperman, and M. Anouti. "Deep eutectic solvent based on sodium cations as an electrolyte for supercapacitor application." RSC Adv. 4, no. 86 (2014): 45647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08178a.

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Svigelj, Rossella, Fabiola Zanette, and Rosanna Toniolo. "Electrochemical Evaluation of Tyrosinase Enzymatic Activity in Deep Eutectic Solvent and Aqueous Deep Eutectic Solvent." Sensors 23, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 3915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083915.

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The use of green, inexpensive, and biodegradable deep eutectic solvents as nonaqueous solvents and electrolytes could be a useful way to potentially improve the enzyme biosensor performance as well as a profitable strategy to extend their use in the gas phase. However, enzyme activity in these media, although fundamental for their implementation in electrochemical analysis, is still almost unexplored. In this study, an electrochemical approach was employed to monitor tyrosinase enzyme activity in a deep eutectic solvent. This study was performed in a DES consisting of choline chloride (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and glycerol as a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), while phenol was chosen as the prototype analyte. The tyrosinase enzyme was immobilized on a gold-nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode, and its activity was monitored following the reduction current of orthoquinone produced by the tyrosinase biocatalysis of phenol. This work represents a first step toward the realization of green electrochemical biosensors capable of operating in both nonaqueous and gaseous media for the chemical analysis of phenols.

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Protsenko, V. S., and L. S. Bobrova. "Electrode processes in a deep eutectic solvent containing dissolved chromium(III) chloride." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 5 (October 2022): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-144-5-84-93.

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We considered the kinetics of electrochemical processes occurring during electrodeposition of coatings from a low-temperature ionic liquid based on a eutectic mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol, in which a trivalent chromium salt is dissolved. Irreversible current waves of Cr(III) ions discharge on a glassy carbon electrode in the electrolytes of studied compositions are not described by the "classical" equations of linear and cyclic voltammetry, which is due to both the presence of the migration component of the current and the cathodic passivation of the electrode. It has been established that the introduction of additional water into the electrolyte leads to an increase in the current density of the wave of irreversible discharge of Cr(III) ions on the glassy carbon electrode, which is caused by a significant decrease in the viscosity of the solution. The current efficiency of the chromium deposition reaction decreases when water is introduced into the ionic liquid. The X-ray amorphous coatings electrodeposited from the electrolyte under study, along with chromium, contain carbon and oxygen, the inclusion of which is due to the electrocatalytic properties of the freshly deposited chromium surface.

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Chen, Jiayi, Mengjun Zhu, Mingtao Gan, Xiuli Wang, Changdong Gu, and Jiangping Tu. "Rapid Electrodeposition and Corrosion Behavior of Zn Coating from a Designed Deep Eutectic Solvent." Metals 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010172.

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This work aimed to develop a new type of deep eutectic solvent containing high concentrations of zinc ions as an electrolyte to improve the electrodeposition rate for zinc plating. Two typical deep eutectic solvent systems, choline chloride (ChCl)–urea and ChCl–ethylene glycol (EG), were combined to prepare a stable electrolyte at room temperature with a zinc ion concentration up to 2 M. Cyclic voltammetry experiments of the electrolyte at different temperatures were conducted. The effects of key electrodeposition parameters (bath temperature and current density) on the morphology, structure, and corrosion resistance of zinc coatings deposited on mild steel were investigated. It was found that the crystal orientation of the as-deposited zinc particle is related to the electrodeposition temperature and current density. The experimental results show that the zinc coating deposited at 60 °C and the current density of 4 mA·cm−2 exhibited the most compact and crack-free morphology, thus had the optimum corrosion resistance property.

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Xian, Fang, Jiedong Li, Zhenglin Hu, Qian Zhou, Chen Wang, Chenglong Lu, Zhongyi Zhang, Shanmu Dong, Chunbo Mou, and Guanglei Cui. "Investigation of the cathodic interfacial stability of a nitrile electrolyte and its performance with a high-voltage LiCoO2 cathode." Chemical Communications 56, no. 37 (2020): 4998–5001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc00049c.

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We adopted a SN based deep eutectic electrolyte with the SN as the only solvent and found that the high-state Co ion could be reduced by the SN solvent on the interface of the LiCoO₂ electrode, causing a reverse phase change of the LiCoO₂.

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Protsenko, V. S. "Corrosion resistance and protective properties of chromium coatings electrodeposited from an electrolyte based on deep eutectic solvent." Functional materials 25, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm25.03.539.

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Protsenko, V. S., L. S. Bobrova, D. E. Golubtsov, S. A. Korniy, and F. I. Danilov. "Electrolytic Deposition of Hard Chromium Coatings from Electrolyte Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 91, no. 7 (July 2018): 1106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427218070066.

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Wu, Wanbao, Qing Li, Miaomiao Cao, Deping Li, Jingyu Lu, Mingyu Li, and Jiaheng Zhang. "Non-Flammable Dual-Salt Deep Eutectic Electrolyte for High-Voltage Lithium Metal Battery." Crystals 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091290.

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The application of high voltage cathode electrode materials is an effective way to increase the energy density of batteries. However, the development and design of a stable electrolyte at high voltages needs to be further addressed. Herein, we developed a non-flammable dual-salt deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a safe electrolyte containing LiTFSI, LiDFOB, and succinonitrile in different molar ratios. This non-flammable DES provides high ionic conductivity (4.23 mS cm−1) at 25 °C, high Li+ transference number (0.75), and wide electrochemical stability (>5.5 V). When using the designed DES electrolytes in high voltage LiCoO2||Li cells, superior electrochemical performance was achieved at cut-off voltages of 3.0–4.45 V and 3.0–4.6 V, even at a high current density of 2 C. This work offers an in-depth understanding of the critical role of dual-salts in DES and provides an approach to designing safe electrolytes for high voltage LiCoO2||Li cells.

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Karimi, Mohammad Bagher, Fereidoon Mohammadi, and Khadijeh Hooshyari. "Non-humidified fuel cells using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the electrolyte within a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM): the effect of water and counterions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 5 (2020): 2917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06207f.

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Zhang, Chenyun, Yongqi Fu, Wei Gao, Te Bai, Tianyi Cao, Jianjiao Jin, and Bingwei Xin. "Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228098.

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As green, safe, and cheap solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) provide tremendous opportunities to open up attractive perspectives for electrocatalysis. In this review, the achievement of DESs in the preparation of catalysts for electrolytic water splitting is described in detail according to their roles combined with our own work. DESs are generally employed as green media, templates, and electrolytes. A large number of hydrogen bonds in DESs result in supramolecular structures which have the ability to shape the morphologies of nanomaterials and then tune their performance. DESs can also serve as reactive reagents of metal electrocatalysts through directly participating in synthesis. Compared with conventional heteroatom sources, they have the advantages of high safety and designability. The “all-in-one” transformation strategy is expected to realize 100% atomic transformation of reactants. The aim of this review is to offer readers a deeper understanding on preparing DES-mediated electrocatalysts with higher performance for water splitting.

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Danilov, F. I., L. S. Bobrova, L. M. Pavlenko, S. A. Korniy, and V. S. Protsenko. "Electrocatalytic activity of nickel-based coatings deposited in DES-assisted plating baths containing cerium(III) ions." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 6 (December 2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-145-6-29-38.

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This paper concerns electrodeposition of coatings from electrolytes containing NiCl2 (0.1 mol dm–3) and CeCl3 (0.1–0.4 mol dm–3) salts dissolved in a deep eutectic solvent, ethaline (ethylene glycol+choline chloride). The electrochemical deposition was carried out at cathodic current densities from 1 to 5 mA cm–2 and temperatures from 50 to 900C. It was shown that micromodification of the chemical composition of coatings with cerium occurred (no more than ~1–2.65 wt.% Ce), and the content of cerium in the coating was increased with an increase in the concentration of the Ce(III) salt in the plating electrolyte, an increase in the current density, and a decrease in the temperature. It was shown for the first time that the Ni-based electrodeposits micromodified with cerium exhibited an enhanced electrocatalytic activity in the reaction of hydrogen evolution in an alkaline medium (a decrease in the cathodic polarization by ~200–250 mV). Electrocatalytic activity correlated with the content of cerium in the coating. The enhancement of the efficiency of electrocatalysis resulting from micromodification of the chemical composition of the coatings with cerium was explained within the framework of the well-known concept of the synergistic effect of hypo-hyper-d-electronic combinations of transition metals. The use of electrolytes based on deep eutectic solvents provides additional opportunities for flexible control of the composition of deposited coatings and their electrocatalytic behavior via changes in the concentration of electrolyte components and electrolysis conditions in relatively wide intervals.

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Adhitya, Adhitya, Winda Rahmalia, Intan Syahbanu, Gusrizal Gusrizal, and Adhitiyawarman Adhitiyawarman. "Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Based on Choline Chloride and Mono-, Di-, Poly-Ethylene Glycol as KI/I<sub>2</sub> Electrolyte Solvents on DSSC Devices." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 23, no. 5 (October 16, 2023): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.82754.

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Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has high viscosity and electrical conductivity values, so it can be used as an electrolyte solvent in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This research was conducted to produce DES based on choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol-400, which were then used as KI/I2 couple redox electrolyte solvent to improve the DSSC performance. The synthesis was carried out by mixing each component in several variations of the mole fraction of ChCl (xCHCl) at 80 °C for 15 min, and then was characterized by their pH, freezing point, density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity. A mixture that meets the criteria as a eutectic solvent and has a freezing point of less than −18 °C with the highest electrical conductivity value is DES ChCl:EG with xChCl 0.3 and xChCl 0.4. Both DESs were then used as a solvent for KI/I2, combined with acetonitrile in various compositions. The electrolyte with the highest electrical conductivity value was KI/I2 dissolved in ChCl:EG with xChCl 0.3 solvent 6:4 v/v, and then employed in DSSC device. The best performance of DSSC (Isc= 0.155 mA/cm2; Voc=0.465 V; Pmax= 0.719 W; ηmax= 0.072%) was produced under a light intensity of 0.1 W/cm2.

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Ying, YANG, ZHANG Zheng, GAO Jing, LIN Ze-Hua, YAN Jing-Yuan, and GUO Xue-Yi. "Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Polymer Electrolyte for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Inorganic Materials 32, no. 1 (2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15541/jim20160184.

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Ballantyne, Andrew D., Gregory C. H. Forrest, Gero Frisch, Jennifer M. Hartley, and Karl S. Ryder. "Electrochemistry and speciation of Au+ in a deep eutectic solvent: growth and morphology of galvanic immersion coatings." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 45 (2015): 30540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05748e.

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In this study we compare the electrochemical and structural properties of three gold salts AuCl, AuCN and KAu(CN)₂ in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) electrolyte (Ethaline 200) in order to elucidate factors affecting the galvanic deposition of gold coatings on nickel substrates.

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Deng, Ming-Jay, Tzung-Han Chou, Li-Hsien Yeh, Jin-Ming Chen, and Kueih-Tzu Lu. "4.2 V wearable asymmetric supercapacitor devices based on a VOx//MnOx paper electrode and an eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent-based gel electrolyte." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 42 (2018): 20686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06018e.

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A new approach for developing novel energy storage devices involving 3D network VOx and MnOx nanofibers on conductive paper (PVA–acetamide–LiClO₄-graphite/paper, PGP) as electrodes linked with an eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent-based gel electrolyte for SCs is proposed and demonstrated.

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Qin, Huan, Rachel E. Owyeung, Sameer R. Sonkusale, and Matthew J. Panzer. "Highly stretchable and nonvolatile gelatin-supported deep eutectic solvent gel electrolyte-based ionic skins for strain and pressure sensing." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 3 (2019): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05918g.

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Gelatin biopolymer-supported deep eutectic solvent gels offer greatly enhanced mechanical properties and nonvolatility compared to their hydrogel analogues for devices that utilize ionically conducting soft materials.

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Protsenko, Vyacheslav, L. M. Pavlenko, L. S. Bobrova, S. A. Korniy, T. E. Butyrina, and F. I. Danilov. "Ni–La coatings as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction deposited from electrolytes based on a deep eutectic solvent." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 3 (June 2023): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2023-148-3-103-109.

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Ni–La electrocatalytic coatings were electrodeposited from electrolytes based on a eutectic mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (the so-called deep eutectic solvent "ethaline") containing dissolved NiCl2 and LaCl3 salts. It was shown that in this case, nickel alloys containing up to approximately 1.75 wt.% lanthanum were formed. An increase in the cathodic current density and the content of La(III) salt in the solution contributed to a higher content of lanthanum in the electrodeposits. The presence of a lanthanum(III) salt in the electrolyte led to a noticeable leveling of the surface microprofile. The electrocatalytic activity of the deposited coatings towards the hydrogen evolution reaction was evaluated by linear voltammetry in an aqueous solution of 1 M NaOH at a temperature of 298 K. It was found that the polarization of hydrogen evolution decreased, and the exchange current density increased with an increase in the lanthanum content in the coating. For example, the calculated hydrogen evolution exchange current density is 4.2610–5 A cm–2 and 1.0310–3 A cm–2 for a lanthanum-free nickel deposit and a nickel-based coating containing 1.75 wt.% La, respectively. The increased electrocatalytic activity observed when lanthanum was introduced into the nickel matrix can be attributed to both the synergistic interaction of the nickel and lanthanum components of the alloy (as previously described, the catalytic effect resulting from the hypo-hyper-d-electron interaction of transition metals) and the presence of surface active sites with lanthanum in different oxidation states (La(III)/La(II)), which can serve as electron carriers. The significant electrocatalytic effect observed when nickel is doped with lanthanum during deposition from an electrolyte based on DES allows us to consider such electrode materials as very promising for use in the electrolytic synthesis of "green" hydrogen.

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Alabdullah, Sahar S. M., Amina M. Abass, and Huda Ghalib Salman. "Deep Eutectic Solvents Enhance Stability of Ag/AgCl Solid State Miniaturised Reference Electrode." Chemosensors 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060216.

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A new class of solid-state miniaturised reference electrodes with a deep eutectic solvent as an alternate enhancement electrode system is described. A simple and accurate stable electrochemical sensor was prepared by developing a conventional reference electrode using an Ag/AgCl planar micro-reference electrode covered with a PVC polymer. A conductive deep eutectic solvent (DES), ethaline, was added in small quantities and mixed with an internal electrolyte to maintain the Cl− ion concentration in the constructed electrode. The fabricated microelectrode showed good stability, reproducibility, and long-term stability against varying concentrations of different ions. The potential response of the fabricated microelectrode was studied under varying concentrations of Cl− ions in the presence of 0.1 to 1.0% DES in a concentrated electrolyte system (20 mM Na2SO4). The stability of the fabricated microelectrode was addressed against Br− and Cl− ions using different inorganic salts, and the potential measurements were found to be insensitive toward all responsive ions. The stability response of the fabricated microelectrode against Cl− ions was optimised in the presence of 1.0% DES. The experimental data showed good agreement with the potential change of the fabricated electrode in the presence of the supporting DES electrolyte. The liquid junction-free PVC solid-state miniaturised reference electrode demonstrated a constant potentiometric measurement over a long period of time. The concentrated supporting DES electrolyte solution (20 mM) exhibited better stability values and was a more suitable fabricated microelectrode than other additive concentrations. The long-term stability of the developed microelectrode displayed a good lifetime and high stability of around 60 days.

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Sarkar, Sujoy, and S. Sampath. "Ambient temperature deposition of gallium nitride/gallium oxynitride from a deep eutectic electrolyte, under potential control." Chemical Communications 52, no. 38 (2016): 6407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc02487d.

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A ternary, ionically conducting, deep eutectic solvent based on acetamide, urea and gallium nitrate is reported for the electrodeposition of gallium nitride/gallium indium nitride under ambient conditions; blue and white light emitting photoluminescent deposits are obtained under potential control.

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Danilov, F. I., I. V. Sknar, Yu E. Sknar, and L. M. Pavlenko. "Electrodeposition of Ni–Fe alloy from solutions based on deep eutectic solvent ethaline." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 6 (December 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-139-6-11-16.

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The kinetics of сodeposition of nickel and iron in an electrolyte based on a deep eutectic solvent (ethaline) was studied by voltammetry method. It was established that the partial voltammograms of iron ions reduction during alloy electrodeposition correspond to the region of electrode potentials, which is more than 100 mV positive in comparison with the electrodeposition potentials of pure iron. It was shown that the acceleration of iron ion electroreduction is associated with the gain in energy due to the alloy formation and a decrease in the overvoltage of iron electrodeposition during alloying. The change in the kinetics of iron electrodeposition can be explained by both a change in the mechanism of its electrodeposition in conjunction with nickel and a change in the state of the electrode surface in the potential region of the alloy formation. Comparison between the ratio of the content of the alloy components in the metal and the corresponding ions in the electrolyte showed that nickel and iron electrodeposit into the alloy in quantities that are proportional to their content in the electrolyte. Thus, electrodeposition of nickel-iron alloy from ethaline with a water content of up to 3% occurs by the so-called normal mechanism.

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Tsai, Hsin-Yen, Munusamy Sathish Kumar, Balaraman Vedhanarayanan, Hsin-Hui Shen, and Tsung-Wu Lin. "Urea-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent with Magnesium/Lithium Dual Ions as an Aqueous Electrolyte for High-Performance Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020069.

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A new deep eutectic solvent (DES) made from urea, magnesium chloride, lithium perchlorate and water has been developed as the electrolyte for battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices. The physicochemical characteristics of DES electrolytes and potential interactions between electrolyte components are well analyzed through electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. It has been discovered that the properties of DES electrolytes are highly dependent on the component ratio, which allows us to engineer the electrolyte to meet the requirement of the battery application. Perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide and reduced graphene oxide ha ve been combined to produce a composite (PTCDI/rGO) that has been tested as the anode in DES electrolyte. This composite shows that the capacitive contribution is greater than 90% in a low scan rate, resulting in the high rate capability. The PTCDI/rGO electrode exhibits no sign of capacity degradation and its coulombic efficiency is close to 99% after 200 cycles, which suggests excellent reversibility and stability. On the other hand, the electrochemical performance of lithium manganese oxide as the cathode material is studied in DES electrolyte, which exhibits the maximum capacity of 76.5 mAh/g at 0.03 A/g current density. After being successfully examined in terms of electrode kinetics, capacity performance, and rate capability, the anode and cathode materials are combined to construct a two-electrode system with DES electrolyte. At a current density of 0.03 A/g, this system offers 43.5 mAh/g specific capacity and displays 55.5% retention of the maximum capacity at 1 A/g. Furthermore, an energy density of 53 Wh/kg is delivered at a power density of 35 W/kg.

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Dong, Panpan, Xiahui Zhang, Kee Sung Han, Younghwan Cha, and Min-Kyu Song. "Deep eutectic solvent-based polymer electrolyte for solid-state lithium metal batteries." Journal of Energy Chemistry 70 (July 2022): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.02.026.

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Tian, Huadong, Rongrong Cheng, Lele Zhang, QianQian Fang, Ping Ma, Yaohui Lv, and Feng Wei. "A ZnCl2 nonaqueous deep-eutectic-solvent electrolyte for zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors." Materials Letters 301 (October 2021): 130237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130237.

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Luo, Rubai, Haiying Jiang, Bin Du, Shisheng Zhou, and Yuxiang Zhu. "Preparation and application of solid polymer electrolyte based on deep eutectic solvent." AIP Advances 9, no. 3 (March 2019): 035341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5086820.

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Vorobiov, Vitaly K., Michael A. Smirnov, Natalya V. Bobrova, and Maria P. Sokolova. "Chitosan-supported deep eutectic solvent as bio-based electrolyte for flexible supercapacitor." Materials Letters 283 (January 2021): 128889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128889.

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Chu, Weiqin, Xu Zhang, Jie Wang, Shu Zhao, Shiqi Liu, and Haijun Yu. "A low-cost deep eutectic solvent electrolyte for rechargeable aluminum-sulfur battery." Energy Storage Materials 22 (November 2019): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.01.025.

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Azmi, Sara, Masoud Foroutan Koudahi, and Elzbieta Frackowiak. "Reline deep eutectic solvent as a green electrolyte for electrochemical energy storage applications." Energy & Environmental Science 15, no. 3 (2022): 1156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee02920g.

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Reline is a promising green, non-flammable, low-cost, and non-toxic electrolyte. Its anti-corrosion characteristic makes Reline suitable for electrochemical capacitors, it offers excellent cycle stability at 2.2 V with superb capacitance retention.

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Melethil, Krishnakumar, Munusamy Sathish Kumar, Chun-Ming Wu, Hsin-Hui Shen, Balaraman Vedhanarayanan, and Tsung-Wu Lin. "Recent Progress of 2D Layered Materials in Water-in-Salt/Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Liquid Electrolytes for Supercapacitors." Nanomaterials 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2023): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13071257.

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Supercapacitors are candidates with the greatest potential for use in sustainable energy resources. Extensive research is being carried out to improve the performances of state-of-art supercapacitors to meet our increased energy demands because of huge technological innovations in various fields. The development of high-performing materials for supercapacitor components such as electrodes, electrolytes, current collectors, and separators is inevitable. To boost research in materials design and production toward supercapacitors, the up-to-date collection of recent advancements is necessary for the benefit of active researchers. This review summarizes the most recent developments of water-in-salt (WIS) and deep eutectic solvents (DES), which are considered significant electrolyte systems to advance the energy density of supercapacitors, with a focus on two-dimensional layered nanomaterials. It provides a comprehensive survey of 2D materials (graphene, MXenes, and transition-metal oxides/dichalcogenides/sulfides) employed in supercapacitors using WIS/DES electrolytes. The synthesis and characterization of various 2D materials along with their electrochemical performances in WIS and DES electrolyte systems are described. In addition, the challenges and opportunities for the next-generation supercapacitor devices are summarily discussed.

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Zdolšek, Nikola, Ivana Perović, Snežana Brković, Gvozden Tasić, Miloš Milović, and Milica Vujković. "Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn3O4@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating Voltage." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 8540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238540.

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The capacitance and operating voltage of supercapacitors as well as their energy density have been increased by development of different materials and electrolytes. In this paper, two strategies, for the first time, were used to improve energy density: Mn3O4- and N-dual doped carbon electrode and aqueous mixture of multivalent ions as electrolyte. Mn3O4- and N-dual doped carbon was prepared by a novel and cost-effective procedure using deep eutectic solvent. XRD, XPS, and FTIR confirmed presence of Mn3O4 and nitrogen, while SEM and EDS elemental mapping showed micrometer-sized nanosheets with uniform distribution of C, O, N, and Mn atoms. Charge storage behavior of carbon was tested in aqueous multivalent-based electrolytes and their mixture (Ca2+-Al3+). Regarding both specific capacitance and workable voltage, the Ca2+-Al3+ mixed electrolyte was found as the best optimal solution. The calcium addition to the Al-electrolyte allows the higher operating voltage than in the case of individual Al(NO3)3 electrolyte while the addition of Al3+ ion in the Ca(NO3)2 electrolyte improves the multivalent-ion charge storage ability of carbon. As a result, the specific energy density of two-electrode Mn3O4@N-doped carbon//Al(NO3)2+Ca(NO3)2//Mn3O4@N-doped carbon supercapacitor (34 Wh kg−1 at 0.1 A g−1) overpasses the reported values obtained for Mn-based carbon supercapacitors using conventional aqueous electrolytes.

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Pablos, Jesús L., Pilar Tiemblo, Gary Ellis, and Teresa Corrales. "Chloroaluminate Gel Electrolytes Prepared with Copolymers Based on Imidazolium Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvent AlCl3:Urea." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071050.

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Polymer gel electrolytes (PGEs) have been prepared with copolymers based on imidazolium ionic liquids and the deep eutectic mixture of AlCl3:urea (uralumina) as liquid electrolyte. The copolymers were synthesized by photopolymerization of vinylpirrolidone or methylmethacrylate with imidazolium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (TFSI) ionic liquid monomer and mixed in an increasing range of wt.% with uralumina. The rheology and electrochemical activity of PGEs were highly dependent on the molar ratio of charged groups and copolymer content. Structure of the PGEs was studied by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy and a correlation between interactions polymer/uralumina and changes in speciation of uralumina was established. Despite the low molecular weight of the copolymers, the resulting polymer electrolytes develop elastomeric character associated with the binding ionic species. Although there is room to improve the electrochemical activity, in this study these new gels provide sufficient electroactivity to make them feasible alternatives as electrolytes in secondary aluminum batteries.

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Alhanash, Mirna, and Patrik Johansson. "Tight-Binding Modelling of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Electrolytes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024741mtgabs.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have in recent years gained momentum in the development of new electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs)1. Due to their easy creation, tuning possibilities, wide electrochemical stability windows, and low vapor pressures, they are not only able to create safer LiB electrolytes as compared to traditional organic electrolytes, but more importantly, they may enable high voltage LIB cells2. One aspect not yet fully understood is the connection between the symmetry and entropy of the DES local structure and their macroscopic properties. Exploring this connection could assist in rational design of more performant electrolytes, including controlled electrochemical properties, by symmetry and entropy tuning. Herein, we have studied in detail a few simple DES electrolytes created using the hydrogen bond donor N-methyl-acetamide (MAc) combined with each of the three different lithium salts: LiBF4, LiDFOB, and LiBOB, in 1:4 molar ratios – as previously shown advantageous 3. We chose these salts as they exhibit pseudospherical (BF4-), asymmetrical linear (DFOB), and symmetric linear (BOB) anion geometries and thus are plausible to introduce local symmetry differences. Molecular dynamic simulations were run using DFTB+ 4 and the xTB method 5, and as a first level geometrical analysis we look at the (partial) coordination and solvation numbers of the lithium ions. References: 1. A. M. Navarro-Suarez and P. Johansson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 (2020) 070511. 2. H. Ogawa et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 (2020) 8853-8863. 3. B. Bang et al., Korean J. Chem. Eng. 33 (2016) 1441–1446. 4. H. B. Aradi et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 111 (2007) 5678–5684. 5. S. Grimme et al., J. Chem. Theory Comp. 13 (2017) 1989-2009.

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Maniam, Kranthi Kumar, and Shiladitya Paul. "Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents for CO2 Conversion Technologies—A Review." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 4519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164519.

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Ionic liquids (ILs) have a wide range of potential uses in renewable energy, including CO2 capture and electrochemical conversion. With the goal of providing a critical overview of the progression, new challenges, and prospects of ILs for evolving green renewable energy processes, this review emphasizes the significance of ILs as electrolytes and reaction media in two primary areas of interest: CO2 electroreduction and organic molecule electrosynthesis via CO2 transformation. Herein, we briefly summarize the most recent advances in the field, as well as approaches based on the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to industrially important compounds employing ILs as an electrolyte and/or reaction media. In addition, the review also discusses the advances made possible by deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in CO2 electroreduction to CO. Finally, the critical techno-commercial issues connected with employing ILs and DESs as an electrolyte or ILs as reaction media are reviewed, along with a future perspective on the path to rapid industrialization.

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Zhang, Jialei, Changdong Gu, Yueyu Tong, Junming Gou, Xiuli Wang, and Jiangping Tu. "Microstructure and corrosion behavior of Cr and Cr–P alloy coatings electrodeposited from a Cr(iii) deep eutectic solvent." RSC Advances 5, no. 87 (2015): 71268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13056e.

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Cruz, Hugo, Ana Lucia Pinto, Noémi Jordão, Luísa A. Neves, and Luís C. Branco. "Alkali Iodide Deep Eutectic Solvents as Alternative Electrolytes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells." Sustainable Chemistry 2, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem2020013.

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Different alkali deep eutectic solvents (DES), such as LiI:nEG, NaI:nEG, and KI:nEG, have been tested as electrolytes for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These DSSCs were prepared using pure DES or, alternatively, DES combined with different amounts of iodine (I2). The most important parameters, such as open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), fill factor (FF), and the overall conversion efficiency (η), were evaluated. Some DES seem to be promising candidates for DSSC applications, since they present higher VOC (up to 140 mV), similar FF values but less current density values, when compared with a reference electrolyte in the same experimental conditions. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been performed to elucidate the charge transfer and transport processes that occur in DSSCs. The values of different resistance (Ω·cm2) phenomena and recombination/relaxation time (s) for each process have been calculated. The best-performance was obtained for DES-based electrolyte, KI:EG (containing 0.5 mol% I2) showing an efficiency of 2.3%. The efficiency of this DES-based electrolyte is comparable to other literature systems, but the device stability is higher (only after seven months the performance of the device drop to 60%).

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Проценко, В. С., Т. Е. Бутырина, Д. А. Богданов, С. А. Корний, and Ф. И. Данилов. "Электрохимический синтез композиционных покрытий Ni/TiO2 из низкотемпературного эвтектического растворителя и электрокаталитические свойства осадков." Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 57, no. 6 (December 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2021.57.6.01.

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Kinetics of electrodeposition of composite Ni/TiO2 coatings was studied using the electrolyte based on a deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing choline chloride, ethylene glycol, water additive, and nickel chloride. Degussa P 25 nanopowder was used as a dispersed phase in the electrolyte (1–10 g dm3). The developed electrolyte allows depositing composite coatings with the content of titanium dioxide reaching ~ 10 wt.%. The electrolytic deposition of the composite was shown to obey Guglielmi's kinetic model. The main parameters of co-deposition of TiO2 particles into a nickel matrix were determined in the framework of this kinetic model. The co-deposition of titanium dioxide was found to inhibit the reaction of the nickel ions discharge. Electrocatalytic properties of the prepared composite Ni/TiO2 coatings were evaluated with respect to the hydrogen evolution reaction in an aqueous alkaline solution. A noticeable improvement in the electrocatalytic activity was observed when titanium dioxide particles were introduced into an electrodeposited nickel matrix.

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Dean, William, Nora Adel Shaheen, Drace Penley, Raziyeh Ghahremani, Rohan Akolkar, and Burcu E. Gurkan. "Spectro-Electrochemical Investigations of Interfacial Phenomena in Concentrated Hydrogen-Bonded Electrolytes for Electrochemical Energy Storage." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 56 (October 9, 2022): 2153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02562153mtgabs.

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Abstract:

Spectro-electrochemistry combines spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques, enabling time-resolved and in-situ measurements of phenomena occurring at charged electrode surfaces. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) yields highly specific information about the structure and composition of molecules. Coupling SERS with electrochemical experiments gives insight into changes near the electrode surface under polarization. In-situ SERS and electrochemical measurements are demonstrated to provide information on the electrolyte-electrode interface in three different applications: (1) specific ion adsorption in hydrogen-bonded concentrated electrolytes under polarization, (2) adsorption and charge-transfer mechanisms of redox-active organic in aqueous electrolytes, and (3) charge-transfer reactions of redox-active species in hydrogen-bonded electrolytes. Differential capacitance measurements suggest that surface adsorption is prevalent in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and more broadly concentrated hydrogen-bonded electrolytes, however, these measurements do not directly probe the surface layer. Therefore, in this study, SERS was employed to investigate potential-dependent changes in the surface layer of the electrode-electrolyte interface where surface adsorption was spectroscopically confirmed. However, this behavior was observed to depend on the charge density and the strength of hydrogen bonding. In situ SERS coupled with electrochemical measurements was also used to probe redox reactions of redox-active molecules at the electrode-electrolyte interface. One study elucidated an adsorption and charge-transfer mechanism for a potential redox-active organic molecule, 4–hydroxy–2,2,6,6–tetramethylpiperidine–1–oxyl (4–hydroxy–TEMPO).1 Nitroxide radicals, such as 4–hydroxy–TEMPO, are of interest for application in redox flow batteries due to their relative stability, and tunability through functionalization. In situ SERS combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulations confirmed the presence of surface–adsorbed species on an Au electrode during the oxidation of 4–hydroxy–TEMPO in an aqueous electrolyte. Direct spectroscopic evidence shows the oxidation of 4–hydroxy–TEMPO leads to the adsorption of the oxidation product, which then undergoes slow rate-limiting desorption from the electrode surface. This information is important for the design of redox flow battery systems that employ nitroxide radical redox-active species, as surface adsorption can affect battery performance. In an H-bonded electrolyte containing redox-active species (methyl viologen and ferrocenedimethanol in ChCl:EG), SERS, electrochemical, and spectrochemical UV-vis techniques were used to study their charge-transfer reactions. UV-vis measurements provide molecular information related to the electronic levels of molecules. UV-vis coupled with SERS allows for the study of changes in the oxidation state of redox-active molecules under electrode polarization. This work demonstrates the importance of spectrochemical measurements in determining phenomena at the electrode-electrolyte interface, particularly in a complex solvent system such as DESs. Emphasis is placed on the coupling spectroscopic techniques with other techniques to determine interfacial structuring and charge-transfer reactions relevant to energy storage applications. (1) Shaheen, N. A.; Ijjada, M.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Akolkar, R. Mechanism of Electrochemical Oxidation of Nitroxide Radicals in Ethaline Deep Eutectic Solvent. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2020, 167 (14), 143505–143505. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc439.

Journal articles on the topic 'Deep eutectic solvent electrolyte'

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