Relevant bibliographies by topics / Deep crustal structures

Academic literature on the topic 'Deep crustal structures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 22 June 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Deep crustal structures":

1

Clark, Elizabeth A., and Frederick A. Cook. "Crustal-scale ramp in a Middle Proterozoic orogen, Northwest Territories, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-014.

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Deep crustal seismic data from the Fort Goodhope area, Northwest Territories, Canada, image crustal structures associated with Middle Proterozoic compressional deformation. These include 10–20 km wide antiforms and thrust faults that lie above a west-dipping crustal-scale ramp with at least 10 km of vertical relief. The deformation is interpreted as being associated with structures observed in the subsurface to the east and may be partly coeval with deformation originally detected in outcrop in the Rackla Range of the Wernecke Mountains. These new deep crustal profiles, coupled with data to the east that delineate structures to 15 km depth, reveal large-scale similarity between this Middle Proterozoic orogen and many Phanerozoic compressional orogens.
2

Kivior, Irena, David Boyd, David Tucker, Stephen Markham, Francis Vaughan, Fasil Hagos, and Leslie Mellon. "Deep crustal structures interpreted from potential field data along deep seismic sounding transects in Australia." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14085.

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Energy spectral analysis techniques have been applied to magnetic and gravity data acquired across the Olympic Dam cratonic area in Australia and sedimentary basins along the Equatorial Margin of Brazil. Analysis has been conducted along two Deep Seismic Sounding lines (DSS) acquired by Geoscience Australia. There is a good correlation between interfaces found in this analysis and structures interpreted from the seismic data. Interpretation of gravity data using energy spectral analysis along the DSS survey lines show a number of deep crustal structures are evident, including the Moho which was detected using gravity data, while similar analysis of the magnetic data show indications of the Curie isotherm. In addition, the analysis was extended away from the seismic lines to detect many deep crustal horizons and structures at considerable distances from the DSS lines. The results obtained from energy spectral analysis across this area in Australia encouraged the application of this technique on the Equatorial Margin of Brazil, where the potential field data is of much lower resolution. This suggests that a much wider application of this approach could be highly valuable to investigate the deep structure under other sedimentary basins and to assist heat flow studies.
3

Siler, Drew L., and B. Mack Kennedy. "Regional crustal-scale structures as conduits for deep geothermal upflow." Geothermics 59 (January 2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.10.007.

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Louie, J. N., and J. E. Vidale. "Array analysis of reflector heterogeneity." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 4 (April 1991): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443074.

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In deep crustal reflection study, as in conventional exploration seismology, it is important to determine the geometry of the physical contrasts between rocks that cause reflections, to make reliable geologic interpretations. Fundamentally different reflecting structures produce similar signatures in stacked seismic sections. We have developed a method that uses prestack records to differentiate lateral structural variations from lateral reflectivity variations and laterally homogeneous structures. Full‐wave acoustic multioffset synthetics of canonical 2-D reflector configurations, analyzed by statistically enhanced slant‐stack processes, show that lateral heterogeneity such as a wavy reflector can be identified from changes in slowness across a receiver array as a function of time. Application of these methods to deep crustal reflections, recorded in the Mojave Desert of southern California, identifies laterally heterogeneous midcrustal structures and is consistent with a laterally homogeneous Moho.
5

Botev, Emil, and Edelvays Spassov. "Deep velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in the central parts of Balkan Region." Geologica Balcanica 20, no. 2 (April 30, 1990): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.20.2.71.

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Some velocity characteristics of the crust and upper mantle in the central part of the Balkan region are studied on the basis of about 1000 local and teleseismic earthquakes, registered on the 32 seismic stations. An approach for estimation of the large anisotropic structures effects is used together with the general consideration about the connection between the time residuals and velocity inhomogeneities. The main features of the inhomogeneities in the crust and upper mantle are drscussed in relation with some gravity, heat flow and seismotectonic data. The distribution of the crustal inhomogeneities in general corresponds to the configuration of the morphotectonic structures in Bulgaria. The subcrustal inhomogeneities are discordant with the surface structures, but their orientation is in coincidence with the Trans-Balkan seismolineament system. This fact indicates that the crustal seismicity in the region is probably controlled by the upper mantle structures. The high-velocity structures in the deep upper mantle beneath the Rhodope massif probably represent a paleosubduction at a depth more than 300 km.
6

Erkhow, V. A. "Deep structure and metallogeny of the earth's crust." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989037.

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Considerable experience with integrated geological and geophysical studies has enabled definition of deep crustal structures and, within limits, composition and processes within the deep crust, and to determine their association with metallogeny in the USSR.By means of seismic experiments, stratification of the Earth's crust and the upper mantle to a depth of about 100 km has been revealed. Numerous heat flow data have been compiled. Magneto-telluric soundings made it possible to determine the position of conductive strata in the crust and upper mantle for a number of areas. Gravity surveys coupled with the results of seismic profiling enabled the finding of a number of empirical laws that are useful for investigation into the deep crust. Magnetic data analysis has enabled evaluation of the magnetic layering of the deep crust. Kimberlite and ore provinces can be considered examples of these concepts.For more detailed studies of deep crustal structure the territory of the USSR is the subject of a system of regional investigation of the deep crust and upper mantle. This system is based principally upon a network of interconnected regional profiles (geotraverses) tied to deep and superdeep boreholes. The system includes predicted geophysical observations to control investigation of the geophysical field data. The geotraverse network is the basis for detailed studies within the bounds of petroleum and ore provinces.The most accurate data obtained allows the formation of a crustal model and reveals empirical relationships with metallogeny.Based on the deep crustal structure data a regional oregenesis prediction map has been made. The endogenous mineralization prediction was based on special features of the upper layering of the crust and on data relating to deep crustal permeability zones.
7

Benn, Keith, Warner Miles, Mohammad R. Ghassemi, and John Gillett. "Crustal structure and kinematic framework of the northwestern Pontiac Subprovince, Quebec: an integrated structural and geophysical study." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-026.

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Structural mapping, gravity and magnetic modelling, and interpretation of a deep-seismic profile in the northwestern Pontiac Subprovince outline the crustal structure and early structural development of the region. Penetrative D1 fabrics in the Pontiac Group and in the underlying Opasatica Gneiss may record south-vergent thrusting of a high-grade nappe. D2 and D3 structures record southeast-vergent folding and thrusting within the Pontiac Group. Steeply dipping northeast-trending ductile shear zones may represent oblique ramps initiated during D1. Gravity and magnetic model profiles are consistent with north-dipping structures in the shallow crust, and indicate that the Pontiac Group is a wedge underlain by north-dipping slabs of different densities and magnetic susceptibilities. Interpretation of a seismic reflection profile shows mid-crustal duplex structures overlying a deeper thrust between 16 and 24 km. From the surface to the deep crust, the structure of the northwestern Pontiac Subprovince records south- to southeast-directed thrusting and important crustal thickening during a collisional event. In light of field observations, available isotopic ages suggest that D1 deformation began no earlier than 2694 Ma, and that deformation continued until at least 2668 Ma.
8

Louie, John N., and Robert W. Clayton. "The nature of deep crustal structures in the Mojave Desert, California." Geophysical Journal International 89, no. 1 (April 1987): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1987.tb04398.x.

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Schmidt, J., D. Dyrelius, H. Palm, A. Egorkin, N. Yasulievich, E. Zolotov, and J. J. Doody. "The CABLES project: Imaging deep crustal structures in the Scandinavian Caledonides." GFF 118, sup004 (October 1996): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035899609546415.

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Stadtlander, Ralf, and Larry Brown. "Turning waves and crustal reflection profiling." GEOPHYSICS 62, no. 1 (January 1997): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444135.

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In the past, steeply dipping features were often recognized on seismic reflection profiles only from indirect evidence such as vertical offsets of cross‐cutting structures. New imaging algorithms, as for example, turning wave migration have had dramatic success in delineating steep, even‐overturned reflectors in sedimentary environments. Evaluation of the applicability of this technology to deep seismic recordings indicates that steep‐dip and turning wave migration will have limited practicality, generally, in the imaging of basement features because of the weak velocity gradients involved and the corollary requirement for large recording offsets. A potential exception arises when the basement structures to be imaged lie beneath a significant thickness of relatively young (i.e., steep velocity gradient) sedimentary cover.
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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Deep crustal structures' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deep crustal structures":

1

Shi, Zhiqun. "Automatic interpretation of potential field data applied to the study of overburden thickness and deep crustal structures, South Australia." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs5548.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 189-203. Deals with two interpretation methods, a computer program system AUTOMAG and spectral analysis, used for studying overburden thickness and density structure of the crust. The methods were applied to the Gawler Craton, Eyre Peninsula.
2

Gonçalves, Susana Ferreira D. S. "Geophysical characterization of the Crustal structures from Equatorial to North-East Brazilian margins." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04619710.

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Adaptation et application de la méthode d'inversion gravimétrique 3D avec contraintes sismiques à l'étude des structures crustales profondes des marges passives du nord-ouest du Brésil. Avec une approche de décapage des couches, la méthode a la capacité, la robustesse et la cohérence d'étudier la géométrie de la discontinuité du Moho dans le contexte de l'environnement des marges passives. Les résultats obtenus sont suffisamment précis pour distinguer les transitions entre les différents domaines. Ils permettent également d'identifier les différences au sein d'un même domaine lors de l'analyse de deux profils parallèles, par exemple: imagerie des structures de la croûte terrestre profonde avec la méthode de migration temporelle inverse appliquée à deux profils de données sismiques à grand angle. La méthode permet d'obtenir des images de ce type de structures. L'analyse des deux résultats est un outil important pour étudier la forme et la géométrie de la zone de rétrécissement, même dans les profils avec des tirs asymétriques. Elle montre également la contribution essentielle du champ d'ondes réfracté à son succès. Fusion de trois profils sismiques grand angle subparallèles dans la région nord-ouest du Brésil en un profil unique d'une longueur d'environ 1800 km, offrant une perspective unique sur le processus d'évolution de l'ouverture de l'océan Atlantique sud. Le profil fusionné met en évidence les similitudes entre les marges équatoriale et centrale de l'océan Atlantique Sud, malgré des processus géodynamiques et des périodes d'ouverture différents
Adaptation and application of 3D gravity inversion with seismic constraint method to the study of the deep crustal structures of the Northwest Brazil passive margins. With a layer-stripping approach, the method has the capacity, robustness and coherency to study the geometry of the Moho discontinuity, or any other crustal layer, within the context of the passive margins environment. The obtained results have sufficient accuracy to distinguish transitions between different domains – continental domain, necking zones and oceanic domain. It is also capable to identify differences within the same domain when analyzing two parallel profiles, for example.Imaging of deep crustal structures with Reverse Time Migration method applied to two Wide-Angle Seismic data profiles, acquired by Ocean Bottom Seismometers and Land Seismic Stations. The method has capacity to image these type of structures in the two domains. The analysis of the two results is an important tool to investigate the shape and geometry of the necking zone even in profiles with asymmetric shooting. It is also shown the essential contribution of the refracted wavefield for its success.Merge of three sub-parallel Wide-Angle Seismic profiles in the Northwest area of Brazil into a unique profile of approximately 1800 km in length, providing an unique perspective on the evolution process of the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. The merged profile showcases the similarities between the Equatorial and Central margins of the South Atlantic Ocean in spite of the different geodynamic processes and time of opening
3

Empinotti, Luiz Carlos Lucena. "Arcabouço crustal profundo da parte Centro-Norte da margem de Angola: modelo de afinamento e contato de crostas." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9471.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo a identificação de feições que permitam (1) a construção do arcabouço crustal profundo e da porção superior do manto em parte da Costa de Angola, (2) a comparação deste arcabouço com o embasamento aflorante e (3) a tentativa de adequar estes resultados aos modelos de ruptura continental já publicados. Para alcançar estes objetivos foi feita a interpretação de cinco linhas sísmicas de reflexão profundas (25 Km de profundidade) na costa de Angola, nas Bacias de Kwanza e Baixo Congo, adquiridas pela ION-GXT. As feições identificadas na sísmica de reflexão auxiliaram na determinação dos limites da crosta continental superior e inferior, no reconhecimento das camadas que compõem a crosta oceânica e na identificação da Descontinuidade de Mohorovicic (que marca o limite entre crosta e manto). A interpretação sísmica associada a dados da literatura (que proporcionaram valores de densidade para os pacotes identificados na interpretação sísmica) permitiram a realização de uma modelagem gravimétrica que foi comparada ao dado gravimétrico adquirido durante a aquisição sísmica. A modelagem gravimétrica serviu para validar a interpretação sísmica, atuando como um controle de qualidade para a interpretação. Caso a anomalia gravimétrica gerada pela modelagem não estivesse de acordo com a anomalia medida, a interpretação sísmica era revista na tentativa de um melhor ajuste entre o resultado modelado e o medido. Este ajuste, no entanto, sempre foi feito honrando os refletores que estavam bem marcados na sísmica. Somado a isto, ainda foi utilizado o dado magnético adquirido no campo, no auxilio da interpretação. O arcabouço crustal obtido com a utilização deste método permitiu a comparação dos resultados da interpretação com os modelos de evolução de margens passivas existentes na literatura, mostrando muitos pontos em comum aos modelos que defendem a possibilidade de ocorrência de manto exumado em margens passivas pobres em magmatismo. A interpretação final destes dados mostrou um domínio proximal marcado por uma crosta continental espessa porém pouco afinada em contato com um domínio distal marcado por uma crosta continental muito afinada (crosta hiper-estirada) e, em direção ao centro do oceano, uma região em que ocorre a exumação do manto. A passagem do domínio proximal para o distal ocorre de forma rápida em uma região denominada Zona de Estrangulamento. À oeste do manto exumado é possível identificar a crosta oceânica. O cruzamento dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho com dados do embasamento aflorante no continente africano sugerem um controle do deste nos valores finais de afinamento da crosta continental sob a bacia e nas regiões de manto exumado. Trabalhos recentes realizados na costa de Angola e do Brasil mostram feições semelhantes às identificadas nesta dissertação.
The main objectives of this study are to identify features on seismic data that allow (1) the building of a deep crustal framework and of the upper portion of the mantle, in part of the Angolan margin; (2) to compare this framework with the adjacent outcropping basement of the African continent and; (3) to try to fit these results to the published continental breakup models. In order to achieve these objectives, five deep reflection seismic lines (25 km of depth) situated in the in Kwanza and Lower Congo Basins on the passive margin of Angola were interpreted. The features identified on seismic were useful to recognize the tripartite division that caracterize the oceanic crust and in defining the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (that represents the limit between crust and mantle). The seismic interpretation associated with the data obtained from the scientific literature (that provided density values for the packages identified on seismic interpretation) allowed the establishment of a gravity modeling that was compared to the gravity data acquired during the seismic acquisition. The gravity model was useful to validate the seismic interpretation, acting as a quality control of the latter. In case of the gravity anomaly generated by the modeling not being in accordance with the measured anomaly, the seismic interpretation was revised in order to obtain a better adjustment between the modeled and the measured result. This adjustment, however, was always done honoring the reflectors that were clearly positioned on seismic. In addition, the magnetic data acquired on the field was used to help on interpretation. The crustal framework obtained by the methodology described above was compared with the passive margin evolution models found on scientific literature, showing some points in common with the models that postulate the occurrence of exhumed mantle in magma-poor passive margins. The final interpretation of these data showed the existence of a proximal domain characterized by a thick continental crust slightly thinned in contact with a distal domain marked by a hyper-extended continental crust. Oceanwards there is a region where the exhumation of the mantle took place. The passage of the proximal to the distal domain is abrupt, here termed as a Necking Zone. Oceanic crust is identified to the west of exhumed mantle. The comparison of the results obtained in this study with data from the outcropping basement on the African continent suggests a basement control on the vales of continental crust thinning attained under the basins and on the regions of exhumed mantle. Recent works done on the Angolan and Brazilian margins show features similar to the ones identified on this dissertation.
4

Doody, J. J. "Deep crustal seismic studies of Southwest Britain." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356207.

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Biari, Youssef. "Structure profonde de la marge Nord-Ouest Africaine." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0080/document.

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La marge NE Américaine est une des marges les mieux étudiées au monde, elle a fait l’objet de plusieurs études géophysiques. En comparaison, la marge africaine reste peu étudiée car uniquement deux campagnes océanographiques y ont été menées : la campagne Sismar (2001) au large de la Meseta et la campagne Dakhla (2002) au large du Sahara. La structure profonde de la marge canadienne est connue grâce aux profils de sismique grand-angle SMART-1, 2 et 3. Le premier objectif du projet MIRROR était d’acquérir des profils combinant sismique grand-angle et sismique réflexion sur un segment homologue au profil SMART-1. La comparaison entre les segments homologues de ces deux marges ayant pour but de mieux comprendre le mode d’ouverture de l'océan Atlantique Central. Une comparaison entre les modèles Sismar, Dakhla et Mirror montre que la croûte continentale est plus épaisse au nord et s'amincit vers le sud. La largeur de la zone de transition est plus étroite au sud et les profils Sismar sont localisés sur un bassin sédimentaire posé sur une croûte continentale très amincie. La comparaison avec la marge homologue montre que l'épaisseur, la structure de la croûte continentale et la zone d'amincissement sont très semblables. Par contre, il existe une zone de manteau exhumé et serpentinisé sur le profil Canadien qui n'a pas d’homologue sur la marge africaine. De plus, l'épaisseur de la croûte océanique est différente avec 8 km sur la côte africaine et seulement 3-4 km sur la marge canadienne. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées pour expliquer cette différence (a) une différence d’âge entre les deux croûtes (b) un épaississement lié au passage du point chaud des Canaries (c) une accrétion asymétrique
The NE American margin represents one of the best studied margins in the world, it was the subject of several scientific programs. In comparison, the conjugate NW African margin remains fairly unknown, only two deep seismic cruises were acquired: the SISMAR cruise (2001) offshore the Meseta and the DAKHLA cruise (2002) offshore the Sahara. The deep structure of the Canadian margin is known due to the SMART wide-angle seismic profiles 1, 2 and 3. The first objective of the MIRROR project was to acquire combined wide-angle and deep reflection seismic data offshore a segment conjugate to the SMART-1 profile. The comparison between the homologous segments of these two margins aimed to better understand the opening mechanism of the Central Atlantic Ocean. A comparison between Sismar, Dakhla and Mirror models shows that the continental crust is thicker in the north and thins toward the south. The width of the transition zone is narrower south and Sismar profiles are located on a sedimentary basin placed on a very thinned continental crust. Comparing the Mirror profile with that of the Canadian conjugate margin (Smart 1) shows that the thickness, the structure of the continental crust and the thinning is very similar. However, zones of exhumed and serpentinized mantle were imaged along the Canadian profile that have no conjugate on the African margin. Moreover, the thickness of the oceanic crust is variable with 8 km on the African side and only 3-4 km on the Canadian margin. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this difference (a) an age difference between the two types of crust (b) thickening associated with the passage of the Canary hotspot (c) an asymmetric accretion or (d) an accretion at slow to ultra-slow speading centers
6

Hunter, Richard John. "Deep crustal structure of the central North Sea." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46834.

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Marshall, A. Saskia. "High-silical peralkaline magmatism of the Greater Olkaria Volcanic Complex, Kenya Rift Valley." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310585.

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Dilles, Zoe Y. G. "Geochronologic and Petrologic Context for Deep Crustal Metamorphic Core Complex Development, East Humboldt Range, Nevada." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/811.

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The Ruby-Humboldt Range in Northeastern Nevada exposes the deepest crust in the western portion of the Sevier Hinterland. The product of unique brittle and ductile accommodations, this block of lower crustal rock is a window into the processes of continental thickening and extension. The structure of the northern tip of the Ruby-Humboldt Range core complex is dominated by a large recumbent fold nappe with a southward closeure cored by Paleoproterozoic-Archean gneissic complexes with complex interdigitated field relationships that record polyphase continental metamorphism. Amphibolite-grade metapelitic rocks within the core and Winchell Lake nappe record a wide range of zircon age dates of metamorphic events the oldest of which at ~2.5 Ga is recorded in adjacent orthogneiss as a crystallization age. At least two younger metamorphic events are recorded within this orthogneiss, most significantly at 1.7-1.8 Ga, an event previously unpublished for this region that links it to Wyoming province activity in addition to inherited component of detrital cores up to 3.7 Ga in age that is among the oldest ages reported in Nevada. The youngest overprint of cretaceous metamorphic overgrowth ranges fro 60-90 Ma in age based on zircon rims in the aforementioned units as well as three garnet amphibolites that intrude the core of the nappe and are interpreted to be metabasic bodies.
9

Reynisson, Reynir Fjalar. "Deep structure and sub-basalt exploration of the mid-Norwegian margin with emphasis on the Møre margin." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for petroleumsteknologi og anvendt geofysikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11136.

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This thesis addresses the use of potential field data in two main topics: sub-basalt exploration and structure of the deeper crust. Synthetic models and forward models of the Møre margin were constructed to test the sensitivity of the various potential field methods. The synthetic models demonstrate that forward modelling of the gravity and magnetic data is a valuable tool in basement recognition in sub-basaltic settings and the use of gravity gradients further limits the modelling ambiguity and improves the basement mapping. Deep sills, as observed in the Møre Basin, cannot be identified from the gravity and magnetic data alone but the lava flows have a clear effect on the gravity and magnetic signature if thicker than ~1 km. Experiments with Euler Deconvolution reveal the limitations of the method in sub-basaltic settings. A 3D regional gravity and magnetic model of the Møre margin integrated with seismic and well data gives a novel view on the architecture of the continental crust, the distribution of high density lower crust, and the Moho topography. The isostatic response of the water and sediment loading reflected by the Moho provides further insight in the evolution of the margin. The results from the Møre margin model merged with results from a 3D model of the Vøring and Lofoten margins give a regional view on the deep structures on the mid-Norwegian margin. Combination of the modelling results and isostatic considerations provide means to address the origin of the lower crustal body on the margin and the evolution of the whole mid-Norwegian margin.
10

Zhang, Sufang. "Deep structure beneath the Central-South Tibet crustal density modelling and azimuthal anisotropy variation inferred from Quasi-Love wases." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3621.

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2008/2009
The area of the present study is the central part of southern Tibet. It consists of two accreted terranes, Lhasa and Himalaya terranes, which today record the deformation history that originated from the processes of collision between the Eurasia and India plates. Our study of the crust/mantle structure in terms of seismic velocity, density, anisotropy and petrologic composition are undoubtedly significant to deepen the understanding of the continent-continent collision and its dynamics. This PhD thesis can be briefly summarized into four parts that are listed in the following. 1) In order to reveal the characteristics of the crust/mantle deformation that has been generated by the Indian/Eurasia collision in the southern Tibet plateau, we study the propagation of Quasi-Love (QL) waves. Our study is based on the results from numerical modeling, which proved that QL is sensitive to lateral variation of seismic anisotropy, rather than heterogeneity and other factors. The results we obtain from processing locally observed seismograms, reveal a West-East variation of crust/mantle deformation in each terrane of the plateau. 2) A 3D density model of central-south Tibet is produced by modeling the Bouguer gravity field using all existing constraints. 3) Integrating seismic velocity and density models of the crust in the Lhasa and Himalaya terranes, we infer crustal composition models in central and southern Tibet. 4) Combining crustal density, velocity and mineralogical composition models, some important issues, such as the Indian slab subduction angle, and the relationship between crustal density and earthquake occurrences are discussed. Some results based on the gravity modeling are summarized as follows: 1) under the constraint of the geometrical structure defined by seismic data, a 3-D density model and Moho interface are proposed for central-south Tibet; 2) the lower crustal density, smaller than 3.2 g/cm3, suggests the absence of eclogite or partial eclogitization due to delamination under the central-south Tibet; 3) seismicity is strong or weak in correspondence of the most negative Bouguer gravity anomaly, so there is not a relationship between them; 4) the composition of the lower crust, determined after the temperature-pressure calibration of seismic P wave velocity, might be one or a mixture of: 1. amphibolite and greenschist facies basalt beneath the Qiangtang terrane; 2. gabbro-norite-troctolite and mafic granulite beneath the Lhasa terrane. When using the data set published by Rudnick & Fountain (1995), the composition of the middle crust turns out to be granulite facies and might be pelitic gneisses. Granulite facies used to be interpreted as residues of partial melting, which coincides with the previous study by Yang et al. (2002) on partial melting in the middle crust. Amphibolite facies are thought to be produced after delamination, when underplating works in the rebound of the lower crust and lithospheric mantle. From the seismology study, I have made the following conclusions: 1) through numerical simulation of surface wave propagation in heterogeneous media, we find that amplitude and polarization of surface wave only change a little when considering heterogeneity and QL waves, generated by surface wave scattering, are caused by lateral variation of anisotropy. 2) QL waves have been identified from the seismograms of selected paths recorded by the Tibetan station CAD, and are utilized to determine the variation of the uppermost mantle anisotropy of the Tibetan plateau. The location of the azimuthal anisotropy gradient is estimated from the group velocities of Rayleigh wave, Love wave and QL wave. We find that a predominant south-north lateral variation of azimuthal anisotropy is located in correspondence of the Tanggula mountain, and a predominant east-west lateral variation of azimuthal anisotropy is found to the north of the Gandese mountain (near 85°E longitude and 30°N latitude) and near the Jinsha river fault (near 85°E longitude and 35°N latitude).
XXI Ciclo
1981
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Books on the topic "Deep crustal structures":

1

Naidu, G. Dhanunjaya. Deep Crustal Structure of the Son-Narmada-Tapti Lineament, Central India. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28442-7.

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Naidu, G. Dhanunjaya. Deep crustal structure of the Son-Narmada-Tapti Lineament, central India. Berlin: Springer, 2012.

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Naidu, G. Dhanunjaya. Deep Crustal Structure of the Son-Narmada-Tapti Lineament, Central India. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Mint︠s︡, M. V. East European craton: Early Precambrian history and 3D models of deep crustal structure. Boulder, Colorado, USA: The Geological Society of America, 2015.

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W, Hillhouse John, and International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. General Assembly, eds. Deep structure and past kinematics of accreted terranes. Washington, DC: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 1989.

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Hilst, Robert Dirk van der, 1961-, McDonough W. F, and International Symposium on Deep Structure, Composition, and Evolution of Continents (1997 : Cambridge, Mass.), eds. Composition, deep structure, and evolution of continents. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1999.

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International Symposium on Deep Seismic Sounding Traverses (1985 Bhubaneswar, India). Deep seismic soundings and crustal tectonics: Proceedings of International Symposium on Deep Seismic Sounding Traverses, November 22-24, Bhubaneswar, India. Edited by Kaila K. L, Tewari H. C, and Association of Exploration Geophysicists. Hyderabad, India: Association of Exploration Geophysicists, 1986.

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International Symposium on Deep Seismic Sounding Traverses (1985 Bhubaneswar, India). Deep seismic soundings and crustal tectonics: Proceedings of International Symposium on Deep Seismic Soundings Traverses, Nov. 22-24, Bhubaneswar, India. Edited by Kaila K. L and Tewari H. C. Hyderabad: Assoaciation of Exploration Geophysicists, 1985.

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D, Ashwal Lewis, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Workshop on the Deep Continental Crust of South India. Houston, Tex: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1988.

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D, Ashwal Lewis, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. Workshop on the Deep Continental Crust of South India. Houston, Tex: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Deep crustal structures":

1

Basheer, Alhussein Adham. "Deep Crustal and Upper Mantle Structures in North Africa: A Review." In Regional Geology Reviews, 21–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48299-1_2.

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2

Myers, John S. "Tectonic evolution of deep crustal structures in the mid-Proterozoic Albany-Fraser Orogen, Western Australia." In Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales, 473–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5870-1_26.

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Ruditch, E. M. "On the Relationship of Deep Earthquakes of Eastern Outlying Districts of Asia with Large Crustal Structures." In Geophysical Monograph Series, 52–59. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm006p0052.

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Wagner, J. J., R. Chessex, S. Sellami, and F. Barblan. "Laboratory density and seismic properties of Alpine crustal rocks." In Deep Structure of the Swiss Alps, 39–44. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9098-4_6.

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5

Wever, Thomas, and Petra Sadowiak. "Crustal suture zones: Seismic signature and structural interpretation." In Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections, 371–75. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd022p0371.

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6

Marchant, R. H., and G. M. Stampfli. "Crustal and lithospheric structure of the Western Alps: geodynamic significance." In Deep Structure of the Swiss Alps, 326–37. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9098-4_24.

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Weber, Klaus, and Axel Vollbrecht. "The Crustal Structure at the KTB Drill Site, Oberpfalz." In Exploration of the Deep Continental Crust, 5–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74588-1_2.

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8

Lund, C. E., R. G. Roberts, T. Dahl-Jensen, and J. Lindgren. "Deep Crustal Structure in the Vicinity of the Siljan Ring." In Deep Drilling in Crystalline Bedrock, 355–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73452-6_29.

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9

Kahle, H. G., A. Geiger, B. Bürki, E. Gubler, U. Marti, B. Wirth, M. Rothacher, et al. "Recent crustal movements, geoid and density distribution: Contribution from integrated satellite and terrestrial measurements." In Deep Structure of the Swiss Alps, 251–59. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9098-4_19.

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Blundell, D. J., T. J. Reston, and A. M. Stein. "Deep Crustal Structural Controls on Sedimentary Basin Geometry." In Origin and Evolution of Sedimentary Basins and Their Energy and Mineral Resources, 57–64. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm048p0057.

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Conference papers on the topic "Deep crustal structures":

1

Schmidt, J., D. Dyrelius, H. Palm, A. Egorkin, N. Yasulievich, and Y. Zolotov. "The Cables Project - Imaging Deep Crustal Structures in the Central Scandinavian Caledonides." In 61st EAGE Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201407737.

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Shiraishi, Kazuya, and Toshiki Watanabe. "Seismic imaging of deep crustal structures via reverse time migration using local earthquakes." In The 14th SEGJ International Symposium, Online, 18–21 October 2021. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segj2021-069.1.

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Ormeni, R. "Crustal Structures Beneath Seismogenetic Zones and Lateral Velocity Contrasts Across Deep Faults of Albania." In 5th Congress of Balkan Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.126.6243.

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4

Louie, John N., and Robert W. Clayton. "The nature of deep crustal structures in the Mojave desert, California, from multioffset reflections." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1986. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1893032.

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Antal Lundin, A., M. Bastani, S. Wang, and J. Jönberger. "Imaging Deep Crustal Structures and Mineralised Zones by 3D Modeling of Potential Field and Magnetotelluric Data - Example." In Near Surface Geoscience 2016 - First Conference on Geophysics for Mineral Exploration and Mining. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602131.

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6

-M. Marthelot, J., M. Diagnieres, A. Hirn, A. Paul, D. Rapping, R. Silioi, B. Damotte, et al. "The ecors 2.5D experiment: an attempt to image deep crustal structures with a sparse 3D recording geometry." In 54th EAEG Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201410364.

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Russell, Michael J. "On Irish bacteriometallogenesis and its wider connotations." In Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits around the world. Irish Association for Economic Geology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61153/pbic1076.

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Abstract:
Rapid and widespread access of surface waters to jostling segments of the upper crust marks the first step to metallogenesis in the Irish early Carboniferous. Overall, siting of these ore-forming systems involves two types of fluid-charged autocatalytic cracking engines. The more obvious is a province-wide diffuse type, excavating downward from the generally submarine surface to where waters are heated, dissolve metals and become buoyant enough to exploit channel ways back to the surface. Another, rather more obscure engine, starts near the mantle-crust boundary and either produces a through-going crustal structure to vectorially guide pressurized mantle volatiles and perhaps accompanying magma toward the surface, or it autonomously drills its way through the entire crust by penetrative convection, as in a diatreme. Either way ore-forming solutions are perhaps best incubated where both engines interact within the crust. But precipitation of minable metal requires structural down warp basins and associated saline, sulphate-reducing microbiome traps. So, whilst there is no unique ex-planation for the distribution of the orebodies, the Navan orebody, its southwest extension (SWEX) and its neigh-bour to the south, Tara Deep, do fall on a putative N-S Geofracture (Gf 3) first proposed in 1968/1969. But the N-S Geofracture hypothesis runs strongly against the “academic” grain! Moreover, no further discoveries can be unequivocally assigned to the hypothesis. So why persist with the notion at all? Well, there have been some other indications of such structures in adjacent countries and, most notably and farthest afield, on Mars which acts as a time machine for our planet! There the seismically active Cerberus Fossae structures have similar crustal joint aspect ratios of 40 to 55km, as with the putative Irish (and Scottish) examples. And five cold springs, sequentially younger to the east, happen to lie well-spaced along a 250km stretch of the northernmost Fossa. Yet there are no signs of mineral sulphide accumulations on Mars. Perhaps lacking there were sulphate-reducing bacteria required for the deposition of economic ores as in Ireland. Indeed, it was the discovery of light sulphate sulphur in the Irish ores, along with lithochemical and geological evidence for an exhalative aspect to them, that inspired the submarine alkaline vent theory (AVT) for the emergence of life. In this theory exothermic serpentinization drives hydrothermal convection cells to produce the exhalations into the Hadean Ocean. Here the free-energy convert-ing iron minerals (oxyhydroxides and sulphides) act as nano-engines in spontaneously precipitated membranes to generate the appropriate organic molecules required for life’s onset from volatile and hydrothermal delivery of CO2, H2, CH4 and the trace elements. These prebiotic nanoengines are powered by the electrical and pH disequilibria focused across the mineral membranes amounting to ~1 volt.
8

Zhou, Lingli, Yi Zheng, Xlaoxia Duan, Yumlao Meng, Peng-peng Yu, Zhanke Li, Suofei Xiong, Fan Xiao, Yongbin Wang, and Jiaxi Zhou. "Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in China: a review of the geological characteristics and genesis." In Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits around the world. Irish Association for Economic Geology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61153/eyly2924.

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China is endowed with mineral resources due to its prolonged and dynamic geological evolutionary history. Marine carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits are mostly concentrated in the southern part of China, represented by the world-class metallogenic belt in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou (“SYG”) triangle in the Yangtze Block, and those Pb-Zn deposits hosted in the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogenic Belt and in the Cathaysia Block. This paper presents a preliminary review of the geological characteristics of the major Pb-Zn mineral deposits in these regions, including the Huize, Maozu and Daliangzi deposits in the SYG triangle, the Jinding, Huoshaoyun and Chapupacha deposits in the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogenic Belt, and the Fankou and Panlong deposits in the Cathaysia Block. The aim is to gain an improved understanding of the geological controls on the carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in China. In general, the carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits in the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks display many similarities, including the mineralization being mainly controlled by stratigraphy (i.e., coarse dolomite layers in certain stratigraphic units) and structure (i.e. well-developed fault systems). The deposits are distinctively high in Pb+Zn grades and enriched in dispersive elements including Ga, Ge, Ag, Cd, and Tl, and are spatially associated with the Permian Emeishan flood basalts. The most distinct geological features of the Zn-Pb deposits in the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogenic Belt is the occurrence of pervasive evaporites and the development of breccias and oxide ores. Overall, deep regional structures, including crustal faults and suture zones and the combined existence of organic matter and evaporites are among those crucial factors to form the large carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in China.
9

Keller, G. A., and G. A. McMechan. "Seismic studies of deep crustal structure in Southwestern Oklahoma." In 1985 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts. SEG, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1892547.

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10

Aziz, Fawwaz, Roger Miller, and Carlos Giraldo. "Improving deep crustal structure depth interpretation by integrating 2D gravity-magnetic modelling and structural restoration: Offshore Borneo." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2019. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2019-3215966.1.

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Reports on the topic "Deep crustal structures":

1

Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.

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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
2

Dafoe, L. T., K. Dickie, and G. L. Williams. Stratigraphy of western Baffin Bay: a review of existing knowledge and some new insights. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321846.

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Sedimentary basins within the Labrador-Baffin Seaway are the product of rifting between Greenland and the paleo-North American Plate. Rifting started in the Early Cretaceous, with seafloor spreading initiated in the Paleocene and ending near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. A change in the spreading direction in the latest Paleocene resulted in transform offsets in the Davis Strait and along fracture zones in Baffin Bay, with deformation in northern Baffin Bay during the Eurekan Orogeny. Since the stratigraphy of western Baffin Bay is poorly constrained, analogues are used from the well studied Labrador and West Greenland margins and exposures on nearby Bylot Island. The generally northwest-trending basement structures are infilled with Cretaceous strata, which are overlain by a seaward-thickening wedge of post-rift Paleocene to Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks. Finally, a thick Middle Miocene and younger interval blankets the deep water and oceanic crust, with clinoforms locally developed on the shelf.
3

de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331097.

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Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.
4

de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331871.

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Abstract:
Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.

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