Relevant bibliographies by topics / Deep coal seam

Academic literature on the topic 'Deep coal seam'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Deep coal seam"

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Wierzchowski, Krzysztof, Jarosław Chećko, and Ireneusz Pyka. "Variability of Mercury Content in Coal Matter From Coal Seams of The Upper Silesia Coal Basin." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 843–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0058.

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Abstract The process of identifying and documenting the quality parameters of coal, as well as the conditions of coal deposition in the seam, is multi-stage and extremely expensive. The taking and analyzing of seam samples is the method of assessment of the quality and quantity parameters of coals in deep mines. Depending on the method of sampling, it offers quite precise assessment of the quality parameters of potential commercial coals. The main kind of seam samples under consideration are so-called “documentary seam samples”, which exclude dirt bands and other seam contaminants. Mercury content in coal matter from the currently accessible and exploited coal seams of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) was assessed. It was noted that the mercury content in coal seams decreases with the age of the seam and, to a lesser extent, seam deposition depth. Maps of the variation of mercury content in selected lithostratigraphic units (layers) of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin have been created.
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Wang, Feng, Zeqi Jie, Bo Ma, Weihao Zhu, and Tong Chen. "Influence of Upper Seam Extraction on Abutment Pressure Distribution during Lower Seam Extraction in Deep Mining." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (October 13, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8331293.

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Pressure-relief coal mining provides an effective way to decrease stress concentration in deep mining and ensures mining safety. However, there is currently a lack of research and field verification on the pressure-relief efficiency and influencing factors during upper seam extraction on the lower seam. In order to make up for this deficiency, in this study, field measurements were conducted in panel Y485, which has a maximum depth of 1030 m and is partially under the goaf of the upper 5# seam in the Tangshan coal mine, China, and evolution of advanced abutment pressure was analyzed. Numerical simulations were conducted to study of influence of key strata on advanced abutment pressure. Influence mechanisms of the upper seam extraction on the advanced abutment pressure distribution during lower seam extraction were revealed. The results indicate that the distribution of advanced abutment stress is influenced by the key strata in the overlying strata. The key strata above the upper coal seam were fractured due to the upper coal seam mining, and the advanced abutment stress was only influenced by the key strata between the two seams during lower coal seam mining. When key strata were present between two seams, the extraction of the lower seam still faces potential dynamic disasters after the extraction of the upper seam. In this case, it would be necessary to fracture the key strata between the two seams in advance for the purpose of mining safety. Key strata in the overlying strata of the 5# seam were fractured during extraction, and advanced abutment pressure was only influenced by the key strata located between the two mined seams. The influence distance of advanced abutment pressure in panel Y485 decreased from 73 m to 38 m, and the distance between the peak advanced abutment pressure and the panel decreased from 29 m to 20.5 m, achieving a pronounced pressure-relief effect.
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Zhang, Jianguo, Man Wang, and Yingwei Wang. "Fracture evolution and gas transport laws of coal and rock in one kilometer deep coal mine with complicated conditions." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 3 (2019): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180526126z.

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As coal mining gradually extends deeper, coal seams in China generally show high stress, high gas pressure and low permeability, bringing more difficulty to coal mining. Therefore, in order to strengthen gas extraction, it is necessary to carry out reservoir reconstruction after deep coal seams reached. In this paper, the distribution and evolution laws of fracture zone overlaying strata of J15 seam in Pingdingshan No. 10 coal mine after excavation were studied by combining similar simulation and numerical simulation, meanwhile, the gas transport law within fracture zone was numerically simulated. The results show that the fracture zone reaches a maximum of 350 mm in the vertical direction and is 75 mm away from W9,10 coal seams in vertical distance. Since W9,10 coal seams are in an area greatly affected by the bending zone of J15 coal seam under the influence of mining, the mining of J15 coal seam will exert a strong permeability enhancement effect on W9,10 coal seams. The J15 coal seam can act as a long-distance protective layer of W9,10 coal seams to eliminate the outburst danger of the long-distance coal seams in bending zone with coal and gas outburst danger, thereby achiev?ing safe, productive and efficient integrated mining of coal and gas resources. The gas flux of mining-induced fractures in the trapezoidal stage of mining-induced fracture field is far greater than that in the overlaying stratum matrix. The horizontal separation fractures and vertical broken fractures within the mining-induced fracture field act as passages for gas-flow. Compared with gas transport in the overlaying stratum matrix, the horizontal separation fractures and vertical broken fractures within the mining-induced fracture field play a role in guiding gas-flow. The research results can provide theoretical support for the arrangement of high-level gas extraction boreholes in roof fracture zones.
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Han, Feng Shan, and Xin Li Wu. "Numerical Simulation of Compressive Experiment of Coal Seam in Deep Underground for Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 387 (August 2013): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.387.189.

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The geological storage of has been recognized as an important strategy to reduce emission in the atmosphere. Coal seam has strong absorption capacity for , hence the coal seam can be used as geological storage reservoirs, simple and easy to use modeling tools would be valuable in assessing the performance of deep underground geological storage. In this paper failure process of coal seam in deep underground under triaxial compressive experiment is presented by numerical simulation. That is of significance and valuable to those subjects of investigation of strength of coal seam in deep underground and mechanism of propagation and coalescence and evolvement of crack for coal seam in deep underground, it is shown by numerical simulation that failure shape of coal seam in deep underground under triaxial compressive experiment of lateral pressure of 25Mpa is typically shear failure, and characteristic of deformation is obviously elastic-brittle, which is significance to understand the performance of the coal seam in deep underground
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Gu, Beifang, Longkang Wang, and Minbo Zhang. "Assessment of Risk Tendency of Coal Bursting Pressure in Deep Outburst Seam." Geofluids 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9150738.

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In order to analysis the mechanism of coal bursting pressures of deep coal seams and take effective methods to identify, monitor, and control coal bursting pressure, this paper takes 21101 working face of No. 2 coal seam in Dongpang Coal Mine as an example. Risk identification is carried out for the hazardous and harmful factors of coal bursting pressure in coal seam 21101 in Dongpang Coal Mine, and each influencing factor is classified. The hierarchical structure model of the influencing factors of coal bursting pressure in coal seam protruding deep in Dongpang Coal Mine is established in combination with expert opinions, and the weight of each level index is calculated by MATLAB software. The results show that the 21101 working face of No. 2 coal seam in Dongpang Coal Mine has strong impact risk, and the main risk factors include geological structure, impact resistance of coal and rock, mining stress, inducing factors, and emphasis degree of impact risk. According to the results, the corresponding safety measures are put forward to prevent the damage caused by coal bursting pressure in advance and ensure the high quality and safe production in the mine. The qualitative and quantitative methods are used to make the evaluation process more reasonable and scientific. The method could effectively analyze the main factors affecting coal bursting pressure and put forward corresponding safety measures for the main risk factors.
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Hao, Jianchi, Lifeng Ren, Hu Wen, and Duo Zhang. "Experimental Study of Gangue Layer Weakening with Deep-Hole Presplitting Blasting." Shock and Vibration 2021 (November 10, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4796500.

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Advances in coal mining technology and an increase in coal output are resulting in increasingly challenging conditions being encountered at coal seams. This is particularly so at thin coal seams, where a large number of hard rock layers known as gangue are often present, which seriously affect the normal operation of the shearer and reduce coal output. Therefore, the effective weakening of hard gangue layers in a coal seam is crucial to ensure that the shearer operates effectively and that coal output is maximized. In this paper, the weakening effect of deep-hole presplitting blasting technology on the hard gangue layer in a coal seam is studied via a similar simulation. Four test schemes are designed: (1) A blasting hole spacing of 200 mm with the holes offset vertically. (2) A blast hole spacing of 300 mm with the holes offset vertically. (3) A blast hole spacing of 200 mm with the holes parallel to the gangue layer. (4) A blasting hole spacing of 200 mm with the holes offset vertically and initiation of interval blasting. The effect of the different blasting hole spacings and arrangements and different detonation methods on the weakening of coal seam clamping by gangue is studied, and the best configuration is identified. This improves the effect of weakening the coal gangue layer by deep-hole presplitting blasting.
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Zheng, Gui Qiang, Biao Can Ling, and Xue Zheng Zhu. "Study on Evaluation System for Coalbed Methane from Deep Coal Seams in China." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.83.

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In this study, data from 244 CBM production wells were collected and analyzed in China. Based on the data, coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir properties and geological factors were studied. Combined with previous study results, the current situation of CBM resource evaluation, the classification of evaluation indexes and evaluation standard were analyzed. Finally, the evaluation system aiming at deep coal seam CBM was suggested. This system tries to provide important theoretical and technical support to CBM exploration and geological target selection evaluation for deep coal seams in China. This will provide important guideline and technical support to CBM exploration and geological target selection evaluation in deep coal seam CBM in China.
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Shasha, Si, Wang Zhaofeng, Zhang Wenhao, and Dai Juhua. "Study on Adsorption Model of Deep Coking Coal Based on Adsorption Potential Theory." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (August 8, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9596874.

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With the exhaustion of coal resources in shallow coal seams, many mining areas have moved to deep mining, and the coal storage environment is obviously affected by the mining depth, mainly manifested as the increase of gas pressure and temperature, which makes the adsorption characteristics of deep coal seam gas much more complicated than shallow coal seam. Based on this, this paper chooses Pingdingshan coking coal as the research object, using Hsorb-2600 high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption instrument to carry on isothermal adsorption experiment. According to the adsorption theory and the uniqueness of the adsorption characteristics cure, the adsorption model was analyzed and studied. The results show that the predicted curve of coal seam gas adsorption isotherm is in good agreement with the measured curve, the relative error is less than 10%, and the adsorption characteristic curve is logarithmic. At the same time, the model is used to study the variation of adsorbed gas amount with mining depth. The results show that the adsorbed gas amount increases first and then decreases with coal burial depth.
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Zhao, Zhi Gen, Jia Chen, and Jia Ping Yan. "Features of Jianshanchong Klippe and its Control to Gas Geology at Qingshan Coal Mine, Jiangxi Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 164 (April 2012): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.164.501.

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The coal and gas outburst is serious at Qingshan Coal Mine of Jiangxi Province, so it is of significance to research the features of Jianshanchong klippe and its control to gas geology. The research reveals that: Jianshanchong klippe is distributed from the east boundary of Qingshan Coal Mine to No. 45 Exploration Line, its transverse profile is like a funnel while its longitudinal profile is like a wedge, northwest side of the klippe is thicker and deeper while southeast side is thinner and more shallow. Because of the cover and insert of Jianshanchong klippe, the structure of coal-bearing strata is more complex, some secondary folds are formed, and also, the coal seam is changed greatly, the tectonic coal is well developed and the coal seam is suddenly thickening or thinning. Due to the effect of Jianshanchong klippe, the coal and gas outbursts occur in the area of secondary folds, thicker coal seams or tectonic coals. Concerning the prediction of gas geology in deep area, in view of the facts including simpler structure, stable coal seam and decreased thickness, the gas emission rate and the coal and gas outburst will decrease in Fifth and Sixth Mining Level than that in Second and Third Mining Level
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Simatupang, David P., and Deddy Amarullah. "COAL BED METHANE POTENCYOF TANJUNG FORMATION IN TANAH BUMBU SOUTH KALIMANTAN." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2010): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v5i2.256.

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Coal deposits distributes widely in Indonesia, mainly in Sumatera and Kalimantan. These deposits become an indication for a huge quantity of coal-bed methane (CBM) potency. As an environmentally friendly source of energy, CBM could be one of Indonesia's future energy sources. Centre for Geological Resources (CGR) started the exploration for this energy since 2005, while the study was conducted in 2008 at Tanjung Formation in Tanah Bumbu Area, South Kalimantan.CSAT-1 well was drilled to provide CBM resources and deep coal mine potency data for Tanjung Formation (Eocene) in Asem-asem Basin. This well went through 10 coal seams with three main seam, which is E seam at 212.34-213.30 m depth, I seam at 261.93-264.20 m, and J seam at 270.20-275.35 m depth. Calorific value from this three main seam categorized as high rank coal, vary from 6197-6745 cal/gram (adb), with total moisture between 4.51-7.11 %, adb.Total coal resources used for CBM resources quantification is 112,733,226 tons (between 300 to 1000 meters depth). Based on desorption test and gas chromatograph measurement from samples at various depth from three main seams, those coal gives methane resources estimation about 430 MSCF, with methane content vary between 1.2 - 6.6 cu-ft/ton of coal.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deep coal seam"

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Williams, Lindsey C. "The U.S. Atlantic commercial fishing industry and cold water coral conservation history, current trends and next steps /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 115 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1824796041&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Galkiewicz, Julia Parker. "Microbial Ecology and Functional Genomics of Deep-Water Coral-Associated Microbes." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3111.

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Lophelia pertusa is a cosmopolitan cold-water coral, often found in aphotic waters (>200m). Aggregations of L. pertusa (reefs) provide important habitat to many invertebrate and fish species and act as biodiversity hotspots in the deep sea. The health and diversity of these reefs is of vital importance to deep-sea ecosystems, and the microbial consortia associated with L. pertusa form the most basic ecological level. Deciphering the diversity and function of these microbes provides insight into the roles they play in maintaining reef health. This dissertation takes microbiological techniques that are used in shallow-water coral microbial research and applies them to L. pertusa. A flaw in a primer set, which is commonly used in the molecular genetics method Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to obtain data on coral-associated microbes, is discussed and an alternative approach is presented. In addition, two culture-based studies are employed to catalogue diversity and explore functional differences in strains of both bacteria and fungi. The cultured bacteria were tested for resistance against six antibiotics that affect a variety of cellular targets to elucidate strain level differences. The first cultured fungi ever described from L. pertusa were identified by molecular techniques and assayed using Biolog plates to test their metabolic capabilities. Preliminary data analysis on metagenomic libraries of the microbial-size fraction of L. pertusa is presented and discussed in the context of microbial diversity and function, bridging the gap between culture-based work on function and culture-independent work on diversity.
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Le, Goff-Vitry Marie-Cécile. "Molecular ecology of the deep-sea coral Lophelia pertusa in the North East Atlantic." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398819.

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Gomez, Carlos E. "Ecological and physiological constraints of deep-sea corals in a changing environment." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/535228.

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Biology
Ph.D.
Deep-water or cold-water corals are abundant and highly diverse, greatly increase habitat heterogeneity and species richness, thereby forming one of the most significant ecosystems in the deep sea. Despite this remote location, they are not removed from the different anthropogenic disturbances that commonly impact their shallow-water counterparts. The global decrease in seawater pH due to increases in atmospheric CO2 are changing the chemical properties of the seawater, decreasing the concentration of carbonate ions that are important elements for different physiological and ecological processes. Predictive models forecast a shoaling of the carbonate saturation in the water column due to OA, and suggest that cold-water corals are at high risk, since large areas of suitable habitat will experience suboptimal conditions by the end of the century. The main objective of this study was to explore the fate of the deep-water coral community in time of environmental change. To better understand the impact of climate change this study focused in two of the most important elements of deep-sea coral habitat, the reef forming coral Lophelia pertusa and the octocoral community, particularly the gorgonian Callogorgia delta. By means of controlled experiments, I examined the effects of long- and short-term exposures to seawater simulating future scenarios of ocean acidification on calcification and feeding efficiency. Finally In order to understand how the environment influences the community assembly, and ultimately how species cope with particular ecological filters, I integrated different aspects of biology such functional diversity and ecology into a more evolutionary context in the face of changing environment. My results suggest that I) deep-water corals responds negatively to future OA by lowering the calcification rates, II) not all individuals respond in the same way to OA with high intra-specific variability providing a potential for adaptation in the long-term III) there is a disruption in the balance between accretion and dissolution that in the long term can shift from net accretion to net dissolution, and IV) there is an evolutionary implication for certain morphological features in the coral community that can give an advantage under stresfull conditions. Nevertheless, the suboptimal conditions that deep-water corals will experience by the end of the century could potentially threaten their persistence, with potentially negative consequences for the future stability of this already fragile ecosystem.
Temple University--Theses
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Burke, Andrea Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Constraining circulation changes through the last deglaciation with deep-sea coral radiocarbon and sedimentary ²³¹Pa/²³⁰Th." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70777.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Radioactive isotopes can be used in paleoceanography both for dating samples and as tracers of ocean processes. Here I use radiocarbon and uranium series isotopes to investigate the ocean's role in climate change over the last deglaciation. I present a new method for rapid radiocarbon analyses as a means of age-screening deep-sea corals for further study. Based on age survey results, I selected forty corals from the Drake Passage and thirteen from the Reykjanes Ridge off Iceland and dated them with uranium series isotopes. The uranium series dates give independent ages that allow radiocarbon to be used as a tracer of circulation and carbon cycle changes. The radiocarbon records generated from the Drake Passage corals show increased stratification in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial maximum (LGM) that disappeared during the start of the deglaciation as atmospheric CO2 began to rise during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HI). Considering these data and using a simple mass budget calculation, I show that the drop in atmospheric radiocarbon activity during H1 can be explained given direct carbon exchange between the radiocarbon-depleted deep ocean and atmosphere, e.g. through the Southern Ocean. The Drake Passage radiocarbon records also show evidence for decreased air-sea gas exchange in the Southern Ocean during the Antarctic Cold Reversal/Belling-Allered coincident with the hiatus in the deglacial CO2 rise. During this time period in the North Atlantic, radiocarbon reconstructions from deep-sea corals collected from off Iceland show a similar ventilation rate to that observed today and during the Holocene. To further investigate changes in North Atlantic ventilation over the last deglaciation, I used an inverse model to assess the consistency of sedimentary 2m1 Pa/ 230Th ratios from the Holocene, Hl, and the LGM with the modern circulation. Although sedimentary 231Pa/230Th has been used to infer changes in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation in the past, I find that published data are consistent with the modern circulation during the LGM and Hi. These findings highlight the importance of giving due regard to the uncertainties in the behavior and spatial distribution of paleoceanographic tracers.
by Andrea Burke.
Ph.D.
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Akhondzadeh, Hamed. "Pore scale study on permeability stimulation and hydrogen geostorage in coal seams." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2022. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2551.

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Coalbed methane (CBM) is basically naturally fractured, and the cleat network plays the main role in providing the fluid flow path, hence the permeability measure in CBM relies principally on the characteristics of this network. However, the permeability of the cleat network in coals is typically low. Moreover, fractures in coal seams might be partially to fully filled with minerals, a process called mineralization, as the result of which the permeability measure would decrease, sometimes leading to the total blockage of fractures. Therefore, to provide a promising cleat network permeability, reservoir stimulation is an important part in development of low permeability CBM to induce new fractures and demineralize the original cleat network. The current study, in general, focuses on two stimulation techniques aiming at enhancing the permeability and connectivity of coal cleat network, namely liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing, and acid stimulation. Several techniques and equipment were used to conduct this research, such as Micro Computed Tomography (μ-CT) scanning, medical CT scanning, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), flooding set-ups, etc. Although LN2 fracturing has been studied previously, there are some gaps in the research in this field. The first matter to consider in LN2 fracturing is to investigate the mechanism of this technique in fracturing coals. Therefore, the research presented in the third chapter of the current study, examines and quantifies the pore structure and connectivity evolution of a bituminous coal frozen in LN2, based on the in-situ morphological analysis through μ-CT scanning. This helps us to investigate the associated in-situ fracturing mechanisms, and measure the extent of induced fractures and damage to the rock in 3D at micrometre-scale. The results of this study shows the considerable potential of LN2 freezing in coal cleat network permeability enhancement. The μ-CT results clearly demonstrate that the cleat network is boosted following the treatment, where thoroughgoing fractures with a maximum opening of 13 μm appear, some of which are rooted in the original cleat network. While this application increases the porosity measure of the bituminous coal by 11%, core flooding tests and Lattice Boltzmann simulations show over double increase in the coal’s permeability value after liquid nitrogen exposure. This noticeable permeability enhancement is not only due to generation of new fractures, but also is attributed to the connection establishment of the cleat network with originally isolated pores and micro-cleats following the freezing, thereby increasing pore network connectivity. Following conducting the above study, which revealed encouraging results in permeability and connectivity enhancement of the coal and illustrated the discovering mechanisms of LN2 fracturing approach, another research in this work focuses on examining the performance of this stimulation technique in different coal ranks. This research is presented in chapter 4 of the current study. This research thus is aimed at exploring the potential of this thermal shock in fracturing three main coal ranks, namely sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite. The 3D X-ray computed tomography results in μ-CT and macroscale (medical-CT) reveal a poor performance of LN2 fracturing in anthracite. On the contrary, the in-situ 3D visualization of the other two coal ranks suggests a promising fracturing performance. The porosity evolutions of bituminous and sub-bituminous coals through the treatment are 14% and 119% in microscale, respectively. Thus, this work suggests that LN2 fracturing approach may not be a reliable stimulation technique for high rank coals, although performs encouragingly in medium to low rank coals. In addition to the above studies on LN2 fracturing potential and mechanism as well as its performance in different coal ranks, another research completed in this study focuses on the potential of several cycles of LN2 freezing/unfreezing, a process called freeze-thaw, which is presented in chapter 5 of the current study. This research is aimed at comparing the performance of this fracturing technique in one freezing cycle with up to three freeze-thaw cycles, and quantifies the efficiency of each cycle in cleat network evolution. μ-CT images revealed a promising efficiency in cleat network evolution after three freezing cycles, where the number of pores increased by 50% (92715 142650), and the number of interconnected pores almost doubled (42060 78905). SEM along with μ-CT images highlight more encouraging efficiency of second and third freezing cycles, particularly in terms of enhancing fractures interconnection. Mechanical properties analysis reveals more significant damage in the coal in the latter freezing cycles, where the indentation modulus was initially 3.49 GPa and decreased to 2.81, 2.11 and 1.52 GPa through three freezing cycles. Finally, the permeability of the coal under 1000 kPa confining pressure increased from 0.035 mD to 0.18 mD, with larger increments in later cycles. Therefore, this research highlights the superiority of LN2 freeze-thaw cycling over single freezing of coals with LN2 through conducting a quantitative comparison on the efficiency of each freezing cycle. In addition to LN2 fracturing technique, this study works on acid stimulation of coals, and evaluates the potential of a combination of these two recovery enhancement approaches in coal’s permeability evolution, the results of which is presented in the form of a research article in chapter 6. This work suggests that a combination of these two techniques have a considerable potential for recovery enhancement in coals. In case where acidizing is performed first, in addition to the permeability enhancement because of cleat demineralization, a more promising LN2 fracturing application is expected, because the coal’s strength decreases following acidizing, and the coal is more prone to freezing. In the other sequence of applications, where LN2 freezing is accomplished first, not only the cleat network is extended and boosted due to the fracturing application, but also the following acidizing process benefits because of a better accessibility of the acid to remote mineralised fractures. The findings in the above research articles show how a coalbed methane could be treated to provide an enhanced cleat network, where fluid flow is facilitated, and the coalbed methane is extracted. Such coalbed methane reserve would be depleted from gas at this stage. Generally, underground reservoirs might have a potential for gas storage following depletion from gas/oil. This could be beneficial from environmental aspect, for example unwanted gases such as carbon dioxide could be injected into these reservoirs. Additionally, in the recent years, depleted underground reservoirs have attracted the attention of energy sector as a possible storage site for generated hydrogen, as it is not a safe practice to store massive amount of this gas in surface reservoirs. Indeed, hydrogen has become a significant topic recently due to its dramatic potential as an energy carrier as well as environmental friendliness, while its storage is a challenge, thus the viability of storing this gas into a depleted coal seam was investigated in this study. In this application, coal permeability is a key parameter which determines how fast H2 can be injected and withdrawn again. However, it is expected to observe coal swelling when subjected to several gases, as a result of which coal permeability reduces significantly. Therefore, chapter 7 presents a research article, in which H2 gas is injected into a coal core and dynamic permeability is measured, while imaging the core via x-ray micro-tomography at reservoir conditions. Importantly, no changes in coal cleat morphology or permeability were observed in this study. This research thus suggests that H2 geo-storage in deep coal seams is feasible from a fundamental petro-physical perspective.
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Henry, Lara. "Metabolism in corals from Antarctica, the deep-sea, and the shallow subtropics: contrasts in temperature, depth, and light." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4903.

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Coral habitats span the range from tropical to polar, extremely shallow to thousands of meters deep. The differences in light and temperature experienced in these varied habitats likely affect the metabolic rates of the corals residing there. The metabolism of three coral species from different habitats have been examined to elucidate the effects of these environmental parameters on metabolism, an under-studied aspect of coral biology. For all three species, measurements of oxygen uptake, ammonium excretion, and activity of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and citrate synthase (CS) were used to characterize their metabolism. Off Florida's Gulf coast, Cladocora arbuscula is known to be one of the species least damaged by bleaching events and is one of the quickest to recover, making it an ideal candidate for studying the effects of symbionts. The first set of experiments was designed to reveal the effect of disrupting the coral-algal symbiosis between this subtropical shallow-water coral and its dinoflagellate symbiont, Symbiodinium. The metabolic effects were described for "normal" C. arbuscula and those "bleached" by being held in total darkness for 4 months. Normal C. arbuscula had a relatively low rate of oxygen consumption at 21°C, averaging 2.43±0.65 µmol O2 gwm-1 h-1 (±S.E.), using tissue wet mass, while the bleached colonies had an average rate of 2.46±0.49 µmol O2 gwm-1 h-1. Ammonium excretion averaged 0.07±0.02 and 0.10±0.03 µmol NH4+ gwm-1 h-1 (±S.E.) for normal and bleached C. arbuscula, respectively. The activity values of the metabolic enzymes citrate synthase (CS) fell within the normal range expected for a cnidarian, averaging around 0.09±0.02 activity units (U) gwm-1 for both treatments, indicating normal aerobic ability. MDH was extremely high for the normal corals, compared to other cnidarians, averaging 2.5±0.4 U gwm-1, and a bit lower for the bleached corals, averaging 1.2±0.3 U gwm-1, indicating high MDH activity during both normoxia and hypoxia. LDH activity, also high, averaged 1.3±0.2 U gwm-1 for both treatments, indicating anaerobic competence. These experiments show that C. arbuscula is adept at maintaining almost completely normal metabolic function when bleached, although the corals quickly become re-inoculated with symbionts upon return to normal light conditions in a tank with normal corals. The second set of experiments served to characterize the metabolism of Lophelia pertusa, an azooxanthellate cold-water coral that thrives in water depths between 36 and 3383 m. L. pertusa is rather stenothermal, commonly found between 6-8°C, but in the Gulf of Mexico can be subjected to warm water incursions. This makes it an ideal candidate for the examination of the effects of temperature. L. pertusa exhibited a respiration rate of 1.14 µmol O2 gwm-1 h-1 at the control temperature of 8°C. Calculating the Q10 for bringing L. pertusa up to the environmental temperature of C. arbuscula results in a value of 1.8. The 11°C treatment group exhibited an 11% increase in respiration, while at 13°C, the corals showed a 23% rise from normal. The 5°C group showed a 32% decrease in respiration. The activity values of the metabolic enzyme citrate synthase (CS) fell into the normal range expected for a cnidarian, averaging 0.15, 0.20, 0.10, and 0.18 activity units (U) gwm-1 for the 8°C, 11°C, 13°C, and 5°C treatments, respectively. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) values were unexpectedly high, averaging 2.05, 1.48, 1.48, and 1.82U gwm-1 for the 8°C, 11°C, 13°C, and 5°C treatments, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was undetectable in this species, suggesting it has a different terminal glycolytic enzyme. Nonetheless, the other two enzymes indicate metabolic competence in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. L. pertusa is adaptable to temperatures within its range, although its respiration rate is lower than that of tropical corals. The third set of experiments characterized the metabolism of the endemic Antarctic coral Flabellum impensum, one of the world's largest solitary corals. It resides at roughly the same depths as L. pertusa, but the water temperature in its habitat never strays far from 0°C. F. impensum had a low rate of oxygen consumption at 0°C, averaging 0.31 µmol O2 g-1 h-1, calculated using tissue wet mass. Calculating a Q10 for this species at C. arbuscula's habitat temperature results in a value of 2.7. Ammonium excretion averaged 4.21 nmol NH4+ gwm-1 h-1. The activity values of the metabolic enzymes citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) fell within the normal range expected for a cnidarian, averaging 0.13, 1.01, and 0.42 activity units (U) gwm-1, respectively. A count of the skeletal growth bands on the calyx suggests that this species has a linear extension rate of approximately 1 mm per year. F. impensum is a long-lived, slow-growing coral, with a low metabolic rate.
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Georgian, Sam Ellis. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGETIC CONSTRAINTS ON COLD-WATER CORALS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/382890.

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Biology
Ph.D.
Cold-water corals act as critical foundation species in the deep sea by creating extensive three-dimensional habitat structures that support biodiversity hotspots. There is currently a paucity of data concerning the environmental requirements and physiology of cold-water corals, severely limiting our ability to predict how resilient they will be to future environmental change. Cold-water corals are expected to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification, the reduction in seawater pH and associated changes to the carbonate system caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Here, the ecological niche and physiology of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa is explored to predict its sensitivity to ocean acidification. Species distribution models were generated in order to quantify L. pertusa’s niche in the Gulf of Mexico with regard to parameters including seafloor topography, the carbonate system, and the availability of hard substrate. A robust oceanographic assessment of the Gulf of Mexico was conducted in order to characterize the current environmental conditions at benthic sites, with a focus on establishing the baseline carbonate system in L. pertusa habitats. Finally, an experimental approach was used to test the physiological response of biogeographically separated L. pertusa populations from the Gulf of Mexico and the Norwegian coast to ocean acidification. Based on my findings, it appears that L. pertusa already persists near the edge of its viable niche space in some locations, and therefore may be highly vulnerable to environmental change. However, experimental results suggest that some populations may be surprisingly resilient to ocean acidification, yielding broad implications for the continued persistence of cold-water corals in future oceans.
Temple University--Theses
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Dunlop, Erik Christopher. "Controls on Gas Production from Permian Ultra-deep Coal Seams of the Cooper Basin: Expanding Reservoir Boundary Theory." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/123421.

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This thesis reveals atypical dynamic reservoir behaviour within Cooper Basin ultra-deep coal seams during gas production that calls for a paradigm shift in gas extraction technology, diametrically opposed to the evolutionary path of current drilling, wellbore completion, and reservoir stimulation practices. An anomalous geomechanical reservoir boundary condition is detected that is, by definition, mostly restricted to ultra-deep coal seams. The discovery has resulted in the formulation of a new coal seam reservoir concept - “Expanding Reservoir Boundary Theory”. Ultra-deep Permian coal seams of the Cooper Basin in central Australia represent a nascent thermogenic source rock reservoir play. Proof-of-concept gas flow occurred in 2007. The vast (100+ Tscf) potential resource is comparable in commercial significance, and technical challenge, to the shale gas plays of North America. As with shale, full-cycle, standalone commercial gas production from Cooper Basin ultra-deep coal seams requires a large, complex, permeable “stimulated reservoir volume” (SRV) domain having high fracture / fabric face surface area for gas desorption. This goal has not yet been achieved after 13 years of trials because, owing to the bipolar combination of coal-like geomechanical properties and shale-like reservoir properties, these poorly cleated, inertinitic coal seams exhibit “hybrid” characteristics. This is problematic for achieving effective reservoir stimulation, and poses the greatest immediate challenge. Stimulation techniques adopted from other play types are incompatible with the highly unfavourable combination of nanoDarcy-scale permeability, “ductility”, and high stress. The Cooper Basin Deep Coal Gas (CBDCG) Play commences 6,000 feet (1,830 metres) below the “commercial permeability depth limit” for most shallow coal seam gas (CSG) reservoirs but this does not reduce gas flow potential. Shale gas industry technologies have, in principle, eliminated the requirement for naturally occurring coal fabric permeability. Optimum reservoir conditions occur at depths beyond 9,000 feet (2,740 metres), driven by very low water saturation, high gas content, gas oversaturation, overpressure, rigid host rock strata, and high deviatoric stress. The limited literature does not yet adequately characterise the physical response of ultra-deep coal seams, and the surrounding host rock strata, to production pressure drawdown. It remains to be established how artificial fracture and coal fabric aperture width change as a consequence of the dynamic, diametric competition between gas desorption-induced coal matrix shrinkage and the omnipresent tendency for reservoir compaction caused by increasing production pressure drawdown-induced effective stress. This technical impasse, inhibiting commercialisation, is addressed by analysing the atypical flowback behaviour of hydraulically fracture stimulated coal seams within a dedicated vertical wellbore at 9,500 feet (2,900 metres). High-resolution, non-classical flowback analysis is performed on the pure dataset of Australia’s first ultra-deep coal gas well. Wellhead and fracture network pressures are recorded continuously for 8 1/2 years, at a 10-minute sample interval, while flowing to atmosphere. Natural flowback behaviour is analogous to that of a mechanical gas plunger artificial lift system. A low but gradually increasing quasi-steady state base gas flow, free of produced formation water, is overprinted by a non-steady state, cyclical pressure signature that is diagnostic of dynamic reservoir behaviour during gas production. A total of 114 high-rate, “geyser-like” gas surge events, gradually increasing in duration from 2 hours to 2 weeks, and in reservoir equivalent volume from 360 to 20,000 rcf (10 to 570 rcm), suggest the gas headspace compartment of a “down-hole void space domain” is steadily increasing in size. The gas surge events result from intermittent release of fracture network gas, hydrostatically compressed by flowback fluid slowly accumulating within the wellbore. A production “history match” for the gas surge event pressure profile is obtained by designing, fabricating, operating, and data logging a computer-controlled hydraulic apparatus within The University of Adelaide’s experimental wellbore, at a depth of 230 feet (70 metres). This physically simulates open-ended flowing manometer-like hydrodynamic behaviour of the wellbore-reservoir system. A postulated geological trigger mechanism for surge initiation is tested and validated; “wellbore hydrostatic back-pressure and reservoir stress-dependent leak-off”. Time-lapse pressure transient analysis (PTA) is performed on three extended wellbore pressure build-up tests, lasting 157, 259, and 295 days respectively. Increasing permeability is recognised within coal fabric surrounding the initial fracture network SRV domain. Time-lapse rate transient analysis (RTA) performed on the first two subsequent wellbore pressure “blow-down to atmosphere” (BDTA) gas flow rate decline profiles indicates that hydraulic fracture flow conductivity increased during the intervening 327-day flowback period. Interpreted dilation of hydraulic fracture apertures is supported by a 60% increase in the initial BDTA gas flow rates, from 7.5 to 12.0 MMscfd (212.4 to 340.0 Mscmd). Cooper Basin ultra-deep coal gas reservoirs behave differently to other deep, thermogenic source rock reservoirs, and require a paradigm shift in reservoir stimulation technology that does not rely exclusively upon hydraulic fracture stimulation and the “brittleness factor”. Pressure arching may fill this role by neutralising the omnipresent tendency for reservoir compaction caused by increasing production pressure drawdown-induced effective stress. The combined, mutually sustaining actions of desorption-induced coal matrix shrinkage and sympathetic pressure arch “stress shield” evolution generate an “expanding reservoir boundary and decreasing confining stress” condition that allows producing ultra-deep coal seams, and adjacent strata indirectly (which may include other reservoir types), to progressively de-stress and “self-fracture” in an overall state of endogenous tensile failure. As with underground coal mine excavations, pressure arching will deflect maximum stress vectors around the dilating “dispersed coal fabric void space” domain of a growing fracture network SRV domain that has developed reduced bulk structural integrity, and reduced bulk compressive strength, compared to the surrounding native coal seam and host rock strata. Size and effectiveness of pressure arching increases with depth. Cooper Basin ultra-deep coal seams, and adjacent “non-coal” reservoirs indirectly, may be effectively stimulated to flow gas on a large scale by harnessing this self-perpetuating, depth-resistant mechanism for creating coal fracture / fabric permeability and surface area for gas desorption. They may be induced to pervasively “shatter”, or “self-fracture”, naturally during gas production, independent of the lack of “brittleness”, analogous to the manner in which shrinkage crack networks slowly form, in a state of intrinsic, endogenous tension, within desiccating clay-rich surface sediment. Full-cycle, standalone commercial gas production is considered likely to occur when “Expanding Reservoir Boundary Theory” is applied, so as to replicate the very large, complex fracture network SRV domain of commercial shale gas reservoirs.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2020
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Mughal, Mehreen. "Eguchipsammia fistula Microsatellite Development and Population Analysis." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/262733.

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Deep water corals are an understudied yet biologically important and fragile ecosystem under threat from recent increasing temperatures and high carbon dioxide emissions. Using 454 sequencing, we develop 14 new microsatellite markers for the deep water coral Eguchipsammia fistula, collected from the Red Sea but found in deep water coral ecosystems globally. We tested these microsatellite primers on 26 samples of this coral collected from a single population. Results show that these corals are highly clonal within this population stemming from a high level of asexual reproduction. Mitochondrial studies back up microsatellite findings of high levels of genetic similarity. CO1, ND1 and ATP6 mitochondrial sequences of E. fistula and 11 other coral species were used to build phylogenetic trees which grouped E. fistula with shallow water coral Porites rather than deep sea L. Petusa.
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Books on the topic "Deep coal seam"

1

Jr, Parker R. O. Southeastern U.S. deepwater reef fish assemblages, habitat characteristics, catches, and life history summaries. Seattle, WA: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1998.

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Deep-water coral reefs: Unique biodiversity hot-spots. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.

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Murray, Roberts J., ed. Cold-water corals: The biology and geology of deep-sea coral habitats. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Stone, Robert P. The ecology of deep-sea coral and sponge habitats of the central Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Seattle, Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2014.

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(Editor), Andre Freiwald, and J. Murray Roberts (Editor), eds. Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems (Erlangen Earth Conference Series) (Erlangen Earth Conference Series). Springer, 2005.

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Cairns, Stephen, Andrew Wheeler, J. Murray Roberts, and André Freiwald. Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Cairns, Stephen, Andrew Wheeler, J. Murray Roberts, and André Freiwald. Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats. Cambridge University Press, 2022.

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Beebe, William. Beneath Tropic Seas: A Record Of Diving Among The Coral Reefs Of Haiti. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.

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L, Partyka Melissa, United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research., and United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Ocean Exploration and Research., eds. Southeastern United States deep-sea corals (SEADESC) initiative: A collaboration to characterize areas of habitat forming deep-sea corals. Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2007.

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Poore, Gary CB, Shane T. Ahyong, and Joanne Taylor, eds. Biology of Squat Lobsters. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104341.

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Squat lobsters of the superfamilies Chirostyloidea and Galatheoidea are highly visible crustaceans on seamounts, continental margins, shelf environments, hydrothermal vents and coral reefs. About 1000 species are known. They frequently feature in deep-sea images taken by submersibles and are caught in large numbers by benthic dredges. Some species are so locally abundant that they form ‘red tides’. Others support a variety of important fisheries. The taxonomy of squat lobsters has been intensively studied over the past few decades, making them one of the best known deepwater crustacean groups. As a result, they have attracted the attention of deep-sea ecologists who use them as proxies to test hypotheses about deepwater ecological processes and biogeography. Interest in squat lobsters now extends much more widely than the taxonomic research community and this work is a timely synthesis of what is known about these animals. The Biology of Squat Lobsters provides keys for identification and reviews the current state of knowledge of the taxonomy, evolution, life history, distribution, ecology and fisheries of squat lobsters. A striking feature of squat lobsters is their vivid coloration, which is revealed in a selection of spectacular images of different species. 2012 Whitley Award Commendation for Invertebrate Natural History.
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Book chapters on the topic "Deep coal seam"

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Xin, Lin, Kaixuan Li, Mingze Feng, and Jiaze Li. "Feasibility analysis and evaluation of in-situ two-stage gasification of deep coal seam to produce high hydrogen coal gas." In Advances in Geology and Resources Exploration, 567–77. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308584-80.

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Houlbrèque, Fanny, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, and Christine Ferrier-Pagès. "Heterotrophic Nutrition of Tropical, Temperate and Deep-Sea Corals." In Diseases of Coral, 150–63. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118828502.ch10.

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Ramos, Ana, José Luis Sanz, Fran Ramil, Luis Miguel Agudo, and Carmen Presas-Navarro. "The Giant Cold-Water Coral Mounds Barrier Off Mauritania." In Deep-Sea Ecosystems Off Mauritania, 481–525. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1023-5_13.

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Costa, O. S., Z. M. A. N. Leão, M. Nimmo, and M. J. Attrill. "Nutrification impacts on coral reefs from northern Bahia, Brazil." In Island, Ocean and Deep-Sea Biology, 307–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1982-7_28.

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Vertino, Agostina, and Cesare Corselli. "6 Did Quaternary Climate Fluctuations Affect Mediterranean Deep-Sea Coral Communities?" In Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Past, Present and Future, 51–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91608-8_6.

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Ehrlich, Hermann. "Interspace Mineralization Within Bilayered Organic Matrix of Deep-Sea Bamboo Coral (Anthozoa: Gorgonacea: Isididae)." In Marine Biological Materials of Invertebrate Origin, 119–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92483-0_8.

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Blamart, Dominique, Claire Rollion-Bard, Jean-Pierre Cuif, Anne Juillet-Leclerc, Audrey Lutringer, Tjeerd C. E. van Weering, and Jean-Pierre Henriet. "C and O isotopes in a deep-sea coral ( Lophelia pertusa) related to skeletal microstructure." In Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems, 1005–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_50.

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Morgan, Lance E., Peter Etnoyer, Astrid J. Scholz, Mike Mertens, and Mark Powell. "Conservation and management implications of deep-sea coral and fishing effort distributions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean." In Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems, 1171–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_60.

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Ehrlich, Hermann. "Phenomenon of Interspace Mineralization in the Bilayered Organic Matrix of Deep-Sea Bamboo Coral (Anthozoa: Gorgonacea: Isididae)." In Biological Materials of Marine Origin, 187–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9130-7_9.

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Gori, Andrea, Jordi Grinyó, Carlos Dominguez-Carrió, Stefano Ambroso, Pablo J. López-González, Josep-Maria Gili, Giorgio Bavestrello, and Marzia Bo. "20 Gorgonian and Black Coral Assemblages in Deep Coastal Bottoms and Continental Shelves of the Mediterranean Sea." In Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Past, Present and Future, 245–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91608-8_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Deep coal seam"

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Ao, Wei-hua, Wenhui Huang, Xiuyi Tang, and Ping Chen. "The Characteristics of Deep-Seated Coal Seam in Wangfenggang Mine Huainan Coal Field." In 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2011.5748584.

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Li, Shuanghui, and Xuehua Chen. "Coal seam hard roof deep hole blasting relief technology and optimization." In 2011 Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2011.5987619.

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Sun, Wei, LongHao Zhao, Qian Wang, Yanchi Liu, Weiping Zhu, Guolin Yu, and Fujian Zhou. "Research on Nano-Emulsion Relieving Coal Seam Water Block Damage." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-62814.

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Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is the most effective reservoirstimulation techniques in the coalbed methane. However, the polymer in the fracturing fluid has a strong effect on the surface of the coal, causing the water lock damage as high as 70% to 90%. It is important to develop an efficient method for releasing coal seam water lock. In this paper, adsorption experiment, SEM, particle size experiment, core flow experiment, wettability and surface tension experiment are used to study the cause of coal seam water lock damage during fracturing and the effect of nano-emulsion on releasing water lock damage in coal seams. Experimental results show that after coal fracturing, the adsorption amount of polymer on the surface of coal is 14.81 mg/g. The large amount of hydrophilic polymer adsorption causes the pore radius of the coal to narrow. And the surface wettability changes from weak hydrophilic to strong hydrophilic, which increase the water lock damage. Compared with conventional slick water, fracturing fluid, the composite of nano-emulsion and fracturing fluid forms mixed micelles, which reduces the polymer adsorption capacity from 14.81 mg/g to 7.42 mg/g. After scanning by electron microscope, it is observed that the surface roughness of the rock sample is restored; The size of the nano-emulsion is about 10nm, and the very small volume can act deep in the pores of the coal seam; After using nano-emulsion, the gas/water interfacial tension is reduced by 45.1mN/m, and the wettability of coal is improved from hydrophilic to neutral, which reduces the capillary pressure in the pores of the coal and reduces the breakthrough pressure of coalbed methane by 11.1KPa; The water lock release rate is as high as 53.09%. The Nano-emulsion is an ideal choice to remove water lock damage.
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Cheng, Genyin, Yifei Zhou, Liming Qi, Shan Feng, and Jian Cao. "Study on laws of gas occurrence and emission of deep coal seam in Yaoqiao Coal Mine." In 2015 4th International Conference on Sensors, Measurement and Intelligent Materials. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsmim-15.2016.148.

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Zhao, Bin, Xiaohu Dong, Liangliang Jiang, Shanshan Chen, Yanpeng Chen, and Zhangxin Chen. "Gasification Chamber Evolution and Recovery Performance of Underground Coal Gasification in Deep Coal Seam: A Numerical Simulation Study." In Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Technology Conference 2021. Tulsa, OK, USA: Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/ap-urtec-2021-208271.

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Miller, Richard D., Don W. Steeples, Chaturong Somanas, and Paul B. Myers. "Detecting voids in a 0.6 m coal seam, 7 m deep, using seismic reflection." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1988. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1892204.

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Zhao, Yunpei, and Minbo Zhang. "Research and Application of Hydraulic Punching Anti-reflection Technology for Rock Cross-cut Coal Uncovering in Deep Outburst Coal Seam." In 2020 International Conference on Urban Engineering and Management Science (ICUEMS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icuems50872.2020.00124.

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Cao, Jian-jun. "Research on Technology of Multi Crosscuts United Coal Uncovering for Highly Outburst Seam of Deep." In 2015 International Industrial Informatics and Computer Engineering Conference. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iiicec-15.2015.66.

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Shibin Gu, Chunqiu Wang, Shitan Gu, and Xiyang Ding. "Rock burst trend research and burst hazard assessment of complex structure coal seam in deep mining." In 2011 Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2011.5987723.

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Jiwen, Wu. "Study on controlled by beds combination structure to deep of mining failure of coal seam floor." In 2011 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cecnet.2011.5769176.

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Reports on the topic "Deep coal seam"

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Michael J. Mudd, Howard Johnson, Charles Christopher, and Ph D. T.S. Ramakrishnan. THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY CO2 STORAGE PROJECT - PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF DEEP SALINE RESERVOIRS AND COAL SEAMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821467.

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