Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dedicated Lane

Academic literature on the topic 'Dedicated Lane'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dedicated Lane"

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Arnet, Kathrin, S. Ilgin Guler, and Monica Menendez. "Effects of Multimodal Operations on Urban Roadways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2533, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2533-01.

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Public transportation (e.g., buses) can provide more efficient urban transportation systems by carrying more people in the same space. A commonly used solution to prioritize this mode is to dedicate a lane for bus use only. However, the changes in system capacity are not clear for the use of a dedicated bus lane instead of completely mixed-use lanes. Even if the capacity of the dedicated bus lane were not fully used, this strategy could still increase car capacity in the remaining lanes in two ways: ( a) buses traveling on a separate lane would eliminate conflicting bus maneuvers and ( b) the reduced number of lanes available for cars could reduce the number of lane changes and could smooth traffic. This paper empirically analyzes differences in car capacity between ( a) a mixed-use scenario without the influence of buses and a dedicated-lane scenario and ( b) a mixed-use scenario with and without buses. Results show that with mixed-use lanes the car capacity per lane remains the same as compared with a dedicated-lane scenario. However, in mixed-use conditions, the presence of a bus in traffic flow can reduce capacity by 20%. Based on these findings, a simple analysis is carried out to compare passenger delay at urban signalized intersections with a mixed use versus dedicated bus lane. It is shown that passenger delay can be reduced with use of dedicated bus lanes if bus occupancies are relatively high or if car demand is low.
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Zhong, Zijia, Joyoung Lee, and Liuhui Zhao. "Traffic Flow Characteristics and Lane Use Strategies for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Conditions." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (January 13, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8816540.

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Managed lanes, such as a dedicated lane for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), can provide not only technological accommodation but also desired market incentives for road users to adopt CAVs in the near future. In this paper, we investigate traffic flow characteristics with two configurations of the managed lane across different market penetration rates and quantify the benefits from the perspectives of lane-level headway distribution, fuel consumption, communication density, and overall network performance. The results highlight the benefits of implementing managed lane strategies for CAVs: (1) A dedicated CAV lane significantly extends the stable region of the speed-flow diagram and yields a greater road capacity. As the result shows, the highest flow rate is 3400 vehicles per hour per lane at 90% market penetration rate with one CAV lane. (2) The concentration of CAVs in one lane results in a narrower headway distribution (with smaller standard deviation) even with partial market penetration. (3) A dedicated CAV lane is also able to eliminate duel-bell-shape distribution that is caused by the heterogeneous traffic flow. (4) A dedicated CAV lane creates a more consistent CAV density, which facilitates communication activity and decreases the probability of packet dropping.
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Hou, Fujin, Ying Zhang, Shujian Wang, Zhengxi Shen, Peipei Mao, and Xu Qu. "Influencing Factors of the Length of Lane-Changing Buffer Zone for Autonomous Driving Dedicated Lanes." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 4923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12104923.

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With the development of intelligent transportation, dedicated highway lanes for autonomous vehicles (AVs), necessary for ensuring their right of way, have emerged as critical issues in intelligent transportation research, which makes it necessary to set up specialized lane-changing buffer zones in the lane adjacent to the dedicated one. Restricted by the current situation of intelligent transportation systems, based on NGSIM data, this study filters out typical lane-changing description data featuring lane-changing behaviors and constructs a principal component analysis (PCA) model containing factors affecting the longitudinal driving distance during the whole lane-changing procedure. The validity of the model is evaluated with a significance test. Comparing the PCA model to a general linear regression model, suggestions on setting the length of lane-changing buffer zones are put forward. The length of the buffer zone mainly considers speed, acceleration, and the flow in the dedicated lane. In general, a shorter buffer zone length can be achieved by increasing the design speed of the buffer zone, raising the headway of AVs in the dedicated lane, reducing the acceleration rate of lane-changing vehicles, and reducing the time proportion of the lane change preparation stage, which occurs earlier in the procedure.
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Chen, Yanyan, Hengyi Zhang, Dongzhu Wang, and Jiachen Wang. "Overall Influence of Dedicated Lanes for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles on Freeway Heterogeneous Traffic Flow." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (August 24, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7219741.

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With the development of autonomous driving and communication technology, the heterogeneous traffic flow by combining connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and manually driven vehicles (MVs) will appear on the freeway in the near future. It is expected that CAVs can improve the freeway capacity and reduce vehicle exhaust emissions, but sharing the same road by CAVs and MVs will cause certain interference to CAVs. In order to reduce the negative influence of the heterogeneous traffic flow, setting up CAV dedicated lanes to separate CAVs from MVs to a certain extent is regarded as a reasonable solution. Based on the characteristics that MVs should be decelerated by a realistic amplitude and that the connected and autonomous vehicle can accurately predict the speed of its preceding and rear CAVs at the next time step, a heterogeneous traffic flow model was established. Based on this model, we studied the overall influence of different lane strategies on the operating efficiency of freeway traffic flow and vehicle exhaust emissions under different densities with different CAV penetration rates. The results show that setting up CAV dedicated lanes with low CAV penetration rates will have a negative impact on the freeway traffic flow. When the CAV penetration rate is 40%–60% and the density is not less than 30 veh/km/lane, setting up one CAV dedicated lane is the best choice. When the CAV penetration rate exceeds 60% and the density is not less than 40 veh/km/lane, setting up two CAV dedicated lanes is the best choice. The research finding will assist in understanding the overall influence of CAV dedicated lanes on freeway traffic flow and help determine the optimal number of CAV dedicated lanes under different traffic conditions.
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Kang, Minhee, I.-jeong Im, Jaein Song, and Keeyeon Hwang. "Is Only the Dedicated Lane for Automated Vehicles Essential in the Future? The Dedicated Lanes Optimal Operating System Evaluation." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 11490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811490.

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As new mobility called automated vehicles (AVs) appears on the road, positive effects are expected, but in fact, unexpected adverse effects may arise due to the mixed traffic situation with human-driven vehicles (HVs). Prior to the commercialization of AVs, a preliminary review and preventive measures are required, and among them, the interaction between the existing vehicle and the new mobility and the interaction with the infrastructure must be considered. Therefore, we propose (i) the positive–negative effect of introducing AVs in a mixed traffic situation and (ii) the optimal operation plan for the dedicated lane for AVs. First, the effect of introducing AVs considering the interaction between vehicles in the mixed traffic situation showed mostly positive such as speed increase, delay time reduction, and capacity increase. However, in a 75% Market Penetration Rate (MPR) environment of all levels of Service (LOS), the effect was diminished compared to the previous MPR. This is contemplated to be the result of a conflict caused by the operation of some HVs (including heavy vehicles) behavior as obstacles in the situation where most of the vehicles on the road are AVs. Based on the previous result, we deployed the dedicated lane to resolve the negative effect in the 75% MPR environment and proposed an optimal operation strategy for the AVs dedicated lane from the perspective of operational efficiency for a more feasible operation. Given the 75% MPR, the Mixed-Use operation strategy of High-Occupancy Vehicles (HOV) and AVs is ascertained as the most suitable operation strategy. This implies that even in the era of AVs, the influence of other vehicles (e.g., heavy vehicles, other mobility) must be considered. This study is significant by considering the negative effects of the introduction of AVs and presenting an optimal operation strategy for dedicated lanes, and it can expect to be used as a new strategy as part of the Free/Expressway Traffic Management System (FTMS) applicable in the era of autonomous driving.
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Pospelov, P. I., M. V. Yashina, A. G. Tatashev, and Le Duc Long. "DELAYS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT AN UNREGULATED PEDESTRIAN INTERSECTION WITH A DEDICATED LANE." T-Comm 16, no. 11 (2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2022-16-11-35-42.

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The purpose of designing dedicated lanes for ground public transport is to reduce travel time and create the most comfortable conditions for users (passengers) compared to personal cars or other modes of transport. One of the design problems is the presence of right turns and pedestrian crossings on the route, which can largely determine the speed of ground public transport vehicles that differ from the designed one. There are three typical design schemes for right turns in the presence of a dedicated lane: traffic light regulation of the organization of the right turn; uncontrolled intersection, free from possible delays; uncontrolled intersection in the organization of pedestrian traffic, which ultimately determines the time delays of the ground public transport when vehicles are located in a dedicated lane, waiting for an acceptable headway between pedestrians. Traffic rules of most countries of the world provide for the highest priority for pedestrian traffic, including on uncontrolled pedestrian crossings. This situation increases the level of safety and service for pedestrians, but at the same time reduces the level of service of road for traffic flow. The article presents a methodology for assessing the impact of pedestrians on vehicle delays at an unregulated intersection with a dedicated lane for vehicles based on a probabilistic model. The simulation results showed that the discrepancies between the values of the model and the observed delays do not exceed 22% when the pedestrian traffic intensity is less than 1500 ped/h. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are proposed to minimize the delay of vehicles at unregulated intersections, including the ground public transport vehicles on a dedicated lane.
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Yang, Guangchuan, Daobin Wang, and Xuesong Mao. "Modelling the Modal Shift Effects of Converting a General Traffic Lane into a Dedicated Bus Lane." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 5 (September 22, 2020): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i5.3375.

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This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating the performance of dedicated bus lanes. It assumes that under a designated travel demand, the traffic volume on a corridor changes with the modal shifts. The modal shift affects the operations of both bus traffic and car traffic and eventually, an equilibrium bus share ratio that maximizes the performance of the corridor will be reached. Microsimulation modelling is employed to assess the traffic operations under various demand levels and bus share ratios. The results show that converting a general lane into a bus lane significantly reduces bus delay. For car traffic, the overall trend is that delay increases after converting a general lane to a bus lane. In addition, delay decreases with the increase of bus share ratio. Nevertheless, when bus share ratio reaches 0.6 (demand less than 10,000 passengers per hour, pph; or 0.8 when demand increases up to 14,000 pph), there is no significant difference in delay between the two scenarios. The identified bus share ratios have the potential to direct the development of bus lane warrants. Finally, this research recommends that the Transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies shall be developed to stimulate the modal shifts towards the identified optimal bus share ratio.
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Luo, Qingyu, Rui Du, Hongfei Jia, and Lili Yang. "Research on the Deployment of Joint Dedicated Lanes for CAVs and Buses." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 8686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148686.

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CAVs (Connected Autonomous Vehicles) can be effective in improving the efficiency of transportation, but heterogeneous multi-modal traffic flows may hinder this efficiency. This paper addresses the issue of heterogeneous traffic flows affecting the efficiency of transportation when CAVs enter the market and proposes a joint dedicated lane for CAVs and buses. In the bi-level program model for the joint dedicated lane, the lower-level is aimed at the multi-modal traffic assignment problem, while the upper-level is aimed at system optimality. For the lower-level, the paper examines the characteristics of various traffic flows in a mixed traffic flow, investigates the impact of CAV mixing on the road link’s capacity, calculates the travel time of various traffic modes accordingly, and generates a generalized travel cost function for each mode, which is solved using the diagonalized weighted successive averaging method (MSWA) algorithm. The upper-level issue considers the continuity of dedicated and non-dedicated road segments, and the goal is to reduce the overall cost for all travelers by utilizing the dedicated road deployment scheme as the decision variable, which is addressed using a genetic algorithm. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analyses are designed accordingly. The numerical example demonstrates that the joint dedicated lane not only lowers the overall cost of the system, but also enhances the efficiency of CAV and bus travel, optimizing the road network and promoting bus and CAV travel modes. The sensitivity analysis shows that in order to set up a joint dedicated lane, the frequency of bus departures and the penetration of CAVs are conditions that must be considered, and that the benefits of a joint dedicated lane can only be fully realized if the frequency of bus departures and the penetration of CAVs are appropriate.
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Zhu, H. B. "Numerical study of urban traffic flow with dedicated bus lane and intermittent bus lane." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 389, no. 16 (August 2010): 3134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2010.03.040.

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Vest, Adam, Patrick J. McMahon, and Jesus Cuellar. "Developing Dedicated Bus Lane Screening Criteria in Baltimore, Maryland." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 8 (October 9, 2018): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118797827.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dedicated Lane"

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Okwo, Adaora. "Next-generation biofuels: the supply chain approach to estimating potential land-use change." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47603.

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Biofuels, including ethanol and biodiesel, are important components of energy policy in the U.S. and abroad. There is a long history of ethanol production from corn (maize) in the United States and from sugarcane in Brazil. However, there has been a push for greater use of next-generation biofuels (including those derived from cellulosic feedstocks) to mitigate many of the environmental and potential food system impacts of large scale biofuel production. Farmer willingness to grow biomass crops and ensuring adequate feedstock supply are two important challenges impeding large scale commercialization of next-generation biofuels. The costs of transporting bulky, low density biomass will be substantial. Consequently, in the near term, the economic success of next-generation biofuels will hinge on the supply of locally available biomass. As such, agricultural contracts are expected to be an important tool in overcoming the feedstock acquisition challenge. The broad objective of this study is to understand the effect of contracting for non-food energy crops (cellulosic feedstocks) on the agricultural landscape via the displacement of commodity (food) crops on productive cropland. We develop an analytical framework for evaluating the design and use of two different contract structures for securing cellulosic feedstock in a representative supply chain with a biorefinery and farmer. We study the dynamics of scarce land and indirect competition from commodity market production on a biorefinery's equilibrium pricing strategy and the resultant supply of cellulosic biomass. And we consider its sensitivity to various production characteristics and market conditions. We develop a method for quantifying the biorefinery's tradeoff between profit margins and competing for land in order to secure the requisite feedstock for biofuel production. And we characterize the loss of efficiency in the decentralized system, relative to a vertically integrated system, that can be attributed to the need to compete for the farmer's scarce land resource versus that which results from the biorefinery's desire to make a profit. Then we extend our framework to consider multi-year contracts for biomass production and evaluate the importance of land quality, yield variability and contract structure on a farmer's willingness to accept a contract to produce cellulosic feedstock as well as the resulting impact on the agricultural landscape through the displacement of commodity crops. Using switchgrass production in Tennessee as a case study, we develop feedstock supply curves for each contract structure considered and evaluate the conditions and contract prices at which land devoted to various field crops would be displaced by switchgrass based on field trials of switchgrass production in Tennessee and recent USDA data on crop prices and production.
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El, Hadeuf Mounya. "De la ville de l'automobile à la ville des transports collectifs : le cas des sites propres bus du sud est parisien." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1074/document.

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Cette thèse explore la relation entre urbanisme et transport par l’étude de projets de bus en site propre dans dix villes de la proche banlieue parisienne, territoire qui dispose à la fois d’une accessibilité correcte à la ville-centre et d’opportunités foncières susceptibles de constituer un réel potentiel de « reconstruction de la ville sur la ville ». À travers l’étude de documents d’archives, elle retrace la genèse, entre propositions, négociations, adaptations et déploiements de ces projets de transport, et la complète par l’analyse de l’évolution des territoires urbains traversés, sur une période de 30 ans, grâce notamment à l’exploitation de la base de données des Modes d’Occupation des Sols de l’IAU-IDF. En s’appuyant sur cette double démarche, cette thèse tente d’appréhender le concept d’« urbanisme orienté par les transports collectifs » et met en évidence des stratégies contrastées des communes traversées face à l’arrivée de ce type de projet de transport, ainsi que les corrélations qui peuvent exister entre ces stratégies, l’histoire de ces communes et leur composition socio-démographique. Elle révèle également des écarts entre les volontés affichées et les réalisations conduites ou les résultats obtenus, écarts dont les causes peuvent être diverses, mais qui permettent de mieux comprendre les efforts qui restent à conduire dans différents domaines pour mieux assurer la cohérence entre projets transport et projets urbains. Les exemples traités montrent que le projet de bus en site propre peut constituer le socle d’une action en faveur d’un « urbanisme orienté par les transports collectifs » ou n’engendrer qu’un « transport orienté par le développement urbain ». Dans les deux cas, on peut considérer sa réalisation comme une réussite selon les critères de performance du système de transport, ou estimer que dans le second cas, une partie seulement des potentialités du projet ont été réalisées, et qu’il est possible d’en tirer des enseignements pour faire évoluer les pratiques et les dispositifs existants
This thesis explores the relationship between urban planning and transport, by studying dedicated bus lanes projects in ten cities of the near Parisian suburb, a territory which has both correct accessibility to the city-centre and real estate opportunities, so that it can constitute a potential of « rebuilding the city over the city ». By studying archival documents, it traces the genesis of these dedicated bus lanes, from propositions, to negotiations, adaptations and deployments, associated with the analysis of the urban evolution of the concerned territories, during 30 years, mainly by using the land-use database from IAU-IDF. By this double approach, the research tries to understand the concept of « Transit Oriented Development » and assesses contrasted strategies of concerned cities toward these types of projects, and highlights the correlation between these strategies and city’s history and the social demographic composition. It also reveals the gap between the stated will and undertaken implementation or achieved results, a difference that may have various causes, but also enables to understand the different efforts that must be made to ensure the coherence between transport projects and urban projects. A dedicated bus lane can be a basis for an action in favour of a « Transit Oriented Development » or lead to a « development oriented transit ». In both cases, we can consider its implementation as a success, according to transport systems criteria, or deem that in the second case, only a part of the project potentialities were achieved, and that it is possible to learn from these experiences to develop the current practices and process
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Ying, Yeh Kaun, and 葉冠纓. "An Assessment on Environmental Effects of Dedicated Bus Lane." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74085378149693769778.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
92
For the reason of substantial increase in automobile in this decade, the ratio of using energy in transportation section is growing up, especially in the urban area. The inefficiency transportation modes had caused the negative influence on environment. It has caused serious problems not only in traffic jam, but also in discharging a large number of air pollutants. According to the estimation of Taiwan Environment Protection Administration (EPA), there are 42.08% air pollutants originated in vehicle emission, in which 16.97% caused by motorcycles and 24.83% are caused by automobiles. Under the awakening of environmental protection by the gerneral public, the problems in air pollution and energy consumption caused by traffic activities are more and more crucial, and simultaneously, they have become the goals that environment protection and transportation authorities are devoted to improvement. The white paper of transportation strategy of various cities has specifically noted that the keys of transportation strategies are the development of public transportation and the increase usage of public transportation. Under this objective, using low cost and easy application of dedicated bus lane strategies to allivate traffic jam and then restrain the growth of automobiles, is one of the promising alternatives. In the past, researches in dedicated bus lane are mostly focused on capacity analysis, safety evaluation, travel time improvement, and service level assessment; however, there is a lack of estimation in the aspect of environmental benefits. In the sense of sustainable development of urban environment, it’s worthy to compare and estimate the effects of dedicated bus lane on energy consumption and pollution discharge, and on shifting private modes to bus system. We establish estimation model to analyze energy consumption and pollution discharge with and without implementing dedicated bus lane. In addition to estimate the effects of dedicated bus lane on the fuel consumption and pollution discharge, we have also explored the environmental benefits of for whole city area with implementation of dedicated bus lane. In the numberical analysis, we take Taipei as an example while different scenarios are assumed in terms of single bus route, bus corridor, and overall system. For the single bus route case, it was found that fuel efficiency can be increased to 20.87% while emissions of CO, HC, and NOx are reduced by 16.26%, 11.4%, and 8.22%, respectively. For the overall system level, although the benifts of dedicated bus lane are comparatively less due to existing high usage of automobiles, it is still found that daily fuel consumption of bus system can be reduced about 4.48% after implementing dedicated bus lane in Taipei. This implies a total amount of US$14 million saving in fuel cost per year. The emission reductions of CO, HC, and NOx are mearsured as 3.98%, 3.16%, and 2.59%, respectively. This research has also verified that the environmental benefits will be remarkably increased when the network of dedicated bus lane is expanded.
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Tu, Wen. "Optimal Draw Area and Feedstock Delivery Schedule of Biorefineries in the Southeast U.S. Based on Least Cost and Producers’ Willingness to Plant a Dedicated Energy Crop." 2011. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1233.

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To overcome the limitations of starch-based and sugar-based ethanol, scientists propose to expand the use of cellulosic ethanol. Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel produced from wood, grasses, or the non-edible parts of plants. As the U.S. has a large cellulosic biomass production base (Perlack et al., 2006), production of ethanol from cellulosic feedstock and use of ethanol as a substitute for gasoline could help promote rural development, reduce green house gases emissions, and increase energy independence. This study focuses on the cost of producing cellulosic ethanol along with the amount of carbon sequestered and emitted using switchgrass as a feedstock. In the first part of this study, willingness to adopt (WTA) switchgrass is evaluated. The amount of farmland available for growing switchgrass was estimated using Probit and Tobit models of switchgrass production survey data developed in the University of Tennessee’s Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. The estimated results from these two models show that when switchgrass prices increase, the probability of farmers to grow switchgrass and land acreages used for switchgrass production will increase. In the second part of this study, based on the results of estimated, farmland availability within an optimal draw area of 50 miles of a biorefinery and a switchgrass delivery schedule could be determined from the biorefinery’s perspective considering different bale types and storage methods. A cost minimization programming model was developed to estimate the year-round switchgrass delivery schedule within fifty miles of three selected biorefinery locations in the southeastern U.S. Also in this study, the carbon credit effect was considered in the model. The results from the programming model suggest that with the carbon credit paid to biorefineries, more marginal land will be used for growing switchgrass, and carbon will be sequestered in the soil at a level that exceeds emitted carbon by at least 1.5 times. Lower feedstock costs would be available to the biorefineries if a carbon payment was available to producers for net carbon sequestered.
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Books on the topic "Dedicated Lane"

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Commission, Virginia General Assembly Joint Legislative Audit &. Review. Dedicated revenue sources for land conservation in Virginia. Richmond: Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission, 2012.

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A land so dedicated: The history of Houston County, Georgia. 2nd ed. Perry, Ga: Southern Trellis Publication, 1998.

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Abron-Robinson, Lilia A. Technical-economic study of sewage sludge disposal on dedicated land. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Abron-Robinson, Lilia A. Technical-economic study of sewage sludge disposal on dedicated land. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Abron-Robinson, Lilia A. Technical-economic study of sewage sludge disposal on dedicated land. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Abron-Robinson, Lilia A. Technical-economic study of sewage sludge disposal on dedicated land. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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Abron-Robinson, Lilia A. Technical-economic study of sewage sludge disposal on dedicated land. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.

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1920-, Beresford M. W., Hurst John G. 1927-, Aston Michael, Austin David 1947-, and Dyer Christopher 1944-, eds. The Rural settlements of medieval England: Studies dedicated to Maurice Beresford and John Hurst. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1989.

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Manca, Massimo, and Martina Venuti. Paulo maiora canamus Raccolta di studi per Paolo Mastandrea. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-557-5.

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This miscellaneous volume in honour of Paolo Mastandrea includes contributions by colleagues and friends dealing with some of the main topics of his scientific interests: intertextuality, late Latin studies, philological problems, the legacy of Classics in Renaissance, digital humanities. The first section, «Literary History and Intertextuality», focuses on special patterns in Latin literature within a very wide chronological range, from Vergil to Optatianus. Specific attention is dedicated to elegy and to mythological characters in elegy and tragedy. The section named «Philological Notes» deals with critical problems within texts by Sallustius, Macrobius and Historia Augusta. The following section, «Late Latin studies», is dedicated to several authors and topics: Simphosius’ Aenigmata, Sidonius, Historia Augusta, Claudianus, Epigrammata Bobiensia, Johannes Lydus and literary topoi used in late Latin texts. The final one, «Classical Reception Studies», examines a few examples of the legacy of Latin authors in the Italian Renaissance. A history of the database Musisque Deoque, along with the future perspectives of this crucial project designed in 2005 by Paolo Mastandrea, are provided in a specific «Appendix».
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Lake, Friends of Upper Saranac. The Upper Saranac cookbook: An Adirondack treasury of 500 recipes : dedicated to the fight against invasive milfoil on Upper Saranac Lake. Kearney, NE: Morris Press Cookbooks, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dedicated Lane"

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Zhu, Hongge, Xiaodong Zhu, Zhigang Xu, Bin Tian, and Yuqin Zhang. "An Experimental Method for CAV Dedicated Lane Setting Strategy." In Green, Pervasive, and Cloud Computing – GPC 2020 Workshops, 59–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4532-4_5.

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Dessouky, Yasser, Gladis Valladares, Carmen Valladares, Minnie H. Patel, and H. S. Jacob Tsao. "Simulating Performance for One-Dedicated-Lane Light Rail System—A Case Study." In Industrial Engineering and Operations Management I, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14969-7_1.

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Baalaganapathy, V. L., Anagha Girijan, Lelitha Devi Vanajakshi, and Bhargava Rama Chilukuri. "Evaluation of Bus Signal Priority and Dedicated Bus Lane for Efficiency Improvement." In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of Transportation Research Group of India, 293–309. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3505-3_20.

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Ji, Yuting, Jinhua Ji, and Yiming Bie. "Dynamic Electric Bus Control Method for the Route with Dedicated Bus Lane." In Smart Transportation Systems 2022, 94–103. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2813-0_10.

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Wang, Jun, Ilsu Kim, and Suleman B. Rana. "Optimal Strategy for Autonomous-Vehicle-Dedicated Lane Deployment on Freeway with City Planning and Market as Driving Force." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 206–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97603-3_15.

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Ivanchev, Jordan, Alois Knoll, Daniel Zehe, Suraj Nair, and David Eckhoff. "A Macroscopic Study on Dedicated Highway Lanes for Autonomous Vehicles." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 520–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22734-0_38.

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Schutte, Valerie. "Dedicated to Loyalty: Book Dedications to King Henry VIII." In Loyalty to the Monarchy in Late Medieval and Early Modern Britain, c.1400-1688, 107–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37767-0_6.

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L’Esteve, Ron C. "Load Data Lake Storage Gen2 Files into a Synapse Analytics Dedicated SQL Pool." In The Definitive Guide to Azure Data Engineering, 93–113. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7182-7_6.

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Gorecki, Simon, Seghir Zerguini, Nathalie Gaussier, and Mamadou Kaba Traore. "Development of a Transport Model Dedicated to an Agent-Based Simulation of Land Use." In Agents and Multi-Agent Systems: Technologies and Applications 2022, 301–11. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3359-2_26.

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Monterroso, Iliana, and Erin Sills. "Interaction of Conditional Incentives for Ecosystem Conservation with Tenure Security: Multiple Roles for Tenure Interventions." In Land Tenure Security and Sustainable Development, 201–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81881-4_10.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the role of tenure in conditional incentives for ecosystem conservation, often known as PES or payment for ecosystem services. PES systems that mimic market exchange require that resource tenure be clear and uncontested. In practice, there are different levels of conditionality in PES and different types of tenure challenges. REDD+, or Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, was initially conceived as a PES system embedded in a global exchange of carbon credits, thus requiring secure forest tenure. We examine one global initiative to achieve that, the Dedicated Grant Mechanism for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. Cases in Peru and Indonesia illustrate how tenure interventions can both enable implementation of conditional incentives and become part of those incentives.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dedicated Lane"

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Zheng, Pengjun, David Jeffery, and Mike McDonald. "Traffic operations from open to dedicated e-Lane." In 2010 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2010.5625202.

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Yashina, M. V., A. G. Tatashev, P. I. Pospelov, and N. P. Susoev. "Optimization of Regulation Parameters for Traffic Scenario with Dedicated Public Transport Lane." In 2020 International Conference on Engineering Management of Communication and Technology (EMCTECH). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emctech49634.2020.9261534.

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Tatashev, A. G., M. V. Yashina, P. I. Pospelov, and Le Duc Long. "Methodology for Assessing Vehicles Delay at an Unregulated Intersection with Dedicated Lane." In 2021 Intelligent Technologies and Electronic Devices in Vehicle and Road Transport Complex (TIRVED). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tirved53476.2021.9639119.

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Liu, Xuejie, Jing Chen, and Tengteng Ma. "Comprehensive evaluation method of bus dedicated lane use effect based on multi-source big data." In International Conference on Electronic Information Engineering, Big Data, and Computer Technology (EIBDCT 2022), edited by Xuexia Ye and Guoqiang Zhong. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2635434.

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Zhang, Jiawei, Congying Li, and Yi Su. "Research on the basis of the setting of the dedicated left-turn lane at the two-phase intersection." In International Conference on Smart Transportation and City Engineering, edited by Zhengliang Li, Xiaoyan Chen, Kaichen Yan, Fengjie Cen, Liyuan Peng, and Nan Lin. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2613904.

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Maniha, Oishi, Ahnaf Akib Ahsan, Tousif Hasib Siddiqui, Arnab Das, S. M. Azad Rahman, Ameyo Talukder, and Tanvir Asif Ali. "Terrestrial Land Rover with Dedicated Website." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Smart Sensors and Application (ICSSA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icssa.2018.8535882.

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Groenenboom, Jeroen, and Alexander G. Yarovoy. "Data processing for a land-mine-detection-dedicated GPR." In 8th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, edited by David A. Noon, Glen F. Stickley, and Dennis Longstaff. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.383530.

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Hao, Yanxi, Hua Hu, Zhigang Liu, and Nannan Lin. "Time-Space Integrated Optimization for Intersections with Reversible Lanes and Dedicated Bus Lanes." In 19th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482292.163.

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Doolan, Ronan, and Gabriel-Miro Muntean. "Reducing carbon emissions by introducing electric vehicle enhanced dedicated bus lanes." In 2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2014.6856418.

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Li, Ying, Feifeng Zheng, and Feng Chu. "The Planning of Automated Truck Dedicated Lanes Considering the Traffic Flow Equilibrium." In 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Systems Management (IESM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iesm45758.2019.8948136.

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Reports on the topic "Dedicated Lane"

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Ghanipoor Machiani, Sahar, Aryan Sohrabi, and Arash Jahangiri. Impact of Regular and Narrow AV-Exclusive Lanes on Manual Driver Behavior. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1922.

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This study attempts to answer the question of how a narrow (9-ft) lane dedicated to Automated Vehicles (AVs) would affect the behavior of drivers in the adjacent lane to the right. To this end, a custom driving simulator environment was designed mimicking the Interstate 15 smart corridor in San Diego. A group of participants was assigned to drive next to the simulated 9-ft narrow lane while a control group was assigned to drive next to a regular 12-ft AV lane. Driver behavior was analyzed by measuring the mean lane position, mean speed, and mental effort (self-reported/subjective measure). In addition to AV lane width, the experimental design took into consideration AV headway, gender, and right lane traffic to investigate possible interaction effects. The results showed no significant differences in the speed and mental effort of drivers while indicating significant differences in lane positioning. Although the overall effect of AV lane width was not significant, there were some significant interaction effects between lane width and other factors (i.e., driver gender and presence of traffic on the next regular lane to the right). Across all the significant interactions, there was no case in which those factors stayed constant while AV lane width changed between the groups, indicating that the significant difference stemmed from the other factors rather than the lane width. However, the trend observed was that drivers driving next to the 12-ft lane had better lane centering compared to the 9ft lane. The analysis also showed that while in general female drivers tended to drive further away from the 9-ft lane and performed worse in terms of lane centering, they performed better than male drivers when right-lane traffic was present. This study contributes to understanding the behavioral impacts of infrastructure adaptation to AVs on non-AV drivers.
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She, Ruifeng, and Yanfeng Ouyang. Generalized Link-Cost Function and Network Design for Dedicated Truck-Platoon Lanes to Improve Energy, Pavement Sustainability, and Traffic Efficiency. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-037.

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Recent development of autonomous and connected trucks (ACT) has provided the freight industry with the option of using truck platooning to improve fuel efficiency, traffic throughput, and safety. However, closely spaced and longitudinally aligned trucks impose frequent and concentrated loading on pavements, which often accelerates pavement deterioration and increases the life cycle costs for the highway agency. Also, effectiveness of truck platooning can be maximized only in dedicated lanes; and its benefits and costs need to be properly balanced between stakeholders. This paper proposes a network-design model to optimize (i) placement of dedicated truck-platoon lanes and toll price in a highway network, (ii) pooling and routing of ACT traffic from multiple origins and destinations to utilize these lanes, and (iii) configuration of truck platoons within these lanes (e.g., lateral displacements and vehicle separations). The problem is formulated as an integrated bi-level optimization model. The upper level makes decisions on converting existing highway lanes into dedicated platoon lanes, as well as setting user fees. The lower-level decisions are made by independent shippers regarding the choice of routes and use of platoon lanes vs. regular lanes; and they collectively determine truck traffic in all lanes. Link-cost functions for platoon lanes are obtained by simultaneously optimizing, through dynamic programming, pavement-rehabilitation activities and platoon configuration in the pavement's life cycle. A numerical case study is used to demonstrate the applicability and performance of the proposed model framework over the Illinois freeway system. It is shown that the freight traffic is effectively channelized on a few corridors of platoon lanes and, by setting proper user fees to cover pavement-rehabilitation costs, systemwide improvements for both freight shippers and highway agencies can be achieved.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.

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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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Arhin, Stephen, Babin Manandhar, Kevin Obike, and Melissa Anderson. Impact of Dedicated Bus Lanes on Intersection Operations and Travel Time Model Development. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2040.

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Over the years, public transit agencies have been trying to improve their operations by continuously evaluating best practices to better serve patrons. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) oversees the transit bus operations in the Washington Metropolitan Area (District of Columbia, some parts of Maryland and Virginia). One practice attempted by WMATA to improve bus travel time and transit reliability has been the implementation of designated bus lanes (DBLs). The District Department of Transportation (DDOT) implemented a bus priority program on selected corridors in the District of Columbia leading to the installation of red-painted DBLs on corridors of H Street, NW, and I Street, NW. This study evaluates the impacts on the performance of transit buses along with the general traffic performance at intersections on corridors with DBLs installed in Washington, DC by using a “before” and “after” approach. The team utilized non-intrusive video data to perform vehicular turning movement counts to assess the traffic flow and delays (measures of effectiveness) with a traffic simulation software. Furthermore, the team analyzed the Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL) data provided by WMATA for buses operating on the study segments to evaluate bus travel time. The statistical analysis showed that the vehicles traveling on H Street and I Street (NW) experienced significantly lower delays during both AM (7:00–9:30 AM) and PM (4:00–6:30 PM) peak hours after the installation of bus lanes. The approximation error metrics (normalized squared errors) for the testing dataset was 0.97, indicating that the model was predicting bus travel times based on unknown data with great accuracy. WMATA can apply this research to other segments with busy bus schedules and multiple routes to evaluate the need for DBLs. Neural network models can also be used to approximate bus travel times on segments by simulating scenarios with DBLs to obtain accurate bus travel times. Such implementation could not only improve WMATA’s bus service and reliability but also alleviate general traffic delays.
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Dumas, Patrice, Stefan Wirsenius, Tim Searchinger, Nadine Andrieu, and Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Options to achieve net-zero emissions from agriculture and land use changes in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004427.

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Eleven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have pledged to reach net-zero emissions by around 2050. Changes in the food system are key to reach these carbon neutrality goals, as agriculture and resulting land-use changes are responsible for almost half of greenhouse gas emissions in the region. We quantify the effect of supply-side (e.g., yield improvements, silvopasture, agroforestry) and demand-side (e.g., reduction of waste and losses, changing diets) options to reduce emissions and transform the land use system in a net carbon sink by 2050 while improving nutrition for the growing population. We consider both direct agriculture emissions and the pressure that food production puts on land use changes, and track separately emissions that happen in the region and emissions linked to trade. Our findings confirm that cattle plays a preponderant role, emitting nearly 60% of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and land-use change. Reaching a net-negative emissions food system able to balance emissions from the rest of the economy will require ambitious and sustained improvements in yields and changes in diets to moderate the increasing demand for beef, continuously decrease the share of land dedicated to agriculture, and increase instead land dedicated to carbon sequestration and biodiversity preservation.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Greg Barton. Populism, Violence, and Vigilantism in Indonesia: Rizieq Shihab and His Far-Right Islamist Populism. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/lp0009.

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Muhammad Rizieq Shihab has been one of the most well-known faces of the far-right in Indonesia since the late 1990s. As a radical Islamist scholar with links to Saudi Arabia, Shihab has spent the last three decades as an anti-state voice of the “pious Muslim majority” in Indonesia. He claims to position himself as a “righteous” and “fearless” leader who is dedicated to defending Islam—the faith of “the people.” In 2020 Shihab was arrested for holding large public gatherings, as part of his ‘moral revolution’ campaign, in the middle of pandemic lockdowns. However, his radical Salafist message continues to inspire thousands to action.
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Kholoshyn, Ihor V., Olga V. Bondarenko, Olena V. Hanchuk, and Iryna M. Varfolomyeyeva. Cloud technologies as a tool of creating Earth Remote Sensing educational resources. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3885.

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This article is dedicated to the Earth Remote Sensing (ERS), which the authors believe is a great way to teach geography and allows forming an idea of the actual geographic features and phenomena. One of the major problems that now constrains the active introduction of remote sensing data in the educational process is the low availability of training aerospace pictures, which meet didactic requirements. The article analyzes the main sources of ERS as a basis for educational resources formation with aerospace images: paper, various individual sources (personal stations receiving satellite information, drones, balloons, kites and balls) and Internet sources (mainstream sites, sites of scientific-technical organizations and distributors, interactive Internet geoservices, cloud platforms of geospatial analysis). The authors point out that their geospatial analysis platforms (Google Earth Engine, Land Viewer, EOS Platform, etc.), due to their unique features, are the basis for the creation of information thematic databases of ERS. The article presents an example of such a database, covering more than 800 aerospace images and dynamic models, which are combined according to such didactic principles as high information load and clarity.
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Lu, Tianjun, Jian-yu Ke, Fynnwin Prager, and Jose N. Martinez. “TELE-commuting” During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Unveiling State-wide Patterns and Trends of Telecommuting in Relation to Transportation, Employment, Land Use, and Emissions in Calif. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2147.

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Telecommuting, the practice of working remotely at home, increased significantly (25% to 35%) early in the COVID-19 pandemic. This shift represented a major societal change that reshaped the family, work, and social lives of many Californians. These changes also raise important questions about what factors influenced telecommuting before, during, and after COVID-19, and to what extent changes in telecommuting have influenced transportation patterns across commute modes, employment, land use, and environment. The research team conducted state-level telecommuting surveys using a crowd-sourced platform (i.e., Amazon Mechanical Turk) to obtain valid samples across California (n=1,985) and conducted state-level interviews among stakeholders (n=28) across ten major industries in California. The study leveraged secondary datasets and developed regression and time-series models. Our surveys found that, compared to pre-pandemic levels, more people had a dedicated workspace at home and had received adequate training and support for telecommuting, became more flexible to choose their own schedules, and had improved their working performance—but felt isolated and found it difficult to separate home and work life. Our interviews suggested that telecommuting policies were not commonly designed and implemented until COVID-19. Additionally, regression analyses showed that telecommuting practices have been influenced by COVID-19 related policies, public risk perception, home prices, broadband rates, and government employment. This study reveals advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting and unveils the complex relationships among the COVID-19 outbreak, transportation systems, employment, land use, and emissions as well as public risk perception and economic factors. The study informs statewide and regional policies to adapt to the new patterns of telecommuting.
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Bedford, Philip, Alexis Long, Thomas Long, Erin Milliken, Lauren Thomas, and Alexis Yelvington. Legal Mechanisms for Mitigating Flood Impacts in Texas Coastal Communities. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.mitigatingfloodimpactstx.

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Flooding is a major source of concern for Texas’ coastal communities. It affects the quality of infrastructure, the lives of citizens, and the ecological systems upon which coastal communities in Texas rely. To plan for and mitigate the impacts of flooding, Texas coastal communities may implement land use tools such as zoning, drainage utility systems, eminent domain, exactions, and easements. Additionally, these communities can benefit from understanding how flooding affects water quality and the tools available to restore water bodies to healthy water quality levels. Finally, implementing additional programs for education and ecotourism will help citizens develop knowledge of the impacts of flooding and ways to plan and mitigate for coastal flooding. Land use tools can help communities plan for and mitigate flooding. Section III addresses zoning, a land use tool that most municipalities already utilize to organize development. Zoning can help mitigate flooding, drainage, and water quality issues, which, Texas coastal communities continually battle. Section IV discusses municipal drainage utility systems, which are a mechanism available to municipalities to generate dedicated funds that can help offset costs associated with providing stormwater management. Section V addresses land use and revenue-building tools such as easements, eminent domain, and exactions, which are vital for maintaining existing and new developments in Texas coastal communities. Additionally, Section VI addresses conservation easements, which are a flexible tool that can enhance community resilience through increasing purchase power, establishing protected legal rights, and minimizing hazardous flood impacts. Maintaining good water quality is important for sustaining the diverse ecosystems located within and around Texas coastal communities. Water quality is regulated at the federal level through the Clean Water Act. As discussed in Section VII, the state of Texas is authorized to implement and enforce these regulations by implementing point source and nonpoint source pollutants programs, issuing permits, implementing stormwater discharge programs, collecting water quality data, and setting water quality standards. The state of Texas also assists local communities with implementing restorative programs, such as Watershed Protection Programs, to help local stakeholders restore impaired water bodies. Section VIII addresses ecotourism and how these distinct economic initiatives can help highlight the importance of ecosystem services to local communities. Section VIX discusses the role of education in improving awareness within the community and among visitors, and how making conscious decisions can allow coastal communities to protect their ecosystem and protect against flooding.
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