Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Découverte de motifs ADN'
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Larsabal, Etienne. "Découverte des motifs souples de classe A : une nouvelle classe de sites d' interaction ADN-protéines chez les procaryotes et eucaryotes inférieurs." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066216.
Full textFloc'hlay, Swann. "Computational analysis and modelling of regulatory networks controlling embryonic development." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLE036.
Full textThe development of an embryo derives from the DNA sequence of this organism. Genetic variability gives rise to great morphological diversity, while maintaining a robust general organisation. Mutations present within cis-regulatory regions impact transcription via epigenomic mechanisms. The resulting variability in gene expression can be buffered by tran feedback mechanisms within the regulatory network. The precise organisation of these cis and trans interactions remains difficult to decipher. In order to better grasp the effect of mutations on transcription, I analysed genetic, epigenomic and transcriptomic data in collaboration with the Furlong laboratory (EMBL, Heidelberg). The use of allele-specific data from Drosophila F1 lines enabled to infer direct cis-interactions between the regulatory layers, suggesting a difference in the action of the epigenomic markers H3K27ac and H3K4me3 on gene expression. To better understand the trans impact of the structure of regulatory networks on gene expression, I have built a logical model of the dorsal-ventral axis specification in sea urchin embryo, in collaboration with the Lepage laboratory (iBV, Nice). Multicellular and stochastic analyses permitted to detect key components of the network, including the cross-repression dynamic between Nodal and BMP. To conclude, allele-specific data analysis and logical modelling allowed me to study the mechanisms of transcription regulation from two complementary perspectives
Litim-Mecheri, Isma. "Spécificité des protéines Hox : Rôle des motifs connus et découverte de nouveaux motifs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22096.
Full textHox genes are responsible for the identity of segments along the antero-posterior axis. They are evolutionarily conserved and encode transcription factors. In vitro, all Hox proteins bind to a similar nucleotide sequence via a highly conserved DNA binding domain, the homeodomain (HD). This low specificity of DNA binding in vitro contrasts with their specificity in vivo. One way to explain this paradaox is that Hox protein function with protein cofactors, best represented by Extradenticle (Exd) in Drosophila, Pbx in mammals (collectivaly refered as PBC). Hox-PBC interaction relies on a motif located upstream of the HD, conserved in most Hox proteins, the Hexapeptide (HX). Recent work in our group identified a novel mode of Hox-PBC interaction, non-generic, specific to a subset only of Hox paralog groups, and relying on a motif located C-terminal to the HD. This highlight plasticity in Hox-PBC interaction.My PhD work aimed at investigating the mode of action of Hox protein, by studying the function of three protein motifs, with known or putative role in Exd recruitment by the Drosophila Hox protein AbdominalA (AbdA). The approach taken aimed at analyzing, using a large functional window, how these motifs, taken in isolation or collectively, define AbdA protein activity. Conclusions highlight the absence of pleitropy and a high degree of functional interaction for these protein motifs. The second part of my PhD work has been to initiate the search for novel functionally important protein motifs within Hox proteins. This was approached by selecting phylogenetically conserved motifs, and addressing their function in vitro and in vivo following motif mutations. At least one functional domain was isolated, that contributes predominantly to Dfd protein function
Vigneron, Vincent. "Programmation par contraintes et découverte de motifs sur données séquentielles." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0028/document.
Full textRecent works have shown the relevance of constraint programming to tackle data mining tasks. This thesis follows this approach and addresses motif discovery in sequential data. We focus in particular, in the case of classified sequences, on the search for motifs that best fit each individual class. We propose a language of constraints over matrix domains to model such problems. The language assumes a preprocessing of the data set (e.g., by pre-computing the locations of each character in each sequence) and views a motif as the choice of a sub-matrix (i.e., characters, sequences, and locations). We introduce different matrix constraints (compatibility of locations with the database, class covering, location-based character ordering common to sequences, etc.) and address two NP-complete problems: the search for class-specific totally ordered motifs (e.g., exclusive subsequences) or partially ordered motifs. We provide two CSP models that rely on global constraints to prove exclusivity. We then present a memetic algorithm that uses this CSP model during initialisation and intensification. This hybrid approach proves competitive compared to the pure CSP approach as shown by experiments carried out on protein sequences. Lastly, we investigate data set preprocessing based on patterns rather than characters, in order to reduce the size of the resulting matrix domain. To this end, we present and compare two alternative methods, one based on lattice search, the other on dynamic programming
Khiari, Medhi. "Découverte de motifs n-aires utilisant la programmation par contraintes." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023102.
Full textKhiari, Mehdi. "Découverte de motifs n-aires utilisant la programmation par contraintes." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2015.
Full textUntil recently, data mining and Constraint Programming have been developed separately one from the other. This thesis is one of the first to address the relationships between these two areas of computer science, in particular using constraint programming techniques for constraint-based mining. The data mining community has proposed generic approaches to discover local patterns under constraints, and this issue is rather well-mastered. However, these approaches do not take into consideration that the interest of a pattern often depends on the other patterns. Such a pattern is called n-ary pattern or pattern set. Few works on mining n-ary patterns were conducted and the proposed approaches are ad hoc. This thesis proposes an unified framework for modeling and solving n-ary constraints in data mining. First, the n-ary pattern extraction problem is modeled as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP). Then, a high-level declarative language for mining n-ary patterns is proposed. This language allows to express a wide range of n-ary constraints. Several solving methods are developed and compared. The main advantages of this framework are its declarative and generic sides. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first generic and flexible framework for modeling and mining n-ary patterns
Muscariello, Armando. "Découverte de motifs variables dans les grandes volumes de données audio." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00642956.
Full textJnoub, Sonia. "La découverte de "soi" dans l'oeuvre romanesque de Michel Butor." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOL003.
Full textThe aim of this study is to keep track of the modification of the personage and the ineluctable's quest of its existence. On this perspective, our thesis regarding " the discovery of self in the butor's novels " consiste of three parts : The first part " the initiative's voyage ", presente the role of the voyage in the initiation of the hero and its quest of the truth. The second part " the dynamics of the butor's person and its penchant towards the other world " treats the descent of the personage to the Hades across the dream and the oblivion, and the role of the writing in taking conscience. The last part " narrative progression and thematic progression in Butor's work ", shows how the butor's personage discover it self in the space and in the time, and its reaction to the death. The author pose essential questions concerning the existence. The quotations of numerous old and contemporary writers permit to illuminate our study and to carry a response to the discovery of the self
Jacquemin, Ingrid. "Découverte de motifs relationnels en bioinformatique : application à la prédiction de ponts disulfures." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00185499.
Full textCette thèse propose l'exploration de deux nouvelles pistes pour progresser dans la résolution de prédiction de ponts disulfures dans les protéines. Cette liaison covalente stabilise et contraint fortement la conformation spatiale de la protéine et la connaissance des positions où elle intervient peut réduire considérablement la complexité du problème de la prédiction de la structure 3D. Pour cela, nous utilisons dans un premier temps, l'inférence grammaticale et plus particulièrement les langages de contrôle introduit par Y. Takada, puis dans un deuxième temps, la programmation logique inductive.
Diverses expériences visent à confronter un cadre théorique d'apprentissage et des algorithmes généraux d'inférence grammaticale régulière à une application pratique de prédiction d'appariements spécifiques au sein d'une séquence protéique. D'autres expérimentations montrent que la programmation logique inductive donne de bons résultats sur la prédiction de l'état oxydé des cystéines en inférant des règles interprétables par les biologistes. Nous proposons un algorithme d'induction heuristique dont l'idée est d'effectuer plusieurs phases d'apprentissage en tenant compte des résultats obtenus aux phases précédentes permettant ainsi de diminuer considérablement la combinatoire dans les espaces d'hypothèses logiques en construisant des règles de plus en plus discriminantes.
Soulet, Arnaud. "Un cadre générique de découverte de motifs sous contraintes fondées sur des primitives." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00123185.
Full textl'extraction de connaissances dans les bases de données. Cette thèse
traite de l'extraction de motifs locaux sous contraintes. Nous
apportons un éclairage nouveau avec un cadre combinant des primitives
monotones pour définir des contraintes quelconques. La variété de ces
contraintes exprime avec précision l'archétype des motifs recherchés
par l'utilisateur au sein d'une base de données. Nous proposons alors
deux types d'approche d'extraction automatique et générique malgré les
difficultés algorithmiques inhérentes à cette tâche. Leurs efficacités
reposent principalement sur l'usage de conditions nécessaires pour
approximer les variations de la contrainte. D'une part, des méthodes
de relaxations permettent de ré-utiliser les nombreux algorithmes
usuels du domaines. D'autre part, nous réalisons des méthodes
d'extraction directes dédiées aux motifs ensemblistes pour les données
larges ou corrélées en exploitant des classes d'équivalences. Enfin,
l'utilisation de nos méthodes ont permi la découverte de phénomènes
locaux lors d'applications industrielles et médicales.
Cavadenti, Olivier. "Contribution de la découverte de motifs à l’analyse de collections de traces unitaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI084/document.
Full textIn a manufacturing context, a product is moved through different placements or sites before it reaches the final customer. Each of these sites have different functions, e.g. creation, storage, retailing, etc. In this scenario, traceability data describes in a rich way the events a product undergoes in the whole supply chain (from factory to consumer) by recording temporal and spatial information as well as other important elements of description. Thus, traceability is an important mechanism that allows discovering anomalies in a supply chain, like diversion of computer equipment or counterfeits of luxury items. In this thesis, we propose a methodological framework for mining unitary traces using knowledge discovery methods. We show how the process of data mining applied to unitary traces encoded in specific data structures allows extracting interesting patterns that characterize frequent behaviors. We demonstrate that domain knowledge, that is the flow of products provided by experts and compiled in the industry model, is useful and efficient for classifying unitary traces as deviant or not. Moreover, we show how data mining techniques can be used to provide a characterization for abnormal behaviours (When and how did they occur?). We also propose an original method for detecting identity usurpations in the supply chain based on behavioral data, e.g. distributors using fake identities or concealing them. We highlight how the knowledge discovery in databases, applied to unitary traces encoded in specific data structures (with the help of expert knowledge), allows extracting interesting patterns that characterize frequent behaviors. Finally, we detail the achievements made within this thesis with the development of a platform of traces analysis in the form of a prototype
Vérin, Renaud. "Algorithmes de recherche de motifs dans les séquences d'ADN." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MARN0029.
Full textSalle, Paola. "Les motifs séquentiels pour les données issues des puces ADN." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20239/document.
Full textThe emergence of biotechnology, such as DNA chips, has acquired huge amounts of data in a cell at a given moment and under certain conditions. They are used in order to understand a disease whose origin is a genomic abnormality disrupting the natural development between growth, division and cell death. Using this biotechnology, the aim is to identify the genes involved in disease studied. But each chip gives information on more than 19,000 genes then it is difficult to use and to analyse the results. Methods of Data mining are used in order to find interesting correlations from large database. Initially proposed to address questions about the behavior of customers of a supermarket, these methods are now used and adapted in various fields of applications ranging marketing to health. In this study, we propose new methods in order to help biologists to deduce new knowledge from data obtained by DNA microarray analysis. Specifically, we propose to identify genes frequently ordered by their expressions and we study the contribution of such information as the new study material for biologists
Leroux, Aurélien. "Inférence grammaticale sur des alphabets ordonnés : application à la découverte de motifs dans des familles de protéines." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00185489.
Full textSobczyk, Agata. "La découverte de l'érotisme par les adolescents dans la littérature médiévale française." Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA040155.
Full textMancheron, Alban. "Extraction de motifs communs dans un ensemble de séquences : application à l'identification de sites de liaison aux protéines dans les séquences primaires d'ADN." Nantes, 2006. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=ec42cb78-8fc6-4c4d-a3a3-42735a44dafb.
Full textThe extraction of significant biological patterns, and in particular the identification of regulation sites of proteinic synthesis in DNA primary sequences, is one of the major issues today in bioinformatics. Indeed any anomaly in proteinic synthesis regulation has detrimental damages on the well-being of certain organisms. Extracting these sites enables to better understand cellular operation or even to remove or cure pathology. What is promblematic is the lack of information on patterns to be extracted, as well as the large volume of data to mine. In ths dissertation, we introduce two polynomial algorithms – the first one is deterministic and the other one is probabilist – to address the issue of pattern extraction. We introduce a new family of score functions and we study theirs statistical properties. We characterize the language which is recognized by the index structure named “Oracle”, and we modifiy this structure in order to make it more efficient
Collin, Delphine. "Etudes par methodes spectroscopiques de complexes d'oligonucleotides (motifs-i et interaction boucle-boucle) (doctorat : pharmacochimie)." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA114835.
Full textPandi, Joseph. "La découverte de l'art negro-africain : contribution d'un homme de lettres, Blaise Cendrars." Aix-Marseille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX10023.
Full textMarsan, Laurent. "Inférence de motifs structurés : algorithmes et outils appliqués à la détection de sites de fixation dans le séquences génomiques." Marne-la-Vallée, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MARN0128.
Full textIn this work, we concentrated our interest on a problem in molecular biology: the detection of binding sites in DNA sequences. This problem, from a certain point of view, finds diverse solutions in text algorithmics. We first present the specificity of such sites, and look at the existing representations used to modelize them. We then review the existing algorithms aimed at detecting these sites, and try to evaluate the pertinence of the main approaches employed. In particular, we try to discuss the trade off that exists between sensibility and complexity when dealing with such a problem. Our work consists in developing a new representation for binding sites, which incorporates one of the main characteristics of some of them: their ability to appear associated in a more or less constrained manner. We introduce the notion of a structured model, develop several exact combinatorial algorithms to infer such models, and present the software, called SMILE, we made using these algorithms. Going back to the biological problem which motivated this work, we apply our tool to infer known and unknown binding sites in a few sets of DNA sequences. The results of these experiments are compared to those obtained by some of the most used software on the same sets of sequences. We then discuss of the biological pertinence of all these results. Finally, we try to place our work in the current context, and define several directions to explore to improve the inference of binding sites. The algorithms and tools we made are all generic, they can be applied to extract any kind of structured signals that are common to a set of sequences. In particular, they can already treat protein sequences
Castrec, Benoît. "Les ADN polymérases B et D de l'archaea hyperthermophile Pyroccocus abyssi : contribution à l'étude des relations structure-fontion." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2018.
Full textDNA replication is a functionally conserved mechanism among the three domains of lite. This processus is performed by DNA polymerases with two accessories factors, PCNA and RF-C, sliding clamp and clamp loader, respectively. Our model of study, the Euryarchaeota Pyrococcus abyssi, possesses one DNA polymerase, belonging to the Family B, and one DNA polymerase, belonging to the Family D. Tisually, proteins interact with PCNA at a hydrophobic pocket which s formed by the IDCL and the C-terminus, These interactions are mediated through common motifs like the PIP box. We have demonstrated that Pol B has just one PIP box motif at the C terminus, while Pol D has two PIP-type motifs, at the N- and C terminus. Respectively, that interact with PCNA. Besides, this work has permitted to give prominence to that Pol D precisely interacts at the C terminus of PCNA. Besides, RF-C, via its PIP box motif, can maintain PCNA on DNA and can block the Pol D/PCNA complex. In addition, a glycine-rich motif has been characterised in Pol D. This motif, renamed PYF box, is implicated in thermostability of this enzyme and could participate to the interactions between subunits DP1 and DP2. Finally, preliminary work on fluorescence spectroscopy about the study of nucleo-proteic complexes. The investigation of motifs implied in structure-function relationship, let us to complete our knowledge about mechanisms of replicative systems in Archaea and mor precisely on Pol D, which is still unknown
Mazurie, Aurélien. "Des gènes aux réseaux génétiques : exploitation des données transcriptomiques, inférence et caractérisation de structures de régulation." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066030.
Full textLaurent, Marc. "Rôle des G-quadruplexes dans la spécification des origines de la réplication chez les vertébrés." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC162/document.
Full textReplication origins are the position where DNA synthesis is initiated. Mapping of replication origins across the genome showed a link between origins and G4 motifs. G4 motifs are sequences the potential for forming G-quadruplexes. Works carried out previously in the laboratory showed that the ability to fold into G-quadruplex is critical for the activity of two model origin in the DT40 cell line. However, the G4 motif is not enough to specify a replication origin. In the βA model origin, a 227 bp cis element is required for the initiation of replication. The analysis of this sequence indicates the presence of several motifs known to be binding sites for transcription factors. We tested the potential roles of these motifs by evaluating the effect of their individual deletion on the activity of the βA origin. This work identified the TATA and CCAAT boxes who bind TBP (TATA Binding Protein) and NFY (Nuclear Factor Y) respectively as the crucial elements, with the G4 motifs, pour the initiation of replication.We endeavored to shed light on the manner by which these elements enable the specification of a replication origin. We hypothesized that the G4 motifs associated with replication origins are those able to form a G-quadruplex in vivo. The formation of the G-quadruplex of the βA origin would require the presence of the TATA and CCAAT boxes who could recruit transcription factors facilitating the opening of the double helix and G-quadruplex folding. We tested this hypothesis by two different manners. First, we undertook to stabilize a G-quadruplex at a given position in the genome by inducing the transcription of a G4 motif. Then, we observed the effects of a genome wide stabilization of G-quadruplexes on the position of replication origins. For that, we mapped replication origins in DT40 cell lines in which factors implicated in G-quadruplex linearization are inactivated. According to our hypothesis, without such factors, like the FancJ helicase of the translesional DNA polymerase Rev1, more G4 motifs could fold into G-quaduplexes and specify replication origins
Briffotaux, Julien. "Maintenance génomique chez l'Archaea hyperthermophile Pyrococcus abyssi : découverte de nouvelles interactions physiques et caractérisation fonctionnelle." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00273692.
Full textLaget, Marie-Pierre. "Caractérisation d'un membre de la famille ETS, le facteur de transcription ERM : propriétés de liaison à l'ADN et pouvoir transactivateur." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10121.
Full textOku, Kaori. "La découverte dans le théâtre de Marivaux : dramaturgie, idées et fonctionnement de la représentation." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040231.
Full textThis study aims to clarify the effectiveness and the theatricality of Marivaux’s theatre, especially of his comedies, using a dramaturgical and ideological approach, and posing the essential question: what does the public discover through performance? Starting with the analysis of La Dispute, an emblematic play undergirded by the theme of discovery, my study includes close readings of Marivaux’s plays at the time as well as an examination of contemporary productions of the famous dramatist’s comedies. By using the idea of ‘‘discovery’’ as a critical framework, we can see how his theatre functions in relation to the audience and as a device which reveals the uncertainty of meaning, the problems inherent to identity, issues of desire and the mechanisms that govern society and the comic genre. Marivaux’s theatre, I argue, calls into question the notion of truth and the natural as well as the notion of dramatic character. Marivaux’s comic repertoire brings to the public, in the spirit of the Enlightenment, a dynamic series of events that call into question important themes about humankind, society and the mechanisms of comedy. This research thus illustrates the importance of Marivaux’s comedies as unique examples of living art
Kaboub, Ahmed. "De la révolte à la découverte de la sagesse populaire." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734342.
Full textHammal, Mohamed Ali. "Contribution à la découverte de sous-groupes corrélés : Application à l’analyse des systèmes territoriaux et des réseaux alimentaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI024.
Full textBetter feeding cities in quantity and quality, especially large cities, is a major challenge, whose resolution requires a better understanding of the relationships between urban populations and their food. On the scale of urban food systems, we need to understand the availability of food resources crossed with the socio-economic profiles of the territories. But we lack tools and methods to systematically understand the relationships between consumption basins, supply and eating habits. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of new IT tools to process temporal, heterogeneous and multi-sources data in order to identify and characterize behaviors specific to a geographic area. For this, we rely on the joint exploration of gradual patterns, to discover rank correlations, and subgroups in order to find contexts for which the correlations described by the gradual patterns are exceptionally strong compared to the remaining of the data. We propose an enumeration algorithm based on pruning properties with upper bounds, as well as another algorithm which samples the patterns according to the quality measure. These approaches are validated not only on benchmark datasets, but also through an empirical study of the formation of food deserts in the Lyon urban area
Bertin, Samuel. "Thérapie génique des métastases hépatiques de cancer colique : rôle des motifs CpG bactériens dans l'induction de la réponse antitumorale." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4023.
Full textLa thérapie génique suicide consiste à transférer dans les cellules tumorales, un gène viral ou bactérien, appelé gène "suicide", dont le produit est capable de convertir une prodrogue non toxique en drogue létale. Ainsi, le gène cytosine désaminase (CD) permet de convertir la 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), prodrogue non toxique, en 5-fluorouracile (5-FU), drogue cytotoxique couramment utilisée en chimiothérapie anticancéreuse. Les travaux de notre équipe ont précédemment permis de montrer, chez des animaux porteurs de tumeurs hépatiques sur deux lobes du foie, que l’injection d’un plasmide exprimant le gène CD dans l’une des deux tumeurs conduit à une régression de l’ensemble des lésions après traitement par 5-FC, indiquant la mise en place d’une réponse immune systémique. La première partie de ce travail de thèse a consisté à caractériser les évènements cellulaires et moléculaires induits par ce traitement de façon à mieux comprendre les effets antitumoraux observés. Nous avons démontré que le traitement induit l’apoptose des cellules tumorales, le recrutement dans les tumeurs de lymphocytes T et de cellules NK ainsi que l’augmentation d’expression de plusieurs de cytokines et chimiokines. Ces résultats indiquent que les effets cytotoxiques du 5-FU sont ensuite relayés par l’activation du système immunitaire ceci conduisant à la mise en place d’une réponse immune antitumorale systémique. Notre approche de thérapie génique étant basée sur l’injection intratumorale d’un plasmide bactérien, la deuxième partie de mon travail de thèse a consisté à analyser le rôle des séquences CpG non méthylées présentes dans ce plasmide lors de l’initiation de la réponse immune. Nos résultats démontrent l’importance de ces motifs bactériens qui sont capables d’agir comme un signal de danger en modifiant le microenvironnement tumoral, favorisant ainsi le développement d’une réponse immune antitumorale. Enfin, dans une dernière partie de ce travail, nous avons voulu déterminer si les séquences CpG bactériennes avaient un effet sur les cellules tumorales elles-mêmes. Nos résultats démontrent pour la première fois que les motifs CpG bactériens déclenchent un processus d’autophagie in vitro et in vivo dans les cellules tumorales exprimant le “Toll-like récepteur-9” spécifique de ces motifs. La mise en évidence récente d’un lien entre les “Tolllike récepteurs” et l’autophagie par d’autres équipes dans des cellules immunitaires est donc étendue aux cellules cancéreuses elles-mêmes, ce qui ouvre la voie à de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques dans le traitement du cancer
Lelièvre, Mélanie. "Étude de la biosynthèse des motifs di-, oligo- et polysialylés chez les mammifères : identification et caractérisation d'une nouvelle sialyltransférase humaine (hST8Sia VI)responsable de la biosynthèse de motifs diSia sur des O-glycosylprotéines." Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL10068.
Full textMariani, Catherine. "Un conquistador à la découverte de l'autre. Les Naufragios d'Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030081/document.
Full textAlvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1490-1557), gentleman of the highest Spanish nobility, is the author of a travel very significantly entitled Naufragios (1542) which is the heart of this thesis entitled "A conquistador exploring the other: the Naufragios of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca". It aims to demonstrate that the exceptional nature of this text lies as much in its content and in the person of its author, in spite of himself and suddenly confronted with the shock of otherness, as a result of accidental flooding, and prolonged total among different ethnic groups of the current north American continent. Upon his return to Europe, he transcribed in a memory the different stages of this discovery and its awareness of the full humanity of the Indians, that "other" that evokes long after having carefully observed. For Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, the Indians are in all respects his fellow men should be treated as such and which he became, against all odds, the advocate before the highest temporal and spiritual authority of Spain, the King. His text, the literary quality unclassifiable, yet not only tells a unique adventure. To him, however he has his posterity. Considered in turn as the first American writer, an ethnologist or before the time as the first true defender of the Indians, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, after a journey of almost 10 years during which he traveled the American continent from East to West knows the social decline and has not seen his ideas triumph during his lifetime
Gondard, Mathilde. "A la découverte des agents pathogènes et microorganismes des tiques par séquençage de nouvelle génération et QPCR microfluidique à haut débit." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1017.
Full textVector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens transmitted by haematophagous arthropods which provide active transmission (mechanical or biological) of infectious agents from one vertebrate to another. Among these vectors, ticks are known to carry and transmit the greatest variety of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance. They transmit microorganisms responsible for bacterial (Lyme borreliosis, rickettsioses), parasitic (babesiosis, theileriosis), or viral diseases (tick-borne encephalitis).The Antilles are located in the heart of the Caribbean Neotropical Zone. This area can be considered at risk for the emergence of vector-borne diseases mainly due to favorable environmental conditions and intercontinental exchanges (e.g. legal and illegal animal trade, migratory birds). However, the epidemiological situation of the Caribbean area, with regard to tick-borne diseases, is still poorly documented. Indeed, most of field studies only focused on animal pathogens such as Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia (bovis and bigemina) and Anaplasma marginale and questions about the risk of emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne diseases remain unanswered. Thus, it is crucial to develop efficient epidemiological surveillance tools that would enable the detection of new, known or unexpected pathogens present in ticks. In this context, the main objective of my thesis was to obtain an overview of pathogens of medical and veterinary interest present in Caribbean ticks using new high-throughput technologies. We first used a high-throughput sequencing approach to determine pathogens present in ticks (bacteria, parasites, and viruses) collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique. This analysis revealed a great diversity of pathogenic agents in our samples and highlighted the presence of four viruses belonging to new viral families recently described and associated with arthropods. Results of sequencing combined with data available in the literature allowed us to make the most exhaustive list of pathogens potentially transmitted by ticks and requiring health surveillance in the Caribbean area. From this pathogen inventory, we developed a system of high-throughput screening of infectious agents applicable to the whole Caribbean area. This molecular tool is a microfluidic system based on the BiomarkTM dynamic arrays technology (Fluidigm Corporation), which enables high-throughput real-time PCR to simultaneously detect 48-96 targets within 48 to 96 samples. Two different chips have been developed, one for bacteria and parasites monitoring, and one for viruses. Their efficiency was tested on tick samples collected in both Guadeloupe and Martinique. This large-scale screening provided a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological situation of 45 bacteria, 17 parasites and 31 viruses potentially transmitted by ticks in the French West Indies. The high-throughput detection tool developed during my thesis represents a major improvement in epidemiological surveillance technology, enabling the rapid and concomitant monitoring of a wide range of pathogens. It will soon be applied to high-throughput screening of infectious agents found in ticks collected throughout the Caribbean, including Trinidad and Tobago, St. Kitts, Barbados, and St. Lucia, thanks to the collaboration with the CaribVet network, and local veterinarians
Armant, Olivier. "A genomic approach to study the molecular pathways of differentiation regulated by the proneural genes Mash 1 and Ngn 2 during development of the mouse telencephalon." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/ARMANT_Olivier_2005.pdf.
Full textThe main cellular steps of neurogenesis start to be well established in mammals. But the molecular mechanisms leading to the neuronal diversity produced from a reduced population of neural stem cells are still not understood. The proneural activity of several transcription factors of the bHLH (basic Helix Loop Helix) family is conserved through evolution from Drosophila to mammals and play crucial roles to instruct the differentiation of neurons from neural stem cells. I have studied, at the transcriptional level, the molecular pathways regulated by proneural factors Neurogenins and Mash1 during development of the mouse telencephalon. First, I show that in parallel to the activation of a generic neuronal differentiation programme, proneural genes specify different neuronal subtype identities. Indeed, during the early phase of cortical development Ngn1 and Ngn2 induce a glutamatergic fate, while in the same time inhibit the subcortical GABAergic phenotype regulated by Mash1. I show also the characterisation of target genes directly regulated by proneural genes. In particular numerous genes from the Delta family, involved in the Notch signalling pathway, are presumably directly regulated by Mash1 in the telencephalon. Finally the genome wide analysis of the neuronal differentiation pathways regulated by proneural genes provide a very efficient tool for the discovery of new genes putatively involved in the differentiation of neuronal populations, and potentially affected in neurological diseases. I describe in this work preliminary results for the functional analysis of two genes, Delta like 1 and Nemo like kinase, regulated in the telencephalon by proneural genes
Mollot, Grégory. "Régulations biologiques de Cosmopolites sordidus dans le réseau trophique des bananeraies." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00932464.
Full textSantos, Ilda Mendes dos. "La litterature portugaise des voyages : le bresil, 16e-17e siecles. formes, fonctions et representations." Paris 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA03A095.
Full textProtuguese travel litterature to in brazil is a laboratory which offers the possibity, by textual and cultural analysis, to study the conception of travel, travel writing and of a particular space (brazil). A cut more semiological than chronological defines the corpus : from the first travel's texts to those written before luso-hollandese conflict. Texts (rutters, diaries, letters, travel narratives, descriptions etc) come from the direct experience of travelers who are sailors, explorators, functionnaries, colons missionaries. They present discurses, narrative strategies, topics and problematics relatives to travel writing and to cultural and literary history of brazil and of portugal. This approach confronts textual, historical and cultural areas : portuguese narratives; protuguese travelers and others; text and iconography. This work reveals the conception of traveler as a discover and a colon, expresses fundamental elements about travel's notion (mobility and immobity, exteriority and interiority, tension and intensity), about travel writing (fragmentation and encyclopedy; structural schifts between narrative and description). It is also an interrogation of links and boundaries in portuguese and brazilians cultural relations : relation to space and time (sea and sertao), literature and identity
Hobaika, Zeina. "Intégrase de VIH-1 : l'hélice α4 site d'interaction de l'ADN viral et des inhibiteurs." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077025.
Full textWe studied interactions of HIV 1 integrase (IN) with viral DNA and two inhibitors of the DKA (diketoacids) family focusing our attention on the impact of magnesium ions (Mg²⁺c) on thèse interactions. IN catalyzes the integration of viral DNA into cell DNA through a two steps mechanism: the 3'processing of viral DNA and the strand transfer. For this aim, we used a simple model conceived in our laboratory, consisting in: (1) an analogue of the α4 helix of IN, shown to be implicated in the specific recognition of viral DNA and (2) of two 17 base pair oligonucleotides corresponding to the processed and the unprocessed end of LTR DNA. The study was performed using several spectroscopic methods (UV absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence and nuclear magnetic resonance). Results obtained from the model can be extrapolated to the entire enzyme. Several residues known to be important for IN activity and virus infectivity participate to the interaction with DNA. Magnesium is crucial for the specific and non specific binding sites discrimination. It reinforces the specific binding affinity of α4 helix for unprocessed DNA while it weakens the non specific binding affinity, suggesting that the first binding resorts to hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions and the second to ionic interactions. After processing, only remains the weak and non specific affinity proving that the GT3 dinucleotide at the LTR end is needed for the specific binding of the IN ot4 helix to viral DNA. The couple of DKA inhibitors studied here interact with both the oc4 helix and the viral DNA. The latter interaction although suggested had never been shown until now. However, the affinity of DKAs for the oc4 helix is weak so that DKAs cannot compete with the specific interaction of α4 helix with unprocessed DNA. On the other hand, DKA interactions are strong enough to compete with the non specific binding of α4 helix with the processed DNA. This explains why the DKA inhibitors are more efficient on the strand transfer reaction than on the 3'processing reaction. Thus, the use of simple model can. Be helpful in the research of new inhibitors of IN disturbing the integration process
Kaytoue, Mehdi. "Traitement de données numériques par analyse formelle de concepts et structures de patrons." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00599168.
Full textGirardot, Charles. "Deciphering enhancer activity in Drosophila based on transcription factor occupancy and chromatin state chromatin state characterization." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829472.
Full textBen, Hassen Nadia. "Vers une poétique du sacré dans la littérature tunisienne : de l'intertexte du Coran et du Hadith à la découverte de la dimension littéraire du "sacré" dans un corpus d'oeuvres d'expression arabe et française." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20139.
Full textIn this thesis we aim to study what defines the sacredness in a comparative and interdisciplinary perspective as it manifests itself by a bilingual corpus. We had resorted to both literary and exegetical theories. Through this study of intertext of Qur’ân and Hadith in the tunisian literature which uses french and arabic-language we had emphasized the importance of three major dimensions in interextuality that contribute fully to devise the poetry in the « sacredness » : mystic, rhythmics and myth. Our thesis deconstructs preconceived ideas that keep the separation between the literature and sacredness by showing the importance of reviewing the sacred texts beyond doubt. The Authors seem to have intuitively deconstruct many myths of the « unthinkable » islamic thought. What they brought has considerable merit while Islam is becoming known more by its myths than by the essence of its texts
Daguisé, Floriane. "L’indiscrétion du rococo : épier, découvrir, surprendre dans la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle français." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL195.
Full textThe focus of this study is the recurring and diversified presence, within literary and visual fictions of the first half of the 18th century, of an onlooker who sees without being seen or listens without being listened to. A situation conditioned by non-visibility and marginality, indiscretion models an asymmetrical relationship between a hidden character, in the shadows, and the object of their perception, brought to light. The reuse of topical motifs –cuckold husband, sleeping or bathing beauty – does not exhaust the richness of the phenomenon; its numerical, dramatic and symbolic importance is an invitation to measure its interest, value and scope. From Fontenelle to Rousseau, from Watteau to Hubert Robert, the indiscretion outlines a network of contemporary concerns. The decentering, transgression and unveiling induced by the indiscreet presence are testament to complementary perspectives that resonate with “Rococo” aesthetics, a cluster of trends within which detours constitute one of the most important modalities. Indiscretion falls within a decisive shift in poetic and aesthetic traditions; it questions boundaries being configured, those of the private and public spheres, those isolating and densifying privacy; it finally manifests an epistemological conception of discovery, a function of an ambivalent curiosity. Through this staging of access to events and speeches, it is ultimately a reflection on the spectatorial point of view – fictional and real – which is proposed to the ultimate receiver, less duplicated by the indiscreet than invited to a repetition and a renewal of attention
Bai, Zhi Min. "L'image de l'empire de Chine sous la plume des voyageurs français des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CLF20011.
Full textLiefooghe, Aude. "Matrices score-position, algorithmes et propriétés." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00832725.
Full textZambrano, Ramirez Adrian. "Synthesis of reaction-diffusion patterns with DNA : towards Turing patterns." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS214/document.
Full textThis PhD work is devoted to developing an experimental framework to investigate chemical spatiotemporal organization through mechanisms that could be at play during pattern formation in development. We introduce new tools to increase the versatility of DNA-based networks as pattern-forming systems. The emergence of organization in living systems is a longstanding fundamental question in biology. The two most influential ideas in developmental biology used to explain chemical pattern formation are Wolpert's positional information and Turing's reaction-diffusion self-organization. In the case of positional information, the pattern emerges from a pre-existing morphogen gradient across space that provides positional values as in a coordinate system. Whereas, the Turing mechanism relies on self-organization by driving a system of an initially homogeneous distribution of chemicals into an inhomogeneous pattern of concentration by a process that involves solely reaction and diffusion. Although numerical simulations and mathematical analysis corroborate the incredible potential of reaction-diffusion mechanisms to generate patterns, their experimental implementation is not trivial. And despite of the exceptional achievements in pattern formation with Belousov–Zhabotinsky systems, these are difficult to engineer, thus limiting their experimental implementation to few available mechanisms. In order to engineer reaction-diffusion systems that display spatiotemporal dynamics the following three key elements must be controlled: (i) the topology of the network (how reactions are linked to each other, i.e. in a positive or negative feedback manner), (ii) the reaction rates and (iii) the diffusion coefficients. Recently, using nucleic acids as a substrate to make programmable dynamic chemical systems together with the lessons from synthetic biology and DNA nanotechnology has appeared as an attractive approach due to the simplicity to control reaction rates and network topology by the sequence. Our experimental framework is based on the PEN-DNA toolbox, which involves DNA hybridization and enzymatic reactions that can be maintained out of equilibrium in a closed system for long periods of time. The programmability and biocompatibility of the PEN-DNA toolbox open new perspectives for the engineering of the reaction-diffusion chemical synthesis, in particular in two directions. Firstly, to study biologically-inspired pattern-forming mechanisms in simplified, yet relevant, experimental conditions. Secondly to build new materials that would self-build by a process inspired from embryo morphogenesis. We worked towards the goal of meeting the two requirements of Turing patterning, transferring chemical spatiotemporal behavior into material patterns, and imposing boundary conditions to spatiotemporal patterns. Therefore, the structure of this document is divided into four specific objectives resulting in four chapters. In chapter 1 we worked on testing a DNA-based reaction network with an inhibitor-activator topology. In chapter 2 we focused on developing a strategy to tune the diffusion coefficient of activator DNA strands. In chapter 3 we explored how chemical patterns determine the shape of a material. Finally, in chapter 4 we addressed the issue of controlling the geometry over a DNA-based reaction-diffusion system. Overall, we have expanded the number of available tools to study chemical and material pattern formation and advance towards Turing patterns with DNA
Sessa, Gaetana. "Role of the Interaction of BRCA2 and DDX5 in the DNA Damage Response BRCA2 promotes DNA-RNA hybrid resolution by DDX5 at DNA double strand breaks to facilitate homologous recombination Proper chromosome alignment depends on BRCA2 phosphorylation by PLK1." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS116.
Full textIncreasing evidence support the idea that proteins involved in RNA metabolism such as RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and RNA helicases are directly implicated in the DNA damage response (DDR). This activity is generally achieved through their interaction with DNA repair factors.BRCA2 is a tumor suppressor protein that plays an important role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) as well as protecting stalled replication forks from unscheduled degradation; therefore, it is essential to maintain genome integrity. Interestingly, BRCA2 deficient cells accumulate DNA-RNA hybrids or R-loops, a known source of DNA damage and genome instability, providing evidence for its role in either R-loop prevention or processing. However, the specific role of BRCA2 on these structures remains poorly understood.A mass spectrometry screen to identify partners of BRCA2 performed in our laboratory revealed an enrichment of proteins involved in RNA metabolism such as RNA helicases. These findings led us to investigate whether BRCA2 could cooperate with these candidate interacting RNA helicases in processing DNA-RNA structures. First, we confirmed the interaction of BRCA2 and the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX5, which we found is enhanced in cells exposed to -irradiation. Then, we narrowed down the interaction to the first 250 aa of BRCA2 (BRCA2T1) and found that it is direct using purified proteins. In collaboration with A. Aguilera lab (Cabimer, SP), we could show that depletion of DDX5 leads to a genome-wide accumulation of DNA-RNA hybrids that is particularly enriched at DNA damage sites. DDX5 associates with DNA-RNA hybrids that form in the vicinity of DSBs. Interestingly, we found that BRCA2 is important for the retention of DDX5 at laser irradiation-induced DNA damage. Notably, in vitro R-loop unwinding assays using purified DDX5 and BRCA2 proteins revealed that BRCA2 stimulates the R-loop helicase activity of DDX5.A breast cancer variant of unknown clinical significance (VUS) located in BRCA2T1 (T207A) reduced the interaction between BRCA2 and DDX5 and led to the accumulation of DNA-RNA hybrids. Cells stably expressing BRCA2-T207A also showed a decreased association of DDX5 with DNA-RNA hybrids, especially upon irradiation. Notably, monitoring RAD51 foci to evaluate HR-mediated DSBs repair efficiency in either DDX5-depleted cells or in BRCA2-T207A cells resulted in a delayed kinetics of appearance of RAD51 foci upon irradiation suggesting an active role of BRCA2-DDX5 interaction in ensuring timely HR repair. In agreement with this, overexpression of the RNAseH1 ribonuclease, that specifically degrades the RNA moiety in DNA-RNA structures, partially restored RAD51 kinetics phenotype of BRCA2-T207A cells. Moreover, cells bearing BRCA2-T207A variant also showed a reduced number of RPA foci compared to BRCA2 WT expressing cells, a step that precedes RAD51 loading at DSBs.Taken together, our results are consistent with DNA-RNA hybrids being an impediment for the repair of DSBs by HR and reveal BRCA2 and DDX5 as active players in their removal
Bigot, Diane. "Biodiversité et évolution des virus présents dans les métagénomes animaux." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4019.
Full textViruses are among the most abundant entities on Earth, but the viral diversity remains mostly unknown as currently biased in favour of animals of social, agronomic and economic interest. Next Generation Sequencing technologies provide access to so far inaccessible information. The aim of my PhD thesis was the study of the viral diversity within a large range of non-model animals. To address this question I set up an innovative analytical framework to discover new viruses based on a meta-transcriptomic approach. This work i) shows that this bioinformatics method is efficient and powerful, ii) allows the discovery of new viruses with particular genomic organisations suggesting they belong to new virus genera of families, iii) uncovered new viruses from new hosts in well-known viral families and iv) shows wider viral host range than previously expected based on a particular focus on hymenopteran viral diversity. Overall, my work allows to fill some gaps in the knowledge of viral diversity and shows the importance of studying non-model animal species in virology
Gagnon, Eric. "Découverte et application de nouveaux motifs d'association propres à l'hexaphénylbenzène et à ses dérivés." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3786.
Full textThe properties of molecular materials depend on the identity of individual components and on their organization. Unfortunately, it remains difficult to control molecular organization, despite advances in materials science. To better understand the relationship between molecular structure and collective properties, we undertook a systematic study of hexaphenylbenzene and its derivatives, which possess a rigid symmetric framework. Our first study focused on using hydrogen bonds to control self-assembly in the solid state. By installing six diaminotriazinyl groups on a hexaphenylbenzene core, we predictably obtained highly porous three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded networks. Through systematic structural modifications of the molecular core, we excised nearly a third of the parent molecule, and the porosity of the networks gradually increased, matching the record of 75% previously obtained for this type of material. We then turned to weaker interactions to control organization, as revealed by the packing of hexakis(4-nitrophenyl)benzene. In the crystal structures analyzed, non-covalent interactions between nitro groups were observed, demonstrating their potential in supramolecular chemistry. Careful examination of the structures showed that the hexaphenylbenzene moieties play only a secondary role in determining the overall packing; however, C-H•••π interactions involving the central aromatic ring of hexaphenylbenzene were also observed. To further document this unexpected behavior, we analyzed nine crystal structures of hexaphenylbenzene and derivatives, which showed that a C-H•••π recognition pattern involving the central aromatic ring occurs consistently throughout the series. This motif was used to prepare supramolecular networks based exclusively on selective and directional C-H•••π interactions involving ethynyl groups and the central aromatic ring of hexaphenylbenzene. Finally, we joined the dark side of crystal engineering by using our knowledge of supramolecular chemistry to prevent the formation of directional interactions. By installing alkyl groups near the central aromatic ring of hexaphenylbenzene, C-H•••π interactions were practically eliminated. These results were then used to devise new amorphous materials. The hexaphenylbenzene system permitted a methodical analysis of structure-property relationships in molecular materials. This particular system exposed phenomena normally obscured in other families of molecules, and our analysis of its behavior has yielded conclusions of universal value in materials science.
Aid, Malika. "Une nouvelle approche computationnelle pour la découverte des sites de fixation de facteurs de transcription à l’ADN, adaptée aux données de ChIP-chip et de ChIP-séquençage." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12729.
Full textTranscription factors (TF) play important roles in various biological processes such as differentiation, cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. They regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences (TFBS). Identifying these cis-regulatory elements is a crucial step to understand gene regulatory networks. Technological developments have enhanced DNA sequencing at genomic scale. On the basis of the resulting sequences, computational biologists now attempt to localize the most important functional regions, starting with genes, but also importantly the whole genome characterization of transcription factor binding sites and allow the development of several computational DNA motif discovery tools. Although these various tools are widely used and have been successful at discovering novel motifs, they are not adapted to ChIP-chip and ChIP-sequencing data. The main drawback of these approaches is that most of the predicted motifs represent artifacts due to an inefficient assessment of their enrichment. This thesis is about transcription factor proteins and statistical analysis of their binding sites in ChIP-chip and ChIP-sequencing data. The first objective was to develop a new do novo DNA motif discovery tool adapted to ChIP-chip and ChIP-sequencing data. SAMD-ChIP combines enumerative and stochastic strategies to predict enriched motifs in the vicinity of the ChIP peak summits. Our approach is an automated pipeline that includes motif discovery, motif clustering, motif optimization and finally motif identification using transcription factor (TF) databases. SAMD-ChIP outperforms state-of-the-art motif discovery tools in term of the number of predicted motifs and the prediction of rare and degenerate motifs. In particular, SAMD-ChIP efficiently identifies gapped motifs such as inverted or direct repeats bound by nuclear receptors and composite motifs resulting from the association of different single TF binding sites. The underlying assumption of the second objective is that in regulatory regions, binding sites of interacting transcription factors co-occur more often than expected by chance in the vicinity of the ChIP-peak summits. We proposed an approach to predict transcription factor binding sites co-localization based on the prediction of single motifs by do novo motif discovery tools or by using TFBS models from TF data bases.