Journal articles on the topic 'Decontamination'
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Alagl, Adel S., Marwa Madi, Sumit Bedi, Faisal Al Onaizan, and Zainab S. Al-Aql. "The Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG and Diode Laser Applications on Dental Implant Surfaces Contaminated with Acinetobacter Baumannii and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa." Materials 12, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132073.
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Treatment of peri-implantitis through several implant surface decontamination techniques have been reported, however, some of them can negatively alter the implant surface or enhance more bacterial resistance. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate implant surface decontamination by means of Er,Cr:YSGG and diode lasers. Fifty micro-textured (MTX) dental implants were contaminated with Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 25) and with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 25). All implants were then divided into five groups for the decontamination procedure. In group I (GI), decontamination was done with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm), while in group II (GII) decontamination was performed using photodynamic therapy (a 650 nm diode laser). In Group III (GIII) decontamination was performed with photodynamic therapy (an 808 nm diode laser), and in group IV (GIV) decontamination was performed with 0.12% chlorhexidine. Group V (GV) was the control group with no decontamination. After decontamination, colony forming units (CFU) were counted and implants were prepared for SEM analysis. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed for GI compared to the other groups, and also for GIV compared to both GII and GIII. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser (GI) showed the best results in decontaminating the implant surface. Chlorhexidine (GIV), proved to be better in decontaminating the implant surface than photodynamic therapy GII and diode laser GIII. No significant difference was found between group GII and GIII. The SEM analysis showed no significant change in the implant surface topography. The results of this study suggest that the Er,Cr:YSGG laser can be considered as an effective technique for reducing bacteria contamination on implant surfaces.
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Zhou, Jian Zhao, Xiao Qiang Yang, Guo Liang Lu, and Kai Ming Ma. "The Design of Hydraulic Decontaminating Equipment for Engineering Machinery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 2017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.2017.
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A type of hydraulic pollutant decontaminating equipment was made in this paper. The decontamination and maintenance means were studied. The circulating decontaminating method was put forward and developed by modularized technique. The hardware of the decontaminating equipment was implemented with single-chip microcomputer and integrated circuit technology. The controlling application program integrated with fuzzy logic and reasoning function was developed. The practical use showed that the decontaminating equipment could be used in the maintenance of hydraulic circuit of bulldozer as well as the other engineering machinery, therefore realizing the quick decontamination and cleaning of hydraulic component and oil on-line purifying.
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Abraham, G., P. M. Le Blanc Smith, and S. Nguyen. "The Effectiveness of Gaseous Formaldehyde Decontamination Assessed by Biological Monitoring." Journal of the American Biological Safety Association 2, no. 1 (March 1997): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109135059700200108.
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The results of seven years experience of the effectiveness of routine gaseous formaldehyde decontamination of rooms, filter canisters and biological safety cabinets at ambient temperature are reported. The effectiveness of each decontamination was monitored biologically by the inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores at five locations in rooms and biological safety cabinets and at two locations in filter canisters. A greater than 104 reduction in viability was achieved for each group of five spore tests in 92% of room decontaminations and each group of five spore tests in 81% of biological safety cabinet decontaminations, and a greater than 104.7 reduction for both spore tests in 83% of filter canister decontaminations. This long-term study of 2,308 routine formaldehyde decontaminations of varying spaces in practical situations demonstrates the reliability of the procedure. The results confirm that previously-described methods can be applied with confidence for routine decontaminations of laboratory facilities and equipment.
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Sheedy, Michael. "Decontaminating wastewater: Improving decontamination in wastewater." Filtration & Separation 45, no. 8 (October 2008): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(08)70301-x.
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Koryakovskiy, Yuriy S., Valeriy A. Doilnitsyn, and Andrey A. Akatov. "Improving the efficiency of fixed radionuclides’ removal by chemical decontamination of surfaces in situ." Nuclear Energy and Technology 5, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.5.36477.
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The article presents the results of work aimed at improving of chemical decontamination methods. A brief description of existing chemical decontamination technologies used to remove radioactive contamination (RC) from walls, floors and external surfaces of equipment without dismantling, i.e., in situ, is given. A vector of research aimed at improving the efficiency of fixed RC’s removal is also determined. The first aim of this work is to improve the decontaminating properties of removable polymer coatings used in practice. The following domestic products were chosen as study objects: compositions presented under trademarks VA, VL; and also special formulation ZPS-1M. Modifications of these compounds performed in SPSIT in some cases made it possible to significantly increase the decontamination factors (DF). The best results were obtained for VL compositions: it was found that due to certain additives it is possible to increase the DF for metal surfaces by a factor of 5–35 over the base product. Along with film-forming decontaminating compositions, an alternative patented technique has been developed in SPSIT. The main feature of this technique is usage of sorbent-based composite covering material previously saturated by decontaminating solution. New technique allows to achieve far higher decontamination factors (150–500) when fixed RC is removed from metal surfaces. In addition, it can be applied to polymer and other non-metal materials. One of the main advantages of given technique is a drastic (11–16 times) reduction of time required for carrying out decontamination operations. The obtained results may be useful for further research in this area. Thus, research performed allows to come up with general conclusion: there are possibilities to efficiently remove fixed RC from surfaces using rather simple chemical means. That, in its turn, could be a rational alternative to high-priced robotic decontaminating systems.
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Sura, Paweł, and Stanisław Popiel. "Selected decontamination methods of chemical warfare agents covered by the Chemical Weapons Convention." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.3683.
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Decontamination is the overall physicochemical process leading to completely neutralising or weaken-ing the toxic properties of poisonous substances. In the literature, there are many ways to eliminate con-tamination, including more through innovative methods. The decontamination agents known and used so far have been thoroughly tested in terms of interaction with chemical warfare agents (CWA), espe-cially relating to kinetics and the resulting reaction products. However, with the extension of the Chem-ical Weapons Convention to new substances, i.e., compounds of the “A” series, the so-called No-vichoks, their interaction with available decontamination agents is a subject to verification. On the other hand, equally important, new substances find decontaminating applications; therefore, it seems crucial to test them comprehensively regarding their impact on toxic substances. In this paper, selected methods of decontamination of chemical warfare agents are reviewed, together with the experimental results of the conducted research. The main effort was focused on discussing the most essential decontamination agents known so far. Also, attention was paid to new methods of decontamination that have not yet been introduced to common use but only tested in the laboratory for the possibility of use as a decon-tamination agent.Keywords: chemical warfare agents, decontamination, decontamination agents analytical chemistry
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Kuzin, V. V., N. V. Kolupaeva, O. A. Shcherbakova, and I. A. Dyatlov. "Using aerosols to decontaminate surfaces of nucleic acids." Microbiology Independent Research Journal (MIR Journal) 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18527/2500-2236-2023-10-1-1-12.
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Cross-contamination that leads to false positive results is a serious problem for laboratories using the PCR method. There are many ways to solve this problem, but none of them could be considered universal. Treatment with aerosols is the preferable method for decontamination of large areas of complex surfaces. The goal of this study was to determine effective aerosol compositions and regimens for the decontamination of nucleic acids on laboratory surfaces. The decontaminating activity of compounds that release active chlorine and active oxygen was studied using model surfaces contaminated with nucleic acids and bacteria. Effective modes of decontamination with aerosols were established by analysis of obtained experimental data. Differences between decontamination of nucleic acids and bacterial disinfection of the laboratory surfaces are shown.
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Golovkine, Guillaume R., Allison W. Roberts, Chase Cooper, Sebastian Riano, Angela M. DiCiccio, Daniel L. Worthington, Jeffrey P. Clarkson, et al. "Practical considerations for Ultraviolet-C radiation mediated decontamination of N95 respirator against SARS-CoV-2 virus." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): e0258336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258336.
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Decontaminating N95 respirators for reuse could mitigate shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the United States Center for Disease Control has identified Ultraviolet-C irradiation as one of the most promising methods for N95 decontamination, very few studies have evaluated the efficacy of Ultraviolet-C for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. In addition, most decontamination studies are performed using mask coupons that do not recapitulate the complexity of whole masks. We sought to directly evaluate the efficacy of Ultraviolet-C mediated inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on N95 respirators. To that end we created a portable UV-C light-emitting diode disinfection chamber and tested decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 at different sites on two models of N95 respirator. We found that decontamination efficacy depends on mask model, material and location of the contamination on the mask. Our results emphasize the need for caution when interpreting efficacy data of UV-C decontamination methods.
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Kuzin, Viktor Vladimirovich, Nadezhda Vyacheslavovna Kolupaeva, Ekaterina Sergeevna Kuzina, and Vasily Dmitrievich Potapov. "Investigation of the decontaminating activity of different disinfectant classes against nucleic acids." Disinfection affairs, no. 1 (March 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35411/2076-457x-2022-1-14-20.
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Contamination of laboratory surfaces with nucleic acids and their amplicons is one of the most important problems encountered in nucleic acid amplification methods due to the occurrence of unreliable results. The aim of this study was to select and determine effective regimens for the use of various active agents for decontamination in PCR laboratories. The ability of ethyl alcohol, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine, polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and neutral anolyte to destroy or irreversibly modify DNA, preventing its subsequent amplification was studied. The decontamination activity was analyzed by simulating the surface contamination with both long (1500 bp) and short (94 bp) amplicons. Hydrogen peroxide 2?%, peracetic acid 0.24?%, dichloroisocyanuric acid 0.01?%, sodium hypochlorite 0.1?% and chlorine dioxide 0.01?% were shown to have decontaminating ability. Notably, dichloroisocyanuric acid decontaminated surfaces from DNA at a concentration 20 times lower than previously described, and sodium hypochlorite at half the concentration, and chlorine dioxide was also found to have decontaminating activity. The absence of decontaminating activity was observed in ethyl alcohol 70?%, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 2?%, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine 2?%, polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride 2?% and neutral anolyte 0,05?%. The results obtained allow expanding the list of disinfectants recommended for decontamination measures in laboratories using nucleic acid amplification methods in order to prevent contamination of nucleic acids and their amplicons. Keywords: PCR, DNA, amplicons, decontamination, disinfectants.
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Nik Ahmad Shaiffudin, Nik Him, Azizul Fadzli Jusoh, Nik Arif Mohamad, Aminudin Abu, and Radhir Sham. "The Role of Technology Advancement in Improving the Current Practice of Ambulance Decontamination in Malaysia: A Scoping Review." Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/myjas.2023.8.1.350.
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In Malaysia, the current methodology for decontaminating ambulances is by manually cleaning surfaces with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved disinfecting solutions as contrast to previous practice using water and soap. The solutions used are registered with National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) Ministry of Health Malaysia (NPRA) to ensure adherence to international standard of practice. The manual decontamination practices are effective if strictly conducted following guidelines. However, the proper cleaning and decontamination of an ambulance is an important task that frequently overlooked. It creates a risk to healthcare providers and their patients for subsequent ambulance trip. To ensure the patient compartment is absent from multitudes of infectious pathogen especially Covid-19, is not only an escalating challenge for healthcare providers as it is an unseen, but also poses a real threat to them and their patient. The healthcare managers should consider technologies that can provide a safer, effective and more efficient cleaning and decontamination of an ambulances. We proposed to adapt a new approach of decontamination by using a vapour based disinfection method coupled with germicidal enhancement using ultra violet. It utilizes an EPA-approved hospital disinfectant to decontaminate surfaces in the patient care compartment after every patient transport. A nozzle, placed inside the patient care compartment, disperses a mist of disinfectant solution that designed to meet standard requirement. The enhancement of germicidal effect using an ultra violet ray will disinfect and ensure a free patient compartment from an infectious organism. This decontamination system directly integrated into a new or existing ambulance. It is convenient, timesaving, hands-off solution for decontaminating of an ambulance and importantly creates a safer practice.
Keywords: Ambulance service, decontamination, Vapour-based, safe practice.
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Mead, Loren Benjamin, Tanner Mathison, Garry Osborne, and Anne Marie Richards. "Decontamination of Geobacillus Stearothermophilus using the Arca Aerosolized Hydrogen Peroxide decontamination system." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 20, 2022): e0273937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273937.
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Introduction In response to the limited supply of personal protective equipment during the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, recent studies demonstrate that gaseous H2O2 is an effective decontaminant of N95 filtering facepiece respirators to enable reuse of these items in a clinical setting. This paper evaluates the efficacy of the Arca Aerosolized Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination System (Arca), a novel aerosolized H2O2 decontamination system, using biologic indicator testing. Materials and methods The Arca produces and circulates H2O2 aerosol inside of a sealed stainless steel chamber. The Arca’s decontamination efficacy was evaluated in 8 decontamination trials with 2 H2O2 concentrations (3% and 12%) and 4 decontamination cycle durations (45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes). Efficacy was evaluated by testing: 1) the concentration in parts per million (ppm) of H2O2 produced inside the chamber and the concentration in ppm of H2O2 vented from the chamber, and 2) the decontamination of Mesa Biologic Indicator filter strips (BI) inoculated with Geobacillus Stearothermophilus. Control tests were conducted by submerging BI strips in 3mL of 3% and 12% H2O2 for 120 minutes (negative controls) and by not exposing one BI strip to H2O2 (positive control). Results Greater than 5000 ppm of H2O2 was detected on the concentration strips inside the chamber for each of the eight decontamination trials. No vented H2O2 was detected on the external concentration strips after any decontamination trial. No growth was observed for any of the negative controls after seven days. The positive control was positive for growth. Conclusion The Arca Aerosolized Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination System is effective at decontaminating bacterial G. Stearothermophilus at a cycle time of 45 minutes utilizing 6mL of 3% H2O2 solution.
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Razab, Mohammad, Norazlina Nawi, Rosidah Sunaiwi, An'amt Noor, Mohd Aziz, Fara Hadzuan, Fathirah Ibrahim, Ahmad Khaizul, and Nor Abdullah. "Efficiency of marketable decontamination agent and graphene oxide on 99mTc and 131I spillages in nuclear medicine department." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 37, no. 2 (2022): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp2202159r.
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Dealing with open sources of radioactive substances in nuclear medicine is a daily task since contamination due to radioactive spills may happen frequently. Proper and safe decontamination management is a vital procedure. However, regular purchase of decontamination agents incurs high costs and might be toxic due to their chemical properties. The purpose of this study is to compare graphene oxide, which is an environmentally friendly carbon-based material and marketable decontamination agent, in decontaminating radioactive spillage. Samples of pure 99mTc and 131I from the laboratory were spilled on a petri dish. The spill was immediately decontaminated with a marketable decontamination agent swab and varying concentrations of graphene oxide swab. The initial radioactivity of each swab containing 99mTc and 131I was measured using a dose calibrator. The absorbance spectra of each sample were analysed using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The morphology image of graphene oxide was observed under field emission scanning electron microscope. For decontamination using a marketable decontamination agent, the radioactivity of 131I was slightly higher, whereas that of 99mTc was slightly lower than the high concentration of graphene oxide. The absorbance spectra of 99mTc and 131I that had been decontaminated using graphene oxide were observed at a range of 200 nm to 250 nm due ???* to the transition.
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Feroz, F., K. K. Das, and T. Islam. "Comparison of commercially available food decontaminants with established methods of decontamination for household practices which are used to keep foods safe." Food Research 4, no. 5 (May 30, 2020): 1688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(5).175.
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The microbiological safety of food has been a major concern in Bangladesh following several reports of food borne outbreaks associated with contaminated food and vegetables. To minimize the outbreak, several studies suggested that decontamination is necessary before cooking. Washing with water is the most common technique for decontamination in Bangladesh. In order to ensure food safety, the use of different food washing agents is also becoming popular day by day. For this reason, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various sanitizers and treatment method for decontamination. In this study, several decontamination methods including washing with hot water, cold water, salt water, vinegar and commercially available food sanitizer to evaluate for their efficacy against different microorganisms. Here, salad vegetables were washed with various sanitizers and then microbiological analysis was done to reveal the bacterial and fungal load. This study revealed that most of the sanitizing methods were able to reduce microbial load minimum by 2 log CFU/g. Vinegar and hot water wash were the most effective method of decontamination compare to others with the former showing a 3 log CFU/g reduction. This can be concluded that common items like the use of vinegar and hot water were more effective than the commercial decontaminating agents available.
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Long, Yan, Alexander Curtiss, Sara Rampazzi, Josiah Hester, and Kevin Fu. "VeriMask." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478105.
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The US CDC has recognized moist-heat as one of the most effective and accessible methods of decontaminating N95 masks for reuse in response to the persistent N95 mask shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is challenging to reliably deploy this technique in healthcare settings due to a lack of smart technologies capable of ensuring proper decontamination conditions of hundreds of masks simultaneously. To tackle these challenges, we developed an open-source wireless sensor platform---VeriMask1 ---that facilitates per-mask verification of the moist-heat decontamination process. VeriMask is capable of monitoring hundreds of masks simultaneously in commercially available heating systems and provides a novel throughput-maximization functionality to help operators optimize the decontamination settings. We evaluate VeriMask in laboratory and real-scenario clinical settings and find that it effectively detects decontamination failures and operator errors in multiple settings and increases the mask decontamination throughput. Our easy-to-use, low-power, low-cost, scalable platform integrates with existing hospital protocols and equipment, and can be broadly deployed in under-resourced facilities to protect front-line healthcare workers by lowering their risk of infection from reused N95 masks. We also memorialize the design challenges, guidelines, and lessons learned from developing and deploying VeriMask during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Our hope is that by reflecting and reporting on this design experience, technologists and front-line health workers will be better prepared to collaborate for future pandemics, regarding mask decontamination, but also other forms of crisis tech.
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Alfred, Myrtede, Ken Catchpole, Emily Huffer, Larry Fredendall, and Kevin M. Taaffe. "Work systems analysis of sterile processing: decontamination." BMJ Quality & Safety 29, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2019-009422.
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BackgroundFew studies have explored the work of sterile processing departments (SPD) from a systems perspective. Effective decontamination is critical for removing organic matter and reducing microbial levels from used surgical instruments prior to disinfection or sterilisation and is delivered through a combination of human work and supporting technologies and processes.ObjectiveIn this paper we report the results of a work systems analysis that sought to identify the complex multilevel interdependencies that create performance variation in decontamination and identify potential improvement interventions.MethodsThe research was conducted at a 700-bed academic hospital with two reprocessing facilities decontaminating approximately 23 000 units each month. Mixed methods, including 56 hours of observations of work as done, formal and informal interviews with relevant stakeholders and analysis of data collected about the system, were used to iteratively develop a process map, task analysis, abstraction hierarchy and a variance matrix.ResultsWe identified 21 different performance shaping factors, 30 potential failures, 16 types of process variance, and 10 outcome variances in decontamination. Approximately 2% of trays were returned to decontamination from assembly, while decontamination problems were found in about 1% of surgical cases. Staff knowledge, production pressures, instrument design, tray composition and workstation design contributed to outcomes such as reduced throughput, tray defects, staff injuries, increased inventory and equipment costs, and patient injuries.ConclusionsEnsuring patients and technicians’ safety and efficient SPD operation requires improved design of instruments and the decontamination area, skilled staff, proper equipment maintenance and effective coordination of reprocessing tasks.
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Frolov, G., Yu Salenko, M. Grachev, I. Galstyan, and V. Klochkov. "Decontamination of Victims in the Event of a Radiation Accident at the Stages of Provision Medical Care." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 66, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2021-66-3-19-28.
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Purpose: To summarize and analyze the results of research and practical recommendations on the decontamination of victims in the event of radiation accidents, including taking into account the authors’ experience gained in the initial period of the Chernobyl accident (April – August 1986) and in other local radiation accidents (incidents), as well as during emergency exercises.
Results: The indications for carrying out decontamination and the technique of its implementation were considered, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of skin decontamination agents was presented. Recommendations were formulated for determining the priority (urgency) of carrying out decontamination, depending on the level of external radioactive contamination of the victims. Criteria, rules and methods for carrying out decontamination were proposed for use in relation to the practice of medical and hygienic measures at the stages of medical evacuation (accident site, enterprise health center, enterprise sanitary inspection department, triage site, hospital admission department). The features of decontamination of victims with combined radiation injuries and contaminated wounds (burns) were considered, issues of ensuring the radiation safety of medical personnel who provide assistance to victims are touched upon.
Conclusion: Timely and correctly performed decontamination reduces the exposure of the skin, prevents the entry of radioactive substances into the body and the transfer (spread) of radioactive substances to the subsequent stages of medical evacuation. The main criteria for the urgency (priority) of carrying out decontamination are the levels of radioactive contamination of the skin, contamination nature (radionuclide composition, physicochemical form, etc.) and the presence of victim’s skin lesions (wounds, burns). Decontamination of victims with high levels of radioactive contamination should be considered as a part of the first and subsequent emergency health care and should be carried out as prescribed or with the direct participation of a healthcare professional. At the stages of medical evacuation, decontamination can be carried out if the victim’s condition is stabilized. In the case of a serious condition of the victim, the priority is evacuation to a hospital, while in the prehospital period, as a rule, only partial decontamination of skin areas with high levels of contamination can be carried out. The procedure and rules for decontamination, including the use of skin decontaminating agents, should be reflected in the action plans of the personnel of radiation hazardous enterprises and the plans for medical support of medical units of the FMBA of Russia.
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Kuznetsov, Andrey Yu, Mikhail E. Azovskov, Sergey V. Belousov, Ilya I. Vereshchagin, Alexey E. Efremov, and Sergey V. Khlebnikov. "Dismantling and decontamination of large-sized radiation-contaminated equipment during Research Building B decommissioning at the Bochvar Institute site." Nuclear Energy and Technology 5, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.5.35800.
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The article presents the results of work on dismantling the large installation equipment of Research Building B at the Bochvar High-technology Research Institute of Inorganic Materials (Bochvar Institute). The works were carried out as part of Building B preparation for decommissioning. The purpose of dismantling the large-sized capacitive equipment was to reconstruct the large installation site for managing radioactive waste generated during Building B decommissioning. The works on decommissioning a radioactively contaminated building within a densely populated district of megalopolis were carried out for the first time. The characteristics of the large-sized capacitive equipment are presented. Radioactive contamination of the capacitive equipment is determined by long-lived a-emitting isotopes: 235U, 238U, 239Pu. The sequence of works on dismantling the radiation-contaminated capacitive equipment includes preparatory work, dismantling the tank piping, localizing radioactive contamination of the external surface of the equipment as well as dismantling and moving it into a transport container. Dismantling and decontamination of the large-sized capacitive equipment was carried out by the Bochvar Institute Decommissioning Department. The following tools were used during the works: (1) a mobile foam decontamination facility to perform decontamination works and (2) a mobile high pressure facility to apply localizing and decontaminating film coatings. The tanks were dismantled by means of low-spark tools, i.e., reciprocating saws. Crane runways were made in order to move the dismantled equipment into transport containers: the movement was carried out with the help of a winch. The main results of dismantling and decontaminating the radioactively contaminated tanks are the dismantling of four units of long-length column-type equipment with heights from 4.2 to 6.4 m and 26 units of capacitive equipment (maximum capacity = 8 m3) as well as decontamination of the internal surfaces of radiation-contaminated equipment (decontamination factor = 25–70). As a result, the activity of the accumulated radioactive waste was reduced (the RW class was changed from 3 to 4). The main conclusion regarding the managment of large-sized radiation-contaminated tanks during Building B decommissioning is as follows: the works were organized and carried out at a high technical level, using modern decontamination and dismantling equipment and modern methods to ensure work safety at the Bochvar Institute site in the city of Moscow.
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Katsumi, S. "Report of decontamination at Tominari Elementary School." Annals of the ICRP 45, no. 2_suppl (September 14, 2016): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146645316666758.
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On 19 April 2011, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology designated 13 elementary schools, including Tominari Elementary School in Date city, as high-dose schools that needed to restrict outdoor activities due to the effects of the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Approximately 1 week later, the municipal government took action to remove the topsoil from the school grounds, and the prohibition of outdoor activities at Tominari Elementary School was lifted. The school staff continued to work on decontaminating the surrounding areas using high-pressure washers and brushes. There were certain positive outcomes, but a more effective decontamination method was required. In July 2011, the municipal government started an environmental remediation project, both inside and outside the school buildings, with researchers and decontamination workers at Tominari Elementary School, involving members of the Parent–Teacher Association (PTA), local communities, and volunteers using various effective and specialised forms of decontamination. As a result, Tominari Elementary School was able to recommence swimming lessons at the end of the first semester, which had been thought to be impossible. This article will provide information about the importance of ‘dialogue’ for decontamination, how engagement of the experts gave members of the PTA and the local community a feeling of ‘security and safety’, and how the decontamination work was an ever-expanding collaborative work of a large number of people.
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Ginghina, Raluca-Elena, Gabriela Toader, Munizer Purica, Adriana-Elena Bratu, Claudiu Lazaroaie, Tudor-Viorel Tiganescu, Ramona-Elena Oncioiu, et al. "Antimicrobial Activity and Degradation Ability Study on Nanoparticle-Enriched Formulations Specially Designed for the Neutralization of Real and Simulated Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15010097.
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The present work reveals a comprehensive decontamination study on real and simulated biological and chemical warfare agents (BCWA). The emphasis was on evaluating the antimicrobial activity against real biological warfare agents, such as Bacillus anthracis, and also the capacity of neutralizing real chemical warfare agents, such as mustard gas or soman, by employing three different types of organic solutions enriched with ZnO, TiO2, and zeolite nanoparticles, specially designed for decontamination applications. The capacity of decontaminating BCWA was evaluated through specific investigation tools, including surface monitoring with the swabs method, minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) evaluations, time-kill tests for microorganisms, and GC-MS for monitoring chemical agents on different types of surfaces (glass, painted metal, rubber, and cotton butyl rubber). These tests revealed high decontamination factors for BCWA even after only 10 min, accomplishing the requirements imposed by NATO standards. At the completion of the decontamination process, the formulations reached 100% efficacy for Bacillus anthracis after 10–15 min, for soman after 20–30 min, and for mustard gas in an interval comprised between 5 and 24 h depending on the type of surface analyzed.
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Arunwuttipong, Attapol, Parinton Jangtawee, Viwat Vchirawongkwin, Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon, Kavin Asavanant, and Sanong Ekgasit. "Public Buses Decontamination by Automated Hydrogen Peroxide Aerosolization System." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (September 10, 2021): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6828.
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BACKGROUND: Public transportation has been linked to an increase in the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 transmission. The effective decontamination system using aerosolized hydrogen peroxide can mitigate the transmission risk from using public transportation. AIM: The aim of this study was to develop and validate an effective decontamination system for public transport. METHODS: The experimental research was performed in 13 inter-city public buses. The aerosol generator with ultrasonic atomizer was used in the experiment. The validation process for disinfection was conducted using both a chemical indicator (CI) and spore discs biological indicator (inoculated with 106 Geobacillus stearothermophilus enclosed in glassine envelopes). The CIs and biological indicators were marked by number and placed in nine locations on each bus. The decontamination cycle was developed by analyzed of various aerosolized and decomposition period. Both concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, 5% and 7%, were used for comparison. RESULTS: In an aerosolized period, both concentrations of hydrogen peroxide at 30 min were effective for sporicidal 6-log reductions. The decontamination cycle totaled 100 min, based on a 70 min average decomposition time. CONCLUSIONS: The automated hydrogen peroxide aerosolized system is a highly effective and safe method of decontaminating public buses.
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Tzagkaroulakis, Ioannis, Colin Boxall, and Divyesh Trivedi. "Real-Time Nanogravimetric Monitoring of Corrosion in Radioactive Decontamination Systems." MRS Advances 2, no. 10 (December 23, 2016): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.645.
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ABSTRACTMonitoring and understanding of corrosion on nuclear sites is key to safe asset management (predicting plant life, assessing efficacy of corrosion inhibitors for plant lifetime extension) and supporting informed choice of decontamination methods for steels due for decommissioning. Recent advances in Quartz Crystal Nanobalance (QCN) technology offer a means to monitor corrosion in-situ in radiologically harsh environments, in real time and with high sensitivity.Oxalic acid has been widely used in nuclear facilities as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steels and as a decontamination cleaning agent due to its ability to remove rust from the surface of ferritic metals and alloys. As an exemplar system for decontamination, the corrosion behavior of pure iron samples in 1 wt% oxalic acid solution has, for the first time, been measured in simulated radioactive environments in real time, in situ using the QCN. Results show that the QCN is a promising tool for studying the efficacy of oxalic acid decontamination agent formulations with the sensor providing useful mechanistic information regarding decontaminating agent mode-of-action derived from the mass change (gain or loss) in real time when a quartz crystal is immersed in oxalic acid solution in simulated and non–simulated radioactive environments.
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Huang, Xingqi, Ting Zhao, Chunxiao Yan, Yanren Jin, Yue Wu, and Lingxuan Zhang. "Decontamination performance of air filter paper impregnated with zirconium hydroxide on sulfur mustard." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 02063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126702063.
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Using zirconium hydroxide as a decontaminant, a kind of self-decontaminating air filter paper that can effectively degrade HD was successfully prepared by impregnating. The morphology and filtration efficiency of the filter paper before and after immersing were compared. The filtration efficiency increased linearly and slowly, with the regression equation: η=0.0001L+99.971. The liquid-solid decontamination reaction of HD on zirconium hydroxide powder and self-decontaminating filter paper conformed to the kinetic of quasi-first-order reaction and found that half-lives were 0.4 h and 2.1 h respectively. Good degradation performance for HD was exhibited and the degradation rate reached more than 99 % in 12 hours. Reaction products were analysed by GC-MS, which displayed that HD was decomposed through the substitution of chlorine and the elimination of H on α-C. The ultimate decontamination products were thiodiglycol and 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl sulfide without erosive toxicity.
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Sri, Talla Swathi, P. Janaki, M. Suganthy, M. Balakrishnan, and C. Sharmila Rahale. "Unraveling the Potential of Household Electrolytes on Extricating Imidacloprid Residues from Tomatoes: Toxicity Assessment." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (September 16, 2023): 3392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i103007.
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Farmers that cultivate tomatoes use imidacloprid to combat sucking bugs even while the fruits are being harvested so that they can maintain a five- to six-time harvest. Decontaminating tomato fruits before eating is absolutely necessary due to the insecticide's slow dissipation rate and the fact that residues last in vegetables for 15–25 days. The quality of fruit has been compromised and cannot be used in salads, despite the fact that various heat procedures are effective in removing imidacloprid residue. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of common electrolytes, namely NaCl and NaHCO3, and their combinations, on imidacloprid removal from tomato fruits. Fruits and washing solutions were extracted for imidacloprid residue and determined using the UFLC-PDA besides optimizing the concentration and period of decontamination or washing without dietary risk. Results indicates that the washing of the fruits with NaCl @ 1, 2 and 3% solutions for 10 minutes are efficient (98-100% removal) in decontaminating to below hazard quotient when sprayed with recommended 20 g ai/ha. Whereas, the NaHCO3 or its combination with NaCl 1% for 10 minutes was found to be efficient (92-100%) in decontaminating the fruits when sprayed with 40 g ai/ha. Increasing the decontamination period beyond 10 minutes increased the residue load on fruits to above hazard quotient and was above 1.0 when NaCl was used. Study suggests the washing of tomato fruits with 2%NaHCO3 or 1%NaCl+2% NaHCO3 for 10 minutes is the efficient decontamination way and to ensure safety to the consumers.
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Gan, Yijin Jereme, Alex Mathews, Phua Chuqin, Ivan Khoo, and David Loke. "Flexible nasoendoscopy decontamination: a comparison between Rapicide and Tristel wipes, a prospective cohort study." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 4, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20175607.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The current disinfection of nasoendoscopes in our clinic setting is a 3-step process involving Rapicide, a peracetic acid based disinfectant. Our study aimed to validate the efficacy of Tristel wipes, a chlorine dioxide based disinfectant, as a comparable alternative.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> We recruited a hundred volunteers undergoing routine flexible nasoendoscopic examinations in a general ENT. We used two separate endoscopes for each examination, following which a microbiological swab was sent from the tip of each nasoendoscope. The two nasoendoscopes were then subjected to a similar 3-step decontamination process except for the second step, where they were disinfected either tristel wipes or rapicide disinfectant. After decontamination, we took a second swab from the tip of each nasoendoscope. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 200 swabs from the tip of the nasoendoscopes prior to decontamination, there were 82 positive cultures for the Rapicide cohort and 76 positive cultures for the Tristel wipes cohort. Regarding the post decontamination results, there were four positive swab cultures for those disinfected with Tristel wipes and one positive swab culture for the Rapicide cohort. These were analyzed by the Z score and there was no statistical difference between either the pre-decontamination swabs or the post decontaminations swabs with the p-values at p=0.298 and p=0.174 respectively. The efficacy of decontamination for the Rapicide solution was 98.8% compared to 94.7% for the Tristel wipes with p=0.147.</p><strong>Conclusions:</strong>This study validates the efficacy of Tristel wipes as a comparable alternative to peracetic acid based disinfectants for disinfection of flexible nasoendoscopes.<p> </p>
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Liu, Shengyong, Yingyong He, Honghu Xie, Yongjun Ge, Yishan Lin, Zhitong Yao, Meiqing Jin, et al. "A State-of-the-Art Review of Radioactive Decontamination Technologies: Facing the Upcoming Wave of Decommissioning and Dismantling of Nuclear Facilities." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 4021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074021.
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The average share of nuclear energy in electricity production is expected to increase under the background of the global pursuit towards carbon neutrality. Conjugating with its rapid development, the wave of decommissioning and dismantling (D&D) of nuclear facilities is coming. The surface decontamination is a prerequisite to D&D, which will make it easier and reduce the volume of radioactive wastes. However, there are no comprehensive studies on the decontamination methods, which is not helpful for the sustainable development of nuclear energy and environment protection. Therefore, in this work, the current status and future trends of global energy and nuclear energy are first analyzed. Then, various decontamination approaches are comparatively studied, including cleaning mechanisms, application subjects, and intrinsic advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the criteria and factors for selecting a decontamination process, the challenges, and future studies are directed. Among the mechanical methods, laser-based cleaning is high-speed, having automation ability, and thus is promising, although it creates a dust and airborne contaminant hazard. In further studies, factors such as selecting a proper laser facility, optimizing operating parameters, and designing a high-efficiency dust collection system could be studied. Regarding the chemical method, chemical gels are good for decontaminating complex shapes and vertical and overhead surfaces. In addition, they can enhance other decon agents’ efficiency by improving contact time. However, the formulation of colloidal gels is complex and no gel type is useful for all contaminants. Therefore, novel and versatile gels need be developed to enlarge their application field. Combining various decontamination methods will often have better results and thus a reasonable and effective combination of these decontamination methods has become the main direction.
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Toader, Gabriela, Raluca-Elena Ginghina, Adriana Elena Bratu, Alice Ionela Podaru, Daniela Pulpea, Traian Rotariu, Ana Mihaela Gavrilă, and Aurel Diacon. "Ionic Crosslinked Hydrogel Films for Immediate Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." Gels 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2024): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10070428.
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This study describes the development of hydrogel formulations with ionic crosslinking capacity and photocatalytic characteristics. The objective of this research is to provide an effective, accessible, “green”, and facile route for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs, namely the blistering agent—mustard gas/sulfur mustard (HD)) from contaminated surfaces, by decomposition and entrapment of CWAs and their degradation products inside the hydrogel films generated “on-site”. The decontamination of the notorious warfare agent HD was successfully achieved through a dual hydrolytic–photocatalytic degradation process. Subsequently, the post-decontamination residues were encapsulated within a hydrogel membrane film produced via an ionic crosslinking mechanism. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (ALG) are the primary constituents of the decontaminating formulations. These polymeric components were chosen for this application due to their cost-effectiveness, versatility, and their ability to form hydrogen bonds, facilitating hydrogel formation. In the presence of divalent metallic ions, ALG undergoes ionic crosslinking, resulting in rapid gelation. This facilitated prompt PVA-ALG film curing and allowed for immediate decontamination of targeted surfaces. Additionally, bentonite nanoclay, titanium nanoparticles, and a tetrasulfonated nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) derivative were incorporated into the formulations to enhance absorption capacity, improve mechanical properties, and confer photocatalytic activity to the hydrogels obtained via Zn2+—mediated ionic crosslinking. The resulting hydrogels underwent characterization using a variety of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscometry, and mechanical analysis (shear, tensile, and compression tests), as well as swelling investigations, to establish the optimal formulations for CWA decontamination applications. The introduction of the fillers led to an increase in the maximum strain up to 0.14 MPa (maximum tensile resistance) and 0.39 MPa (maximum compressive stress). The UV-Vis characterization of the hydrogels allowed the determination of the band-gap value and absorption domain. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry assay was employed to evaluate the decontamination efficacy for a chemical warfare agent (sulfur mustard—HD) and confirmed that the ionic crosslinked hydrogel films achieved decontamination efficiencies of up to 92.3%. Furthermore, the presence of the photocatalytic species can facilitate the degradation of up to 90% of the HD removed from the surface and entrapped inside the hydrogel matrix, which renders the post-decontamination residue significantly less dangerous.
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Steer, Jane. "Decontamination." Surgery (Oxford) 20, no. 8 (August 2002): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/surg.20.8.197.14520.
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Houston, Marc, and Robert G. Hendrickson. "Decontamination." Critical Care Clinics 21, no. 4 (October 2005): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2005.06.001.
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Weisheitelova, Marketa, Karel Klouda, and Stanislav Lasek. "Effects of Passive and Active Decontamination on Metal Materials Contaminated by Sulphur Mustard (Yperite)." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.2.37-43.
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This paper reports the results of the experimentally determined effects of decontaminating agents on metal surfaces resulting from passive and active decontamination after sulphur mustard (Yperite) contamination. The paper includes an analysis of the experimentally obtained results for each metal (Zinc, Nickel, Aluminium, Brass, Steel, Copper).
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Bernuzzi, Maria Luisa. "Decontamination and Validation of Isolators for Sterility Testing." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 50, s3 (April 1, 2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-50.s3.27.
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Abstract Decontamination with hydrogen peroxide is a technology widely used to reduce microbial contamination. A typical application of this technology is in the decontamination of sterility test isolators. This article describes how to decontaminate sterility test isolators and validate the process in order to demonstrate that the microbiological target has been achieved and that the risk of false negatives due to residuals of hydrogen peroxide is excluded. Hydrogen peroxide can adversely affect some materials, resulting in inhibition of microbial growth. A package integrity verification, focused on the risk of penetration of decontaminating agent into different product containers and through different materials, is one of the main topics. Several case studies let readers understand the most critical items, choose their materials correctly, and validate the process itself. Hydrogen peroxide measurements on the surface of several materials, inside the primary packaging container, and inside aqueous solutions are part of this article. Validation of the decontamination cycle as well as validation of the operative procedure are key elements for a good laboratory practices approach.
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Rotariu, Traian, Daniela Pulpea, Gabriela Toader, Edina Rusen, Aurel Diacon, Valentina Neculae, and John Liggat. "Peelable Nanocomposite Coatings: “Eco-Friendly” Tools for the Safe Removal of Radiopharmaceutical Spills or Accidental Contamination of Surfaces in General-Purpose Radioisotope Laboratories." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112360.
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Radioactive materials are potentially harmful due to the radiation emitted by radionuclides and the risk of radioactive contamination. Despite strict compliance with safety protocols, contamination with radioactive materials is still possible. This paper describes innovative and inexpensive formulations that can be employed as ‘eco-friendly’ tools for the safe decontamination of radiopharmaceuticals spills or other accidental radioactive contamination of the surfaces arising from general-purpose radioisotope handling facilities (radiopharmaceutical laboratories, hospitals, research laboratories, etc.). These new peelable nanocomposite coatings are obtained from water-based, non-toxic, polymeric blends containing readily biodegradable components, which do not damage the substrate on which they are applied while also displaying efficient binding and removal of the contaminants from the targeted surfaces. The properties of the film-forming decontamination solutions were assessed using rheological measurements and evaporation rate tests, while the resulting strippable coatings were subjected to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. Radionuclide decontamination tests were performed on various types of surfaces encountered in radioisotope workspaces (concrete, painted metal, ceramic tiles, linoleum, epoxy resin cover). Thus, it was shown that they possess remarkable properties (thermal and mechanical resistance which permits facile removal through peeling) and that their capacity to entrap and remove beta and alpha particle emitters depends on the constituents of the decontaminating formulation, but more importantly, on the type of surface tested. Except for the cement surface (which was particularly porous), at which the decontamination level ranged between approximately 44% and 89%, for all the other investigated surfaces, a decontamination efficiency ranging from 80.6% to 96.5% was achieved.
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Petit, Ophélie, Guillaume Saint-Lorant, Michèle Vasseur, Julie Boucher, Justin Courtin, Marine Pinturaud, Delphine Allorge, Bertrand Decaudin, Nicolas Simon, and Pascal Odou. "Fastidious chemical decontamination after cyclophosphamide vial breakage in a compounding unit." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 26, no. 8 (April 11, 2020): 2038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155220915961.
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An important amount of cytotoxic drug may accumulate in the workplace following the breakage of a vial containing an anticancer drug. Thanks to the monthly monitoring of the surface contamination in our compounding unit, a strong increase of cyclophosphamide contamination was highlighted in the storage area following the breakage of the vial, despite application of the emergency procedure. This study presents an analysis of chemical decontamination in the context of massive contamination. Samples were taken on the floor and on the caster of a storage shelf where the vial broke. The residual contamination was measured with a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method. An admixture of 10−2 M sodium dodecyl sulfate and 70% isopropanol (SDS/IPA 8:2) was selected as the decontamination solution. High amounts of cyclophosphamide were retrieved. The initial contamination on the floor was over 20 ng/cm2. Three decontaminations with SDS/IPA were carried out at Day 61, Day 68, and Day 71. The amount of cyclophosphamide decreased to 0.45 ng/cm2 at D134. However, high values were still measured on the caster despite successive decontaminations, with a maximal value of 19.78 ng/cm2 observed at Day 106. Continuous monitoring in our unit led us to highlight the inefficiency of our emergency procedure to eliminate high cyclophosphamide contamination. The procedure involving the SDS/IPA admixture was more efficient on the floor compared to the caster, which is a different surface type and porosity. This work highlights the importance of improving the procedures of incident management using contamination monitoring and repeated decontamination procedures adapted to different contaminants and surfaces.
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YANG, XIANQIN, MADHU BADONI, FRANCES TRAN, and COLIN O. GILL. "Microbiological Effects of a Routine Treatment for Decontaminating Hide-On Carcasses at a Large Beef Packing Plant." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-226.
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To investigate the microbiological effects of a hide-on carcass decontaminating treatment recently implemented at a beef packing plant, carcasses undergoing routine processing at the plant were sampled during successive periods in January/February, April/May, and September/October. During each period, samples were collected from carcasses before and after the decontamination of hide-on carcasses, after skinning, before decontamination of the skinned carcasses, and at the end of the carcass dressing process. At each stage of processing during each period, samples were obtained by swabbing an area of 1,000 cm2 on each of 25 carcasses. Aerobes, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated. In most samples, coliforms were predominantly E. coli. In all three periods, the log mean numbers of aerobes and E. coli recovered from hides before decontamination were between 6.6 and 6.8 and between 5.3 and 5.9 log CFU/1,000 cm2, respectively. The log mean numbers of aerobes recovered from decontaminated hides were 6.6 log CFU/1,000 cm2 in January/February and April/May but 5.4 log CFU/1,000 cm2 in September/October. The log total numbers of E. coli recovered from decontaminated hides in January/February and April/May were 2.4 and 3.8 log CFU/25,000 cm2, respectively, but no E. coli was recovered from such carcasses in September/October. Log total numbers of aerobes and E. coli recovered from skinned or dressed carcasses were mostly >4 and between 1 and 2 log CFU/25,000 cm2, respectively. Typing of 480 E. coli isolates by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) identified 218 MLVA types. Most isolates recovered from carcasses in different periods or at different stages of processing were of different MLVA types. However, small numbers of MLVA types were recovered in more than one period or from both hides before and after decontamination and skinned or dressed carcasses. The findings show that the hide-decontaminating treatment disrupted the usual transfer of E. coli from hides to meat surfaces during carcass skinning.
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Ostadi, Fatemeh, Fatemeh Mortezazadeh, and Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni. "Comparing and Prioritizing Different Methods of Collection and Decontamination of Waste in Decentralized Healthcare Centers." Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2121): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jaehr.9.4.1217.
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Background: One of the most critical problems in the safe management of healthcare wastes is using different methods in decentralized centers in Iran. This study aimed to compare and prioritize different methods of collection and decontamination of healthcare waste in decentralized health centers in Iran. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical research, we studied various methods of collecting and decontaminating the healthcare waste of decentralized healthcare centers in Iran in terms of administrative, health, economic and environmental. Also, the opinions and the preferences of experts for selecting each method were collected and analyzed. Results: According to environmental health experts, health issues had the highest priority for decontamination of waste from decentralized health centers. Waste collection by special vehicles with the help of the private sector and transfer to centralized disinfection centers is the best method of collecting waste (33%). Also, decontamination by autoclave was the most desirable method (56%) of decontamination. According to the experts’ opinions, landfilling is the most harmful, and autoclave/hydroclave is the least harmful method to the climate and soil. Based on the environmental health experts, the health aspect was the most important priority in waste management of decentralized healthcare centers (54%). Conclusion: The most appropriate way to decontaminate this type of waste is autoclaving after collection at a centralized location. It is suggested that further studies be conducted on modern collection and disinfection systems along with localization and determination of workplace health policies.
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Karlina, Olga, Michael Ojovan, Galina Pavlova, and Vsevolod Klimov. "Thermodynamic modeling and experimental tests of irradiated graphite molten salt decontamination." MRS Proceedings 1518 (2013): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.72.
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ABSTRACTMolten salt flameless oxidation of graphite is one of the prospective methods of irradiated graphite waste processing. Molten salts are capable to retain a considerable part of radionuclides, to neutralize acidic off gases, moreover spent salts could be vitrified on completion of the process. We have used thermodynamic modelling to assess the efficiency of molten salt oxidation of graphite. Equilibrium compositions of both the melt and the off gas were calculated depending on graphite content and temperature. The feasibility of decontaminating the irradiated graphite of its near-surface layers using complete molten salt oxidation was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. As the molten salt medium used to oxidize irradiated graphite we have investigated lithium, potassium and sodium carbonates. Sodium sulphate, boron oxide, barium and potassium chromates were also used as oxidizers. Tests were carried out at 870–1270 К. The efficiency of decontamination of graphite blocks has been assessed based on the activity of 137Cs and 60Со in the samples before and after molten salt oxidation. Data obtained demonstrated the feasibility of decontamination by molten salt removal of near surface layers on irradiated graphite blocks. Decontamination rate and efficiency depend on oxidizers used and temperature of process.
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Zhang, Tong, Shou Zhong Wang, and Chun Hong Dong. "Experimental Study on the Emergency Disposal Agent for Methanol Leakage." Advanced Materials Research 1142 (January 2017): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1142.306.
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According to the characteristics of methanol leakage hazard, a new kind of foam decontamination agent was prepared and tested. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale apparatus, where the effect of composition and amount on the decontamination performance of the foam was studied in detail. Results showed that the decontaminating efficiency of the foam was above 92% with the volume of foam agent sprayed 3 times of the methanol leaked. Moreover, the thick foam layer could stably cover the liquid methanol for a long time, efficiently inhibiting the volatilization of methanol vapor. Such performance of the foam agent was much superior to that of the commonly used water mist and activated carbon powder. The results are expected to provide useful experimental data and theoretical basis for the practical emergence disposal of methanol leakage.
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Furukawa, Shizue, Hiromi Kanbe, Kazutoshi Fujiwara, Tadashi Amakawa, and Kazuo Adachi. "ICONE15-10375 DECONTAMINATION PERFORMANCE OF LOW-PRESSURE ARC DECONTAMINATION TECHNOLOGY FOR PIPE WASTES." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007): _ICONE1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15._icone1510_192.
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Murray, Alexander P. "A Chemical Decontamination Process for Decontaminating and Decommissioning Nuclear Reactors." Nuclear Technology 74, no. 3 (September 1986): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt86-a33835.
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Eli Luis Namba, Amanda Strapasson, Jackeline Jarzynski, Samantha Pusgley Baratto, and Paulo Henrique Tomazinho. "Sanitization of sports mouthguards." RSBO 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 72–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v10i1.898.
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Mouthguards are removable intra-oral devices that, if used correctly, make the protection of the teeth and soft tissues such as gums, lips and cheeks from the impact during the sport activity. Objective: To know about the habits and attitudes towards the hygiene and use of mouthguards for athletes and evaluate the ability of a new product in spray form to decontaminate mouthguards. Material and methods: An interview by means of a questionnaire was conducted with 22 men, young adults, rugby players, in order to know their habits and attitudes about the use and cleaning of mouthguards. After this step, microbiological testing was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a test product in the decontamination of mouthguards. Results: The sample consists of young adults, well-educated, but who had little information about cleaning of mouthguards. Only one participant executed the decontamination adequately. By microbiological assessing the test product was effective in decontaminating the samples of mouthguards. Conclusion: The risk of saliva contamination of mouthguards, the hygiene care and storage and the need for disinfection of these devices should be better disseminated among professionals and especially among athletes. The test product was effective in decontaminating salivary mouthguards.
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Adeleye, Adeniyi Olarewaju, Mohammed Bello Yerima, Micheal Edet Nkereuwem, Victor Odiamehi Onokebhagbe, and Mohammed Garba Daya. "Effect of Bio-enhanced Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis Co-culture on Decontamination of Heavy Metals Content in Used Lubricating Oil Contaminated Soil." Journal of Soil, Plant and Environment 1, no. 2 (August 20, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56946/jspae.v1i2.25.
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This study assessed the heavy metal decontamination potential of bio-enhanced Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis co-culture in used lubricating oil-contaminated soil. The bacterial co-culture was isolated from the soil obtained from Dutse mechanic village, Nigeria. One thousand five hundred(1500) g of sterilized soil was intentionally contaminated with used lubricating oil at three levels. The sterilized soil was biostimulated with processed compost, powdered cocoa pod husk (PCPH), and powdered cattle dung (PCD). Afterward, the mixtures were bio-augmented with the bacterial co-culture (150 mL). The concentrations of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb) in the used lubricating oil contaminated soil were determined at the commencement, fifth and tenth week of the study. A factorial experiment which was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) was adopted. Results generated from the As decontamination potential of Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis co-culture indicated that all the organic amendments significantly (p<0.05) enhanced its decontamination. At the fifth week, PCPH only enhanced the most Cd decontaminations (0.01020 mg kg-1, 0.00220 mg kg-1 and 0.00150 mg kg-1) compared with other organic amendments on 5%, 10% and 15% used lubricating oil contamination levels, respectively. At the tenth week, PCD only enhanced complete removal of Cd on all used lubricating oil contamination levels compared with compost and PCPH only, which attained complete removal of Cd on 5% and 15% of used lubricating oil contamination levels, respectively. The heavy metal decontamination potential of bio-enhanced Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis co-culture witnessed in this study indicates its suitability in effecting bioremediation of heavy metal impacted environments.
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S, Murukesan. "Microbial Contamination of Toothbrush and Methods to Overcome - A Review." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 11, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.11.03.art030.
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Numerous microbes found in household toothbrushes can lead to contamination of the oral cavity. These microorganisms can survive on the toothbrush for several days or weeks. Several studies have found a link between tooth decay and toothbrush bacterial residues. As a result, toothbrush disinfection is critical for toothbrush and oral hygiene maintenance. Furthermore, brush disinfection is required to prevent disease transmission, especially in children, the elderly, and high-risk patients, such as those with immunodeficiency or undergoing organ transplants or chemotherapy. This paper aims to analyse various methods of decontaminating toothbrushes. Numerous techniques have been discussed in the literature regarding decontamination of toothbrushes between uses. However, no single completely efficacious technique has been found to the said effect. Therefore, the search is still on for a rapidly effective, cost-effective, nontoxic, and easily implementable suitable alternative. Keywords: Chemical, Contamination, Decontamination, Physical, Toothbrush.
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Phelps, JD, MPH, Scot, and Garrett Doering, MS. "The performance-level model of hospital decontamination preparedness." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 3, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2008.0021.
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Objective: Describe a multilevel model of decontamination capacity for hospitals.Design: Descriptive model.Setting: Acute care hospitals with decontamination responsibilities.Patients, Participants: None.Interventions: None.Main Outcome Measure(s): NoneResults: This multilevel model of defining decontamination capacity would allow more realistic assessment of current capacity, allow for fluctuating service levels depending on time of day, incorporate realistic ramp-up and ramp-down of decontamination services, allow for a defined fall-back decontamination model should decontamination processes fail, allow hospitals to define long-term decontamination service level goals, and allow better understanding of when and why to focus on low-risk/low-resource patients rather than high-risk/high-resource patients.Conclusions: This multiple-level model would allow for more realistic and effective hospital-based decontamination service models and should become part of the national decontamination paradigm.
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Leary, Adam D., Michael D. Schwartz, Mark A. Kirk, Joselito S. Ignacio, Elaine B. Wencil, and Susan M. Cibulsky. "Evidence-Based Patient Decontamination: An Integral Component of Mass Exposure Chemical Incident Planning and Response." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 8, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.41.
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AbstractDecontaminating patients who have been exposed to hazardous chemicals can directly benefit the patients’ health by saving lives and reducing the severity of toxicity. While the importance of decontaminating patients to prevent the spread of contamination has long been recognized, its role in improving patient health outcomes has not been as widely appreciated. Acute chemical toxicity may manifest rapidly—often minutes to hours after exposure. Patient decontamination and emergency medical treatment must be initiated as early as possible to terminate further exposure and treat the effects of the dose already absorbed. In a mass exposure chemical incident, responders and receivers are faced with the challenges of determining the type of care that each patient needs (including medical treatment, decontamination, and behavioral health support), providing that care within the effective window of time, and protecting themselves from harm. The US Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Homeland Security have led the development of national planning guidance for mass patient decontamination in a chemical incident to help local communities meet these multiple, time-sensitive health demands. This report summarizes the science on which the guidance is based and the principles that form the core of the updated approach. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1–7)
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Olopade, Bunmi K., Solomon U. Oranusi, Obinna C. Nwinyi, Isiaka A. Lawal, Sefater Gbashi, and Patrick B. Njobeh. "Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay." Toxins 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110616.
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Montmorillonite clay has a wide range of applications, one of which includes the binding of mycotoxins in foods and feeds through adsorption. T-2 toxin, produced by some Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, causes dystrophy in the brain, heart, and kidney. Various formulations that include lemongrass essential oil-modified montmorillonite clay (LGEO-MMT), lemongrass powder (LGP), montmorillonite clay washed with 1 mM NaCl (Na-MMT), montmorillonite clay (MMT), and lemongrass powder mixed with montmorillonite clay (LGP-MMT) were applied to maize at concentrations of 8% and 12% and stored for a period of one month at 30 °C. Unmodified montmorillonite clay and LGP served as the negative controls alongside untreated maize. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the various treatments showed the major functional groups as Si-O and -OH. All treatment formulations were effective in the decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize. Accordingly, it was revealed that the inclusion of Na-MMT in maize at a concentration of 8% was most effective in decontaminating T-2 toxin by 66% in maize followed by LGP-MMT at 12% inclusion level recording a 56% decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize (p = 0.05). Montmorillonite clay can be effectively modified with plant extracts for the decontamination of T-2 toxin.
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Bogusławska-Wąs, Elżbieta, Alicja Dłubała, Wojciech Sawicki, Małgorzata Ożgo, and Adam Lepczyński. "The Effect of Cold Plasma on Selected Parameters of Bovine Colostrum." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 5490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095490.
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The main problem in processing bovine colostrum is preserving as many beneficial compounds as possible, most of which have low thermal stability. The present study evaluates the possibility of using cold plasma (CP) as a decontamination technology and its effect on selected biologically active fractions of freeze-dried bovine colostrum. The plasma process was carried out in air, nitrogen, and oxygen environments. The results revealed that the sterilization process using CP caused slight changes in the colour of the samples expressed by the attributes ΔC, ΔL, Δh and ΔE. The decontamination effect depended on the gas used and the type of microorganism. The highest decontamination effects were gained under oxygen conditions, where reductions were obtained for total psychrophilic bacteria (THPC) by log 1.24, mesophilic bacteria (THMC) by log 1.02, Enterobacteriaceae by log 1.16, E. coli by log 0.96, yeast (TYMC) by log 0.92. A significantly lower decontaminating effect was obtained for Gram-positive bacteria and sporophytic forms. Additionally, the application of CP, regardless of the gas used, affected the modification of protein structure and reduction of immunoglobulin concentration. as proven by proteomics analyses (1-DE, 2-DE, MALDI–TOF MS). The same applied to β-lactoglobulin in air and oxygen and BSA in nitrogen and air.
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Gould, Dinah. "Hand decontamination." Nursing Standard 15, no. 6 (October 25, 2000): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2000.10.15.6.45.c2934.
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Harmata, Władysław. "Immediate decontamination." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 197, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 660–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3960.
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The article is devoted to a vital issue for the Polish Armed Forces, namely to the containment and elimination of contaminations. The main factors which are likely to cause the direct or indirect release of hazardous substances and the emergence of contaminations in the territory of the Republic of Poland (RP) include military operations, disasters and technical failures in industrial facilities, as well as terror-ism. The containment and elimination of contamination is an element of the WMD defense system, in which the combat capability of the army’s troops, equipment and military technology is restored after a contamination. The most important element of the system is the immediate elimination of contamination, as it can affect the health, and often also the life, of the contaminated. The doctrinal document DD/3.8(A) contains the main principles for immediate containment, the main one being “as soon as possible”. It is important to be aware that the so-called insulating protective clothing does not provide adequate protection for the skin and uniforms. At the same time, it can be a source of secondary contamination. Technical equipment comprising individual packages will suffice, but the Polish Armed Forces should acquire one IPLS-type decontamination package with pharmacological agents and a new skin disinfectant. Such solutions are preferred in NATO armies.
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Harmata, Władysław. "Operational decontamination." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 69, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5637.
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The paper describes the operational decontamination as a system for protection of troops in case of threat of contamination in functional and task-related terms. A critical analysis of technical equipment and post-contamination procedures is presented. Keywords: nuclear, biological and chemical defence, decontamination, disinfection, deactivation
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Harris, Carson R., and Rick Kingston. "Gastrointestinal decontamination." Postgraduate Medicine 92, no. 2 (August 1992): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1992.11701420.
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Schultz, Janet K., and Sue Crow. "Decontamination Alternative." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 11, no. 1 (January 1990): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30144247.
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