Relevant bibliographies by topics / Decontamination

Academic literature on the topic 'Decontamination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Decontamination"

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Alagl, Adel S., Marwa Madi, Sumit Bedi, Faisal Al Onaizan, and Zainab S. Al-Aql. "The Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG and Diode Laser Applications on Dental Implant Surfaces Contaminated with Acinetobacter Baumannii and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa." Materials 12, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132073.

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Treatment of peri-implantitis through several implant surface decontamination techniques have been reported, however, some of them can negatively alter the implant surface or enhance more bacterial resistance. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate implant surface decontamination by means of Er,Cr:YSGG and diode lasers. Fifty micro-textured (MTX) dental implants were contaminated with Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 25) and with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 25). All implants were then divided into five groups for the decontamination procedure. In group I (GI), decontamination was done with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm), while in group II (GII) decontamination was performed using photodynamic therapy (a 650 nm diode laser). In Group III (GIII) decontamination was performed with photodynamic therapy (an 808 nm diode laser), and in group IV (GIV) decontamination was performed with 0.12% chlorhexidine. Group V (GV) was the control group with no decontamination. After decontamination, colony forming units (CFU) were counted and implants were prepared for SEM analysis. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed for GI compared to the other groups, and also for GIV compared to both GII and GIII. The Er,Cr:YSGG laser (GI) showed the best results in decontaminating the implant surface. Chlorhexidine (GIV), proved to be better in decontaminating the implant surface than photodynamic therapy GII and diode laser GIII. No significant difference was found between group GII and GIII. The SEM analysis showed no significant change in the implant surface topography. The results of this study suggest that the Er,Cr:YSGG laser can be considered as an effective technique for reducing bacteria contamination on implant surfaces.
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Zhou, Jian Zhao, Xiao Qiang Yang, Guo Liang Lu, and Kai Ming Ma. "The Design of Hydraulic Decontaminating Equipment for Engineering Machinery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 2017–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.2017.

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A type of hydraulic pollutant decontaminating equipment was made in this paper. The decontamination and maintenance means were studied. The circulating decontaminating method was put forward and developed by modularized technique. The hardware of the decontaminating equipment was implemented with single-chip microcomputer and integrated circuit technology. The controlling application program integrated with fuzzy logic and reasoning function was developed. The practical use showed that the decontaminating equipment could be used in the maintenance of hydraulic circuit of bulldozer as well as the other engineering machinery, therefore realizing the quick decontamination and cleaning of hydraulic component and oil on-line purifying.
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Abraham, G., P. M. Le Blanc Smith, and S. Nguyen. "The Effectiveness of Gaseous Formaldehyde Decontamination Assessed by Biological Monitoring." Journal of the American Biological Safety Association 2, no. 1 (March 1997): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109135059700200108.

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The results of seven years experience of the effectiveness of routine gaseous formaldehyde decontamination of rooms, filter canisters and biological safety cabinets at ambient temperature are reported. The effectiveness of each decontamination was monitored biologically by the inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores at five locations in rooms and biological safety cabinets and at two locations in filter canisters. A greater than 104 reduction in viability was achieved for each group of five spore tests in 92% of room decontaminations and each group of five spore tests in 81% of biological safety cabinet decontaminations, and a greater than 104.7 reduction for both spore tests in 83% of filter canister decontaminations. This long-term study of 2,308 routine formaldehyde decontaminations of varying spaces in practical situations demonstrates the reliability of the procedure. The results confirm that previously-described methods can be applied with confidence for routine decontaminations of laboratory facilities and equipment.
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Sheedy, Michael. "Decontaminating wastewater: Improving decontamination in wastewater." Filtration & Separation 45, no. 8 (October 2008): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(08)70301-x.

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Koryakovskiy, Yuriy S., Valeriy A. Doilnitsyn, and Andrey A. Akatov. "Improving the efficiency of fixed radionuclides’ removal by chemical decontamination of surfaces in situ." Nuclear Energy and Technology 5, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.5.36477.

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The article presents the results of work aimed at improving of chemical decontamination methods. A brief description of existing chemical decontamination technologies used to remove radioactive contamination (RC) from walls, floors and external surfaces of equipment without dismantling, i.e., in situ, is given. A vector of research aimed at improving the efficiency of fixed RC’s removal is also determined. The first aim of this work is to improve the decontaminating properties of removable polymer coatings used in practice. The following domestic products were chosen as study objects: compositions presented under trademarks VA, VL; and also special formulation ZPS-1M. Modifications of these compounds performed in SPSIT in some cases made it possible to significantly increase the decontamination factors (DF). The best results were obtained for VL compositions: it was found that due to certain additives it is possible to increase the DF for metal surfaces by a factor of 5–35 over the base product. Along with film-forming decontaminating compositions, an alternative patented technique has been developed in SPSIT. The main feature of this technique is usage of sorbent-based composite covering material previously saturated by decontaminating solution. New technique allows to achieve far higher decontamination factors (150–500) when fixed RC is removed from metal surfaces. In addition, it can be applied to polymer and other non-metal materials. One of the main advantages of given technique is a drastic (11–16 times) reduction of time required for carrying out decontamination operations. The obtained results may be useful for further research in this area. Thus, research performed allows to come up with general conclusion: there are possibilities to efficiently remove fixed RC from surfaces using rather simple chemical means. That, in its turn, could be a rational alternative to high-priced robotic decontaminating systems.
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Sura, Paweł, and Stanisław Popiel. "Selected decontamination methods of chemical warfare agents covered by the Chemical Weapons Convention." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.3683.

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Decontamination is the overall physicochemical process leading to completely neutralising or weaken-ing the toxic properties of poisonous substances. In the literature, there are many ways to eliminate con-tamination, including more through innovative methods. The decontamination agents known and used so far have been thoroughly tested in terms of interaction with chemical warfare agents (CWA), espe-cially relating to kinetics and the resulting reaction products. However, with the extension of the Chem-ical Weapons Convention to new substances, i.e., compounds of the “A” series, the so-called No-vichoks, their interaction with available decontamination agents is a subject to verification. On the other hand, equally important, new substances find decontaminating applications; therefore, it seems crucial to test them comprehensively regarding their impact on toxic substances. In this paper, selected methods of decontamination of chemical warfare agents are reviewed, together with the experimental results of the conducted research. The main effort was focused on discussing the most essential decontamination agents known so far. Also, attention was paid to new methods of decontamination that have not yet been introduced to common use but only tested in the laboratory for the possibility of use as a decon-tamination agent.Keywords: chemical warfare agents, decontamination, decontamination agents analytical chemistry
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Kuzin, V. V., N. V. Kolupaeva, O. A. Shcherbakova, and I. A. Dyatlov. "Using aerosols to decontaminate surfaces of nucleic acids." Microbiology Independent Research Journal (MIR Journal) 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18527/2500-2236-2023-10-1-1-12.

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Cross-contamination that leads to false positive results is a serious problem for laboratories using the PCR method. There are many ways to solve this problem, but none of them could be considered universal. Treatment with aerosols is the preferable method for decontamination of large areas of complex surfaces. The goal of this study was to determine effective aerosol compositions and regimens for the decontamination of nucleic acids on laboratory surfaces. The decontaminating activity of compounds that release active chlorine and active oxygen was studied using model surfaces contaminated with nucleic acids and bacteria. Effective modes of decontamination with aerosols were established by analysis of obtained experimental data. Differences between decontamination of nucleic acids and bacterial disinfection of the laboratory surfaces are shown.
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Golovkine, Guillaume R., Allison W. Roberts, Chase Cooper, Sebastian Riano, Angela M. DiCiccio, Daniel L. Worthington, Jeffrey P. Clarkson, et al. "Practical considerations for Ultraviolet-C radiation mediated decontamination of N95 respirator against SARS-CoV-2 virus." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): e0258336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258336.

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Decontaminating N95 respirators for reuse could mitigate shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the United States Center for Disease Control has identified Ultraviolet-C irradiation as one of the most promising methods for N95 decontamination, very few studies have evaluated the efficacy of Ultraviolet-C for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. In addition, most decontamination studies are performed using mask coupons that do not recapitulate the complexity of whole masks. We sought to directly evaluate the efficacy of Ultraviolet-C mediated inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on N95 respirators. To that end we created a portable UV-C light-emitting diode disinfection chamber and tested decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 at different sites on two models of N95 respirator. We found that decontamination efficacy depends on mask model, material and location of the contamination on the mask. Our results emphasize the need for caution when interpreting efficacy data of UV-C decontamination methods.
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Kuzin, Viktor Vladimirovich, Nadezhda Vyacheslavovna Kolupaeva, Ekaterina Sergeevna Kuzina, and Vasily Dmitrievich Potapov. "Investigation of the decontaminating activity of different disinfectant classes against nucleic acids." Disinfection affairs, no. 1 (March 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35411/2076-457x-2022-1-14-20.

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Contamination of laboratory surfaces with nucleic acids and their amplicons is one of the most important problems encountered in nucleic acid amplification methods due to the occurrence of unreliable results. The aim of this study was to select and determine effective regimens for the use of various active agents for decontamination in PCR laboratories. The ability of ethyl alcohol, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine, polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite and neutral anolyte to destroy or irreversibly modify DNA, preventing its subsequent amplification was studied. The decontamination activity was analyzed by simulating the surface contamination with both long (1500 bp) and short (94 bp) amplicons. Hydrogen peroxide 2?%, peracetic acid 0.24?%, dichloroisocyanuric acid 0.01?%, sodium hypochlorite 0.1?% and chlorine dioxide 0.01?% were shown to have decontaminating ability. Notably, dichloroisocyanuric acid decontaminated surfaces from DNA at a concentration 20 times lower than previously described, and sodium hypochlorite at half the concentration, and chlorine dioxide was also found to have decontaminating activity. The absence of decontaminating activity was observed in ethyl alcohol 70?%, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 2?%, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine 2?%, polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride 2?% and neutral anolyte 0,05?%. The results obtained allow expanding the list of disinfectants recommended for decontamination measures in laboratories using nucleic acid amplification methods in order to prevent contamination of nucleic acids and their amplicons. Keywords: PCR, DNA, amplicons, decontamination, disinfectants.
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Nik Ahmad Shaiffudin, Nik Him, Azizul Fadzli Jusoh, Nik Arif Mohamad, Aminudin Abu, and Radhir Sham. "The Role of Technology Advancement in Improving the Current Practice of Ambulance Decontamination in Malaysia: A Scoping Review." Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/myjas.2023.8.1.350.

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Abstract In Malaysia, the current methodology for decontaminating ambulances is by manually cleaning surfaces with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved disinfecting solutions as contrast to previous practice using water and soap. The solutions used are registered with National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) Ministry of Health Malaysia (NPRA) to ensure adherence to international standard of practice. The manual decontamination practices are effective if strictly conducted following guidelines. However, the proper cleaning and decontamination of an ambulance is an important task that frequently overlooked. It creates a risk to healthcare providers and their patients for subsequent ambulance trip. To ensure the patient compartment is absent from multitudes of infectious pathogen especially Covid-19, is not only an escalating challenge for healthcare providers as it is an unseen, but also poses a real threat to them and their patient. The healthcare managers should consider technologies that can provide a safer, effective and more efficient cleaning and decontamination of an ambulances. We proposed to adapt a new approach of decontamination by using a vapour based disinfection method coupled with germicidal enhancement using ultra violet. It utilizes an EPA-approved hospital disinfectant to decontaminate surfaces in the patient care compartment after every patient transport. A nozzle, placed inside the patient care compartment, disperses a mist of disinfectant solution that designed to meet standard requirement. The enhancement of germicidal effect using an ultra violet ray will disinfect and ensure a free patient compartment from an infectious organism. This decontamination system directly integrated into a new or existing ambulance. It is convenient, timesaving, hands-off solution for decontaminating of an ambulance and importantly creates a safer practice. Keywords: Ambulance service, decontamination, Vapour-based, safe practice.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Decontamination"

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Chilcott, Robert Peter. "Vesicant prophylaxis and decontamination." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325530.

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Redzuan, Norizah. "Cold plasma air decontamination." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2286/.

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Cold Plasma Discharges offer wide decontamination scenarios relevant to environmental, food and drink or clean room applications. The option to operate the discharge system in atmospheric or sub-atmospheric condition provides an opportunity to investigate a lowcost and simple system design. UV to NIR (200nm to 700nm) can be emitted by pulsed cold plasma discharge systems that operate at atmospheric pressure. Different wavelengths emitted from the discharge depend on the pressure and the type of gas mix used in the systems. The scope of the work involved in this research was to design and develop a prototype cold plasma system for air at atmospheric pressure. The prototype was used for air decontamination by passing seeded and unseeded air between the electrodes gap. Modelling of the discharge and pulse forming network circuit systems was carried out in MultiSim to investigate the circuit characteristic. The components values ie: capacitors, stray inductors and resistors in the model system are interchangeable which enabled simulation of individual component effects on the output pulse shape and magnitude. The optimum component properties from the modelling were used as a guide to designing the system. The main discharge system contained a pair of Chang Uniform Field Electrodes which were manufactured in-house, and provided a discharge area of 1.0cm x 60.0 cm. The discharge volume is varied depending on the gap between of the anode and cathode. Preionisation was achieved via trigger wire, built within the discharge system. This promotes the ionisation of the gas in between the electrodes in enhancing uniform discharge characteristics. Different types of electrodes were made from aluminium with the discharge size 300mm x 200mm, laser marked and unmarked surface were also used in the system in order to obtain wider discharge surface and reduce manufacturing costs.
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Discepolo, Dakota Rose. "WORKING CANINE DECONTAMINATION: EFFECT OF CLEANSER & SERIAL DECONTAMINATION ON DERMAL BARRIER FUNCTION." OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2809.

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Working canines provide a key service to society. During their work, they may be exposed to various environmental contaminants. Unfortunately, previous work has shown that current working canine decontamination protocols are lacking in efficacy (Venable et al., 2017). Furthermore, little work has been done to explore cleanser options and serial decontamination. Therefore, we designed two studies to investigate the impact of cleanser on contaminant removal, and the impact of serial cleanser application on canine dermal health and skin barrier function when applied daily for 14 days. Both studies were approved by the Southern Illinois University Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee (#15-032, #19-031) prior to initiation of the work. Treatments for analysis of cleansers for canine decontamination included Dawn, povidone surgical scrub, chlorohexidine surgical Scrub, or water. Each treatment was balanced by coat type (long; short). A fluorescent marker was used to determine efficacy in contaminant reduction. Significant decreases associated with coat type (P < 0.0082) and cleanser (P < 0.0001) were measured for dermal pH. Additionally, treatment impacted TEWL (P = 0.0049). Yet, TEWL was unaffected by coat type (P = 0.4881). Visual scoring of images revealed that all cleansers were more successful at reduction when compared to control (P < 0.0001). However, software analysis software, yielded no differences in treatment (P = 0.5567). Interestingly, we found a significant correlation between the visual scores and the Image J (P = 0.0006). Repeated decontamination on 8 (n= 8) Labrador retrievers significantly increased TEWL (P< 0.0001) through day 21 and then decreasing the remainder of the study. Similarly, sebum data was also impacted by repeated daily decontamination efforts, decreasing during bathing and then increasing (P =0.0387). Higher sebum values are seen later in the study and may be associated with recovery. In contrast, moisture content (P = 0.3842) and pH (P = 0.7462), were unaffected by repeated decontamination. Interestingly, dander scores assessed on the back were worsened by repeated decontamination (P = 0.0222) but dander scores assessed across the whole body were unaffected (P = 0.1804). Coat shine was unaffected by decontamination (P = 0.1156) similar to coat softness (P = 0.3418). Overall coat condition remained unchanged as a result of repeated decontamination efforts (P= 0.9466). These data reveal that daily decontamination impacts dermal function, potentially increasing the animal’s health risk.
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Yassine, Daadaa. "Network Decontamination with Temporal Immunity." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20633.

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Network decontamination is a well known mobile agent problem with many applications. We assume that all nodes of a network are contaminated (e.g., by a virus) and a set of agents is deployed to decontaminate them. An agent passing by a node decontaminates it, however a decontaminated node can be recontaminated if any of its neighbours is contaminated. In the vast literature a variety of models are considered and different assumptions are made on the power of the agents. In this thesis we study variation of the decontamination problem in mesh and tori topologies, under the assumption that when a node is decontaminated, it is immune to recontamination for a predefined amount of time t (called immunity time). After the immunity time is elapsed, recontamination can occur. We focus on three different models: mobile agents (MA), cellular automata (CA), and mobile cellular automata (MCA). The first two models are commonly studied and employed in several other contexts, the third model is introduced in this thesis for the first time. In each model we study the temporal decontamination problem (adapted to the particular setting) under a variety of assumptions on the capabilities of the decontaminating elements (agents for MA and MCA, decontaminating cells for CA). Some of the parameters we consider in this study are: visibility of the active elements, their ability to make copies of themselves, their ability to communicate, and the possibility to remember their past actions (memory). We describe several solutions in the various scenarios and we analyze their complexity. Efficiency is evaluated slightly differently in each model, but essentially the effort is in the minimization of the number of simultaneous decontaminating elements active in the system while performing the decontamination with a given immunity time.
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Rakotomalala, Livaniaina Hary. "Network Decontamination Using Cellular Automata." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34095.

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We consider the problem of decontaminating a network where all nodes are infected by a virus. The decontamination strategy is performed using a Cellular Automata (CA) model in which each node of the network is represented by the automata cell and thus, the network host status is also mapped to the CA state (contaminated, decontaminating, decontaminated). All hosts are assumed to be initially contaminated and the status of each cell is synchronously updated according to a set of local rules, based on the state of its neighbourhood. Our goal is to find the set of local rules that will accomplish the decontamination in an optimal way. The metrics used to define optimality is the minimization of three metrics: the maximum number of decontaminating cells at each step, the required value of the immunity time of each cell and the number of steps to complete the sanitization algorithm. In our research, we explore the designing of these local decontamination rules by refining the concept of the neighbourhood radius of CA with the addition of two new dimensions: Visibility Hop and Contamination Distance. Additionally, a research tool that help us manage our study have been developed.
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Qiu, Jun. "Best effort decontamination of networks." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27908.

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In this thesis we consider the problem to find the optimal strategy to decontaminate the maximum possible number of nodes in a contaminated network with a fixed number of agents. We are given a team of mobile agents located on a node in a contaminated network and the number of agents is not enough to decontaminate the whole network to reach a state in which all nodes are simultaneously clean. We want to find what the maximum number of decontaminated nodes is and how to decontaminate them. In this thesis we consider meshes (regular, octagonal, and hexagonal) and trees and give optimal strategies for those topologies. We also analyze the performance of our strategies according to the number of decontaminated nodes, number of agents' movement and time.
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Maktabi, Siavash. "Combination methods for microbial decontamination." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433618.

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Mine, Takashi. "Laser and plasma air decontamination." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2276/.

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This research investigated novel decontamination methods of airborne microorganisms in enclosed public spaces. There are many ways the pathogenic micro-organisms can be transmitted from one body to another, which includes for example, physical contact between the contaminated surface to another, transfer of infected blood from a donor to another medium, or respiratory infections where the large droplets containing micro-organisms caused by talking, sneezing or coughing can infect another whether by direct or close contact, and airborne transmission where the tiny aerosol droplets containing the micro-organisms remain in the air for a long period of time thus spreading to wider areas, making this mode of transmission the most effective and thus dangerous. There are many technique and systems in the market today in the field of air cleaning, and many more under development, these include: ozone, plasma, UV, IR, microwave irradiation, passive solar exposure, pulsed light, electrostatic precipitation, photo-catalytic oxidation etc. However air decontamination using a laser is an unexplored approach. In general two different mechanisms are studied in detail in this research. The possibility of using radiation from the laser and also using plasma and its bi-products were investigated. Many variations and techniques were evaluated for both mechanisms to optimise each decontamination effect. Two types of lasers were used to investigate the concept of using lasers to decontaminate air: a CO2 laser producing a beam at 10.6 μm in the IR region and a KrF excimer laser producing a beam at 248 nm in the UV region. This research was to investigate and make use of the power that is available in the laser in a certain way to decontaminate the air. The effect of laser beam absorption in the presence of microorganisms was modelled in Matlab and this could be used to analyse any wavelength. Two variations of creating a plasma were investigated, one method used a Chang profiled, uniform field electrode and the other used an increased size flat electrode. The plasma produced from these systems emitted radiation around 200 nm to 900 nm. The Chang profiled electrode, which was manufactured in house, was originally designed to be used as a Nitrogen air laser. However, experiments with a purchased Nitrogen laser (detailed in Chapter 3) did not show any significant bacterial killing so the system was modified to be used as a plasma air decontamination device. The electrode was sized 60 mm x 10 mm, and the discharge volume was varied by altering the discharge gap. The effects of various parameters were investigated including: the discharge voltage, type of pre-ionisers to optimise the discharge and air flow shaping through the discharge region. Microbiological experiments conducted using air seeded with microorganisms was used to test the system’s decontamination efficiency. The second plasma system used larger 200 mm x 30 mm aluminium electrodes. Again various parameters were investigated to maximise the discharge stability which included, type of dielectric medium, type of power source, electrical circuit setup, use of laser marked electrodes, air flow shaping and using multiple electrode pairs running off the same power supply. Again, microbiological experiments conducted using air seeded with microorganisms was used to test the system’s decontamination efficiency. Two further systems were built using the results obtained from testing the 200 mm x 30 mm aluminium electrodes, an Industrial Based Air Decontamination Unit and a Ozone Shock Plasma System. Both systems were comprised with multiple pairs of laser marked electrodes with dielectric media and possible addition of flow shaping. The two systems were tested as before with good effect. The developed prototypes can be applied to most applications where air cleanliness is required.
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Mair, Garet Richard. "Intelligent control of remote decontamination equipment." Thesis, University of York, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415945.

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Lang, Adam. "Contamination and decontamination of steel components." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/contamination-and-decontamination-of-steel-components(32951cc3-b259-4e0b-b97e-fcc45c507bb7).html.

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Nuclear plant stainless steel can become contaminated by radionuclides during normal operation whereby the final disposition of these materials then becomes a major decommissioning challenge to address. Characterisation of the chemical and metallurgical processes that underpin contamination is essential in consideration of developing cost effective decontamination and prevention methods, as are in situ measurement techniques that allow assessment of contamination. To address these issues, contamination experiments to simulate the nitric acid-based reprocessing streams of the PUREX (Plutonium Uranium Redox Extraction) process, and alkaline spent fuel storage ponds were investigated. Solution and surface spectroscopic measurements were performed to characterise the sorption behaviour of stable analogues of two high yield fission products, Sr-90 and Cs-137, on as received and 30 % cold rolled AISI Type 304 stainless steel, respectively. In addition Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was also investigated as a standoff contamination assessment technique. Fission product accumulation was modelled to a second order kinetic fit that considers chemisorption, typically to a hydrous metal oxide surface, as rate controlling. This process is observed to be independent of solution composition and strain processing regime. This behaviour reflects complexation to the passivating surface chromium oxide film, and as determined by depth elemental analysis, effectively inhibits contaminant migration into the bulk material. Environment chemistry and microstructural variables that destabilise the Cr-rich passive film however reduces the passive layer capabilities to effectively inhibit fission product bulk diffusion. The importance of corrosion phenomena towards radionuclide sorption processes necessitates the consideration of metallurgical and chemical factors during the implementation of decontamination approaches to treat affected plant material at nuclear licenced sites. LIBS was found to be a satisfactory technique for measurement of Sr sorbed to steel but Cs could not be detected at the concentrations used in this experimentation. Furthermore, EDX and TOF-SIMS elemental mapping indicated ablated material may be redistributed into the crater profile during elemental analysis. This process has clear implications for the deployment of LIBS for in situ characterisation of nuclear materials as the uncontrolled redistribution of radioactive material certainly violates decommissioning principles.
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Books on the topic "Decontamination"

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Zhu, Hanjiang, and Howard I. Maibach, eds. Skin Decontamination. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24009-7.

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General decontamination. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2005.

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Moldenhauer, Jeanne. Disinfection and Decontamination. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351217026.

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Agency, Medical Devices, and Great Britain. Department of Health and Social Services, Northern Ireland. Health and Social Services Executive. Defect and Investigation Centre., eds. Decontamination of endoscopes. London: Medical Devices Agency, 1997.

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Agency, Medical Devices. Decontamination of endoscopes. London: Medical Devices Agency, 2002.

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Agency, Medical Devices, and Northern Ireland. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Health Estates. Adverse Incident Centre., eds. Decontamination of endoscopes. Belfast: Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety., 2002.

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Linda, Skipper, and Infection Control Nurses Association, eds. Hand decontamination guidelines. Bathgate: Infection Control Nurses Association, 2002.

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National Homeland Security Research Center (U.S.). River Technologies LLC 3-way decontamination system for radiological decontamination. Cincinnati, OH: National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011.

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Shah, Manzoor Ahmad, and Shabir Ahmad Mir, eds. Microbial Decontamination of Food. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5114-5.

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Feschuk, Aileen M., Rebecca M. Law, and Howard I. Maibach, eds. Dermal Absorption and Decontamination. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09222-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "Decontamination"

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Meyer, Katherine. "Decontamination." In Nursing Management of Pediatric Disaster, 237–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43428-1_9.

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Hawley, Robert J., and Joseph P. Kozlovac. "Decontamination." In Biological Weapons Defense, 333–48. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-764-5:333.

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Murphy, Lisa. "Decontamination Procedures." In Small Animal Toxicology Essentials, 51–56. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785591.ch7.

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Jiang, Austin, and Howard Maibach. "Skin Decontamination." In Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40221-5_218-1.

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McGuire, Raymond R., Donald C. Shepley, D. Mark Hoffman, Armando Alcaraz, and Ellen Raber. "Oxidative Decontamination." In Environmental Aspects of Converting CW Facilities to Peaceful Purposes, 67–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0508-1_6.

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Meuser, Helmut. "Soil Decontamination." In Environmental Pollution, 201–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5751-6_6.

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Jiang, Austin, and Howard I. Maibach. "Skin Decontamination." In Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology, 2037–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68617-2_218.

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Madigan, Michael L. "Decontamination procedures." In First Responders Handbook, 181–86. Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22284-11.

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Byrnes, Mark Edward. "Equipment Decontamination." In Field Sampling Methods for Remedial Investigations, 365–73. 3rd ed. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003284000-9.

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Nisse, Nicolas. "Network Decontamination." In Distributed Computing by Mobile Entities, 516–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11072-7_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Decontamination"

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Stiepani, Christoph. "Full System Decontamination (FSD) Prior to Decommissioning." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59189.

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Decontamination prior to decommissioning and dismantling is an internationally accepted approach. Not only does it provide for minimization of personnel dose exposure but also maximization of the material volume available for free release. Since easier dismantling techniques in lower dose areas can be applied, the licensing process is facilitated and the scheduling and budgeting effort is more reliable. The most internationally accepted approach for decontamination prior to decommissioning projects is the Full System Decontamination (FSD). FSD is defined as the chemical decontamination of the primary cooling circuit, in conjunction with the main auxiliary systems. AREVA has long-term experience with Full System Decontamination for return to service of operating nuclear power plants as well as for decommissioning after shutdown. Since 1976, AREVA has performed over 500 decontamination applications and from 1986 on, decontaminations prior to decommissioning projects which comprise virtually all nuclear power plant (NPP) designs and plant conditions: • NPP designs: HPWR, PWR, and BWR by AREVA, Westinghouse, ABB and GE; • Decontaminations performed shortly after final shutdown or several years later, and even after re-opening safe enclosure; • High alpha inventory and or low gamma/alpha ratio; • Main coolant chemistry (e.g. with and without Zn injection during operation). Fifteen decontaminations prior to decommissioning projects have been performed successfully to date. The lessons learned of each project were consequently implemented for the next project. AREVA NP has developed a fully comprehensive approach for decontamination based on the CORD® (Chemical Oxidation Reduction Decontamination) Family, applied using the in-house designed decontamination equipment AMDA® (Automatic Modular Decontamination Appliance). The Decontamination Concept for Decommissioning (DCD) will be outlined in this paper. Based on highlights of previous FSDs performed prior to decommissioning the AREVA concept for FSD and DCD will be outlined: • Application window; • Decontamination area; • Waste considerations; • Positive results for subsequent decommissioning and dismantling activities.
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Stiepani, Christoph. "AREVA NP Decontamination Concept for Decommissioning: A Comprehensive Approach Based on Over 30 Years Experience." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40083.

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Decontamination prior to Decommissioning and Dismantlement is imperative. Not only does it provide for minimization of personnel dose exposure but also maximization of the material volume available for free release. Since easier dismantling techniques in lower dose areas can be applied, the licensing process is facilitated and the scheduling and budgeting effort is more reliable. The most internationally accepted approach for Decontamination prior to Decommissioning projects is the Full System Decontamination (FSD). FSD is defined as the chemical decontamination of the primary cooling circuit, in conjunction with the main auxiliary systems. AREVA NP has long-term experience with Full System Decontamination for return to service of operating nuclear power plants as well as for decommissioning after shutdown. Since 1976, AREVA NP has performed over 500 decontamination applications and, from 1986, Decontaminations prior to Decommissioning projects which comprise virtually all NPP designs and plant conditions were performed: • NPP designs: HPWR, PWR, and BWR by AREVA, Westinghouse, ABB and GE; • Decontaminations performed shortly after final shutdown or several years later, and even after re-opening Safe Enclosure; • High Alpha inventory and or low gamma/alpha ratio; • Main Coolant chemistry (e.g., with and without Zn injection during operation). Fifteen Decontaminations prior to Decommissioning Projects have been performed successfully to date and the sixteenth FSD is now in the detailed engineering phase and is scheduled to commence late 2010. AREVA NP has developed a fully comprehensive approach for decontamination based on the CORD® (Chemical Oxidation Reduction Decontamination) Family, applied using the in-house designed decontamination equipment AMDA™ (Automatic Modular Decontamination Appliance). Based on the vast experience of AREVA NP in the field of decontamination, the Decontamination Concept for Decommissioning was developed. This concept ensures that the decontamination is tailored to the given boundaries and desired goals to ensure the best results with the lowest waste generation. This includes lower source term by oxide film, thus corrosion product, removal; controlled base metal attack to remove embedded activity; increased gamma/alpha ratios; and alpha contamination removal. This paper will describe the AREVA NP Decontamination Concept for Decommissioning (DCD) and present highlights of previous FSDs performed prior to decommissioning using the CORD/AMDA technology.
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Spasojević-Tišma, Vera, Nataša Lazarević, Nevena Zdelarević, and Dalibor Arbutina. "Human decontamination." In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.sum.abstr.book.2022.25.3.

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Samuels, Jay S. "Glovebox Decontamination." In PLUTONIUM FUTURES - THE SCIENCE: Third Topical Conference on Plutonium and Actinides. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1594649.

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Wilbraham, R. J., C. Boxall, and R. J. Taylor. "Surface Decontamination by Photocatalysis." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16068.

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Currently in the nuclear industry, surface contamination in the form of radioactive metal or metal oxide deposits is most commonly removed by chemical decontamination, electrochemical decontamination or physical attrition. Physical attrition techniques are generally used on structural materials (concrete, plaster), with (electro)chemical methods being used to decontaminate metallic or painted surfaces. The most common types of (electro)chemical decontamination are the use of simple mineral acids such as nitric acid or cerium (IV) oxidation (MEDOC). Use of both of these reagents frequently results in the dissolution of a layer of the substrate surface increasing the percentage of secondary waste which leads to burdens on downstream effluent treatment and waste management plants. In this context, both mineral acids and MEDOC can be indiscriminate in the surfaces attacked during deployment, e.g. attacking in transit through a pipe system to the site of contamination resulting in both diminished effect of the decontaminating reagent upon arrival at its target site and an increased secondary waste management requirement. This provides two main requirements for a more ideal decontamination reagent: Improved area specificity and a dissolution power equal to or greater than the previously mentioned current decontaminants. Photochemically promoted processes may provide such a decontamination technique. Photochemical reduction of metal ion valence states to aid in heavy metal deposition has already been extensively studied [1], with reductive manipulation also being achieved with uranium and plutonium simulants (Ce) [2]. Importantly photooxidation of a variety of metals, including neptunium [3], has also been achieved. Here we report on the potential application of this technology to metal dissolution.
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Maibach, H., and R. Wester. "182. Dermal Decontamination." In AIHce 2002. AIHA, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2766104.

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Sentis, Marc L., Philippe C. Delaporte, Wladimir Marine, and Olivier P. Uteza. "Excimer laser decontamination." In International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Pulsed Lasers III, edited by Victor F. Tarasenko, Georgy V. Mayer, and Gueorgii G. Petrash. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.383456.

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Zichichi, A., and K. Goebel. "Nuclear Submarine Decontamination." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 22nd Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814528382.

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McFee, John, and Kevin Barbour. "Improved Technologies for Decontamination and Reuse of Plutonium Contaminated Gloveboxes." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-5003.

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The Los Alamos Large Scale Demonstration and Deployment Project (LSDDP), in support of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Deactivation and Decommissioning Focus Area (DDFA), has been identifying and demonstrating technologies to reduce the cost and risk of management of transuranic element contaminated large metal objects, i.e. gloveboxes. DOE must dispose of hundreds of gloveboxes from Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and other DOE sites. This paper reports on the results of four technology demonstrations on decontamination of plutonium-contaminated gloveboxes with each technology compared to a common baseline technology, wipedown with nitric acid. The general objective of the demonstrations was decontamination to an alpha-emitting nuclide disintegration rate of less than 50,000 disintegrations per minute per 100 square centimeters (dpm/100 cm2), the surface activity level desired for re-application of these particular gloveboxes to a new mission. The technologies demonstrated include: • A LANL-developed electrochemical decontamination system (EDS) technique utilizing a recycled electrolyte solution to contact the glovebox surface via a small electrode fixture, which is moved from location to location until the entire metal surface is decontaminated. • A commercial three-step decontamination technology marketed by Environmental Alternatives Inc. (EAI) was demonstrated to quantify its performance relative to the baseline technology. • Cerium (IV) nitrate decontamination, previously utilized at other DOE sites and developed for application to gloveboxes at RFETS, was demonstrated to quantify its performance in this application. • A Russian-developed electrochemical decontamination (ECD) technology was monitored by the Los Alamos LSDDP for potential application in DOE. Although this decontamination activity was not an LSDDP “demonstration,” it was planned, monitored, and reported using LSDDP methodologies. Generally, the experience from these demonstrations shows that all innovative technologies perform better than the baseline, nitric acid wipedown. The goal of meeting 50,000 dpm/100 cm2 was not achieved by the baseline technology or cerium nitrate decontamination at all measured locations with the number of decontamination technologies used in the demonstration. Additional decontamination cycles were estimated for achievement of the targeted activity for cost estimating purposes. However, the actual decontamination achieved may be acceptable for LLW status at some facilities. Both electrochemical techniques are capable of decontaminating surfaces to the targeted contamination level and, if desired, can decontaminate to very low levels. The EAI technology is the best performing of the wipedown techniques, but is more costly. Table I summarizes the number of cycles the various technologies required to achieve the desired decontamination level and the associated decontamination factor.
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Hata, Haruhi, Kaoru Yokoyama, and Noritake Sugitsue. "Chemical Decontamination Using IF7Gas." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. ASME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54747.

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Reports on the topic "Decontamination"

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Harris, J. Milton. Nucleophilic Decontamination Agents. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada210637.

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Allen, R. P., L. K. Fetrow, H. E. Kjarmo, and K. H. Pool. Decontamination solution development studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10102974.

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Bostick, W. D., S. A. Bush, G. C. Marsh, H. M. Henson, W. D. Box, and I. L. Morgan. Electroosmotic decontamination of concrete. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141134.

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Archibald, K. E. Concrete decontamination scoping tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/137289.

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Charles A. Gentile, John J. Parker, Gregory L. Guttadora, and Lloyd P. Ciebiera. Oxidative Tritium Decontamination System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/796125.

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Ebadian, M. A. Large-bore pipe decontamination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/665905.

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M.A. Ebadian. LARGE-BORE PIPE DECONTAMINATION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/772504.

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Author, Not Given. Decontamination and decommissioning subproject characterization report for the E-MAD Decontamination Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1174219.

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Rankin, W. N., and P. A. Toole. Filming in decontamination by mopping. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10106576.

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Rankin, W. N. Two-step chemical decontamination technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6731464.

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