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Journal articles on the topic 'Decolonization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

DUONG, KEVIN. "Universal Suffrage as Decolonization." American Political Science Review 115, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055420000994.

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This essay reconstructs an important but forgotten dream of twentieth-century political thought: universal suffrage as decolonization. The dream emerged from efforts by Black Atlantic radicals to conscript universal suffrage into wider movements for racial self-expression and cultural revolution. Its proponents believed a mass franchise could enunciate the voice of colonial peoples inside imperial institutions and transform the global order. Recuperating this insurrectionary conception of the ballot reveals how radicals plotted universal suffrage and decolonization as a single historical process. It also places decolonization’s fate in a surprising light: it may have been the century’s greatest act of disenfranchisement. As dependent territories became nation-states, they lost their voice in metropolitan assemblies whose affairs affected them long after independence.

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2

Pratt, Mary Louise. "Decolonization." Language, Culture and Society 1, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lcs.00007.pra.

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3

Choi, Deokhyo. "The Empire Strikes Back from Within: Colonial Liberation and the Korean Minority Question at the Birth of Postwar Japan, 1945–47." American Historical Review 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 555–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab199.

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Abstract The recent historiography of empire has discussed the impact of decolonization on metropolitan society, or how the “empire strikes back.” A growing literature also examines the postcolonial return migration of colonial settlers and its multifaceted aftereffects on the “home” country, bringing fresh insight into how decolonization is experienced “when empire comes home.” This article adds a different question for exploration: What does decolonization look like on the empire’s home front when colonial liberation takes place within, or when the empire strikes back from within? By examining the “liberation” of Korean imperial subjects in Japan after World War II, this article provides a unique vantage point for analyzing decolonization’s impact on metropolitan society. I will demonstrate how Japanese history can offer new insight into the convergence of two critical social phenomena regarding decolonization, namely, empire’s homecoming and colonial liberation on the empire’s home front. Moreover, this article also aims to challenge the historiographical “amnesia of empire” in the study of US-occupied Japan. I will discuss how the Korean minority question became a critical locus where US-led democratization and the postimperial transition from a multiethnic empire to the so-called monoethnic nation intersected and shaped the formation of postwar Japan.

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4

Ovendale, Ritchie. "African decolonization." International Affairs 71, no. 4 (October 1995): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2625204.

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Mongia, Radhika. "Rethinking Decolonization." Journal of World-Systems Research 27, no. 2 (August 14, 2021): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2021.1075.

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6

Hayat, Norrinda. "Urban Decolonization." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 24.1 (2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.24.1.urban.

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National fair housing legislation opened up higher opportunity neighborhoods to multitudes of middle-class African Americans. In actuality, the FHA offered much less to the millions of poor, Black residents in inner cities than it did to the Black middle class. Partly in response to the FHA’s inability to provide quality housing for low-income blacks, Congress has pursued various mobility strategies designed to facilitate the integration of low-income Blacks into high-opportunity neighborhoods as a resolution to the persistent dilemma of the ghetto. These efforts, too, have had limited success. Now, just over fifty years after the passage of the Fair Housing Act and the Housing Choice Voucher Program (commonly known as Section 8), large numbers of African Americans throughout the country remain geographically isolated in urban ghettos. America’s neighborhoods are deeply segregated and Blacks have been relegated to the worst of them. This isolation has been likened to colonialism of an urban kind. To combat the housing conditions experienced by low-income Blacks, in recent years, housing advocates have reignited a campaign to add “source of income” protection to the federal Fair Housing Act as a means to open up high-opportunity neighborhoods to low-income people of color. This Article offers a critique of overreliance on integration and mobility programs to remedy urban colonialism. Integration’s ineffectiveness as a tool to achieve quality housing for masses of economically-subordinated Blacks has been revealed both in the historically White suburbs and the recently gentrified inner city. Low-income Blacks are welcome in neither place. Thus, this Article argues that focusing modern fair housing policy on the relatively small number of Black people for whom mobility is an option (either through high incomes or federal programs) is shortsighted, given the breadth of need for quality housing in economically-subordinated inner-city communities. As an alternative, this Article proposes, especially in the newly wealthy gentrified cities, that fair housing advocates, led by Black tenants, insist that state and local governments direct significant resources to economically depressed majority-minority neighborhoods and house residents equitably. This process of equitable distribution of local government resources across an entire jurisdiction, including in majority-minority neighborhoods, may be a critical step towards urban decolonization.

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Hastings, Rachel N. "Performative Decolonization." Radical Philosophy Review 12, no. 1 (2009): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/radphilrev2009121/24.

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8

Jobson, Ryan Cecil. "Decolonization Matters." Anthropology News 57, no. 8 (August 2016): e94-e95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.105.

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9

Kēpa, Mere, and Linitā Manu'atu. "Pedagogical Decolonization." American Behavioral Scientist 51, no. 12 (August 2008): 1801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764208318932.

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10

Hopkins, A. G. "Rethinking Decolonization." Past & Present 200, no. 1 (August 1, 2008): 211–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtn015.

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11

Ora Bannan, Natasha Lycia. "Decolonization Now." NACLA Report on the Americas 52, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2020.1733233.

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12

Taselaar, Arjen P. "Comparative Decolonization." Itinerario 20, no. 2 (July 1996): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530000694x.

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13

Schayegh, Cyrus, and Yoav Di-Capua. "Why Decolonization?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 1 (February 2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743819001107.

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14

Lo, Bao. "Epistemic Decolonization." Ethnic Studies Review 42, no. 2 (2019): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2019.42.2.210.

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This article extends critical discussions on decolonization and settler colonialism specifically as it relates to Asian American Studies. The author argues for a centering of settler colonialism in Asian Americans Studies as epistemic decolonization of the imperial practices of the university. Focusing on the curriculum and pedagogy in courses she teaches in Asian American Studies, the author offers meaningful suggestions for engaging settler colonialism in the implementation of Asian American Studies and Ethnic Studies in higher education.

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15

Hawley, Elizabeth S. "Diné Decolonization." Religion and the Arts 27, no. 1-2 (April 11, 2023): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685292-02701011.

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Abstract In 2019, Diné artist Bean (Jolene) Nenibah Yazzie and their partner, poet and Tribal health advocate Hannabah Blue (also Diné), decided to get married. Desiring a traditional Diné ceremony, they sought a medicine person who would conduct a marriage ceremony. They struggled to find one, instead experiencing the homophobic and misogynistic ramifications of settler colonialism that continue to echo in their community. As in many Indigenous cultures, pre-invasion Diné customs considered women to be powerful leaders and protectors of their communities, and these customs simultaneously accepted and even celebrated gender variance beyond the cisgender male-female binary. But with colonization came the imposition of reductive gender roles drained of both respect for women and recognition of non-binary identities.

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16

Agbaria, Ahmad. "Cultural Decolonization." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 43, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-10375370.

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Abstract The swift rise of a new guard of cultural thinkers from the margins of the Arab world during the 1970s amounts to one of the most striking yet forgotten episodes in postcolonial Arab thought. Coming primarily from Morocco, these intellectuals and activists rejected a long-seated assumption prevalent among the ranks of Arab nationalists according to which one must disown their past traditions in order to become modern. The advent of cultural thinkers posed a grave challenge to this cherished evaluation, calling into question the agenda of political decolonization that Arab nationalists had propounded. How did the new intellectual guard of cultural thinkers come to assume such intellectual power? And what change did they make in the intellectual field and Arab conversation in general? Exploring these questions, this article establishes a definitive distinction between categories of postcolonial actors that were originally clumped together. It demonstrates that the voices shaping the new world of the Arab peoples are increasingly skeptical of political decolonization of the Arab nationalists and more in sync with Moroccan cultural thinkers who take pride in their cultural repertoire and traditions.

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17

Huang, Susan S., Edward Septimus, Taliser R. Avery, Grace M. Lee, Jason Hickok, Robert A. Weinstein, Julia Moody, et al. "Cost Savings of Universal Decolonization to Prevent Intensive Care Unit Infection: Implications of the REDUCE MRSA Trial." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, S3 (October 2014): S23—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/677819.

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Objective.To estimate and compare the impact on healthcare costs of 3 alternative strategies for reducing bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit (ICU): methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares screening and isolation, targeted decolonization (ie, screening, isolation, and decolonization of MRSA carriers or infections), and universal decolonization (ie, no screening and decolonization of all ICU patients).Design.Cost analysis using decision modeling.Methods.We developed a decision-analysis model to estimate the health care costs of targeted decolonization and universal decolonization strategies compared with a strategy of MRSA nares screening and isolation. Effectiveness estimates were derived from a recent randomized trial of the 3 strategies, and cost estimates were derived from the literature.Results.In the base case, universal decolonization was the dominant strategy and was estimated to have both lower intervention costs and lower total ICU costs than either screening and isolation or targeted decolonization. Compared with screening and isolation, universal decolonization was estimated to save $171,000 and prevent 9 additional bloodstream infections for every 1,000 ICU admissions. The dominance of universal decolonization persisted under a wide range of cost and effectiveness assumptions.Conclusions.A strategy of universal decolonization for patients admitted to the ICU would both reduce bloodstream infections and likely reduce healthcare costs compared with strategies of MRSA nares screening and isolation or screening and isolation coupled with targeted decolonization.

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18

Sultana, Farhana. "Decolonizing Development Education and the Pursuit of Social Justice." Human Geography 12, no. 3 (November 2019): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861901200305.

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Decolonization has become a popular discourse in academia recently and there are many debates on what it could mean within various disciplines as well as more broadly across academia itself. The field of international development has seen sustained gestures towards decolonization for several years in theory and practice, but hegemonic notions of development continue to dominate. Development is a contested set of ideas and practices that are under critique in and outside of academia, yet the reproduction of colonial power structures and Eurocentric logics continues whereby the realities of the global majority are determined by few powerful institutions and a global elite. To decolonize development's material and discursive powers, scholars have argued for decolonizing development education towards one that is ideologically and epistemologically different from dominant narratives of development. I add to these conversations and posit that decolonized ideologies and epistemologies have to be accompanied by decolonized pedagogies and considerations of decolonization of institutions of higher education. I discuss the institutional and critical pedagogical dilemmas and challenges that exist, since epistemological, methodological, and pedagogical decolonizations are influenced by institutional politics of higher education that are simultaneously local and global. The paper engages with the concept of critical hope in the pursuit of social justice to explore possibilities of decolonizing development praxis and offers suggestions on possible pathways forward.

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19

Septimus, Edward J., and Marin L. Schweizer. "Decolonization in Prevention of Health Care-Associated Infections." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 29, no. 2 (January 27, 2016): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00049-15.

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SUMMARYColonization with health care-associated pathogens such asStaphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Gram-negative organisms, andClostridium difficileis associated with increased risk of infection. Decolonization is an evidence-based intervention that can be used to prevent health care-associated infections (HAIs). This review evaluates agents used for nasal topical decolonization, topical (e.g., skin) decolonization, oral decolonization, and selective digestive or oropharyngeal decontamination. Although the majority of studies performed to date have focused onS. aureusdecolonization, there is increasing interest in how to apply decolonization strategies to reduce infections due to Gram-negative organisms, especially those that are multidrug resistant. Nasal topical decolonization agents reviewed include mupirocin, bacitracin, retapamulin, povidone-iodine, alcohol-based nasal antiseptic, tea tree oil, photodynamic therapy, omiganan pentahydrochloride, and lysostaphin. Mupirocin is still the gold standard agent forS. aureusnasal decolonization, but there is concern about mupirocin resistance, and alternative agents are needed. Of the other nasal decolonization agents, large clinical trials are still needed to evaluate the effectiveness of retapamulin, povidone-iodine, alcohol-based nasal antiseptic, tea tree oil, omiganan pentahydrochloride, and lysostaphin. Given inferior outcomes and increased risk of allergic dermatitis, the use of bacitracin-containing compounds cannot be recommended as a decolonization strategy. Topical decolonization agents reviewed included chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), hexachlorophane, povidone-iodine, triclosan, and sodium hypochlorite. Of these, CHG is the skin decolonization agent that has the strongest evidence base, and sodium hypochlorite can also be recommended. CHG is associated with prevention of infections due to Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms as well asCandida. Conversely, triclosan use is discouraged, and topical decolonization with hexachlorophane and povidone-iodine cannot be recommended at this time. There is also evidence to support use of selective digestive decontamination and selective oropharyngeal decontamination, but additional studies are needed to assess resistance to these agents, especially selection for resistance among Gram-negative organisms. The strongest evidence for decolonization is for use among surgical patients as a strategy to prevent surgical site infections.

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20

Lee, Bruce Y., Ann E. Wiringa, Rachel R. Bailey, Vishal Goyal, Becky Tsui, G. Jonathan Lewis, Robert R. Muder, and Lee M. Harrison. "The Economic Effect of Screening Orthopedic Surgery Patients Preoperatively for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 31, no. 11 (November 2010): 1130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/656591.

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Background and Objective.Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery are susceptible to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, which can result in increased morbidity, hospital lengths of stay, and medical costs. We sought to estimate the economic value of routine preoperative MRSA screening and decolonization of orthopedic surgery patients.Methods.A stochastic decision-analytic computer simulation model was used to evaluate the economic value of implementing this strategy (compared with no preoperative screening or decolonization) among orthopedic surgery patients from both the third-party payer and hospital perspectives. Sensitivity analyses explored the effects of varying MRSA colonization prevalence, the cost of screening and decolonization, and the probability of decolonization success.Results.Preoperative MRSA screening and decolonization was strongly cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio less than $6,000 per quality-adjusted life year) from the third-party payer perspective even when MRSA prevalence was as low as 1%, decolonization success was as low as 25%, and decolonization costs were as high as $300 per patient. In most scenarios this strategy was economically dominant (ie, less costly and more effective than no screening). From the hospital perspective, preoperative MRSA screening and decolonization was the economically dominant strategy for all scenarios explored.Conclusions.Routine preoperative screening and decolonization of orthopedic surgery patients may under many circumstances save hospitals and third-party payers money while providing health benefits.

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21

Cooper, Frederick, J. D. Hargreaves, Prosser Gifford, and Wm Roger Louis. "Decolonization in Africa." International Journal of African Historical Studies 22, no. 4 (1989): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219062.

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22

Fyfe, Christopher. "Decolonization in Africa." International Affairs 65, no. 1 (1988): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621063.

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23

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. "Feminism in Decolonization." differences 3, no. 3 (November 1, 1991): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10407391-3-3-139.

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24

Karim-Cooper, Farah. "Shakespeare Through Decolonization." English: Journal of the English Association 70, no. 271 (December 1, 2021): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/efab033.

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Abstract In this article, I ask what Shakespeare’s position is in the ongoing debate about how we present our cultural past today. This debate includes not just efforts to decolonize curricula in universities, but broader polemics within the culture/heritage sector and higher education, notably a right-wing backlash against scholarly efforts, in universities and elsewhere, to re-evaluate, and recontextualize Britain’s past. I note that the construction of Shakespeare as the ‘Bard’ was itself instrumentalized within the British colonial project, as a national poet and as an icon of white heritage and excellence: the conception of the man as Bard is, I argue, endemic to coloniality. Contemporary theatre historiography has markedly de-centralized Shakespeare, and I suggest that we need to introduce further consideration of race, identity and early modern constructions of ‘otherness’ into its wide-ranging theatrical reconstruction of the past. I finish with a few strategies as a way of decolonizing Shakespeare and/or early modern literature.

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25

Black, Antony. "Decolonization of Concepts." Journal of Early Modern History 1, no. 1 (1997): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006597x00226.

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26

Low, D. A. "The Decolonization Reader." English Historical Review 119, no. 482 (June 1, 2004): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.482.837.

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27

STOCKWELL, A. J. "Decolonization in Africa." African Affairs 89, no. 357 (October 1990): 593–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098339.

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28

Blanco, John. "Afterlives of decolonization." Postcolonial Studies 15, no. 3 (September 2012): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2012.757185.

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29

Steinman, Erich W. "Decolonization Not Inclusion." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 2, no. 2 (December 4, 2015): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649215615889.

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30

Chen, Kuan-Hsing. "The Decolonization Effects." Journal of Communication Inquiry 21, no. 2 (October 1997): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019685999702100208.

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31

Matolino, Bernard. "Whither Epistemic Decolonization." Philosophical Papers 49, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05568641.2020.1779605.

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32

Darnell, Simon C., and Lyndsay M. C. Hayhurst. "Sport for decolonization." Progress in Development Studies 11, no. 3 (June 21, 2011): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499341001100301.

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Chen, Sharon F. "Staphylococcus aureus Decolonization." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2005): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000152261.65169.e6.

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34

Holland, Robert. "The Decolonization Craze." Itinerario 13, no. 2 (July 1989): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300004344.

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35

Matera, Marc. "Decolonization and Diaspora." History of the Present 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21599785-8221488.

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36

Kelly, John D., and Martha Kaplan. "Nation and decolonization." Anthropological Theory 1, no. 4 (December 2001): 419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14634990122228818.

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Miège, J. L. "Migration and decolonization." European Review 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000417.

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A large part of the migration of Europeans overseas was to colonial possessions. With the dissolution of colonial ties, large-scale repatriation of individuals to the home countries has occurred with many dispersed indigenous people, who for political or economic motives, no longer found their circumstances favourable. These secondary migrations have had important economic and sociological effects.

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38

Tsui, Brian. "Decolonization and Revolution." Modern China 41, no. 1 (March 6, 2014): 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700414525550.

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Vergnano, Stefania. "Decolonization and decontamination." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 28, no. 3 (June 2015): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000164.

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Martínez, Rubén Berríos. "Puerto Rico's Decolonization." Foreign Affairs 76, no. 6 (1997): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20048279.

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Martin, R. "Money after Decolonization." South Atlantic Quarterly 114, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-2862762.

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42

Darwin, John. "Diplomacy and decolonization." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 28, no. 3 (September 2000): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086530008583096.

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Moreiras, Alberto. "On Infinite Decolonization." ESC: English Studies in Canada 30, no. 2 (2004): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/esc.2004.0013.

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Labelle, Maurice M. "Tensions of Decolonization." Radical History Review 2018, no. 131 (May 2018): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-4355121.

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Smith-Peter, Susan, Sean Pollock, Alexander Hill, Alexander Martin, David Marples, Filiz Tutku Aydin, and Geoffrey Roberts. "Periodization as Decolonization." Russian History 50, no. 3-4 (May 21, 2024): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340075.

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Abstract This piece argues that a greater understanding of the role of regions in Russian history could lead to different ways of writing Russian history that need not center the state. By including a wider range of intellectual and political actors from the regions, as well as tracing the long connections between them and Ukrainian thinkers, such a history would make regions subjects rather than simply objects. The original post and the significant number of responses provide an important snapshot of the thinking of the field of Russian history about questions related to the territorial integrity of Russia and Ukraine. The responses also deal with related topics concerning the role of indigenous peoples and the processes of colonization in the narrative of Russian history.

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Saha, Arunava, and Erin O'Shea Paudel. "Nasal Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Culture Screens in the Setting of Universal Decolonization." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 32, no. 1 (November 29, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000001328.

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Introduction The negative predictive value (NPV) of nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screens has been compromised by universal decolonization practices. We aimed to determine the reliability of the nasal MRSA culture screen to deescalate antibiotic therapy in the setting of decolonization with ethyl alcohol. Methodology A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted using 62% ethanol solution intranasally per protocol. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether they received decolonization. Data were analyzed to determine NPV of the nasal MRSA culture screen with and without decolonization. Results A total of 505 cases were screened, and 128 subjects were included. One hundred two received decolonization, whereas 26 did not. Baseline characteristics were well balanced. Overall MRSA infection prevalence was 31.25%. The NPV was 73% in the decolonized group compared with 80% in the group without. Positive predictive value was 63% in the group receiving decolonization compared with 100% in the group without. There was also a higher specificity but lower sensitivity of the nasal MRSA culture screen in the decolonization group. Nine patients in the decolonization group required reescalation of antibiotics compared with nil in the other group. Conclusions Culture-based nasal MRSA screens are less accurate than PCR tests, as ethyl alcohol leads to false-negative results. A lower NPV in the decolonization group predisposes to increased false negative results, leading to inappropriate antibiotic deescalation and often requiring reinitiation. Nasal MRSA culture screen is less reliable if alcohol has already been administered for decolonization and cannot be used as an appropriate tool to guide antibiotic deescalation.

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Lacerda, Fernando. "Insurgency, Theoretical Decolonization and Social Decolonization: Lessons From Cuban Psychology." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 3, no. 1 (August 21, 2015): 298–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.154.

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This paper describes how Cuban Psychology is related to the longstanding process of social insurgency against colonialism in Cuba. The paper suggests that the emergence of critical ideas in Psychology does not depend only upon intellectual developments; rather, social struggles can be a driving force that catalyze the development of critical ideas in Psychology. The paper is divided in three parts. First, the text briefly touches the issue of the intrinsic ties between insurgent activity, decolonization, and critical social sciences. Second, the paper presents a general historical description of Latin America and the challenges faced during and after the Cuban Revolution. Finally, the last part the paper offers a general overview of the historical development of Cuban Psychology history in order to analyze the dialectical relations between social and theoretical decolonization. Four developments of Cuban Psychology are presented: (a) how patriotism changed studies of national identity and History of Psychology; (b) professional practices that developed to better address social issues; (c) theoretical debates about the "new human" and the active nature of subjectivity; and (d) the influence of Soviet Psychology and the turn to Latin American Critical Psychology. Concluding notes consider the dialectical relation between, on one side, struggles for socialization of power and, on the other side, theoretical production of Critical Psychologies.

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LIVSEY, TIM. "Grave Reservations." Journal of West African History 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/48642057.

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Abstract This article considers how Nigerians experienced decolonization through encounters with “European reservations.” It argues that Nigerian literature offers an “alternative archive” for histories of the built environment and decolonization. British colonialists established reservations as distinct areas, typified by low-density arrangements of bungalows, to house officials and other white expatriates. Reservations’ depiction in the work of writers including Chinua Achebe, T. M. Aluko, Chukwuemeka Ike, Wole Soyinka, and more recently Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, offers important evidence of how Nigerians experienced decolonization. During decolonization the colonial civil service was “Africanized,” and Nigerian civil servants took up residence at reservations in increasing numbers. This represented a triumph, but literary representations suggest that living in reservations, and in the similar spaces of new Nigerian universities, was often an ambivalent experience. These built environments helped to structure Nigerians’ experience of decolonization, but Nigerians also invested reservations with new meanings through their use and representation of these spaces. Reservations’ shifting meanings reflected changing perceptions of decolonization in postcolonial Nigeria. They proved to be significant imaginative locations through which the changes of decolonization were experienced.

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DiTullio, David, Courtney Takats, and Sarah Hochman. "Targeted Staphylococcus aureus decolonization in acute inpatient and intensive care settings of an academic medical center." Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2, S1 (May 16, 2022): s55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ash.2022.161.

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Background:Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of healthcare associated infections and is associated with high mortality. S. aureus colonization of skin and mucosa contributes to its pathogenesis. Universal S. aureus decolonization reduces methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and other bloodstream infections among ICU patients. However, universal decolonization in acute-care settings has not shown a similar benefit. We describe a targeted decolonization protocol implemented at a large academic hospital across acute-care and intensive care settings. We assessed the impact of decolonization on S. aureus–related infections. Methods: Adults admitted in 2018–2019 to the medicine, oncology, transplant, and ICU services were screened for S. aureus colonization using nasal swabs for MRSA/MSSA by culture. Those with S. aureus detected underwent decolonization with 5 days of chlorhexidine 2% baths and mupirocin intranasal ointment. Decolonization was considered complete if given for 5 days. The primary outcome was S. aureus invasive infection from hospital day 3 until discharge, defined by positive clinical cultures from sterile sites. Secondary outcomes included 30-day readmission and 30-day mortality. The control population was patients with negative MRSA/MSSA nasal screening in the same hospital units. Results: In total, 4,465 (23%) of 19,065 screening tests were positive for MSSA (75%) or MRSA (25%). The median age was 69 years (IQR, 56–80), and the median length of stay (LOS) was 6 days (IQR, 4–10). Among patients with LOS ≥3 days, 541 (16%) completed decolonization and 2,161 (64%) received no decolonization. The rate of complete decolonization increased to 35% among those with LOS ≥ 7 days. In total, 802 screened patients developed invasive S. aureus infections. Of 4,437 colonized patients, 536 (12%) had invasive infections, compared with 265 (2.1%) invasive infections in 12,917 noncolonized patients. Among patients with S. aureus colonization, 24% of decolonized patients developed invasive infection and 13% of patients who were not decolonized developed invasive infection. Rates of 30-day readmission and mortality were 28% and 10%, respectively, among fully decolonized patients, versus 20% and 6.6% among those receiving no decolonization. Conclusions: These data provide an assessment of the efficacy of a targeted screening and decolonization program. Although decolonization did not reduce rates of invasive infection or secondary outcomes, further analysis is needed. Patients with longer lengths of stay are more likely to receive full decolonization but are also at higher risk of invasive infection, which may contribute to our unexpected results.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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Buehlmann, M., R. Frei, L. Fenner, M. Dangel, U. Fluckiger, and A. F. Widmer. "Highly Effective Regimen for Decolonization of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusCarriers." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 29, no. 6 (June 2008): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588201.

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Objective.To evaluate the efficacy of a standardized regimen for decolonization of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) carriers and to identify factors influencing decolonization treatment failure.Design.Prospective cohort study from January 2002 to April 2007, with a mean follow-up period of 36 months.Setting.University hospital with 750 beds and 27,000 admissions/year.Patients.Of 94 consecutive hospitalized patients with MRSA colonization or infection, 32 were excluded because of spontaneous loss of MRSA, contraindications, death, or refusal to participate. In 62 patients, decolonization treatment was completed. At least 6 body sites were screened for MRSA (including by use of rectal swabs) before the start of treatment.Interventions.Standardized decolonization treatment consisted of mupirocin nasal ointment, chlorhexidine mouth rinse, and full-body wash with chlorhexidine soap for 5 days. Intestinal and urinary-tract colonization were treated with oral vancomycin and cotrimoxazole, respectively. Vaginal colonization was treated with povidone-iodine or, alternatively, with chlorhexidine ovula or octenidine solution. Other antibiotics were added to the regimen if treatment failed. Successful decolonization was considered to have been achieved if results were negative for 3 consecutive sets of cultures of more than 6 screening sites.Results.The mean age (± standard deviation [SD]) age of the 62 patients was 66.2 ± 19 years. The most frequent locations of MRSA colonization were the nose (42 patients [68%]), the throat (33 [53%]), perianal area (33 [53%]), rectum (36 [58%]), and inguinal area (30 [49%]). Decolonization was completed in 87% of patients after a mean (±SD) of 2.1 ± 1.8 decolonization cycles (range, 1-10 cycles). Sixty-five percent of patients ultimately required peroral antibiotic treatment (vancomycin, 52%; cotrimoxazole, 27%; rifampin and fusidic acid, 18%). Decolonization was successful in 54 (87%) of the patients in the intent-to-treat analysis and in 51 (98%) of 52 patients in the on-treatment analysis.Conclusion.This standardized regimen for MRSA decolonization was highly effective in patients who completed the full decolonization treatment course.

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