Relevant bibliographies by topics / Declines

Academic literature on the topic 'Declines'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Declines"

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Satiiar, Zeba A. "Child Survival and Changing Fertility Patterns in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4II (December 1, 1992): 699–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4iipp.699-713.

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Most earlier research, based on the theory of the demographic transition, focused on the association between mortality decline as a precedent to fertility decline. Whereas most of Europe experienced declines in mortality prior to fertility declines, even there the evidence is not conclusive that declines in mortality always preceded changes in fertility [Knodel and Van de Walle (1979)]. In most Asian countries which have experienced demographic transitions in the recent past mortality and fertility have declined in close succession. The position being taken here is that in certain settings substantial fertility declines, or at least an alteration in fertility patterns, may be a prerequisite to substantial declines in child mortality. The association between fertility patterns and child survival is to be investigated with a view to analysing the likely effects of changes in fertility patterns on chances of child survival.
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Guy, Martha, William D. Taylor, and John C. H. Carter. "Decline in Total Phosphorus in the Surface Waters of Lakes during Summer Stratification, and its Relationship to Size Distribution of Particles and Sedimentation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-132.

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The decline in total phosphorus (TP) in the surface waters of 40 oligotrophy to mesotrophic lakes during stratification varied from 0 to 59.0%. Sediment traps were deployed in four of the lakes to examine the relationship between decline in TP and sedimentation. Declines in TP and sedimentation of P were similar in magnitude when summed over the stratified season, and a positive correlation between TP decline and sedimentation rate was observed. Lakes possessing larger particles exhibited larger declines in particulate phosphorus (PP) than lakes with smaller plankton. Declines in TP were not significantly related to particle size, possibly because of the influence of spring concentrations of dissolved P, which quickly declined in all lakes in which they were observed. These results support the contention that sedimentation plays a major role in the decline in TP during stratification and that sedimentation is influenced by plankton community structure.
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Innes, John L. "Forest decline." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 16, no. 1 (March 1992): 1–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339201600101.

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Forest decline is a major environmental issue today. However, there are numerous examples of past declines in the condition of individual species within forests or of the entire forests themselves. Many of these declines are natural, being brought about by a variety of factors, including stand dynamics, pests and diseases. The emphasis that has been placed on air pollution in recent declines does not appear to be justified, although air pollution has undoubtedly brought about the decline of forests at some locations. Much of the literature exaggerates the extent of the decline in forest health in Europe. The overestimation of its extent has occurred because of the assessment techniques that are used: these are unable to distinguish trees that have recently declined from those that have always been in poor condition. In addition, the techniques that are most frequently used are nonspecific and no cause can be readily attributed to the defoliation that has been observed.
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Guo, Jie, Ying Shang, Laura Fratiglioni, Kristina Johnell, Anna-Karin Welmer, Anna Marseglia, and Weili Xu. "Individual changes in anthropometric measures after age 60 years: a 15-year longitudinal population-based study." Age and Ageing 50, no. 5 (March 26, 2021): 1666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab045.

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Abstract Background weight loss is commonly observed with ageing. We explored the trajectory of body mass index (BMI) and two proxies of muscle mass—calf circumference (CC) and mid-arm circumference (MAC)—and identified their determinants. Methods within the SNAC-K cohort, 2,155 dementia-free participants aged ≥60 years were followed over 15 years. BMI, CC and MAC were measured at baseline and follow-ups. Baseline sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were collected through interviews. Diabetes and vascular disorders were diagnosed by physicians through clinical examination and medical records. Data were analysed using linear mixed-effect models stratified by age (younger-old [<78 years] vs. older-old [≥78 years]). Results over the 15-year follow-up, BMI remained stable among participants aged 60 years at baseline (βslope = 0.009 [95% confidence interval −0.006 to 0.024], P = 0.234) and declined significantly among those aged ≥66 years, while CC and MAC declined significantly across all age groups. The decline over 15 years in BMI, CC and MAC separately was 0.435 kg/m2, 1.110 cm and 1.455 cm in the younger-old and was 3.480 kg/m2, 3.405 cm and 3.390 cm in the older-old. In younger-old adults, higher education was associated with slower declines in all three measures, while vascular disorders and diabetes were associated with faster declines. In older-old adults, vigorous physical activity slowed declines in BMI and CC, while vascular disorders accelerated declines in BMI and MAC. Conclusions CC and MAC declined earlier and more steeply than BMI. Cardiometabolic disorders accelerated such declines, while higher education and physical activity could counteract those declines.
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Townsend, Tarlise, Magdalena Cerda, and Fumiko Chino. "What is driving declines in oncology-prescribed opioids?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 6583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.6583.

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6583 Background: Patients with cancer have experienced sharp declines in opioid prescribing during the past decade, raising concerns about insufficient pain management in a population with high rates of undertreated pain. It is unclear whether these declines are driven by certain oncology subspecialties, payors, or clinical guidelines regarding opioid prescribing released in/after March 2016. Methods: We conducted time series analyses using 2006-2019 IQVIA Longitudinal Prescription Data, which represents up to 92% of all U.S. prescription fills. Using log-linear regression stratified by group, we estimated annual percent change in opioid receipt by: subspecialty (medical oncology MO, radiation oncology RO, and surgical oncology SO); payor (third-party; Medicare, including Medicare Part D; Medicaid; cash/out-of-pocket); and pre- versus post-March 2016. Opioid receipt outcomes included: monthly fills of any opioid; monthly fills of extended-release/long-acting (ER/LA) opioids; and monthly number of patients receiving long-term opioid therapy (LTOT). Outcomes were per 1,000 survivors to account for temporal changes in cancer prevalence. Results: Between 2006 and 2019, 14,301,900 opioid fills were prescribed by oncologists to 3,476,354 distinct patients. Across all outcomes, MO had the highest levels of dispensing, followed by RO, then SO; for example, in 2006 MO dispensed 6.2 fills per 1,000 survivors (compared to 1.9 fills among RO, and 0.5 among SO). We observed substantial declines in all opioid outcomes. Per 1,000 survivors, there was an annual decline of: 5.7% (95CI: 5.1-6.3; total unadjusted decline 2006-2019=70.2%) in the rate of all opioid fills; 4.9% (95CI: 4.1-5.6; total unadjusted decline=66.8%) in ER/LA fills; 3.2% (95CI: 1.5-5.0; total unadjusted decline=56.2%) in LTOT fills, and 1.9% in average daily dose (95CI: 1.9-2.0; total unadjusted decline=29.8%). The annual decline in opioid fills prescribed by MO (7.1%, 95CI: 6.6-7.7) was sharper than for RO (5.9%, 95CI: 5.4-6.4) and SO (5.2%, 95CI: 4.7-5.7). Annual declines were steepest among fills paid out-of-pocket (14.5%, 95CI: 13.9-15.0), followed by those paid by Medicaid (13.1%, 95CI: 12.5-13.6), third-party payors (9.3%, 95CI: 8.7-9.9), and Medicare (2.4%, 95CI: 1.8-3.1). Declines in every outcome accelerated following clinical guidelines released in/after 2016. Conclusions: Opioids prescribed by oncologists declined dramatically across groups and outcomes. Medical oncologists were responsible for a disproportionate share of opioid fills in 2006, and for the sharpest declines. Out-of-pocket fills declined more sharply than fills covered by insurance and clinical guidelines may have contributed to accelerating declines. While de-escalation of opioid therapy may reduce risk of opioid-related harms to cancer survivors, care is needed to ensure cancer-related pain is appropriately treated.
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Kommers, Ivar, Linda Ackermans, Hilko Ardon, Wimar A. van den Brink, Wim Bouwknegt, Rutger K. Balvers, Niels van der Gaag, et al. "Between‐hospital variation in rates of complications and decline of patient performance after glioblastoma surgery in the dutch Quality Registry Neuro Surgery." Journal of Neuro-Oncology 152, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-021-03697-8.

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Abstract Introduction For decisions on glioblastoma surgery, the risk of complications and decline in performance is decisive. In this study, we determine the rate of complications and performance decline after resections and biopsies in a national quality registry, their risk factors and the risk-standardized variation between institutions. Methods Data from all 3288 adults with first-time glioblastoma surgery at 13 hospitals were obtained from a prospective population-based Quality Registry Neuro Surgery in the Netherlands between 2013 and 2017. Patients were stratified by biopsies and resections. Complications were categorized as Clavien-Dindo grades II and higher. Performance decline was considered a deterioration of more than 10 Karnofsky points at 6 weeks. Risk factors were evaluated in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Patient-specific expected and observed complications and performance declines were summarized for institutions and analyzed in funnel plots. Results For 2271 resections, the overall complication rate was 20 % and 16 % declined in performance. For 1017 biopsies, the overall complication rate was 11 % and 30 % declined in performance. Patient-related characteristics were significant risk factors for complications and performance decline, i.e. higher age, lower baseline Karnofsky, higher ASA classification, and the surgical procedure. Hospital characteristics, i.e. case volume, university affiliation and biopsy percentage, were not. In three institutes the observed complication rate was significantly less than expected. In one institute significantly more performance declines were observed than expected, and in one institute significantly less. Conclusions Patient characteristics, but not case volume, were risk factors for complications and performance decline after glioblastoma surgery. After risk-standardization, hospitals varied in complications and performance declines.
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Reading, C. J., L. M. Luiselli, G. C. Akani, X. Bonnet, G. Amori, J. M. Ballouard, E. Filippi, G. Naulleau, D. Pearson, and L. Rugiero. "Are snake populations in widespread decline?" Biology Letters 6, no. 6 (June 9, 2010): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0373.

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Long-term studies have revealed population declines in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. In birds, and particularly amphibians, these declines are a global phenomenon whose causes are often unclear. Among reptiles, snakes are top predators and therefore a decline in their numbers may have serious consequences for the functioning of many ecosystems. Our results show that, of 17 snake populations (eight species) from the UK, France, Italy, Nigeria and Australia, 11 have declined sharply over the same relatively short period of time with five remaining stable and one showing signs of a marginal increase. Although the causes of these declines are currently unknown, we suspect that they are multi-faceted (such as habitat quality deterioration, prey availability), and with a common cause, e.g. global climate change, at their root.
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Okely, Judith A., and Ian J. Deary. "Associations Between Declining Physical and Cognitive Functions in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75, no. 7 (January 20, 2020): 1393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa023.

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Abstract Background The ageing process is characterized by declines in physical and cognitive function. However, the relationship between these trajectories remains a topic of investigation. Methods Using four data waves collected triennially between ages 70 and 79, we tested for associations between multiple cognitive ability domains (verbal memory, processing speed, and visuospatial ability) and physical functions (walking speed, grip strength, and lung function). We first tested for associations between linear declines in physical and cognitive functions over the entire 9-year study period, and then, for lead-lag coupling effects between 3-year changes in cognitive and physical functions. Results Steeper linear decline in walking speed was moderately correlated with steeper linear declines in each cognitive domain. Steeper linear decline in grip strength was moderately correlated with steeper linear declines in verbal memory and processing speed. Lead-lag coupling models showed that decline in verbal memory was preceded by declines in walking speed and grip strength. By contrast, decline in grip strength was preceded by declines in processing speed and visuospatial ability, and decline in walking speed was preceded by decline in visuospatial ability. Following additional adjustment for covariates, only coupling effects from earlier decline in processing speed to later decline in grip strength remained significant (β = 0.545, p = .006). Conclusion Our findings provide further evidence of an association between cognitive and physical declines and point to the potential order in which these changes occur. Decline in processing speed in particular may serve as a unique early marker of declining upper body strength.
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Rapp, Robert P., Julie A. Ribes, Sue B. Overman, Theodore E. Darkow, and Martin E. Evans. "A Decade of Antimicrobial Susceptibilities at the University of Kentucky Hospital." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 4 (April 2002): 596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1a249.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility rates for key antimicrobial agents and selective bacterial pathogens in the decade of the 1990s. METHODS: Data from 1990 to 2000 from the University of Kentucky Clinical Microbiology Laboratory were analyzed by linear regression analysis to identify agents and pathogens that show a decline in susceptibility. For selected pathogens and antimicrobial agents, predictions were made for further declines in susceptibility for 2005 and 2010. RESULTS: Significant declines in susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents were found for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Further declines were predicted for 2005 and 2010. CONCLUSIONS: Examination of susceptibility rates over time in a university hospital medical center provides useful data for future planning. In our institution, antimicrobial susceptibility rates have significantly declined during the 1990s for certain antimicrobial agents and bacterial pathogens. We are attempting to change our antimicrobial use patterns through formulary manipulation and clinician education, which may retard or prevent such declines in the future.
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Radford, B. J., C. M. Thornton, B. A. Cowie, and M. L. Stephens. "The Brigalow Catchment Study: III. Productivity changes on brigalow land cleared for long-term cropping and for grazing." Soil Research 45, no. 7 (2007): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07062.

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Productivity of grain crops and grazed pastures inevitably declines without soil nutrient replacement and may eventually make these enterprises unprofitable. We monitored these declines in north-eastern Australia during 23 years after clearing 2 of 3 adjacent brigalow catchments, in order to define the productivity levels of developed brigalow land over time. One catchment (11.7 ha) was used for grain production and another (12.7 ha) for beef production from a sown buffel grass pasture. There was no upward or downward trend in annual rainfall amounts throughout the study period. In the cropped catchment, grain yield from 14 winter crops without added nutrients declined significantly in 20 years from 2.9 to 1.1 t/ha.year on the upper-slope clay soil (92 kg/ha.year) and from 2.4 to 0.6 t/ha.year on the Sodosol (88 kg/ha.year). Crop production per year declined by 20% between 2 successive 10-year periods. Wheat grain protein content also declined with time, falling below the critical value for adequate soil N supply (11.5%) 12 years after clearing on the Sodosol and 16 years after clearing on the clay soil. Such declines in grain quantity and quality without applied fertiliser reduce profitability. The initial pasture dry matter on offer of 8 t/ha had halved 3 years after clearing, and a decline in cattle liveweight gain of 4 kg/ha.year was observed over an 8-year period with constant stocking of 0.59 head/ha. Due to fluctuating stocking rate levels of 0.3–0.7 head/ha over the trial period, liveweight productivity trends are attributed to the multiple effects of stocking rate changes and fertility decline. The amount of nitrogen exported from the cleared catchments was 36.1 kg/ha.year in grain but only 1.6 kg/ha.year in cattle (as liveweight gain). Total soil N at 0–0.3 m declined by 84 kg/ha.year under cropping but there was no significant decline under grazing. The soil nutrients removed during grain and beef production need to be replaced in order to avert productivity decline post-clearing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Declines"

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Gallipeau, Sherrie. "Altered Reproductive Function and Amphibian Declines." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3640434.

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Agrochemical exposure is one of the factors that contributes to worldwide amphibian declines. Most studies that examine agrochemicals and amphibian declines focus on toxicity. However, declines are more likely caused by the sub-lethal effects of agrochemical exposure. Past emphases on the lethal effects of agrochemical exposure have overshadowed the contribution of decreased recruitment in amphibian declines. Additionally, studies that examine agrochemicals and reproductive function tend to focus on the effects of single chemical exposures instead of the effects of ecologically relevant mixtures. To address these issues, this dissertation examined the effects of ecologically relevant agrochemical exposures on the stress response and the reproductive endocrinology, morphology, and behaviors of male amphibians in the laboratory and the wild.

Chapter 1 provides a general review of the factors implicated in amphibian declines and provides an overview of the previous research conducted on the effects of agrochemical exposure on recruitment.

Chapter 2 is a field study that examined whether agricultural run-off alters the stress response and reproductive function of male bullfrogs ( Lithobates catesbeianus). Bullfrogs were collected upstream and downstream of agricultural activity across three California river systems (Salinas, Sacramento and San Joaquin). Size, primary and secondary sex traits, sperm count, and corticosterone and testosterone levels were examined. Overall, bullfrogs living downstream of agricultural activity (i.e. exposure to agricultural run-off) were small and had elevated testosterone and corticosterone levels. In addition, downstream males from the Salinas and San Joaquin Rivers were also small in size and had elevated testosterone levels. However, only downstream males of the San Joaquin River had elevated corticosterone and exaggerated secondary sex traits. Together, these data suggest that living downstream of agriculture can alter size, hormone levels, and the expression of sexually dimorphic sex traits. Such changes to the reproductive endocrinology and morphology of male amphibians can be detrimental to the reproductive health and long-term reproductive success of amphibian populations.

In Chapter 3, I examined corticosterone, testosterone, and the reproductive clasping behaviors of adult male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) exposed to field collected and simulated agricultural run-off. This experiment implemented a novel eco-relevant experimental design to mimic real-life agrochemical exposures. Male frogs were exposed to field water collected downstream (agricultural run-off) and upstream (negative control) of agricultural activity along the Salinas River, CA. In addition, a pesticide mixture containing the top agrochemicals used in the Monterey County was included to simulate agricultural run-off. Mating behavior was suppressed in males exposed to simulated agricultural run-off but enhanced in males exposed to field collected agricultural run-off. In addition, testosterone levels of clasping males were elevated in comparison to controls. Males immersed in simulated agricultural run-off had significantly lower testosterone levels than control males in 2010. These data suggest that agrochemical exposure (both field collected and simulated) can alter reproductive hormones and clasping behaviors. Altered sex hormones and behaviors in male amphibians may play a role in amphibian declines.

Lastly, this dissertation is summarized in Chapter 4. The applicability of this dissertation as a model for amphibian declines and other reproductive related human health concerns are also introduced.

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Dunn, Jonathon Charles. "Declines and conservation of Himalayan Galliformes." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2786.

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The Greater Himalaya has been identified as a key conservation region that supports high levels of biodiversity but has exceptionally high proportions of threatened species. One taxonomic group that is thought to be of particular concern is the bird order Galliformes. The Greater Himalaya is home to 24 species of resident Galliformes with a variety of ecological characteristics, geographical distribution patterns and abundance levels. Our current knowledge of South Asian Galliformes and Himalayan species in particular, contains many gaps. For example, it is suspected that many Himalayan Galliformes have undergone marked population declines but as to what extent they have declined and even the current status of some species is not fully known. There is a similar paucity of knowledge regarding both the distributions of the rarest of Himalayan Galliformes species and how well the current protected area network represents such distributions. Here I provide new insights into the distribution of the rarest Himalayan Galliform, the Critically Endangered Himalayan Quail (Orphrysia superciliosa) by using two proxy species with similar habitat preferences to create an environmental niche model. I show that by calculating an estimate of extinction likelihood, we have good reason to believe that the Himalayan quail to be extant and that recent searches in Nepal would be better targeted in North East India. Moving from single species to multiple species, I then examine long-term population changes across all Himalayan Galliformes by using changes in geographic range size as a proxy. I show that population changes for this suite of species both within and outside the Himalaya can help us to set conservation priorities and baselines. In addition, it can help us to identify species that have undergone large population changes that are not reflected in contemporary IUCN Red List statues. Species with small geographic ranges are currently top priorities for conservation efforts because they are thought to be at a greater risk of extinction. However, because it is also easier to track long term population changes over smaller spatial scales, concern exists that we may have underestimated the declines and therefore the extinction risk of more i widespread species. I show that across the entire Galliformes taxon, geographic range size does not predict the rate of geographic range decline. Finally, I move from population declines across all Galliformes to distributions of Himalayan Galliformes and assess how well the current protected area network represents such species. Using a combination of species distribution modelling and spatial prioritisation software, I show that the current protected area network in the greater Himalayas could be improved to offer better coverage for Himalayan Galliformes. I conclude by discussing the generality of my results and how they can be applied to other taxa and localities. Finally I make a series of recommendations for future Galliformes research and conservation within the Himalaya.
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Litchwark, Simon. "Honeybee declines in a changing landscape: interactive effects of honeybee declines and land-use intensification on pollinator communities." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9064.

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Honeybees are used as a major agricultural input around the world and their pollination services have been valued at US$14.6 billion to the United States alone. Dramatic declines in honeybee populations around the globe, however, questioned the sustainability of this reliance on a single pollinator species. In this study, I investigated the response of wild pollinator communities to declining honeybee density and changing land use intensity to determine the potential of wild pollinators to compensate for honeybee loss in an increasingly human-modified environment. I generated a gradient of declining honeybee density using increasing distances from commercial bee hives, and conducted flower observations on experimentally-grown plants across this gradient. I investigate how declining honeybee densities and intensifying land use combine to influence the composition of the pollinator community as a whole, then go on to explore individual trends in the most common pollinator species. I then analyze how this impacts the transport of viable pollen by the pollinator community and determine how these changes alter seed set in several common plant species. I then change my focus away from the composition of the pollinator community, and instead investigate how declining honeybee densities and land-use intensification influence the structuring of interactions between plants and pollinators within the community. I identify the pollen species carried by pollinators, and use this to construct a network of pollination interactions. I then use this network to analyze how changes in the way species interact influences the pollination services delivered by the pollinator community to different plant groups (weeds, native plants, and crop species). My findings show that honeybee declines may have a large impact on community structure and interactions within pollination systems. I observed a significant shift in the wild pollinator community composition as honeybee densities declined, from a generally bee/hoverfly dominated community to one more dominated by large flies. This was associated with a significant decline in the total pollen load transported by the community, indicating that pollination services may suffer in the absence of honeybees. As honeybee densities declined, however, I also observed a shift toward greater specialisation of pollinators on abundant resources, increased pollinator constancy, and a higher viability rate of the pollen transported. These findings show that although the total amount of pollen transported by the community declined as honeybee densities decreased, the probability of this pollen transport resulting in effective pollination likely increased. Thus, I observed no decrease in seed set with honeybee declines in any of the three plant species tested, and one of these even showed a significant increase. Finally, I also demonstrated that this change differentially affected different plant types, and that the extent of changes to each plant species differed between land-use types. This reflected changes in the relative abundance of pollen types in different land uses, with greater specialisation in the absence of honeybees disproportionately benefiting common species. These findings have strong implications for several contemporary issues in pollination biology, both locally within New Zealand and on a global scale. These are discussed in the following sections. Finally, I conclude by discussing the implications of this research on several contemporary issues in pollination biology, namely the ability for wild pollinators to compensate for honeybee declines, the impact of honeybees on natural new Zealand ecosystems, the contribution of honeybees to invasive weed pollination and finally the management of surrounding land use types to maximize the effectiveness of wild pollinators.
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Cravey, Suzanne Perritt. "Are pesticides a factor in bird declines? /." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://www.orwapif.org/pdf/pesticides%5Fbirds.pdf.

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Khouri, Leila. "Age-related declines in auditory temporal processing." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-142166.

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Bielby, Jon. "Extinction risk and population declines in amphibians." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/4278.

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This thesis is about understanding the processes that explain the patterns of extinction risk and declines that we see in amphibians, how we can use that understanding to set conservation priorities, and how we can convert those priorities into practical, hands-on research and management. In particular, I focus on the threat posed by the emerging infectious disease, chytridiomycosis, which is caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Amphibians display a non-random pattern of extinction risk, both taxonomically and geographically. In chapter two I investigate the mechanism behind the observed taxonomic selectivity and find that it is due to species biology rather than heterogeneity in either threat intensity or conservation knowledge. In chapter three I determine which biological and environmental traits are important in rendering a species susceptible to declines, focussing on susceptibility to Bd. I found that restricted range, high elevation species with an aquatic life-stage are more likely to have suffered a decline. Using these traits, I predict species and locations that may be susceptible in the future, and which should therefore be a high priority for amphibian research and conservation.
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Leventhal, Emily Anne. "Factors affecting declines in Texas Medicaid enrollment." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3034929.

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Stephenson, John William. "Primitive Methodists, Paulists, and Pentecostals, toward a historical typology of declines and decline of movement of revival." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ57925.pdf.

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Radik, Gabrielle A. "Assessing Risks of Amphibian Declines using Multiple Stressors." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1244474946.

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Barakat, Bilal, and Stuart Basten. "Modelling the constraints on consanguineous marriage when fertility declines." Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5784/1/30%2D9.pdf.

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BACKGROUND Consanguinity - or marriage between close blood relatives, in particular first cousins - is widely practised and even socially encouraged in many countries. However, in the face of fertility transition where the number of cousins eligible to marry declines, how might such constraints on consanguinity develop in the future? OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have stated that the practice cannot continue at present levels and in its present form in the face of fertility transition. However, the future impact of fertility transition on availability of cousins to marry has not yet been quantified. METHODS We perform a simulation exercise using past and projected net reproduction rates (NRRs) derived from the UN. We calculate the average number of cousins of the opposite sex as a function of the average number of children, the average probability of an individual having at least one eligible paternal cousin of the opposite sex, and conclude with an examination of constraints on consanguineous marriage in selected countries under different fertility assumptions. RESULTS Current and projected fertility levels in Middle Eastern countries will create challenging constraints on the custom once today's birth cohorts reach marriageable age. CONCLUSIONS Either consanguinity prevalence will diminish significantly, or the institution will be forced to adapt by becoming more coercive in the face of reduced choice or at the expense of other social preferences (such as for an older groom wedding a younger bride). Fertility decline affects prospects for social change not only through its well-known consequences for mothers but also through shaping marriage conditions for the next generation.
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Books on the topic "Declines"

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Lady Larkspur Declines. New York: Signet, 2005.

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Carrier, Léon. Decline in Québec's forests: Assessment of the situation. Québec: Service de la recherche appliquée, Direction de la recherche et du développement, Ministère de l'énergie et des ressources, 1986.

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Contreras-Hermosilla, Arnoldo. The underlying causes of forest decline. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, 2000.

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Wylie, F. R. A survey of native tree dieback in Queensland. [Brisbane]: Dept. of Primary Industries, Forest Service, 1992.

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Thomas, Joachim. Die "Neuartigen Waldschäden" und die "Klimakatastrophe": Eine Fallstudie über Struktur und Funktion der Umweltforschung. Frankfurt/M: Wissenschafts-Verlag W. Maraun, 1992.

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Northeastern Forest Experiment Station (Radnor, Pa.), ed. Characteristics of declining forest stands on the Allegheny National Forest. [Radnor, Pa.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1997.

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Anderson, David. An abrupt mid-holocene decline of pinus sylvestris in Glen Torridon, North West Scotland: Implications for palaeoclimatic change. Oxford: University of Oxford School of Geography, 1995.

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Anderson, David. An abrupt mid-Holocene decline of Pinus sylvestris in Glen Torridon, north west Scotland: Implications for palaeoclimatic change. Oxford: School of Geography, University of Oxford, 1995.

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Anderson, David. An abrupt mid-Holocene decline of Pinus sylvestris in Glen Torridon, north west Scotland: Implications for palaeoclimatic change. Oxford: School of Geography, University of Oxford, 1995.

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Crête, Michel. Pourquoi et comment maintenir du bois mort dans les forêts aménagees du Québec. Québec: Société de la faune et des parcs du Québec, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Declines"

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Hupchick, Dennis P. "Byzantium Declines." In The Balkans, 57–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780312299132_4.

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Espinasse, Philippe. "Communicating Declines." In IPO Banks, 90–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137412942_24.

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Price, Trevor. "Population Declines." In Ecology of a Changed World, 248—C24.P26. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197564172.003.0024.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on evidence for declines in populations, which is difficult because it requires both evaluation of land-use change (habitat conversion) and changes within habitats. Examples are given of declines attributed to a single COPHID threat, including many in protected areas resulting from harvesting, disease, and invasive species. Three approaches to evaluating population changes are considered: the first compares pristine habitat with disturbed areas, finding that undisturbed habitat is critical to the maintenance of many species, especially in tropical rainforests. The second studies time series, exemplified by the North American Breeding Bird Survey, which finds a 30% decline in the number of birds between 1970 and 2010. This decline is attributed to multiple causes, including the rise of new generations of pesticides. The third uses the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List to document the number of species considered threatened. For the best studied groups (amphibians, birds, and mammals combined) the figure is 20%.
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"Pollinator Declines." In Hymenoptera and Conservation, 82–99. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118381250.ch6.

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Freedman, Bill. "FOREST DECLINES." In Environmental Ecology, 144–58. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-050577-0.50010-8.

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"Acknowledgments." In Amphibian Declines, ix—x. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520929432-001.

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"Advisory Board." In Amphibian Declines, xi—xii. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520929432-002.

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"Contributors." In Amphibian Declines, xiii—xviii. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520929432-003.

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"Preface." In Amphibian Declines, xix—xxii. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520929432-004.

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"1. Diverse Phenomena Influencing Amphibian Population Declines." In Amphibian Declines, 3–6. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520929432-005.

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Conference papers on the topic "Declines"

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Steinhauer, Nathalie Annick. "Honey bee colony losses and declines." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.106105.

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Shaoul, Josef R., C. J. Hans de Pater, Leo P. Roodhart, and Hans C. Meijers. "What Causes Bumps in Minifrac Pressure Declines?" In SPE Rocky Mountain Regional/Low-Permeability Reservoirs Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/39947-ms.

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Mickey-Pabello, David. "SAT Declines Due to Affirmative Action Bans." In AERA 2022. USA: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/ip.22.1967929.

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Peshcherenko, Aleksandra, Mikhail Anisimov, and Dimitry Chuprakov. "Effective Modeling of Stimulation and Production Decline From Tight Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs." In SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212681-ms.

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Abstract Tight naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs often show steep rate and pressure declines leading to reduction in apparent well productivity. These declines are influenced by several complex phenomena. Some of these are geometry and density of natural fractures (NFs), matrix properties, and damage that occurs during the drilling and completion operations. An additional factor which is sometimes overlooked is the change in NF properties (such as decrease in NF permeability) with time that occurs because of production drawdown. Modeling this phenomenon forms the focus of this paper. Injection or production of fluid in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) typically causes slippage, opening, and fracture compliance effects that depend on elevation or decrease of fluid pressure in the rock. In this work, we solve equations of fluid transport in a rock with a high density of NFs using constitutive equations for hydro-mechanical fracture response to pressure changes and chemical reactions with the injected acids. Followed by the acid treatment and shut-in periods, we model the production phase. For the production modeling, we specified a flowing bottomhole pressure (FBHP) and studied the production rate decline as a function of time. The production decline is a result of NF permeability decrease, which is due to the increase of effective stresses applied to NFs. We show sensitivity of these production signatures to spatial density of NFs and viscosity of treatment fluids. We also demonstrated changes of anisotropic formation permeability tensors both after the shut-in and during production for two types of stimulation: mechanical and chemical formation damage. Common reservoir engineering workflows sometimes ignore well-known time-dependent rock mechanics behavior of NFs. The work presented in this paper will help quantify NF conductivity loss with producing time which is an important parameter in numerical reservoir simulations. Decline rates in tight NFRs are steep and impact EURs and project economics. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that influence these declines through fit-for-purpose modeling and simulation is a crucial step for optimizing their development.
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Erdheim, Ric. "The Decline in Mercury Emissions From Solid Waste Management." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1674.

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Mercury pollution is a growing health and environmental concern. The 1997 EPA Mercury Report to Congress identified mercury emissions from solid waste combustors as causing 1/3 of all emissions in the US. The report attributed smaller amounts to emissions from landfill and product breakage. Some states are targeting solid waste management for regulatory action. Mercury use in products has declined by 90% since 1980. The electrical industry has been at the forefront of this decline. Incinerator companies have successfully implemented the requirements for mercury emission controls required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. As a result, there has been a substantial reduction of mercury emissions from solid waste combustors and these combustors are now a very small source of mercury emissions. This and other actions are resulting in demonstrable declines of mercury in the environment. Proposed state action inappropriately still targets the solid waste system as a source of mercury and consists of programs that are not cost-effective and that have no priorities. The advancements have largely taken place. Industry needs to document and disseminate its achievements. Industry also should foster cost-effective efforts to enhance existing achievements.
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Gerni, Cevat, Selahattin Sarı, Adem Türkmen, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "An Assessment on the Risk of Falling to the Lower-Middle Income Group Beyond the Middle Income Trap." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02698.

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The Turkish economy succeeded in moving from the lower-middle income group to the upper-middle income group in 2005. If Türkiye had been able to sustain its growth performance in 2005 and the following 5-10 years, it could have risen to the class of high-income countries in a not too long period of time. However, it has experienced declines in dollar-denominated income in response to real growth between 2014 and 2020. In this process, a literature began to emerge about Türkiye falling into the middle-income trap. At this point, Türkiye, which had the possibility of rising to the high-income country group in 2013 but declined to the median income in the upper-middle income group as of 2020, seems worth examining with its experiences. In this study, the descriptive analyzes implies that the risk that Türkiye will fall to the lower-middle income level in 2027, if the continuous decline trend in dollar-based income figures in the post-2013 period continues. It can be said that the de-dollarization effects in exchange rates, as a reflection of the improvement in institutional structures and the foreign capital inflows triggered by this, played an important role in the great leap observed in Türkiye’s dollar-based income before 2013. Given the continuous decline in dollar-based income after 2013, it is noted that the deterioration in institutional structures and the dollarization effects in exchange rates are significant.
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Lu, Lyujian, Hua Wang, Saad Elbeleidy, and Feiping Nie. "Predicting Cognitive Declines Using Longitudinally Enriched Representations for Imaging Biomarkers." In 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00488.

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Narum, S. R. "Evaluation of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) population declines from microsatellite data." In Biology, Assessment, and Management of North Pacific Rockfishes. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/bamnpr.2007.10.

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Lahzami, S., R. Schoeffel, C. Reid, M. Greenwood, C. Salome, N. Berend, and GG King. "Peripheral Airway Function Declines Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a5081.

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De Dieu Uwisengeyimana, Jean, Benedictor Alexander Nguchu, Yanming Wang, Du Zhang, Yanpeng Liu, Zhoufan Jiang, Xiaoxiao Wang, and Bensheng Qiu. "The Glymphatic System Activity and Cognitive Declines in Healthy Old Adults." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Medical Imaging Physics and Engineering (ICMIPE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmipe53131.2021.9698892.

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Reports on the topic "Declines"

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Hamilton, Brady E., Michelle Osterman, and Joyce Martin. Declines in Births by Month: United States, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:106116.

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Munter, J. A. Water-level declines in wells in south Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1128.

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Wayne Smart, Wayne Smart. What factors are causing seabird declines in the Grenadines? Experiment, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/7325.

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Carson, Jessica, Andrew Schaefer, and Marybeth Mattingly. Data Snapshot: Declines in Child Poverty Continue in 2017. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.336.

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Carson, Jessica. Child Poverty Declines Slightly in 2018 to 18 Percent. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.365.

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Case, Anne, and Angus Deaton. Broken Down by Work and Sex: How Our Health Declines. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9821.

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Dr. Alexandra McInturf, Dr Alexandra McInturf. Are sharks contributing to salmon declines in the Pacific Northwest? Experiment, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/25280.

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Dearborn, L. L., and J. A. Munter. Water-level declines in wells tapping lower hillside aquifers, Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1094.

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Schaefer, Andrew, Jessica Carson, and Marybeth Mattingly. Overall Declines in Child Poverty Mask Relatively Stable Rates Across States. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.271.

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Jayachandran, Seema, and Adriana Lleras-Muney. Life Expectancy and Human Capital Investments: Evidence From Maternal Mortality Declines. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13947.

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