Relevant bibliographies by topics / Decline of Irish language

Academic literature on the topic 'Decline of Irish language'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Decline of Irish language"

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Harris, John. "The declining role of primary schools in the revitalisation of Irish." AILA Review 21 (December 31, 2008): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.21.05har.

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Although the vast majority of people in Ireland have at least some knowledge of Irish, only a small minority speak it as a community language (in Gaeltacht areas in the west) or in the more widely dispersed Irish-speaking households in the large English speaking area. Primary schools have had a central role in language revitalisation since the late 19th century, by transmitting a knowledge of the language to each new generation. This paper examines how well primary schools have performed in recent decades. Results of a national comparative study over a 17 year period show that there has been a long-term decline in pupil success in learning Irish (speaking and listening) in ‘ordinary’ schools. Proficiency in Irish in all-Irish immersion schools in English-speaking areas have held up well despite rapid expansion. Reasons for the decline in ordinary schools include time pressures in the curriculum, a reduction in Irish-medium teaching, changing teacher attitudes and a lack of engagement by parents. The changing role of the Department of Education and Science in relation to Irish and the rapid evolution of new educational structures, have also have had negative effects. Implications for the revitalisation of Irish are discussed.
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Coakley, John. "Geographical retreat and symbolic advance?" Language Problems and Language Planning 45, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00079.coa.

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Abstract Language policy in the Republic of Ireland has an unusual starting point: the geographical base of the Irish language is very weak and territorially dispersed, yet the constitutional status of the language is extremely strong. The article explores this paradox. It sets Irish language policy in two contexts: that of successful nationalist movements mainly in Central and Eastern Europe in the early twentieth century, and that of the struggling Celtic languages of Western Europe. It explores the evolution of the language and its weakening demographic status since the nineteenth century, noting that while its demographic weakness mirrors that of the other Celtic languages, its constitutional entrenchment resembles that of the national languages of Central and East European states. It attempts to explain this by suggesting that the language has played a marginal role in nationalist mobilisation; the language served as a symbol of a specific cultural heritage rather than as the vital lingua franca of the community. The central role of the language in nationalist ideology, however, failed to address the reality of continuing decline in the Irish-speaking districts, notwithstanding the emergence of a sizeable population of ‘new speakers’ of the language outside these districts.
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McCAFFERTY, KEVIN, and CAROLINA P. AMADOR-MORENO. "‘[The Irish] find much difficulty in these auxiliaries . . .puttingwillforshallwith the first person’: the decline of first-personshallin Ireland, 1760–1890." English Language and Linguistics 18, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674314000100.

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Among prescriptivists, the Irish have long had a reputation for not following the rule requiring a distinction betweenshallwith first-person andwillwith other grammatical subjects. Recent shift towardswillwith all persons in North American English – now also affecting British English – has been attributed to the influence of Irish immigrants. The present study of data from theCorpus of Irish English Correspondence(CORIECOR) finds that Irish English has not always preferredwill. Rather, the present-day situation emerged in Irish English between the late eighteenth and late nineteenth centuries. This important period covers the main language shift from Irish to English, and simplification in the acquisition process may account for the Irish English use ofwill.In eighteenth-century Irish English,shallpredominated. Comparison with other colonial Englishes of the period – US English (Kytö 1991) and Canadian English (Dollinger 2008) – and with north-west British English (Dollinger 2008) shows broadly similar cross-varietal distributions of first-personshallandwill. Irish English shifted rapidly towardswillby the 1880s, but was not unusual in this respect; a similar development took place at the same time in Canadian English, which may indicate a more general trend, at least in colonial Englishes. It is thus doubtful that Irish English influence drove the change towards first-personwill.We suggest the change might be associated with increasing literacy and accompanying colloquialisation (Mair 1997; Biber 2003; Leechet al.2009: 239ff.). As Rissanen (1999: 212) observes, and Dollinger corroborates for north-west British English,willpersisted in regional Englishes after the rise of first-personshallin the standard language. Increased use ofwillmight have been an outcome of wider literacy leading to more written texts, like letters, being produced by members of lower social strata, whose more nonstandard/vernacular usage was thus recorded in writing. There are currently few regional letter corpora for testing this hypothesis more widely. However, we suggest that, in nineteenth-century Ireland, increasing literacy may have helped spread first-personwillas a change from below. The shift to first-personwillthat is apparent in CORIECOR would then result from greater lower-class literacy, and this might be a key to understanding this change in other Englishes too.
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O'Rourke, Bernadette, and John Walsh. "New speakers of Irish: shifting boundaries across time and space." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2015, no. 231 (January 1, 2015): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0032.

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Abstract While traditional Irish-speaking communities continue to decline, the number of second-language speakers outside of the Gaeltacht has increased. Of the more than one and half million speakers of Irish just over 66,000 now live in one of the officially designated Gaeltacht areas. While “new speakers” can be seen to play an important role in the future of the language, this role is sometimes undermined by discourses which idealise the notion of the traditional Gaeltacht speaker. Such discourses can be used to deny them “authenticity” as “real” or “legitimate” speakers, sometimes leading to struggles over language ownership. Concerns about linguistic purity are often voiced in both academic and public discourse, with the more hybridized forms of Irish developed amongst “new speakers” often criticised. This article looks at the extent to which such discourses are being internalised by new speakers of Irish and whether or not they are constructing an identity as a distinct social and linguistic group based on what it means to be an Irish speaker in the twenty first century.
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Conama, John Bosco. "Sense of Community: The Irish Deaf Community." TEANGA, the Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics 28 (December 9, 2021): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35903/teanga.v28i.681.

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There is a strong perception among members of the Irish deaf community that the community is in gradual decline, with dwindling traditional bases for producing Irish Sign Language (ISL) users. For instance, enrolments in residential schools for the deaf have been declining steadily, and the numbers involved in social, sports and cultural activities in the community have been falling. Technological advances, consolidation of educational policies for deaf children in mainstream education, and individualisation and increased social mobility have also had an impact on how this community operates. However, there is paltry research on how such changes have affected deaf community cohesion, especially in the Irish context. Therefore, this ongoing research entitled Sense of Community – the Irish Deaf Community, seeks to explore the notion and strength of community belonging amongst the deaf community in Ireland. This project report presents the results of one element of this research, i.e. an online survey study conducted in June 2020. Initial analysis of the results of this survey indicate that ISL is one of the primary bonds holding the Irish deaf community together and that issues that divide the community include trustworthiness, feelings of exclusion, and the notion of leadership.
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Mckendry, Eugene. "Irish and Polish in a New Context of Diversity in Northern Ireland’s Schools." Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 2, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scp-2017-0008.

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Abstract While Modern Languages are in decline generally in the United Kingdom’s post-primary schools, including in Northern Ireland (Speak to the Future 2014), the international focus on primary languages has reawakened interest in the curricular area, even after the ending in 2015 of the Northern Ireland Primary Modern Languages Programme which promoted Spanish, Irish and Polish in primary schools. This paper will consider the situation in policy and practice of Modern Languages education, and Irish in particular, in Northern Ireland’s schools. During the years of economic growth in the 1990s Ireland, North and South, changed from being a country of net emigration to be an attractive country to immigrants, only to revert to large-scale emigration with the post-2008 economic downturn. While schools in Great Britain have had a long experience of receiving pupils from diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, firstly from the British Empire and Commonwealth countries, Northern Ireland did not attract many such pupils due to its weaker economic condition and the conflict of the Northern Ireland Troubles. The influx from Poland and other Accession Countries following the expansion of the European Union in 2004 led to a sudden, significant increase in non-English speaking Newcomer pupils (DENI 2017). The discussion in Northern Ireland about a diverse democracy has hitherto concentrated on the historical religious and political divide, where Unionist antipathy led to the Irish Language being dubbed the ‘Green Litmus Test’ of Community Relations (Cultural Traditions Group 1994). Nevertheless, the increasing diversity can hopefully ‘have a leavening effect on a society that has long been frozen in its “two traditions” divide’ (OFMDFM 2005a: 10). This paper will revisit the role and potential of Irish within the curricular areas of Cultural Heritage and Citizenship. An argument will also be made for the importance of language awareness, interculturalism and transferable language learning skills in Northern Ireland’s expanded linguistic environment with a particular focus on Polish.
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Doyle, Aidan. "The ‘decline’ of the Irish language in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: a new interpretation1*." Studia Hibernica 41 (January 2015): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/studia.41.165.

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HOUSTON, R. A. "‘Lesser-used’ languages in historic Europe: models of change from the 16th to the 19th centuries." European Review 11, no. 3 (July 2003): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000309.

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This article charts and tries to explain the changing use of ‘minority’ languages in Europe between the end of the Middle Ages and the 19th century. This period saw the beginnings of a decline in the use of certain dialects and separate languages, notably Irish and Scottish Gaelic, although some tongues such as Catalan and Welsh remained widely used. The article develops some models of the relationship between language and its social, economic and political context. That relationship was mediated through the availability of printed literature; the political (including military) relations between areas where different languages or dialects were spoken; the nature and relative level of economic development (including urbanization); the policy of the providers of formal education and that of the church on religious instruction and worship; and, finally, local social structures and power relationships. The focus is principally on western Europe, but material is also drawn from Scandinavia and from eastern and central Europe.
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Bradley, Michael. "Is It Possible to Revitalize a Dying Language? An Examination of Attempts to Halt the Decline of Irish." Open Journal of Modern Linguistics 04, no. 04 (2014): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.44047.

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McLoughlin, Petra, Eleanor Murphy, Fiona O'Sullivan, and Ciara Connellan. "331 Implementation of Community Based Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Intervention in a Rural Irish Setting." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_3 (September 2019): iii17—iii65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz103.214.

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Abstract Background The Integrated Care Team for Older People (ICTOP) in Sligo formed in 2018 to provide home based rehabilitation for acutely frail older adults to enable them to continue to live independently. It serves a predominantly rural catchment area with 14.5% aged >65 years versus the national average of 11%.1 An in-home person-centred multi-disciplinary approach is utilized based on the principles of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). This observational study aims to describe the typical user of this service, interventions and outcomes to date. Methods An Excel database was compiled and analysed from CGA of consecutive referrals from June to December 2018. Results Of the 70 referrals studied, 69% resided in rural Sligo, two thirds were female and there was a mean age of 82.3 (range 68-95). The median Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale level was 6 and the median Timed Up and Go was 28seconds. Hospital in-patients accounted for 58% of referrals with functional deterioration (74%), mobility decline (72%) and cognitive decline (28%) the most frequent referral reasons. Gait imbalance was the most prevalent co-morbidity (77%). There was an average of 4.5 home visits per person. Over 80% of referrals received combined physiotherapy and occupational therapy input, with Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) in Dementia involvement in 40%, speech and language therapy in 26% and social work in 15%. CGA identified additional clinical and social needs in 100%, and the team made 217 onward referrals to available community health and social supports. ICTOP referral decreased length of stay by 2.6days and only one patient required long term care. Conclusion The use of a multidisciplinary team providing domiciliary assessments decreased hospital stay, facilitated maintenance of independent living and addressed both identified and un-identified needs in a frail older person’s population. Further evaluation over time is needed to indicate impact on readmission rate.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Decline of Irish language"

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Roloff, Donna Cheryl. "Taking the Irish Pulse: A Revitalization Study of the Irish Language." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc848143/.

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This thesis argues that Irish can and should be revitalized. Conducted as an observational study, this thesis focuses on interviews with 72 participants during the summer of 2013. All participants live in the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland. This thesis investigates what has caused the Irish language to lose power and prestige over the centuries, and which Irish language revitalization efforts have been successful. Findings show that although, all-Irish schools have had a substantial growth rate since 1972, when the schools were founded, the majority of Irish students still get their education through English-medium schools. This study concludes that Irish will survive and grow in the numbers of fluent Irish speakers; however, the government will need to further support the growth of the all-Irish schools. In conclusion, the Irish communities must take control of the promotion of the Irish language, and intergenerational transmission must take place between parents and their children.
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O'Conaill, Seán. "The Irish language and the Irish legal system, 1922 to present." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/58843/.

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This thesis examines the central research questions as to what extent the Irish language plays a significant role in the Irish legal system and how parties seeking to utilise the legal in the legal system fare. The thesis applies standard jurisprudential research methodologies in analysing the key legal developments which have occurred in Ireland from independence in 1922 until today where Ireland is a modern constitutional democracy and member of the European Union. The role of the 1937 Constitution, in particular, is key given the strong legal reliance upon its text in determining the legal status of the Irish language and the extent to which that status can be relied upon in legal proceedings. By interpreting case law from the foundation of the State through until the seminal case of Ó Beoláin in 2001 the gradual development of Irish language rights can be charted. The implications of the Ó Beoláin decision are examined including many of the cases which came about in the immediate aftermath of the case. Among the consequences of the Ó Beoláin case was the Official Languages Act, 2003 which imposed new obligations upon the State and State agencies as well as notionally providing additional supports for those seeking to access justice through the medium of Irish. The effectiveness of this legislation is examined together with recent developments such as the trend towards legal realism and the implications arising out of the Irish language’s interaction with international law. Legal education and training through the medium of Irish is identified as a key factor which contributed to all of areas identified. The provision of services and the ability to access justice through the medium of Irish ultimately depends on there being professionals with sufficient Irish to provide services. The dissonance between the notional status of the Irish language and the reality faced by those seeking to access justice through the medium of Irish is a constant theme throughout the thesis.
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Kennedy, Eimear. "Intercultural encounter in Irish-language travel literature." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727414.

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This thesis explores contemporary Irish-language travel literature, a genre that has been largely ignored in Irish literary criticism to date. Unlike travel literature in major world languages, such as English and French, Irish-language travel literature does not have a long-established link with colonialism. It is only in more recent years, as social and economic conditions in Ireland improved and emigration began to give way to travel for leisure purposes, that the field has begun to develop. Given the significant differences between the history of the genre in Irish and other major world languages, this study interrogates how/whether the cultural background of Irish-language travel writers differs to that of other international writers and examines how this impacts upon their interactions with other peoples and other cultures. In order to explore these questions, this thesis draws on postcolonial theory and travel, tourism and mobility studies to investigate intercultural encounter. It pays particular attention to the work of four contemporary writers: Manch^n Magan, Gabriel Rosenstock, Cathal 0 Searcaigh and Dutch-born Alex Hijmans. These writers are minority-language speakers who come from, or who have lived in, Ireland, a country on the periphery of Western Europe that was the victim of colonization, yet they are also relatively wealthy Western Europeans. Thus this study examines how their distinct cultural background alongside their economic privilege affects their encounters with travellees and investigates the associated issues of representation, power and ethics. Ultimately, this thesis provides a new critical insight into Irish-language travel literature which, in turn, has implications for how we study travel writing in languages associated with former imperial powers. The 'in-between' positioning of Irish-language travel writers transcends the conventional dichotomised approach to encounter, provides new perspectives into intercultural contact and proposes a new, dynamic and counterdiscursive 'third space’ that accommodates fluid cultural identities.
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White, David Lloyd. "Irish influence and the interpretation of old English spelling /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Mac, Eoin Gearóid. "What language was spoken in Ireland before Irish?" Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1923/.

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Extract: That the Celtic languages were of the Indo-European family was first recognised by Rasmus Christian Rask (*1787), a young Danish linguist, in 1818. However, the fact that he wrote in Danish meant that his discovery was not noted by the linguistic establishment until long after his untimely death in 1832. The same conclusion was arrived at independently of Rask and, apparently, of each other, by Adolphe Pictet (1836) and Franz Bopp (1837). This agreement between the foremost scholars made possible the completion of the picture of the spread of the Indo-European languages in the extreme west of the European continent. However, in the Middle Ages the speakers of Irish had no awareness of any special relationship between Irish and the other Celtic languages, and a scholar as linguistically competent as Cormac mac Cuillennáin (†908), or whoever compiled Sanas Chormaic, treated Welsh on the same basis as Greek, Latin, and the lingua northmannorum in the elucidation of the meaning and history of Irish words. [...]
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McCoy, Gordon William. "Protestants and the Irish language in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394598.

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Duncan, Dawn E. (Dawn Elaine). "Language and Identity in Post-1800 Irish Drama." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277916/.

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Using a sociolinguistic and post-colonial approach, I analyze Irish dramas that speak about language and its connection to national identity. In order to provide a systematic and wide-ranging study, I have selected plays written at approximately fifty-year intervals and performed before Irish audiences contemporary to their writing. The writers selected represent various aspects of Irish society--religiously, economically, and geographically--and arguably may be considered the outstanding theatrical Irish voices of their respective generations. Examining works by Alicia LeFanu, Dion Boucicault, W.B. Yeats, and Brian Friel, I argue that the way each of these playwrights deals with language and identity demonstrates successful resistance to the destruction of Irish identity by the dominant language power. The work of J. A. Laponce and Ronald Wardhaugh informs my language dominance theory. Briefly, when one language pushes aside another language, the cultural identity begins to shift. The literature of a nation provides evidence of the shifting perception. Drama, because of its performance qualities, provides the most complex and complete literary evidence. The effect of the performed text upon the audience validates a cultural reception beyond what would be possible with isolated readers. Following a theoretical introduction, I analyze the plays in chronological order. Alicia LeFanu's The Sons of Erin; or, Modern Sentiment (1812) gently pleads for equal treatment in a united Britain. Dion Boucicault's three Irish plays, especially The Colleen Bawn (1860) but also Arrah-na-Pogue (1864) and The Shaughraun (1875), satirically conceal rebellious nationalist tendencies under the cloak of melodrama. W. B. Yeats's The Countess Cathleen (1899) reveals his romantic hope for healing the national identity through the powers of language. However, The Only Jealousy of Emer (1919) and The Death of Cuchulain (1939) reveal an increasing distrust of language to mythically heal Ireland. Brian Friel's Translations (1980), supported by The Communication Cord (1982) and Making History (1988), demonstrates a post-colonial move to manipulate history in order to tell the Irish side of a British story, constructing in the process an Irish identity that is postnational.
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Oehling, Richard. "Contemporary Irish Fiction: Lavin and Trevor." W&M ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625307.

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Ó, Béarra Feargal. "Late Modern Irish and the Dynamics of Language Change and Language Death." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1933/.

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Contents: Definition of Late Modern Irish Lexical and Syntactic Equivalence The Official Languages Act and the Translation Industry Dynamics of Language Change and Language Death Lack of Exposure and Critical Mass
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Fristedt, Emma. "Irish loanwords in English varieties." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-27603.

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This essay will discuss and research the width and frequency of Irish loanwords in contemporary English varieties. The meanings, uses, differences, similarities and collocations of selected words will be discussed and analyzed in order to find answers to the research questions asked. The methods used are quantitative and qualitative research methods. The quantitative method will measure the frequency of the selected words in each of the selected varieties and the qualitative method will discuss the meanings and uses of the words in the different varieties. Each word has its own section which discuss meanings, developments and instances in which the words can be found in the different varieties. These sections are summarized at the end of the essay and the conclusion states that Irish loanwords in contemporary English varieties are not greatly widespread compared to the frequency of the same words in Irish English. A few of the words have been able to develop their meaning and use through time, but most instances of the words show the original meaning and use.
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Books on the topic "Decline of Irish language"

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Leyssac, André de. Decline of civilization in Canada. Regina: Les Editions Louis Riel, 1985.

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Language maintenance and language death: The decline of Texas Alsatian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2012.

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Great Britain. Department of Finance and Personnel for Northern Ireland. Central Community Relations Unit. Irish language: Background. Belfast: Central Community Relations Unit, 1993.

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Foran, Stanislaus J. Irish sign language. Dublin: National Association for the Deaf, 1996.

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The Irish language. Dublin: Dept. of Foreign Affairs, 1985.

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Rieder, Maria. Irish Traveller Language. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76714-7.

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Wardhaugh, Ronald. Languages in competition: Dominance, diversity, and decline. Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell, 1987.

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Séamus, Mac Mathúna, and Ó Corráin Ailbhe, eds. Collins gem Irish dictionary: English-Irish, Irish-English. Glasgow: HarperCollins, 1995.

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Language decline and death in Africa: Causes, consequences, and challenges. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2005.

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Cl'o, Rura'i, ed. Irish-English, English-Irish dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Decline of Irish language"

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Todd, Loreto. "Irish and Irish Englishes." In The Language of Irish Literature, 18–52. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19989-1_3.

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Rieder, Maria. "Setting the Scene: The History of a Community and a Language." In Irish Traveller Language, 1–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76714-7_1.

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Rieder, Maria. "Who Are the Irish Travellers? Traveller Culture in Transition." In Irish Traveller Language, 61–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76714-7_2.

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Rieder, Maria. "When Is It Used? The Role of Cant Within Traveller Culture." In Irish Traveller Language, 105–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76714-7_3.

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Rieder, Maria. "What Is It Called? Naming Practices and Folk Classifications of Cant." In Irish Traveller Language, 147–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76714-7_4.

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Rieder, Maria. "Folk Views on the Structure and Formation of Cant." In Irish Traveller Language, 181–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76714-7_5.

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Rieder, Maria. "Language Ideology and Traveller Identity." In Irish Traveller Language, 209–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76714-7_6.

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Rieder, Maria. "Conclusion." In Irish Traveller Language, 247–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76714-7_7.

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Ó Baoill, Dónall P. "Mood in Irish." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 273–91. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.120.15oba.

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Lins, Ulrich. "Dangerous Language or Language of Hope?" In Dangerous Language — Esperanto and the Decline of Stalinism, 165–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-352-00020-7_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Decline of Irish language"

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Pahl, Claus. "Modular Composition of Language Features through Extensions of Semantic Language Models." In 3rd Irish Workshop on Formal Methods. BCS Learning & Development, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/iwfm1999.13.

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Galea, Laura Cristina, and Alan F. Smeaton. "Recognising Irish Sign Language Using Electromyography." In 2019 International Conference on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing (CBMI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbmi.2019.8877421.

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Palada, Sai Chaithanya Kumar, and David Malone. "Entropy Estimates for the Irish Language." In 2019 30th Irish Signals and Systems Conference (ISSC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issc.2019.8904926.

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Mĕchura, Michal Boleslav. "Irish National Morphology Database: a high-accuracy open-source dataset of Irish words." In Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4607.

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Woodcock, Jim, and Ana MS Cavalcanti. "A Concurrent Language for Refinement." In 5th Irish Workshop on Formal Methods. BCS Learning & Development, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/iwfm2001.7.

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McCloskey, Ryan. "Irish Sign Language in a Virtual Reality Environment." In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vrw55335.2022.00284.

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Ward, Monica. "Using Irish NLP resources in Primary School Education." In Proceedings of the First Celtic Language Technology Workshop. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics and Dublin City University, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4602.

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Kirby, Caitriona. "After the Apocalypse: the Poetics of Irish Language Preservation." In Proceedings of the International Conference on European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational and Social Environment (EMSSESE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emssese-19.2019.47.

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Xu, Liang, Elaine Uí Dhonnchadha, and Monica Ward. "Faoi Gheasa an adaptive game for Irish language learning." In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.computel-1.17.

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Klimova, Blanka, and Ilona Semradova. "Cognitive Decline in Dementia with Special Focus on Language Impairments." In 4th International Congress on Clinical and Counselling Psychology. Cognitive-crcs, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.05.02.9.

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Reports on the topic "Decline of Irish language"

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Basu, Alaka, and Sajeda Amin. Some preconditions for fertility decline in Bengal: History, language identity, and an openness to innovations. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy6.1043.

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Hu, XinYi, JingXuan Hao, and HangYue Wang. Improvement of Environmental enrichment on Cognitive Functions in Patients and animals : A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0014.

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Review question / Objective: To study the relationship between environmental enrichment and cognitive function through a meta-analysis of the literature, analyze its effects on the improvement of cognitive function in patients and animals, and evaluate the effects of different environmental enrichment measures on cognitive function improvement. Condition being studied: Cognitive decline refers to an individual's memory, language, reasoning and other aspects of cognitive function showing obvious, measurable decline or abnormal. The causes of cognitive decline are various, including neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular disease, infection, trauma, and depression. Alzheimer's disease and stroke are the most common.
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Peng, Ciyan, Jing Chen, Sini Li, and Jianhe Li. Comparative Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Injections Combined Western medicine for Non-small cell lung cancer: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0068.

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Review question / Objective: Advanced lung cancer has become the top malignant tumor in terms of morbidity and mortality, and Chinese herbal injections combined with western drugs have been widely used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer. For this purpose, we conducted a Bayesian network analysis to systematically evaluate the efficacy of different herbal injections combined with western drugs in the treatment of NSCLC. Subjects: Patients diagnosed with NSCLC by pathological or cytological examination, locally advanced or those who refused surgical treatment were included, regardless of gender, age, stage, race, nationality and sample size; Interventions: Chinese herbal injections combined with three types of commonly used western drugs (platinum, targeted and immune agents) were used in the experimental group, while the control group was treated with western drugs alone; Study type: to report the efficacy of Chinese herbal injections combined with western drugs in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer efficacy in a randomized controlled trial (rct) Eligible. No restrictions were imposed on language, year of publication, or publication status. Ending indicators: Main ending indicators: (1) disease control rate (DCR), DCR = (complete remission + partial remission + stable)/total number of cases. Efficacy rate = (number of improvement cases + number of stable cases)/total number of cases. (2) Secondary outcome indicators: quality of life, determined according to the KPS behavioral status scale, improvement was defined as an increase of ≥10 points in KPS score after treatment; stability was defined as an increase or decrease of <10 points in KPS score; decline was defined as a decrease of ≥10 points in KPS score. (3) The incidence of adverse reactions, including gastrointestinal reactions, white blood cell (WBC) reduction, hemoglobin (HGB) reduction, platelet (PLT) reduction, etc.
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Lumpkin, Shamsie, Isaac Parrish, Austin Terrell, and Dwayne Accardo. Pain Control: Opioid vs. Nonopioid Analgesia During the Immediate Postoperative Period. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0008.

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Background Opioid analgesia has become the mainstay for acute pain management in the postoperative setting. However, the use of opioid medications comes with significant risks and side effects. Due to increasing numbers of prescriptions to those with chronic pain, opioid medications have become more expensive while becoming less effective due to the buildup of patient tolerance. The idea of opioid-free analgesic techniques has rarely been breached in many hospitals. Emerging research has shown that opioid-sparing approaches have resulted in lower reported pain scores across the board, as well as significant cost reductions to hospitals and insurance agencies. In addition to providing adequate pain relief, the predicted cost burden of an opioid-free or opioid-sparing approach is significantly less than traditional methods. Methods The following groups were considered in our inclusion criteria: those who speak the English language, all races and ethnicities, male or female, home medications, those who are at least 18 years of age and able to provide written informed consent, those undergoing inpatient or same-day surgical procedures. In addition, our scoping review includes the following exclusion criteria: those who are non-English speaking, those who are less than 18 years of age, those who are not undergoing surgical procedures while admitted, those who are unable to provide numeric pain score due to clinical status, those who are unable to provide written informed consent, and those who decline participation in the study. Data was extracted by one reviewer and verified by the remaining two group members. Extraction was divided as equally as possible among the 11 listed references. Discrepancies in data extraction were discussed between the article reviewer, project editor, and group leader. Results We identified nine primary sources addressing the use of ketamine as an alternative to opioid analgesia and post-operative pain control. Our findings indicate a positive correlation between perioperative ketamine administration and postoperative pain control. While this information provides insight on opioid-free analgesia, it also revealed the limited amount of research conducted in this area of practice. The strategies for several of the clinical trials limited ketamine administration to a small niche of patients. The included studies provided evidence for lower pain scores, reductions in opioid consumption, and better patient outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Based on the results of the studies’ randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, the effects of ketamine are shown as an adequate analgesic alternative to opioids postoperatively. The cited resources showed that ketamine can be used as a sole agent, or combined effectively with reduced doses of opioids for multimodal therapy. There were noted limitations in some of the research articles. Not all of the cited studies were able to include definitive evidence of proper blinding techniques or randomization methods. Small sample sizes and the inclusion of specific patient populations identified within several of the studies can skew data in one direction or another; therefore, significant clinical results cannot be generalized to patient populations across the board.
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