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Books on the topic 'Declarative; Functional'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Kuhn, Jonas. Optimality-theoretic syntax: A declarative approach. Stanford, Calif: CSLI Publications, Center for the Study of Language and Information, 2003.

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2

ACM, SIGPLAN Workshop on Functional and Declarative Programming in Education (2005 Tallinn Estonia). FDPE '05: Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2005 Workshop on Functional and Declarative Programming in Education, September 25, 2005, Tallinn, Estonia. New York, N.Y: Association for Computing Machinery, 2005.

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3

Office, General Accounting. Disaster assistance: Improvement needed in disaster declaration criteria and eligibility assurance procedures : report to the Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2001.

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4

Fdpe '05: Proceedings of the ACM Sigplan 2005 Workshop on Functional and Declarative Programming in Education, September 25, 200. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2005.

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5

Ludwig, Kirk. Declarations and Status Functions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789994.003.0012.

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Chapter 12 evaluates, in the light of the analysis of status functions in previous chapters, a recent claim by Searle that all institutional facts, and so all status functions, are created by declarative speech acts. An example of a declaration is an employer saying “You’re fired” to an employee and thereby making it the case that he is fired. The chapter argues that while declarations are often used, given background conventions in a community, to impose status functions on objects, they are not necessary, and that more generally the idea that status functions are imposed by representing that object as having them is mistaken, in the light of the earlier analysis of collective acceptance as a matter of members of a community having appropriate we-intentions or conditional we-intentions directed at the relevant things.
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6

Petrova, Svetlana. Verb-initial declaratives in Old High German and in later German. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the syntactic properties and the pragmatic behaviour of verb-initial declarative clauses in the history of German. The focus is on OHG because in this period, verb-initial declaratives represent a frequent, well-known alternative to canonical verb-second main clauses. It is argued that verb-initial declaratives are native in origin, and that they are derivable under a special interpretation of the verb-second rule. The main part of the chapter deals with the pragmatic properties of verb-initial declaratives in OHG, summarizing the various attempts at explaining the distribution of these orders and showing that further research is needed to arrive at a more adequate understanding of their function in the discourse. The chapter closes up with the discussion of the later development of verb-initial declaratives in German, sketching the controversial treatments of this question in the literature on German diachronic syntax.
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7

Baunaz, Lena. Decomposing Complementizers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the morphosyntax of French, Modern Greek, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian complementizers equivalent to English that. From long-distance wh-extractions across complementizers in these languages, it is shown that (i) the morpheme complementizer is composed of features that are hierarchically ordered according to a functional sequence (fseq) (see Baunaz 2015, 2016a; Baunaz and Lander to appear); (ii) the complementizer morpheme lexicalizes structures of different sizes; (iii) the distribution of complementizers is governed by veridicality (see Baunaz 2015, 2016a); (iv) the complementizer morpheme is syntactically active. The basic template for complementizers that I argue for is F4 > F3 > F2 > F1. Evidence in favor of this template comes from crosslinguistic patterns of syncretism and featural Relativized Minimality (Starke 2001; Rizzi 2004; Haegeman 2010, among others). Evidence in favor of different realizations of the complementizer is provided by means of long-distance extractions across declarative embedded clauses.
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8

Rossi, Simone, Stefano F. Cappa, and Paolo Maria Rossini. Higher cognitive functions: memory and reasoning. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0032.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a sophisticated approach for interfering with human memory and reasoning due to its ability to transiently interfere with the functions of the specialized cortical network, especially when applied as repetitive (r)TMS. This article reviews TMS studies dealing with short-term retention, working memory, and with the episodic component of declarative memory. It also considers certain aspects of semantic memory and nonverbal reasoning. Furthermore, it discusses methodological considerations about the experimental designs, which can be used for the investigation of human cognitive functions. This article emphasizes the fact that higher cognitive functions provide an example as to how underlying physiological mechanisms cannot be fully disclosed by investigations based on a single technique. Studies to develop a true multimodal approach are being undertaken. In this light, behavioural interference studies will gain new power in combination with disruptive and correlational methodologies, establishing causality in a more sophisticated manner.
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9

Beninger, Richard J. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0001.

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The Introduction provides a brief overview of the book. The central theme is dopamine-mediated reward-related incentive learning—the acquisition by neutral stimuli of an increased ability to elicit approach and other responses. The brain has multiple memory systems defined as “declarative” and “non-declarative”; incentive learning produces one form of non-declarative memory. Once incentive learning is established it is gradually lost when the rewarding stimulus is no longer available or when dopamine function is reduced. Decreases in dopaminergic neurotransmission may produce inverse incentive learning—the loss by stimuli of their ability to elicit approach and other responses. Dopamine-related diseases including schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and drug abuse involve altered incentive learning. Incentive and inverse incentive learning may occur by the actions of dopamine, adenosine, and endocannabinoids at dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons that have had recent glutamate input. Activity in dopaminergic neurons in humans appears to affect mental experience.
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10

(Foreword), J. T. Schwartz, ed. Set Theory for Computing: From Decision Procedures to Declarative Programming with Sets (Monographs in Computer Science). Springer, 2001.

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11

Mason, Peggy. Forebrain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0007.

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The anatomy and function of forebrain circuits is described. The role of the hypothalamus as the executive center for regulating and protecting the body’s physiology is detailed. The thalamus is a necessary interpreter for subcortical inputs to cerebral cortex, which uses thalamic input to map the sensory world. The amygdala, critical to expressing and interpreting fear, has been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder. During resting conditions, the basal ganglia suppress movement. Damage to the basal ganglia produces a hypo- or hyperkinetic disorder. The representation of visual fields in pathways from retina to striate cortex is described in detail. The student is then introduced to the invaluable use of visual field deficits for localizing forebrain lesions. Extrastriate, somatomotor, and prefrontal contributions to abstract functions are outlined in a clinically relevant way. Finally, the importance of the hippocampus to declarative memory is discussed, and common memory symptoms are described.
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12

William A, Schabas. Part 4 Composition and Administration of the Court: Composition et Administration de la Cour, Art.45 Solemn undertaking/Engagement solennel. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0050.

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This chapter comments on Article 45 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 45 imposes a duty to make a solemn undertaking on all of the judges and senior officers of the Court. They are to exercise their functions ‘impartially and conscientiously’. The Rules of Procedure and Evidence make the declaration more elaborate (‘honourably, faithfully, impartially, and conscientiously’), and they also add a duty to respect the confidentiality of investigations and prosecutions. The Rules distinguish between the declaration to be make by the judges and that of the Court's senior officers, the former being required to respect the secrecy of deliberations.
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13

Portner, Paul. Sentence mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.003.0003.

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Sentence mood is the linguistic category which marks the fundamental conversational function, or “sentential force,” of a sentence. Exemplified by the universal types of declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences (as well as by less-common types), sentence mood has been a major topic of research in both linguistics and philosophy. This chapter identifies the two main theories which address the topic, one based on speech act theory and the other on dynamic approaches to meaning. It explains and evaluates current research which uses the two theories, and identifies the most important insights which come out of each.
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14

Amha, Azeb. Commands in Wolaitta. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0014.

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This chapter examines expressions of commands (imperatives) in Wolaitta and the ways in which the imperative is distinguished from statements and questions. Although each sentence type is formally distinct, imperatives and questions share a number of morpho-syntactic properties. Similar to declarative and interrogative sentences, imperatives in Wolaitta involve verbal grammatical categories such as the distinction of person, number, and gender of the subject as well as negative and positive polarity. In contrast to previous studies, the present contribution establishes the function of a set of morphemes based on -árk and -érk to be the expression of plea or appeal to an addressee rather than politeness when issuing a command. Instead, politeness in commands is expressed by using plural (pro)nominal and verbal elements. The imperative in Wolaitta is a robust construction which is also used in formulaic speeches such as leave-taking as well as in blessing, curses, and advice.
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15

Ewa, Butkiewicz, and Barłowski Michał. 24 Poland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808589.003.0024.

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This chapter provides an overview of the law of set-off in Poland, both outside and within the context of insolvency. Under Polish civil law, set-off is recognised as a means of meeting liabilities. It fulfils a number of functions in law, including payment and guarantee (collateral) functions. Aside from statutory set-off, a contractual set-off in trade, known as compensation (netting), exists in Poland. The chapter first considers set-off between solvent parties, focusing on statutory set-off, bank set-off, and provisions in the Act on Certain Financial Collateral Instruments that are relevant to compensation. It then examines set-off against insolvent parties, with discussions on standard provisions on set-off after a declaration of insolvency, netting provisions in the Insolvency Act, set-off under bankruptcy with possible settlement, set-off under insolvency with the liquidation of an insolvent estate, and netting under a restructuring proceeding. The chapter concludes with an analysis of issues arising in cross-border set-off.
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16

Speyer, Augustin, and Helmut Weiß. The prefield after the Old High German period. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0005.

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The filling of the prefield in Modern German is determined by information-structural constraints such as scene-setting, contrastiveness, and topichood. While OHG does not yet show competition between these constraints, competition arises from MHG onward. This has to do with the generalization of the V2 constraint (i.e. the one-constituent property of the prefield) for declarative clauses, in which context the information-structural constraints are loosened. The syntactic change whose result eventually was the loss of multiple XP fronting comprised a change of the feature endowment of C because the fronting of expletive thô (roughly in the OHG of the ninth century) led to the reanalysis of XP fronting as a semantically vacuous movement whose only function is to check the EPP feature of C. Data from doubly filled prefields in ENHG and post-initial connectives indicate that an articulated split CP-structure, as proposed within the cartographic approach, is also at play in German.
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17

O’Collins, SJ, Gerald. Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830306.001.0001.

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This book opens by establishing the substantial convergence in reflection on Christian tradition proposed by a 1963 report of the Faith and Order Commission (of the World Council of Churches) and the teaching of Vatican II (1962–5). Despite this ecumenical consensus, in recent years few theologians have written about tradition, and none has looked to the social sciences for insights into the nature and functions of tradition. Drawing above all on sociologists, this work shows the difference that tradition makes in human and religious life. In the light of the divine self-revelation that climaxed with Jesus Christ, the central characteristics of tradition are set out: in particular, its relationship to and distinction from culture. The risen Christ himself is the central Tradition (upper case) at the heart of Christian life. All the baptized faithful, and not merely their ordained leaders, play a role in transmitting tradition. The ‘sense of the faithful’ amounts to a ‘sense of the tradition’. The essential, if invisible, agent of tradition remains always the Holy Spirit. Scripture and tradition function in mutual dependence, as shown by the emergence of the creeds, the image of Christ as the New Adam, and the doctrine of justification (on which a 1999 joint declaration shows substantial agreement now reached by Lutherans, Roman Catholics, and others). The full context of Christian life and history focuses the relationship between Scripture and tradition. The book deals with the challenge of discerning and reforming particular traditions. A closing appendix shows how modern studies of memory—above all, collective memory—can illuminate ways in which tradition works to maintain Christian identity and continuity.
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18

Belohlavek, Radim, Joseph W. Dauben, and George J. Klir. Fuzzy Logic and Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200015.001.0001.

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The term “fuzzy logic” (FL) is a generic one, which stands for a broad variety of logical systems. Their common ground is the rejection of the most fundamental principle of classical logic—the principle of bivalence—according to which each declarative sentence has exactly two possible truth values—true and false. Each logical system subsumed under FL allows for additional, intermediary truth values, which are interpreted as degrees of truth. These systems are distinguished from one another by the set of truth degrees employed, its algebraic structure, truth functions chosen for logical connectives, and other properties. The book examines from the historical perspective two areas of research on fuzzy logic known as fuzzy logic in the narrow sense (FLN) and fuzzy logic in the broad sense (FLB), which have distinct research agendas. The agenda of FLN is the development of propositional, predicate, and other fuzzy logic calculi. The agenda of FLB is to emulate commonsense human reasoning in natural language and other unique capabilities of human beings. In addition to FL, the book also examines mathematics based on FL. One chapter in the book is devoted to overviewing successful applications of FL and the associated mathematics in various areas of human affairs. The principal aim of the book is to assess the significance of FL and especially its significance for mathematics. For this purpose, the notions of paradigms and paradigm shifts in science, mathematics, and other areas are introduced and employed as useful metaphors.
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19

Portner, Paul. Mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.001.0001.

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The category of mood is widely used in the description of languages and the formal analysis of their grammatical properties. It typically refers to features of a sentence’s form (or a class of sentences which share such features), either individual morphemes or grammatical patterns, which reflect how the sentence contributes to the modal meaning of a larger phrase or which indicates the type of fundamental pragmatic function it has in conversation. The first subtype, verbal mood, includes the categories of indicative and subjunctive subordinate clauses; the second sentence mood, encompasses declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. This work presents the essential background for understanding semantic theories of mood and discusses the most significant theories of both types. It evaluates those theories, compares them, draws connections between seemingly disparate approaches, and with the goal of drawing out their most important insights, it formalizes some of the literature’s most important ideas in new ways. Ultimately, this work shows that there are important connections between verbal mood and sentence mood which point the way towards a more general understanding of how mood works and its relation to other topics in linguistics, and it outlines the type of semantic and pragmatic theory which will make it possible to explain these relations.
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20

Organization, World Tourism, ed. Methodology for the establishment and implementation of tourism master plans, at both the domestic and regional level, to ensure that the approach to tourism's social, cultural and educational functions advocated by the Manila Declaration is progressively reflected in the short and medium-term objectives of tourism plans. Madrid: World Tourism Organization, 1985.

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21

Organization, World Tourism, ed. Methodology for the establishment and implementation of tourism master plans, at both the domestic and regional level, to ensure that the approach to tourism's social, cultural and educational functions advocated by the Manila declaration is progressively reflected in the short and medium-term objectives of tourism plans. Madrid: World TourismOrganization, 1985.

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