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DiPetta, G. "Shame and Guilt Inducing Drugs." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.128.
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The Author in this presentation examines the role of two complex human experiences, the Guilt and the Shame, in the field of the substances addiction. The population of abuser can be divided between users of sedatives and users of stimulants. Sedative drugs and stimulant drug belong to two different way of being-in-the-world. Sedative drugs are able to medicate the internal pain, which is constitutive of the guilt. Stimulant drugs are able to medicate the dysphoria, which is constitutive of the shame. In the realm of psychopathology Tellenbach with the concept of premelancholic personality in the guilty man and Kohut with the concept of narcissism in the tragic man have put the bases for a different typification. In both cases, the common final result, from a psychopathological point of view, is a severe crisis of the temporalization.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Conway, John S. "How Shall the Nations Repent? The Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt, October 1945." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38, no. 4 (October 1987): 596–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900023666.
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The Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt, issued by the leaders of the German Evangelical (i.e. Protestant) churches in October 1945, was a unique document in the recent history of the Christian Churches. This public acknowledgement of responsibility and guilt for their inadequate response to the criminal actions of the nation's political leaders was, and remains, unprecedented. The solemn proclamation included the by-now well-known sentences:With great pain do we say: through us endless sufferings have been brought to many peoples and nations. What we have often borne witness to before our congregations, we now declare in the name of the whole church. We have for many years struggled in the name of Jesus Christ against the spirit which found its terrible expression in the National Socialist regime of tyranny, but we accuse ourselves for not witnessing more courageously, for not praying more faithfully, for not believing more joyously and for not loving more ardently.
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Oyebode, F. "Shame & Guilt: Definitions, Antecedents and Structure of Experience." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.126.
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Aims In this lecture I will define and distinguish between shame and guilt. I will then discuss the potential causes of shame and guilt and how these emotions manifest in behavioral and phenomenal terms. I will conclude by introducing a classification that deals with the varieties and nature of the pathologies of shame and guilt that are evident in clinical practice. I will rely on concepts developed by Karl Jaspers, Hans Jonas and Bernhard Schlink. In doing this I will be exploring the role of moral and juridical principles upon the experience of shame and guilt including the place of the imperatives of responsibility upon the experience of shame and guilt. I will argue further that shame and guilt are as important as other secondary emotions such as envy and jealousy but are not as examined and studied in clinical practice. I will make a case for the centrality of these emotions to an understanding of and response to particular clinical conditions in daily practice.MethodsN/A.ResultsN/A.ConclusionsShame and Guilt are both important emotions that are central to our understanding of and response to particular conditions in daily practice. Their antecedents and structure provide a basis for distinguishing between them.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Madeira, L. "Shame and Guilt in Mental Disorders - Diagnostics and Treatment." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S23—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.127.
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Guilt and shame are important human emotions, which have been studied by several different disciplines. Seminal and recent inputs in Psychology (particularly Psychoanalysis) and Psychiatry are briefly reviewed including cross-cultural considerations and developmental psychology studies on these emotions. Yet this keynote focuses in the phenomenology and epistemology of guilt and shame as complex emotions. This includes considering that guilt is experienced in two moments (decompressed into a moment of negligence and another of guilt) while shame only in one moment (prolonged in a “frozen now”). All the inputs have suggested an operationalization of epistemic and phenomenic differences considering their context, formal object, particular object and action tendency. Lastly it refers to the relation of these experiences with psychopathology and nosology concerning their adaptive and maladaptive nature, their relation with empathy as well as their presence in several disorders such as anxious, depressive and obsessive compulsive sorts.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Onrust, S., and V. Nunic. "Trichotillomania – A case report on online treatment." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2073.
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IntroductionICD-10 classifies trichotillomania (TTM) as one of the habit and impulse disorders. It is characterized by noticeable hair-loss due to a recurrent failure to resist impulses to pull out hairs. The hair pulling is usually preceded by mounting tension and is followed by a sense of relief or gratification. Persons suffering from TTM often hide it. TTM is often unrecognised by doctors, treated by dermatologists or untreated, causing a lot of suffering.ObjectiveTo present treatment of trichotillomania.AimTo present one case report of trichotillomania treated online.MethodsThis is case report of female patient with TTM untreated 13 years. She had earlier been treated for depression and had multiple traumatic experiences. Patient both self-diagnosed TTM and asked for treatment online. During two months, there were 7 sessions and 2 follow-ups. Sessions were online and based on Habit Reversal Training (HRT) and Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy (REBT). The following issues were addressed: hair pulling, shame, guilt, low self-confidence, assertiveness, low frustration tolerance, panic attacks, sadness. No medications were used.ResultsHair pulling has almost completely stopped. Social functioning and self-acceptance were improved. Guilt and shame have reduced, self-confidence and frustration tolerance have increased.ConclusionHRT and REBT online treatments have reduced hair pulling and the associated emotional problems.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Chockalingam, K. "Some Random Thoughts about Victimological Movement in the World with Special Reference to India." Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice 1, no. 1 (June 7, 2018): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516606918764999.
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Historically, priority of the criminal justice system was always to establish the guilt of the accused and provide a punishment to the offender. Even after the advent of scientific criminology, focus was on all aspects of the offender, to the complete neglect of the victim. Victim was always treated as a witness, and victim justice has been a struggle throughout the world. Many scholars and criminal justice administrators recommended urgent measures to improve the conditions of victims, particularly after the historic Report of President’s Task Force in 1982 in the USA. Since then a victimological movement emerged which culminated in the creation of UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 1985. In this article, the emergence of victimological movement, its impact and the subsequent developments in India are discussed.
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Rodrigues, L., J. V. Freitas-de-Jesus, G. Lavorato-Neto, D. D. Lima, E. R. Turato, and C. J. G. Campos. "Feelings of Guilt and Fantasies in Life Experiences of Brazilian Parents Due to Death of their Newborn: A Clinical-qualitative Study Conducted at a University Hospital." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.986.
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IntroductionThe relationship between parents and children is a complex link. In the process of pregnancy-birth-puerperium, frequent feelings such as responsibility, love, fear, uncertainty, generate strong expectations at birth. The death of a newborn may not be perceived as natural by the parents, considering the local culture and the context of great technological development of neonatology.ObjectiveTo explore possible guilt and fantasies in life experiences of parents during mourning process due to death of their newborn.MethodClinical-qualitative design, a particularization of qualitative methods here applied in clinical assistance settings with highlight to psychological aspects. Data collection with the technique of semi-directed interview with open-ended questions, in-depth. Sample intentionally constructed, with closure by theoretical saturation of information. The participants were 7 parents, mourning by the death of their child at the neonatal intensive care unit, in a university hospital of Campinas, São Paulo State.ResultsFeelings of guilt - conscious or not - lead to an internal and particular movement so that mourning can be lived. The participants showed certain embarrassment, accompanied by natural suffering facing to the cultural pattern that permeates the emotional experience. It predicts types of psychological meanings that the experience will give to the person.ConclusionHealth professionals working with bereaved parents should consider more deeply the moment these one experienced, with emphasis on the details of the death scenery, beside the problems of illness and death properly so called.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Carvalho Alves, L. Primo de, M. Pio de Almeida Fleck, A. Boni, and N. Sica da Rocha. "The Major Depressive Disorder Hierarchy: Rasch Analysis of 6 Items of the Hamilton Depression Scale Covering the Continuum of Depressive Syndrome." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.020.
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ObjectivesMelancholic features of depression (MFD) seem to be a unidimensional group of signs and symptoms. However, little importance has been given to the evaluation of what features are related to a more severe disorder. That is, what are the MFD that appear only in the most depressed patients. We aim to demonstrate how each MFD is related to the severity of the major depressive disorder.MethodsWe evaluated both the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS-17) and its 6-item melancholic subscale (HAM-D6) in 291 depressed inpatients using Rasch analysis, which computes the severity of each MFD. Overall measures of model fit were mean ( ± SD) of items and persons residual = 0 (± 1); low χ2 value; P > 0.01.ResultsFor the HDRS–17 model fit, mean (± SD) of item residuals = 0.35 (± 1.4); mean (± SD) of person residuals = –0.15 (± 1.09); χ2 = 309.74; P < 0.00001. For the HAM-D6 model fit, mean (± SD) of item residuals = 0.5 (± 0.86); mean (± SD) of person residuals = 0.15 (± 0.91); χ2 = 56.13; P = 0.196. MFD ordered by crescent severity were depressed mood, work and activities, somatic symptoms, psychic anxiety, guilt feelings, and psychomotor retardation.ConclusionsDepressed mood is less severe, while guilt feelings and psychomotor retardation are more severe MFD in a psychiatric hospitalization. Understanding depression, as a continuum of symptoms can improve the understanding of the disorder and may improve its perspective of treatment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Asamoah-Gyadu, J. Kwabena. "Of 'Sour Grapes' and 'Children's Teeth': Inherited Guilt, Human Rights and Processes of Restoration in Ghanaian Pentecostalism." Exchange 33, no. 4 (2004): 334–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543042948295.
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AbstractThe rise of the Pentecostal/Charismatic movement in African countries like Ghana has inspired new ways of dealing with the challenges of life. A critical area of operation for the movement is the 'healing and deliverance' ministry. One of its main aims is to help people deal with inherited guilt through rituals for healing the past. The worldview of mystical causality that underlies a system of shrine slavery among the Ewe of Ghana called Trokosi, offer one example from traditional religions, of how such traditional institutions may stigmatise victims and generations after them, sometimes perpetually. Vestiges of such stigmatisation still remain even in places where shrine slavery has been abolished by law. In keeping with the prophetic declaration by Ezekiel that the sins of the fathers shall no more be visited on their children (Ezekiel 18), the Pentecostal/Charismatic ministry of 'healing and deliverance' provides a Christian ritual context in which the enslaving effects of generational curses resulting from the sins of one's ancestry may be broken. Pentecostals believe that it is through the 'deliverance' that the born again Christian may experience fullness of life in Christ.
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Guerriero, V., A. Gnazzo, G. de Campora, E. Vegni, and G. C. Zavattini. "Waiting for the child cleft lip and/or palate surgery: Differences between mothers and fathers’ experiences." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1192.
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IntroductionLiterature on parents of children affected from cleft lip and/or palate has described the risk of higher levels of stress and anxiety during the pre-surgery period. To the best of our knowledge, just one study has empirically investigated the differences in the psychosocial adjustment of both mothers and fathers, but information on the pre-surgery period were not given. Given that, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the psychological functioning of both parents waiting for the child operation.MethodData from 34 Italian parents (F = 18; M = 16; Mean age = 36.62, SD = 6.07) of children affected by cleft lip and/or palate (Mean age = 12 months; SD. = 13.75 months) were collected during the pre-hospitalization visits. The following questionnaires were administered, respectively to mothers and fathers: PSI-SF, MSPSS, PACQ, DAS and FACES-IV.ResultsData shows no significant differences between fathers and mothers on the total score of each variable taken into account. Differently, significant differences emerge on the “Self Blame” PACQ subscales.ConclusionsMothers and fathers seem to share the same psychological experience during their child pre-surgery period. To note, our preliminary data highlight the maternal perception as featured by a greater sense of guilty for the child's disease. The feeling of guilt may be a risk factor for the parental ability to cope with the experiences of the child's illness, influencing parental care giving and parent-child relationship.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Zghal, M., F. Fekih Romdhane, F. El Ghali, M. Mezghani, L. Jouini, I. Ghazeli, and R. Ridha. "Homicide, borderline personality disorder and paraphilic disorder: A case report." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.915.
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IntroductionZoophilia consists of sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal. There is a paucity of literature on this paraphilia.MethodIn this paper, we report an uncommon case of homicide committed by a man with co-morbid borderline personality disorder and paraphilic disorder, and review the literature.Case reportMr SH was a single and unemployed 30-year-old male. He was hospitalized in our forensic psychiatric department following a dismissal for criminal responsibility for an act of attempted murder with premeditation. There was no history of any other psychiatric disorder, chronic physical illness or drug dependence. He complained that he had been suffering for the past ten years from sad mood, sleeplessness, loss of interest, and feelings of guilt worthlessness, and hopelessness. He had started sexual intercourse with animals eight years ago. He harbored feelings of guilt for his sexual experiences with animals. There was no formal thought disorder or perceptual abnormality. At the beginning of bestiality, he explained his unconventional behavior, by the fact that he had been bewitched, by his uncle's wife. Projective tests found borderline psychopathology. The crime occurred after a zoophilic sexual intercourse. Mr SH was obsessed with bewitchment thoughts, and got an uncontrollable urge to kill his uncle's wife. The crime was impulsive and violent. Psychiatric experts retained the diagnosis of co-morbid borderline personality disorder and other specified paraphilic disorder (DSM-5).ConclusionIn this case, we discuss the clinical and therapeutic challenges of this complex case, and the legal liability of Mr SH.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Kopiec, Piotr. "Healing the Wounds of History: The Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt (1945) as a Constitutive Act of the Post-war German Evangelical Church." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Orthodoxa 62, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbto.2017.2.10.
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Prisco, V., C. Di Puorto, and M. Fabrazzo. "Influence of Temperamental and Character Traits on Antidepressant Response in Patients Affected by Major Depressive Disorder." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1870.
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Several studies have been conducted to evaluate personality characteristics in patients affected by major depressive disorder. Temperamental and character traits may help clinicians to identify responders to antidepressive therapy. The aim of our study was to evaluate these characteristics as possible predictive indices of response to SSRIs or SNRIs. A cohort of 41 patients was included (30 F and 11 M), whose diagnosis was made according to DSM-IV criteria. Subjects were interviewed using the HAM-D and the HAM-A scale in basal condition (T0) and after 4 weeks (T1) of antidepressive treatment. Patients with a ≥ 50% reduction of HAM-D and HAM-A score, have been considered as responders, when compared to basal conditions. All subjects were in monotherapy and evaluated using the TCI-R scale. In patients affected by major depressive disorder, personality assessment was characterised, from a temperamental point of view, by high levels of Persistence and Reward Dependence and, from a character one, by high levels of Self Directiveness and Cooperativity. After 4 weeks of antidepressive treatment, responders to HAM-D had higher levels of Responsibility versus Guilt, which could be considered as a predictor of positive response to SSRIs or SNRIs. Conversely, responders to HAM-A showed higher values of Responsibility versus Guilt and of Safety versus Fear of uncertainty. These values were predictive of a recovery of anxious sintomatology associated with depressive disorder. Our results are in line with those reported in the literature, indicating that character dimensions “Self Directiveness” and “Cooperativity” could be important predictors of response to antidepressants.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Hernández Sánchez, J. M., M. C. Cancino Botello, M. F. Molina Lopez, M. Á. Canseco Navarro, S. Arnés González, M. Muñoz Carril, and J. A. Monzó. "Major Depressive Disorder With Psychotic Symptoms in Elderly. A Case Report." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1964.
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IntroductionThe proportion of elderly people and affective syndromes are more and more common in developed countries. Elderly people have physiological conditions that may limit our intervention.ObjectivesTo present a case of a major depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms in a 72-year-old woman.MethodsMedline search and review of the clinical history and the related literature.ResultsWe present the case of a 72-year-old woman with psychiatric history of a major depressive disorder 14 years ago with ad integrum restitution after pharmacological treatment. In 2015, our patient was admitted to the psychiatry ward due to major depressive symptomatology (apathy, anhedonia, global insomnia, weight loss) that associated mood-congruent delusions (nihilistic, ruin, guilt, catastrophic) with deregulated behaviour. The patient was resistant to combined pharmacological treatment with aripiprazole, desvenlafaxine, mirtazapine and lorazepam, therefore, we decided to administer ECT, with successful results after 5 sessions. Brain tomography, blood and urine tests were normal. Clinical signs of dementia were not present.ConclusionsInpatients with deregulated behaviour; it is important to rule out organic causes, especially in elderly, in whom dementia, brain tumors or metabolic disturbances may simulate psychiatric syndromes.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ekdahl, S., I. Ewa, P. Kent-Inge, and S. Mats. "A Life Tiptoeing: Being a Significant other to Persons With Borderline Personality Disorder." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1862.
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IntroductionBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric health problem with a reputation of being difficult to deal with and to treat. Significant Others (SOs) of patients with BPD show higher levels of psychological distress compared with the general population. Strengthening the coping strategies of SOs has been shown to play an important role in the recovery of the person with psychiatric health problems. Research around SOs of persons with BPD is, to our knowledge, scarce, especially qualitative research exploring their experiences.ObjectiveWe believe that if the personnel working in health care and psychiatric care are able to better understand SOs experiences and life situation, it could be an important step toward improved care.AimThe aim of this study was to describe SOs experiences of living close to a person with BPD and their experience of encounter with psychiatric care.MethodsData were collected by free-text questionnaires and group interviews and were analyzed by qualitative content analysis.Results and conclusionThe results revealed four categories: a life tiptoeing; powerlessness, guilt, and lifelong grief; feeling left out and abandoned; and lost trust. The first two categories describe the experience of living close to a person with BPD, and the last two categories describe encounter with psychiatric care.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Preve, M., M. Mula, A. Degrate, N. E. Suardi, M. Godio, R. A. Colombo, and R. Traber. "Suicidal plan and dissociation." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.729.
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IntroductionThe social and economic impact of mood disorders and suicide is extremely high. In depression, suicide is included among the cognitive disturbances, together with guilt, paranoid and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depersonalization/derealization and agitation [1,2]. The aim of this report is to study a sample of depressed patients with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder, to evaluate the level of impulsivity and dissociation in a context of a suicidal plan.MethodTwenty inpatients with suicidal plan were assessed with: the SCID-P for Axis I diagnosis, SCI-DER, DSS, HRSD, HAS, YMRS, GSR. We conducted a systematic literature review (PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo) using the key terms “depression”, “suicide”, “suicidal plan”, “depersonalization”, “derealization” AND “dissociation”.ResultsAn independent sample T-Test analysis suggested that the patient with high sucidal plan present significant highter score at SCI-DER TOT (P = 0.015), DSS TOT (P = 0.037), BIS-11 motor perseveration factor (P = 0.023) and inversely significant HAS TOT (P = .029).Discussion and conclusionIt's suggestive that when are lost the boundaries of the self, the clarity of suicidal's purpose reduces the levels of anxiety and suicide appears the only way to achieve the liberation of the suffering of depression. Methodological limitations, clinical implications and suggestions for future research directions are considered.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Dressing, H., and H. J. Salize. "Forensic care in Germany." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.051.
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Although the idea that offenders suffering from a mental disorder must primarily be considered as ill and should therefore be exempted from punishment is of considerable antiquity legal frameworks and key concepts, which are applied in this field, differ widely in European Union member States. The respective legal regulations and epidemiological data of Germany will be presented.In German penal law the question of the guilt of an offender is of central significance. Legal regulations on the placement and treatment of mentally ill offenders in a forensic psychiatric hospital are subsumed under the section “Measures on improvement and safety”. Section 63 of the German penal law provides for the temporally unlimited commitment to a forensic- psychiatric hospital.In accordance with section 64 of the German penal law addicted offenders can be committed to a detoxification center for a period of up to two years. The available epidemiological data show a clear increase in the admissions to forensic psychiatric hospitals and to detoxification centers since beginnings of the 1990s. Recently the German parliament passed a new law. The aim of the new law is to strengthen patients’ rights and to diminish the number of forensic patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, Jolanta. "„…wobec rozmiarów Zagłady świat doświadczył ogromnej winy…”. Debaty wokół nauczania o Holokauście." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 38, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.38.2.2.
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„…THE WORLD FELT A HUGE GUILT OVER THE SCALE OF THE HOLOCAUST…”. DEBATES SURROUNDING THE TEACHING ABOUT THE HOLOCAUSTIn Europe a strong association with a sense of victimhood based on the memory of terror and murder in many cases creates conflicting approaches and generates obstacles to providing education about Jewish victims. Suppressed shame and tension together with conflicts related to insufficiently acknowledged victimhood of one’s own group intersect with political agreements on teaching about the Shoah such as the signing of the Stockholm Declaration and membership in the IHRA and other IGOs. The text presents selected challenges and the dynamics of education about the Holocaust and poses questions such as whether it is possible to identify clear concepts, strategies and good educational practices, whether there are links between education about the Holocaust, education against genocides and human rights education, and how education about the Holocaust relates to attitudes toward Jews? In many European countries disparities have grown between Holocaust research and education about the Holocaust. Empirical studies in the field of education reveal that there is a gap between research and education in some aspects of the way the Holocaust is presented, particularly with regard to the attitudes of local populations towards Jews during the Shoah. Nevertheless, the number of educational initiatives designed to teach and learn about the Shoah is steadily increasing.
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Rodríguez Andrés, L., T. Ballesta Casanova, M. S. Hernández García, C. Noval Canga, L. Gallardo Borge, and J. A. Espina Barrio. "Autistic spectrum disorder masked by mental retardation and impulse control disorder." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2404.
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Clinical case reportA 48-year-old male, diagnosed with impulsive control disorder, sex addiction disorder and mental retardation was followed-up by different psychiatrists for the last 20 years. He consults because of presenting depressive symptoms and behavioural disturbances related to the death of his mother two years before. The patient reports to experimenting depressed mood, irritability, insomnia and trends to cry. He has lost motivation for his job and hobbies (he used to show interest in topics such as physics, philosophy, maths, and medicine). He has feelings of loneliness, which make him look for social interaction and support through continuous calls to telephone sex lines. This act has made him spend large amounts of cash, thus, making him be in deep debts. He does not feel integrate in society.Mental status examinationIntrovert, limited social skills, coherent language, echolalic, monotone, tangential speech, depressed mood, feelings of guilt and futility, dysphoria, partial anhedonia, ideas of hopelessness, structured death ideation, unconsciousness of his own acts, with trend to impulsiveness and compulsive behaviour and insomnia.Complementary testWais test: no mental retardation found.DiagnosisAutistic spectrum disorder (F84.0); major depressive disorder (F32.1); bereavement (V62.82).DiscussionThe patient showed classic diagnostic criteria DSM 5 associated with autistic spectrum disorder (Asperger's disorder in DSM-IV); the permanent inability for social interactions and repetitive, restricted and stereotypic behavioural patterns.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Cazan, F., R. Paunescu, and A. Tamas. "Assessment of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.376.
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IntroductionBipolar disorder is a disabling condition characterized by the presence of manic, depressive, hypomanic or mixed episodes, affective symptoms that may coexist with several types of psychotic features.ObjectivesThe purpose is to evaluate the frequency of psychotic symptoms among bipolar disorder.MethodThe study included 55 bipolar patients admitted in the Psychiatry Clinical Hospital from January 2012 until May 2013. Inclusion criteria were represented by diagnosis of bipolar disorder, manic or depressive episode, according to DSM-IV-TR and ICD 10 criteria. Clinical instruments used to assess the severity of the current affective episode were Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) for manic patients and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 items – (HDRS) for the depressive ones. Psychotic symptoms were evaluated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-18 items – (BPRS).ResultsOut of the 55 patients, 32 had psychotic symptoms upon admission to the hospital. BPRS results showed delusions of guilt, inutility, hypochondriac and nihilistic delusions for the depressed patients. Delusions of grandiosity and megalomania accounted for most of psychotic symptoms in manic patients. A smaller number of patients showed delusions of invention and reform. Perception disturbances such as auditory hallucinations were present in both diagnosis categories but in a higher percentage in depressive bipolar patients.ConclusionsEven if less frequently than in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, psychotic symptoms are present in bipolar disorder. They influence the general functioning and the outcome of patients diagnosed with this illness.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Korostiy, V., H. Kozhyna, M. Markova, and V. Yaruj. "Clinical implications of codependency as a model of health disorders associated with stress, in wives of men with alcohol dependence." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1035.
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IntroductionThe potential adverse consequences, personal distress, shame and guilt presented by patients who suffer from codependency require a more in-depth understanding of the phenomenology of this disorder.ObjectiveTo determine targets of psychotherapy work with the codependency wives of men with alcohol dependence (AD).AimTo determine the features of clinical manifestations of codependency as a model of health disorders associated with stress.MethodsIntegrated clinical-psychopathological and psychodiagnostic research, using anxiety and depression scales M. Hamilton, scale of psychosocial stress L. Reeder and methods for determining stress and social adaptation of Holmes and Rahe.ResultsOne hundred and sixty wives of men with AD, depending on the type of AD (TF Babor's classification), were divided into two groups: group A, 80 patients with AD type A and 80 their wives, and group B, 80 men with AD by type B TF Babor, and 80 wives. Comparison group consisted of 50 married women whose husbands are not suffering from AD.All the wives of men with AD distortions emotional state of the prevalence of pathological manifestations of depression and anxiety clinically delineated levels and high levels of psychosocial stress and low stress, unlike women men without alcohol problems. It was found that the more severe psychopathological manifestations occurring in the wives of men with a family history, burdened alcohol and drug abuse (group B).ConclusionsAvailable data suggest that a single mechanism of family experiences a stressful situation, we were put in the basis for developing a comprehensive treatment measures and psychotherapeutic support codependent wives patients with AD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Tsopelas, C. "Moral Obligation to Acknowledge and Prevent Suicide in Life Sentence Incarcerated Inmates." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1662.
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IntroductionFor an inmate incarcerated for life we could acknowledge factors contributing to the desire to commit suicide, as social isolation, insensitive discipline, lack of privacy, constant threat of violence, fear, guilt, hopelessness, and depression are prominent in the life imprisonment.AimsTo discuss the ethical issues of prevention suicide in inmates incarcerated for life.MethodsWe performed thorough research of the main medical databases, and web search engines for relevant studies, articles and opinions and reviewed them independently.ResultsPrevalence of mental illness is high among inmates and several common stressors typically herald an inmate's suicide. Suicide is often the single most common cause of death in correctional settings. Even though some suicide victims have consulted a mental health service-provider before their suicide, the majority of suicide victims were not mentally ill. The paradox, particularly for life sentence inmates is that we are trying to persuade an inmate to live within a disciplinary environment, which has as side effect the increase of suicidality of the inmates.ConclusionsPrisons’ inability to protect the health and safety of inmates could raise ethical issues. We have obligation to adequate suicide prevention for all inmates, and we should be more broad minded as the will to die in mentally healthy individuals is beside an free will expression, a sign of serious lack of support and humane living conditions. We should be vigilant not to use the prevention of suicide programs as another way to increase punishment of life long imprisonment.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Pietrini, F., M. Spadafora, L. Tatini, G. A. Talamba, E. Burchi, E. Calderani, S. Gemignani, et al. "LAI versus oral antipsychotic maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: A case-control study on subjective experience of treatment." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2165.
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IntroductionLimited research has been devoted to the subjective impact of switching antipsychotic maintenance treatment (AMT) from oral to LAI formulation in schizophrenia.ObjectiveTo compare LAI AMT with oral AMT in terms of subjective experience of treatment, taking into account the effects on psychopathology.MethodsTwenty outpatients (7 males, mean age 40.55 ± 11.00 years) with remitted schizophrenia treated with either olanzapine or paliperidone and switching from oral to LAI AMT were recruited before the switch (LAI-AMT group). A group of 20 remitted schizophrenic subjects with oral AMT and matched for the main socio-demographic, clinical and treatment variables made up the controls (oral-AMT group). All participants were assessed by means of the PANSS and of the SWN-K at baseline (T0) and after 6 months (T1).ResultsBetween T0 and T1, general psychopathology of the PANSS and all but one of the SWN-K dimensions (except for “social integration”), showed significantly higher percent improvements in the LAI-AMT group compared to the oral-AMT group. After 6 months (T1), the LAI-AMT group showed significantly lower PANSS total and general psychopathology scores, as well as higher mean score of perceived “mental functioning” compared to the oral-AMT group. Item analysis of the general PANSS at T1 showed significant differences between the two groups in anxiety, tension, depression, guilt feelings, poor attention, and active social avoidance.ConclusionsOur data on switching from oral to LAI AMT in remitted schizophrenia suggest a better efficacy of the latter in terms of improvement of general psychopathology and subjective experience of treatment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Lee, J., and H. J. Lee. "The relationships among psychopathy, empathy, and aggression." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.508.
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IntroductionThe lack of empathy is often described as one of the core characteristics of psychopaths. However, prior studies on cognitive empathy in psychopaths have led to mixed conclusions, with some indicating that psychopaths have no impairments in cognitive empathy.ObjectivesThis study set out to resolve this inconsistency by distinguishing the two factors that constitute the construct of psychopathy: Factor 1 (e.g., emotional callousness, lack of guilt) and Factor 2 (e.g., irresponsible lifestyle, poor behavioral controls).AimsThe main aim of this study was to examine the differential relationship between these two factors and relevant variables including empathy, aggression, satisfaction with life.MethodsSelf-report questionnaires and two online experiments (facial affect recognition task, emotional scenario task) were administered to 306 undergraduate students to collect data about psychopathy, cognitive/affective empathy, aggression, satisfaction with life.ResultsCorrelation analysis revealed that both Factor 1 and Factor 2 had negative correlations with self-reported measures of cognitive/affective empathy, and only Factor 1 emerged as a significant predictor of both kinds of empathy. Aggression also showed a stronger positive correlation with Factor 1 than with Factor 2, regardless of subtypes (instrumental, reactive, relational, overt aggression). On the other hand, satisfaction with life was more negatively correlated with Factor 2 than Factor 1, and regression analysis revealed that only Factor 2 was a significant predictor.ConclusionsThis study showed Factor 1 is more important than Factor 2 in explaining both empathy and aggression in psychopath, while satisfaction with life is better explained by Factor 2 than by Factor 1.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Almeida, M., and J. Ferreira. "Kleptomania – “it was just a small fragrance in a Chinese store…”." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.989.
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IntroductionThe idea that some people may not be able to control their stealing impulses emerged in 1838, when Esquirol and Marc coined the term Kleptomanie. Although there are not many studies regarding this issue, becoming therefore difficult to establish epidemiological data, various clinical samples suggest a high prevalence of the disorder. As the problem most likely become chronic when left untreated, the diagnostic approach is very important.AimsLiterature review and discussion about kleptomania, regarding a case report.MethodsClinical interviews and literature review in PUBMED database.Results (case report)Female patient, 62 years, with history of Personality Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder, confesses in psychiatric appointment that she had been caught stealing. She says that she has this “addiction to steal” since childhood, always stealing cheap stuff, that she does not need, usually giving it away to other people. She has this behavior as she feels an unexpected and irresistible impulse to steal, with increasing anxiety, which relieves when action is consumed. Afterwards she experiences feelings of shame and guilt. The patient symptoms appear to get worse in depressive relapses.ConclusionsRegarding individual, family and social impact of kleptomania is essential to assess it and to treat it promptly. Most of the patients are ashamed of their behavior, so they may not self-report. There are few and controversial data concerning treatment, but it is widely accepted that co-morbidity with mood disorders or substance use disorders is common and may interfere with treatment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Durães, D., and R. Borralho. "Can psychopathy be treated?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S680a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1179.
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IntroductionPsychopaths are incapable of feeling empathy and guilt, being responsible for most violent crimes. To date, confinement has been the option of choice to minimize the harm they inflict. However, a deeper understanding of the neurobiology of psychopathy may lead to new insight on possible treatment approaches.AimsThis work aims to review the current knowledge in psychopathy treatment.MethodsA literature search of MEDLINE (2000-present) was conducted using the search terms “psychopathy” + “treatment” and “drug therapy”.ResultsDefects in the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex have been implicated in the pathological basis of psychopathy. The most affected areas are the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) and the associated anterior cingulated cortex. Alterations in connectivity between the amygdala and the VMPC with other areas of the brain have been demonstrated and seem to be responsible for the non-empathetic, unemotional, and amoral features of psychopaths. Also, they present an increase in dopamine turnover and metabolism and a serotonin dysregulation.As not all individuals with the biological substrate for psychopathy become violent, it seems that plasticity in forebrain circuits may allow the development of more prosocial responses, especially in youth. Some authors emphasize the need to address other behaviours that can be responsible for violent actions, namely, impulsive aggression. Some drugs have shown efficacy in controlling impulsive aggression.ConclusionsPharmacological approaches to treating psychopathy have been disappointing. A more reasonable goal would be to focus on impulsive aggression, for which treatment effectiveness has been demonstrated. Additional research is needed if we hope to design rational therapeutic strategies for this disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Hernandez Dorta, A., and I. González González. "Psychopathy and Twins. A Case Report." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1276.
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IntroductionWe are going to explain a case of a patient diagnosed with psychopathy and his twin brother with a normal personality.ObjectivesTo show the controversia about psychopathy and twins.MethodsDescription of a case of psycopathy. We evaluated his psychopatology using the Psychopaty Checklist (PCL).CaseA 18-years-old male teenager admitted to a penitentiary facility for several crimes: drug dealing, violent theft and multiple aggressions.Personal history: early psychological and psychiatric attention for disruptive behaviour as a child: repeated lies, low empathy, defiance to parents and teachers, indifference to punishment, robbery, aggressive behaviour, loitering, escaping from home, cruelty against animals, promiscuity, vandalism and drug abuse. Medium-high class family, well-structured family, none of them with criminal history or mental disorders, his brother is a brilliant student.Personality assessment: We describe 20 features of his personality according to the PCL and we score them from 0 to 2. Zero if it does not apply at all, one if there is a partial match, two if there is a good match.Features: Superficial charm, narcicism, pathological liar, manipulator, absence of guilt, superficial affection, absence of empathy, inability to accept responsibility, need for constant excitation, parasitic life, unrealistic goals, impulsivity, irresponsibility, low self-control, conductual problems since childhood, juvenile delinquency, repeal of conditional freedom, criminal versatility, promiscuity and multiple marriages.ResultsOut of a maximum score of 40, the cut-off for psychopathy is 30.This patient has 34 points so we can conclude he is a psychopath.ConclusionsWe can conclude there is not a clear relationship between twins and psychopathy.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Marinho, M., M. Mota-Oliveira, J. Marques, and M. Bragança. "Psychosis Induced by Interferon-α–A Limitation of Treatment." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2253.
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IntroductionPsychosis is an uncommon but serious complication of treatment with interferon-α, a cytokine frequently used to treat several infectious and malignant diseases.ObjectivesTo provide an overview of interferon-α-induced psychosis.MethodsLiterature review based on PubMed/MEDLINE, using the keywords “interferon-α” and “psychosis”.ResultsPsychotic symptoms usually emerge between 6 to 46 weeks and on average 3 months after the start of interferon-α treatment, occurring most frequently in the form of persecutory, guilt or grandeur delusions and auditory hallucinations. Often they are accompanied by mood symptoms, anxiety, attention disturbances and insomnia. Many factors are known to increase the risk of psychiatric effects as a whole associated with interferon-α. Pathogenesis of interferon-induced psychosis remains unclear, however several theories have been discussed, namely the overlap influence of biological vulnerability and the cytokine's action on the brain. Dopaminergic, opioid, serotoninergic and glutaminergic pathways as well as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hypersensitivity are some of the hypotheses raised about the underlying cause of that susceptibility. Psychosis management usually includes stopping interferon-α and introducing antipsychotics with minimal antidopaminergic effects and at the lowest possible dose, due to the increased risk of extrapyramidal reactions in these patients.ConclusionThe decision to use interferon-based treatments in psychiatric patients should be highly individualized. Early recognition and adequate treatment of interferon-induced psychosis might prevent subsequent emergence of serious debilitating symptoms. Thus, it is very important that medical and psychiatric treatment teams work closely together and are familiar with this important subject.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Marinho, M., J. Marques, and M. Bragança. "Depression Among Cancer Patients–A Reality Where Therapeutic Nihilism Cannot be Accepted." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2254.
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IntroductionCancer is a life-threatening disease, characterized by a great deal of uncertainty and unpredictability. Thus, several stressors and emotional upheavals pervade the everyday life of cancer patients and can lead to the development of depression.ObjectivesTo review the recent research related to depression in cancer patients.MethodsLiterature review based on PubMed/MEDLINE, using the keywords “cancer” and “depression”.ResultsIt is estimated that 20–25% of cancer patients meet the criteria for major depressive syndrome at some point in their illness. Depression is associated with a negative impact on treatment adhesion, cancer progression and quality of life, besides increasing suicide risk. However, it is often unrecognized and untreated. Importantly, the mistaken belief that depressive symptoms are expected in this group, the overlap between the neurovegetative symptoms of depression, the somatic symptoms of cancer and its treatment, as well as the effects of comorbid diseases make the diagnosis of major depression so complex in these patients. Some of the most helpful diagnostic indicators are feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, excessive guilt, loss of self-esteem, and wishes to die. The several risk factors for the development of depression in cancer patients can be divided into four broad categories, namely cancer-related factors, cancer treatment-related factors, psychiatric history, and social factors. Effective management of depression consists in a combination of psychotherapy and psychopharmacology.ConclusionDepression in cancer patients has serious consequences, however appropriate psychiatric intervention can do it over. Thus, its early recognition and appropriate management is imperative.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ben Mabrouk, N., S. Bourgou, N. Staali, M. Hamza, A. Ben Hammouda, F. Charfi, and A. Belhadj. "Does gender matter? A comparative study of post-traumatic stress disorder among children and teenager." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.413.
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IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology seems to depend of many variables like age, exposition to trauma, environment…ObjectivesCompare, basing on gender, socio-demographic and symptomatology of patients with PTSD.MethodsA retrospective and comparative study was conducted at the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Mongi Slim Hospital (Tunisia) from January 2013 until July 2016. We included all cases of patients followed for PTSD (DSM-5). They were divide into 2 groups according to the gender. Data was collected from patients’ records.ResultsOur study featured 30 patients: 16 boys and 14 girls. The average age was similar for both teams (boys: 8.43 years; girls: 8.53 years). Boys had twice more personal history of somatic, psychiatric illness (70%), and low socioeconomic status (62.5%). The beginning of the facts were significantly later for the female group (P < 0.001). Females were more likely to be a witness, while males tented to be directly exposed to the trauma. Physical abuse was the major aggression for both groups.Female gender was associated to parental trauma exposure (P = 0.023) and to an ongoing event (P = 0.004). Meanwhile, male gender was associated to a maternal history of psychiatric illness (P = 0.012), a single traumatic event (P = 0.010), and to a school located aggression (0.04). Girls have developed more hypervigilance, guilt symptoms and aggressive behaviors. Low self-worth, regression, specific phobia and suicidal ideations occurred more frequently among boys.ConclusionsHealth professionals must be aware of the youth PTSD warning signs in order to have the earlier right intervention.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Shah, R., A. Sharma, S. Grover, N. Chauhan, and S. Jhanda. "Parenting a Child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Qualitative Study from a Developing Nation, India." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.190.
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IntroductionLike elsewhere, studies from developing countries suggest that parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) report significant stress. Besides symptoms, parental stress stems from experiences in interpersonal, schooling and societal domains, which may in turn be influenced by socio-cultural factors. This is a highly under-studied area.Objectives and aimsExploring experiences in familial, schooling and societal areas amongst Indian parents and understanding these in a cultural context using experiential qualitative research methodology.MethodsIn-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with consenting parents of 27 children diagnosed with ADHD (17 mothers; 10 fathers).ResultsAll parents reported experiencing moderate to high degree of stress, feeling worried and frustrated due to child's problems. 19 parents reported being “short-tempered”, while 1 mother expressed feeling “lost”. Majority reported strained relations with spouse and extended family. Mothers reported higher stress, more difficulties in family life, faced criticism from immediate family and community regarding handling of child, felt more embarrassment, guilt and sense of failure as a mother. Half of the parents avoided attending social gatherings. Other than 2 parents, all had negative experiences with schooling. Experiential descriptions included those of teachers being highly critical of child and parents, punitive, dismissive and discriminatory. Teacher had advised seeking treatment in only 6 children. Themes of blame, discrimination and rejection were identified.ConclusionsWe conclude that cultural factors such as stigma, blaming of parent (especially mother) and lack of knowledge regarding ADHD amongst teachers and society may be responsible for these experiences and needs further investigation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Garcia-albea, J., and M. Navas. "Psychology feminine holiness." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.266.
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Feminine holiness is a subject as complex as it is interesting–not least because of the very definition of the term–, in many occasions extraordinary and many others bitter, which has sparked interest throughout history, especially after the progress made on modernity.ObjectiveThe main objective is less to show whether there is a psychiatric, infectious, neurological or any other form of pathological disorder linked to the behaviour of female saints, rather to evaluate all the psychological and social aspects that result in holiness as a mental state being largely a female attribute.Material and methodsFor this, we have tested from birth to death, in what is possible, the lives of sixty religious women, through biographies and autobiographies since they were servants, pious or holy according to ecclesiastical terminology. This set was unavoidable to select twelve cases, which are set out exhaustively in this study.Results and discussionLimiting ourselves to a purely psychiatric view, we can show the presence of psychopathology associated with exceptional states of consciousness, as would be ecstatic and mystical experience itself, present in most cases. We also found common psychological profiles, out of the sixty biographies and autobiographies of religious women analyzed: e.g. pain is used as a means of atonement and a way of removing the guilt of sin. We rule out major psychiatric disorders in the Santas we have analyzed. The behaviors they presented, even sometimes excessive, cannot be included in any of the current major psychiatric disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ta, T. M. T., S. Wolf, M. H. Nguyen, M. Dettling, and E. Hahn. "Relationship between migration-stressors and self-reported symptoms of depression in an outpatient sample of Vietnamese migrants in Germany." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S340—S341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.301.
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IntroductionVietnamese migrants under the influence of migration-related stressors (MRS) represent a vulnerable group within the mental health care system in Germany.AimsFirst study examining the relationship between the quantity of experienced MRS and the severity of self-reported symptoms of depression in a Vietnamese outpatient-sample.Methods137 first-generation Vietnamese migrants diagnosed with depression were asked to complete the BDI-II and 24 questions about stressful experiences related to the migration process. Linear regression models was performed to examine the influence of the MRS-quantity on BDI-II total score and on BDI-II subscales (Buckley et al., 2001).ResultsA higher number of experienced MRS was found to be related to a higher BDI-II total score, as well as to a higher score on the cognitive subscale in particular. Regarding the cognitive depression-dimension the BDI-II items pessimism, past failure, guilt feelings, punishment feelings and suicidal thoughts were positively related to the MRS-quantity.Discussion and conclusionA dose-response-relationship was found, with a higher number of MRS being related to a higher severity level of self-reported depressiveness as well as to a higher level of cognitive depression-symptoms in particular. The increase in suicidal ideations in the light of MRS-exposure is in line with findings from other migrant populations. Therapeutic interventions may focus (more) on depressive cognitions as a result of recurring MRS-experiences. Special attention should be placed on suicidal thoughts being boosted by MRS.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Horesh, D., M. Nukrian, and Y. Bialik. "Trauma and the unborn child: PTSD, major depression and relationship quality following late pregnancy loss." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.350.
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Background and objectiveLate pregnancy loss (PL) is recognized as a very difficult life experience. Often, PL is regarded as a “feminine” trauma, experienced individually by the woman, thus neglecting the role of the parental dyad in coping with the loss. This study aimed to examine:– the prevalence of PTSD and major depressive disorder (MDD) following late PL;– the role of spousal relationship measures in vulnerability and resilience following PL.MethodsParticipants were 100 women, ages 24–49 (M = 35.07, SD = 5.28), who have experienced late PL. The mean pregnancy week of loss was 27.29, with the average woman being 22 months post-loss. 84.6% experienced stillbirth. Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing PTSD, MDD, dyadic adjustment and dyadic self-disclosure.ResultsWe have found high rates of both PTSD (32.7%) and MDD (53%) among women following late PL, as well as high PTSD-MDD comorbidity rates. Interestingly, a negative association was found between the number of previous pregnancy losses and the severity of MDD, perhaps indicating an innoculation process. Both PTSD and MDD were negatively associated with the levels of dyadic consensus, dyadic self-disclosure regarding guilt and shame, and dyadic affectional expression.ConclusionsLate PL entails a heavy burden of PTSD and MDD, presumably since mothers are already strongly attached to their unborn child. PL is often experienced by both expecting mother and father. Thus, the quality of the spousal relationship following PL is an important protective factor. Therefore, there is a pressing need for novel interventions in couples therapy following PL.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Sena, R. M. C., J. Izidoro, D. A. R. Silva, and E. R. Turato. "The confrontation of those who remain: Qualitative reports of relatives about 3 cases of suicide in a small city in the Northeast Brazil." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1818.
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IntroductionSuicide is serious public health problem. In Brazil, suicides are more frequent in countryside and small cities.ObjectiveTo understand how informants have confronted emotionally the suicide at home by listening to viewpoints reported by such relatives of the deceased.MethodQualitative, exploratory design, conducted in a basic health unit area, in “Pau dos Ferros”, a city with 30,000 inhabitants, State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Sample constructed by technique of “snowball”, in which the health team presented us the first family, whose member informed about the following; and this, the third one. Data collection through semi-directed interviews with open-ended questions in depth, and submitted to thematic analysis.ResultsIndividuals from relatives who had family bond with the suicidal people were interviewed. From analysis of transcribed interviews, three categories emerged:– “she has never demonstrated” – possible non-perception of potential suicidal behavior by the family;– “I got crazy” – feelings of relatives facing a hard scene of suicide and determined cultural questionings;– “we have no professional support in following days” – absence of psychosocial support and healthcare problems.ConclusionsPossible mood oscillations from suicidal persons were masked by opposite emotional reactions of themselves, and/or oscillations were denied by the observers. Suicide scene seems to have provoked feelings of helplessness and guilt for relatives in not being able to avoid the dramatic act. Feelings of discomfort occurred facing curiosity from many persons who would raise uncomfortable assumptions about suicidal motivations. Family members complained about lack of more effective psychosocial care.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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De Girolamo, G., G. Signorini, and V. Candini. "The needs of children who have parents suffering from severe mental disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.174.
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AbstractObjectiveMental illness in parents is a biological and environmental risk factor to which young people are exposed. Living with a parent suffering from a mental disorder may have a variety of detrimental consequences, including: (a) the reversal of caregiving (“parentification”); (b) the exposure to an adverse environment, where developmental needs of the child (emotional and practical) might be repeatedly neglected (lack of communication, high expressed emotion, etc.); (c) stigma and discrimination. We will provide a review of needs of these children and of possible interventions.MethodsSystematic searches located studies reporting and assessing met and unmet needs of these children.ResultsYoung people living in such families often have problems of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, cognitions of shame, guilt, and loneliness, perceptions of lacking social support and social acceptance. Children who have mentally ill parents are up to two and a half times more likely to experience poorer mental health outcomes than their peers. Compared to peers, children of parents with mental disorders are also at risk of poorer intellectual and social outcomes, of affect dysregulation, of behavioral problems, of impaired attention and reduced overall adaptive functioning, of higher rates of substance abuse and multiple diagnosis and finally of low occupational status, health risk behaviour and antisocial behavior.ConclusionsGiven the high toll paid by children having parents suffering from severe mental disorders, it is urgent to develop, test and implement structured programmes to help these children cope with stressful circumstances and improve their resilience.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Oda, A. "Comparative examination of the differences between cannabis psychosis and methamphetamine psychosis in a psychological state." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s871—s872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1751.
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BackgroundWith the rapid and intensive spread of marihuana abuse among youth, Japanese society is focusing on law enforcement against drug abusers. In 2016, a mass killing allegedly committed by a marihuana abuser was reported in Japan.ObjectivesTo consider that common recognition of the diverse process and potential risks of cannabis psychosis should be shared among psychiatrists.AimsElicit differences between cannabis psychosis and methamphetamine psychosis, and determine whether specific guidelines for treatment of cannabis psychosis are required.MethodIntensive retrospective review of distinctive methamphetamine and cannabis psychosis through case studies in our hospital.ResultMajor symptoms of methamphetamine psychosis include auditory hallucination and paranoia, however recovery is achieved soon after undertaking treatment. In cannabis psychosis, distinctive features are megalomania and by a pseud-enlightenment experience of supernatural existence, abusers stick to an unrealistic self-estimate of omnipotent, which leads them to refuse the fading away of this feeling and repeat abuse.ConclusionPsychological substances have strong suggestibility so abusers’ symptoms are easily modified by their mental state. Involvement of syndicate or perception of illegality reflects abusers’ drastic symptoms, but after dehospitalisation, recurrences are relatively fewer. Cannabis, however, grows wild and is admitted legally in some countries, so abusers lack awareness of guilt by mistaken perception of omnipotence and unrealistic optimism. Due to addiction and depersonalization, they rather enjoy gaining contact with supernatural power and fall into social withdrawal and are implicated to social problems. Considering the difficulty of rehabilitating and returning abusers to the community, we should not disregard the risks of cannabis abuse.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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Fekih, L., and B. Mounis. "The psychological effects of unmarried women “a field study on a sample of unmarried women in Algeria”." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1845.
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BackgroundThe present research was designed to determine the psychological stress as experienced by unmarried women in the education sector, and how to help them to discover the meaning of their presence in the framework, innovation and achievement, art, science, comprehension, love and adaptation in life.AimThis research aims to identify the various problems and mental disorders that unmarried women suffering from, and to determine the differences between unmarried women in terms of the psychological problems resulting from “unmarried” in: ages, kind and professional status.MethodThe method used in this research is purely descriptive following the collected data from the sample of 200 unmarried women. The tools that were used in this research as follow: Self-Confidence Scale, Psychological Stress Scale, “List of Information Collection for unmarried women”; we proceeded with some statistical techniques.ResultsThe findings of this research were:– emotional problems are the most common problems experienced by unmarried women;– the present study indicates the presence of depressive symptoms in 17%, which can evolve toward psychotic depression as dysthymia (loss of interest in daily activities, hopelessness, low self-esteem, self-criticism, trouble concentrating and trouble making decisions, effectiveness and productivity, avoidance of social activities, feelings of guilt and worries over the past, insomnia…);– the impact of unmarried on late stages have more negative impact, and psychological effect on them was more severe and the greatest harm.ConclusionThe advancement of women in the age without marriage or “unmarried women” is origin of psychological stress and low self-confidence.Dissclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Lichtenstein, M., and R. K. Støving. "Exercise addiction: Identification and prevalence in physically active adolescents and young eating disordered patients." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S116—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.127.
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IntroductionExercise addiction is characterized by increasing exercise amounts, withdrawal symptoms and lack of control. Eating disorders and exercise addiction often appear together, but only eating disorders are recognized as diagnoses. However, exercise addiction can exist independently from eating disorders and can be as harmful as any other addictive behavior.ObjectivesThe Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) is useful to identify exercise addiction symptoms in adults and prevalence rates of 3–10% have been found. But a scale for adolescents does not yet exist even though behavioral addictions seem to be more prevalent among young people.AimsTo develop an instrument for identification of exercise addiction in adolescents and to estimate the prevalence and negative consequences.MethodsWe developed a Youth version of the EAI and screened 383 adolescents in sport settings and 69 patients from an eating disorder department (age range 11–20 years).ResultsThe psychometric properties of the scale were good (Cronbachs alpha 0.71). The prevalence of exercise addiction was 5.5% in adolescents in sport settings and 21.2% in eating disorder patients. We found a positive linear relationship between EAI-score and “high weekly exercise amounts” (r = 0.4, P = 0.00), “the tendency to exercise in spite of injury” (r = 0.4, P = 0.00), “feelings of guilt when not exercising” (r = 0.5, P = 0.00), “reduced sport performance related to overtraining” (r = 0.2, P = 0.00), and “food dominating life” (r = 0.2, P = 0.00).ConclusionsOn basis of this study, we recommend the EAI-Y for identification of exercise addiction in adolescents. Early identification is important since it can prevent excessive and obsessive exercise, injuries, reduced sport performance and eating disorder pathology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Soares, M. J., S. Bos, A. T. Pereira, M. Marques, B. Maia, and A. Macedo. "Clinical morbidity at pregnancy: The role of previous suicidal attempts and repetition." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2262.
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IntroductionPrevious suicide attempts are a consistent risk factor for suicide. Repetition has been associated with higher future morbidity and suicidality.AimTo examine the relationship between psychological variables at pregnancy and previous repetition of suicidal attempts, first attempts and absence of attempts.MethodsThe sample comprise 568 third trimester pregnant women, mean aged 29.82 years (SD = 4.55; variance = 17–44). Previous suicidal behaviors were assessed with diagnostic interview for genetic studies, depression with PDSS and BDI-II, and affect with POMS. Current suicidal thoughts were assessed with PDSS dimension; hopelessness and helplessness by summing the scores of the POMS items hopeless/gloomy; and lonely/helpless, respectively.ResultsRepeaters (R; n = 11, 1.9%) scored higher than non-repeaters (NR; n = 20, 3.5%) in most of the clinical variables, but only significantly in sleeping/eating disturbances (PDSS).R and NR when compared to women who never attempted suicide (NA; n = 535, 94.5%) both revealed significant higher levels of depressive/hostility affect (POMS), BDI-II total score, suicide ideation, guilt/shame (PDSS) and anxiety/insecurity or anxiety/somatic (PSDD or BDI-II).In comparison with NA, R also revealed significant higher levels of negative affect (POMS), PDSS total score, loss of self, mental confusion (PDSS), cognitive and affective symptoms, fatigue (BDI-II), hopelessness and helplessness. NR also differs from NA in their higher emotional liability (PDSS).ConclusionWomen with previous suicide attempts are at elevated risk for high depressive symptoms, negative affect and suicide ideation at pregnancy. Compared to never attempters, repeaters revealed high morbidity than first attempters. The intervention in pregnancy must carefully assess previous history of suicide attempts.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Skokou, M., and P. Gourzis. "Depression in the active phase of paranoid schizophrenia in relation to age of onset and sex." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.674.
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IntroductionDepression is often observed in schizophrenia, in all phases of the disorder. Age of illness onset and sex have been found to correlate with depressive symptomatology in many but not all studies.AimsIn the present work the relation between depressive symptoms and age of onset and sex was investigated, in a sample of patients with paranoid schizophrenia.MethodsEighty-eight (88) patients with paranoid schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-TR criteria were examined, 21 of which became ill at ≥35 years of age (late onset), whereas 60 had age of onset < 30 years (young onset). During the active phase the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) was applied. Comparisons were performed by using the two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum and Chi-squared tests.ResultsThe percentage of patients with depression (CDSS > 6) in the whole sample was 27.2%. There was a trend for higher scores in early awakening in late onset patients (P = 0.060). In men, there was a trend for heavier depression in late onset patients, and higher scores in early awakening (P = 0.082, 0.019, respectively). In young onset patients, there was a trend for heavier symptomatology in women compared with men, and heavier pathological guilt (P = 0.073, 0.007, respectively), whereas in late onset patients, there was a trend for heavier self depreciation in men (P = 0.072).ConclusionsAlthough the frequency of depression does not seem to be influenced by age of onset or sex, more subtle differences are found in the severity of certain depressive symptoms, in relation to these factors, possibly warranting further investigation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Pozza, A., S. Domenichetti, N. Giaquinta, and D. Davide. "Efficacy of CBT Plus Acceptance & Commitment Therapy Versus CBT Alone for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Protocol for a Randomised Single-blinded Superiority Trial." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1064.
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IntroductionCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the first-line psychological treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). However, 30% of individuals have a null or partial response. Preliminary evidence suggested that Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT) may be effective. No study investigated whether the association of CBT with ACT may improve outcomes of CBT alone.ObjectivesThis paper presents the protocol of a trial where individuals with OCD will be randomly assigned to CBT alone or CBT plus ACT. Primary endpoints will be the number of individuals meeting OCD diagnostic criteria at post-treatment and follow-up. Secondary endpoints will be self-reported depression, anxiety, disgust and guilt, and obsessive beliefs. It is hypothesized that CBT plus ACT is associated to fewer individuals meeting OCD criteria and greater reductions in secondary endpoints.MethodsA single-blinded superiority randomised design will be used. Primary/secondary outcomes will be administered at baseline, post-treatment and 6-month follow-up. Treatment duration will be 25 weekly sessions in both conditions. Individuals (age ≥ 18 years) with OCD diagnosis will be recruited at mental health services in a 60.000 inhabitants area in Italy. Chi squared will be computed to test group differences on OCD diagnosis. ANCOVAs will be calculated entering baseline scores as covariates, group allocation as random factor and primary/secondary outcomes as dependent variables.ResultsTo obtain a medium effect size, 80% power and 0.05 significance, a priori power analysis suggests inclusion for at least 34 individuals as total sample.ConclusionsA description of the protocol will be provided. Strengths and potential limitations will be addressed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Porr, V. "Shame: An Overlooked Factor in Conceptualizing and Treating Borderline Personality Disorder: Its’ Powerful Role in the Lives and Suicides of People with BPD." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S715—S716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1285.
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Shame, a central emotion in borderline personality disorder (BPD), has been overlooked despite its’ relationship to self-injurious behaviour, chronic suicidality, self-esteem, quality of life, and angry-hostile feelings. Patients describe shame when explaining acute feelings of emotional pain. There is a paucity of research exploring the impact of shame on the person with BPD's sense of self and behaviors. BPD symptoms may be the expression of and defenses against this painful emotion. Shame-proneness is related to anger arousal and the tendency to externalize attributions for one's own behavior by blaming others or not taking responsibility for one's behavior. The relationship between shame-proneness and BPD has important implications for treatment. TARA for BPD, an educational and advocacy organization, developed a Family Psycho-education program teaching how shame is often the common denominator of BPD responses, triggering escalations, emotional shifts, volatile reactions, anger and misperceptions. Shame is the response to perceived negative evaluations (judgment, criticism, or blame) and general misinterpretation of social situations. Shame is an impediment to thinking clearly, exaggerates ambiguity and overwhelms cognitive ability in the moment. As shame is often confused with guilt, raising awareness of shame responses is essential for improving family relationships. Families can learn to recognize shame responses and implement evidence based techniques from dialectic behavior therapy (DBT) and mentalization based therapy (MBT) to decrease its’ impact on their loved one with BPD. Demonstration of methodology to address shame in family interactions and data from a TARA Internet survey of The Experience of Shame will be presented.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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Petrović, M. "The impact of depression on the human personality." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.740.
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Depression is a common experience. We have all felt “depressed” about a friend's cold shoulder, misunderstandings in our marriage, tussles with teenage children, sometimes we feel “down” for no reason at all. However, depression can become an illness when:– the mood state is severe;– it lasts for 2 weeks or more and;– it interferes with our ability to function at home or at work.Signs of a depression includes:– lowered self-esteem (or self-worth);– change in sleep patterns, that is, insomnia or broken sleep;– changes in appetite or weight;– less ability to control emotions such as pessimism, anger, guilt, irritability and anxiety;– varying emotions throughout the day, for example, feeling worse in the morning and better as the day progresses;– reduces capacity to experience pleasure: you cannot enjoy what's happening now, nor look forward to anything with pleasure;– hobbies and interests drop off;– reduces pain tolerance: you are less able to tolerate aches and pains and may have a host of new ailments;– changes sex drive: absent or reduced;– poor concentration and memory: some people are so impaired that they think that they are becoming demented;– reduces motivation; it does not seem worth the effort to do anything, things seem meaningless;– lowers energy levels.At the Institute, we believe that personality and temperament contribute to depression, particularly non-melancholic depression. Certain personality types are more at risk of developing depression than others.Generally speaking, someone who is depressed would: have a low mood, be pessimistic, have lowered self-esteem and feel hopeless and helpless.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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Surzyn, Jacek. "Holokaust jako ludobójstwo wyjątkowe." Narracje o Zagładzie, no. 6 (November 21, 2020): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/noz.2020.06.05.
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The article is dedicated to an analysis of the Holocaust uniqueness against the backdrop of other genocides. Most of all, the text follows the clues from Berel Lang, who interpretsthe Nazi Crime as a perfect genocide, that is, such a genocide that implemented its ideological assumptions fully for the first time in human history. What transpired then was in fact a comprehensive synthesis of “idea” and “actions.” Therefore, the relation between the Holocaust and other genocides turns out to be one-sided: the Holocaust is a genocide but no other genocide is the Holocaust. The category of genocide was, first of all, introduced into international circulation by a Polish lawyer of Jewish origin Rafał Lemkin during the final decade before the outbreak of World War Two. Genocide has become an almost universally acknowledged term, reinforced by the UN declaration of 1947. Mass crimes occurred in human history since the time immemorial. However, their character fundamentally changed with the advent of modernity, when powerful nation states within the framework of ideological postulates managed to give a new dimension to their politics, the one including actions meted out against entire communities: ethnic groups or nations. The Nazi crime of the Holocaust seems to be a unique exemplification of “modernity” (the term introduced in this sense by Zygmunt Bauman), that is, the combination of technicalisation and mass production with strong bureaucratic structure, which resulted in an unimaginable deed of murdering millions of Jews while utilising technical methods. The killing took a form of “production tasks,” which made the moral problems of responsibility and guilt appear in a different light. In the article an attempt is made to show implications stemming from the acceptance of the Holocaust’s uniqueness as “a perfect genocide,” both in its political and social as well as philosophical and moral dimensions.
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Skrocka, Dorota. "Zmagania z poczuciem winy – o dylematach przebaczenia samemu sobie w opiniach studentów pedagogiki i słuchaczy Uniwersytetu Trzeciego Wieku." Język. Religia. Tożsamość. 1, no. 23 (July 29, 2021): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0335.
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The problem of self-forgiveness can arise when a person discovers his or her own weaknesses and limitations. As a result, the anxiety that he or she feels becomes either a consequence of the harms done to other people their suffering or regret because of their own faults and imperfections. Therapists often point out that the feeling of guilt is not only painful or fruitless, but it can also be seen as a chance for a change and recovery. However, this approach requires the difficulty of understanding, settling with oneself and taking responsibility for what has become the cause of internal accusation, so that unprocessed guilt would not lead to breakdowns, self-rejection, contempt. Therefore, in the conducted research students of pedagogy and students of Third Age Universities, were asked about their opinions on: What it is and how they assess forgiving oneself? It was considered that the obtained data and possible differences between adults, however, representing two different age groups, would allow the selection of categories of guidelines or restrictions explaining attitudes towards the issues discussed. In the declarations of future teachers and reflections of people who followed the hardships of life experiences, an assessment of the process was noted that allows freeing from the burden of one’s own negligence and making wrong decisions.
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Kniaginin, A. V. "Impact of the Antitrust Legislation Interpretation on the Declaration of Firms to be Guilty of Tacit Collusion." Financial Journal, no. 3 (2018): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2018-3-78-89.
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Hare, Ivan. "Placing the onus back on the trial." Cambridge Law Journal 59, no. 1 (March 2000): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300210015.
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GIVEN the importance of the case, it is unsurprising that the House of Lords should reach so rapid a decision in R. v. Director of Public Prosecutions, ex p. Kebilene [1999] 3 W.L.R. 972 (on appeal from the Divisional Court, noted at (1999) 58 C.L.J. 468). It will remembered that the Divisional Court granted a declaration that the D.P.P.'s decision to continue his consent to prosecutions under the reverse onus provisions of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 1988 (P.T.A.) was unlawful. According to the lower court, these provisions were in irreconcilable conflict with Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights which provides that: “Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law”.
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Rydberg, Åsa. "Constitutional and Institutional Developments." Leiden Journal of International Law 12, no. 1 (March 1999): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156599000096.
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By decision of the Judges at the Nineteenth plenary session of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) one new rule was adopted and 16 rules of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence were amended. The new rule concerns affidavit evidence. The rule regarding amendments of the rules was changed so that an amendment shall enter into force seven days after the day of issue of an official Tribunal document containing the amendment, instead of immediately after the issuance. The rules on contempt of the Tribunal and false testimony under solemn declaration were made stricter as they were both amended to allow for a Chamber to impose substantially longer terms of imprisonment on persons who have been found guilty of such offences.
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Hussein, Ahmed Sultan, and Sameer Abdulrazak Abood. "Analytical Study of Remorse in Religious Texts in English and Arabic Languages." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.1.12.
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Remorse is a contrite emotion experienced by a person who regrets actions which are deemed to be hurtful, shameful, or violent. Presumably remorse in religion may be different from that of ordinary life. Furthermore, remorse linguistically manifests itself in different manners and behaviors (direct, indirect, declarative, and imperative). The permanent study confines itself within the religious texts in English and Arabic languages. The data chosen for this purpose are the Old testament of Bible as an English data and Al-Sahifa al Sajadia as an Arabic data. The study targets at showing how in religious text, the majority of remorse are realized in declarative rather than imperative or exclamation utterances though there is a chance for the last two options to occur. Furthermore, most Arabic religious remorse is identified in direct speech acts while English remorse is realized throughout indirect speech act. The study answers a set of empirical questions: 1-What makes remorse different from similar speech acts which seem outwardly the same but inwardly not, like; guilt, regret, repentance and other likes 2- What are the similarities and differences in both languages in question. An eclectic model is adopted for the analysis. The study illustrates that Remorse in religious language is not the same to that one of ordinary life since the former but not necessarily the latter targets repentance to be its own goal. Moreover there is a variation in the use of it in of both languages though there are some similarities. Arabic language proved to be profoundly richer than English. What distinguishes the former is the abundance of exclamation and imperative modes, the descriptive phrases, the direct speech acts besides the active voice and declarative mode which represent the similarities between the two languages.