Books on the topic 'Decision triggers'
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1
The last straw: How to benefit from trigger events in your life. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas, 1987.
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2
Trigger points: How to make decisions three times faster, innovate smarter, and beat your competition by ten percent (it ain't easy!). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1988.
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3
Mullick, Anjali, and Jonathan Martin. An introduction to advance care planning: practice at the frontline. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0003.
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Advance care planning (ACP) is a process of formal decision-making that aims to help patients establish decisions about future care that take effect when they lose capacity. In our experience, guidance for clinicians rarely provides detailed practical advice on how it can be successfully carried out in a clinical setting. This may create a barrier to ACP discussions which might otherwise benefit patients, families and professionals. The focus of this paper is on sharing our experience of ACP as clinicians and offering practical tips on elements of ACP, such as triggers for conversations, communication skills, and highlighting the formal aspects that are potentially involved. We use case vignettes to better illustrate the application of ACP in clinical practice.
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Trigger Points: Nine. Berkley, 1992.
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The 7 Triggers to Yes: The New Science Behind Influencing People's Decisions. McGraw-Hill, 2007.
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6
Estes, James A., M. Tim Tinker, and Terrie M. Williams. Advances in understanding the physiology, behaviour, and ecology of sea otters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0023.
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Sea otters are the only fully marine-living mustelid and the smallest extant marine mammal. They have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate of any marine mammal, which coupled with the lack of blubber for insulator and energy storage, relegates them to operating as an extreme income strategist, and appears to have led to a life history tactic in which pregnancy rate is fixed while reproductive success varies with the mother’s body condition at the time of birth, which triggers a decision immediately post-partum to care for or abandon her pup. When resources are limiting, sea otters assume highly individualized diets, which are inherited matrilineally. Sea otters exert strong limiting influences on their macroinvertebrate prey, leading to far reaching indirect effects on the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems. This chapter reviews and synthesizes the interplay between sea otter energetics and life histories, diet and foraging behaviour, and ecosystem influences.
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Curtis A, Bradley. 4 Decisions and Orders of International Institutions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190217761.003.0004.
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This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of decisions and orders of international institutions to which the United States is a party. It begins with a description of various constitutional doctrines and principles that are potentially implicated by delegations of authority to international institutions. The chapter also recounts the long history of U.S. engagement with international arbitration and the constitutional debates that this engagement has sometimes triggered. Extensive consideration is given to litigation concerning the consular notice provisions in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The U.S. relationship with other international institutions, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Criminal Court, are also considered. The chapter concludes by considering the extent to which constitutional concerns relating to international delegations are adequately addressed by presuming that the orders and decisions of international institutions are non–self-executing in the U.S. legal system.
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Pekša, Jānis. Modular Implementation of Autonomous Decision Making Algorithms in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227943.
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are large modular enterprise applications designed for most enterprise business processes. They are mainly intended for transaction processing. ERP systems are used to implement the company's business processes; to implement, modify and maintain ERP systems successfully, one needs to know the company's business processes (BPs). BPs is a set of activities, the execution of which results in the desired result. Events trigger the execution of the BP. Business activities are performed by employees who represent various functional areas of the company. Enterprise applications provide BP implementation. ERP systems are typically used to implement internal company processes. The basic processes of the ERP are finance, logistics, human resources, and others. The modules of the ERP system are production planning, materials management, sales and distribution, financial accounting, management accounting, and human resource management. In the Thesis a framework that allows reducing the integration of forecasting methods in ERP systems has been developed. A standard integration method has been designed and developed, ensuring a simplified integration process in ERP systems.
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Oro, Daniel. Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849834.001.0001.
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In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in order to reduce uncertainty and increase resilience. Updated information is then shared within the group and social behaviours emerge as a self-organized process. This social information factoralizes with the size of the group, and it is finally used for making crucial decisions about, for instance, when to leave the patch and where to go. Indeed, evolution has favoured philopatry over dispersal, and this trade-off is challenged by perturbations. When perturbations accumulate over time, they may decrease the suitability of the patch and erode the philopatric state until crossing a tipping point, beyond which most individuals decide to disperse to better areas. Initially, the decision to disperse is led by a few individuals, and this decision is copied by the rest of the group in an autocatalytic way. This feedback process of social copying is termed runaway dispersal. Furthermore, social copying enhances the evolution of cultural and technological innovation, which may cause additional nonlinearities for population dynamics. Social information gathering and social copying have also occurred in human evolution, especially after perturbations such as climate extremes and warfare. In summary, social feedback processes cause nonlinear population dynamics including hysteresis and critical transitions (from philopatry to patch collapses and invasions), which emerge from the collective behaviour of large ensembles of individuals.
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Lin, Yi-min. Demographic Pressures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190682828.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 provides a macroanalysis of the implications of China’s evolving demographics for policymaking. The main story is that the pressure to create jobs was both the most important initial trigger and a persistent force for the shift in government policy—especially central government policy—toward the private sector. The lasting impact of Maoist policies on population and economic development, the aftermath of political radicalism during the Cultural Revolution, structural change in the economy, and cohort effects were among the factors that constrained the choice set of CCP leaders and shaped the orientation and timing of their decisions on the private sector.
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Stern, Marc J. Morals, intuitions, culture, and identity-based theories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793182.003.0005.
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The theories within this section move beyond bounded rationality to incorporate a wider array of situations common to our daily lives. Most of the decisions we make on a daily basis don’t involve deep cognitive thought. We rather rely on our intuitions, or gut feelings, to guide us. Moreover, when we feel threatened or our intuitive predispositions are challenged, it commonly proves difficult to calmly evaluate information and make rational decisions. Debates about environmental regulation, climate change, wilderness preservation, and resource extraction, among many others, often trigger deep-seated emotions and defensive reactions, rather than reasoned exchanges. The theories within this section explain why and how this happens and provide strategies for what to do about it, drawing on themes of morals, intuitions, culture, and identity. Each theory is summarized succinctly and followed by guidance on how to apply it to real world problem solving.
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Schulz, Armin W. Efficient Cognition. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037600.001.0001.
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It is now widely accepted that many organisms (including humans) don’t just react to the world using behavioral reflexes, but also, at times, decide what to do by relying on mental representations. More specifically, the behavior of many organisms is not simply triggered by a perception of the state of their environment, but inferred using higher-level mental states downstream from their perceptual states. What is far less clear is why this is the case: what benefits does representational decision making bring to an organism, and what implications do these benefits have for the exact role that mental representations play in an organism’s decision making machinery? In my book, I provide answers to these questions. Specifically, I defend a cognitive-efficiency-based account of the evolution of mental representations, according to which a key driver of the evolution of representational decision making is the fact that mental representations can enable an organism to save a number of cognitive resources and to adjust more easily to changed environments. I then apply this account to a number of open questions in different sciences, including: when should we expect cognition to essentially involve parts of the environment? When should we expect decision making to rely on simple, satisficing heuristics? When should we expect organisms to be altruistically motivated to help others? Along the way, I also respond to concerns about the plausibility of evolutionary psychological projects more generally.
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Chin, Jason M., and Larysa Workewych. The CSI Effect. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935352.013.28.
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The CSI effect posits that exposure to television programs that portray forensic science (e.g.,CSI: Crime Scene Investigation) can change the way jurors evaluate forensic evidence. We review (1) the theory behind the CSI effect; (2) the perception of the effect among legal actors; (3) the academic treatment of the effect; and, (4) how courts have dealt with the effect. We demonstrate that while legal actors do see the CSI effect as a serious issue, there is virtually no empirical evidence suggesting it is a real phenomenon. Moreover, many of the remedies employed by courts may do no more than introduce bias into juror decision-making or even trigger the CSI effect when it would not normally occur. We end with suggestions for the proper treatment of the CSI effect in courts and directions for future scholarly work.
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Richemond-Barak, Daphné. Underground Warfare and the Jus ad Bellum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457242.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses situations in which cross-border tunnels may lead to the outbreak of war. Cross-border tunnels violate sovereignty and territorial integrity and demonstrate hostile intent on the part of the neighboring entity. Various factors influence the victim state’s decision to go to war in such situations, such as the number of tunnels, their level of completion, their proximity to civilian-populated neighborhoods, and the relationship with the party that dug the tunnel. Not every cross-border tunnel will trigger the right to self-defense or the strategic urge to go to war: this chapter distinguishes between situations in which cross-border tunnels can lead to war and those in which they do lead to war. Cross-border threats do not significantly differ from other threats in this regard. As with other types of cross-border tensions, states may possess the right to react using military force but not make use of such right.
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Lidström, Anders. Political Partisanship and Policy Feedback. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.21.
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Historically, the Social Democratic Party has been the dominant party in Swedish politics. But in 2006 a center-right coalition government came to power in Sweden and ruled until 2014. The chapter asks how this has affected the iconic Swedish welfare state. The center-right government’s legislative action to reform the welfare state was not very radical, but the effects of their non-decisions regarding unemployment benefit continued the long-term hollowing out of its earnings-related component. This triggered many unions to start mandatory group insurance schemes to provide income security for their members. However, the effect of the cash transfers becoming less earnings-related has—so far—not been to undermine the legitimacy of the public sector.
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McAdam, Jane. Climate Change-related Displacement of Persons. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0023.
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This chapter examines the scope of existing international law to address ‘climate change-related displacement’, a term used to describe movement where the impacts of climate change affect mobility decisions in some way. It looks into the role of international refugee law, human rights law, and the law on statelessness in protecting people displaced by the impacts of climate change. The extent to which international law and international institutions respond to climate change-related movement and displacement depends upon: whether such movement is perceived as voluntary or forced; the nature of the trigger; whether international borders are crossed; the extent to which there are political incentives to characterize movement as linked to climate change or not; and whether movement is driven or aggravated by human factors, such as discrimination. The chapter also considers the extent to which existing principles on internal displacement provide normative and practical guidance.
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Claus, Kreß. Part IV The ICC and its Applicable Law, 27 The ICC’s First Encounter with the Crime of Genocide: The Case against Al Bashir. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0027.
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The ICC’s first substantial encounter with the crime of genocide was triggered by the prosecution’s application for a warrant of arrest against Omar Al Bashir on 14 July 2008. This chapter addresses the emerging ICC jurisprudence on the crime of genocide, including Pre-Trial Chamber I’s ‘Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir’ of 4 March 2009, which constitutes the most important engagement of an ICC Chamber with the definition of the crime of genocide to date. The chapter discusses the nature of genocide and its material and mental elements, including the controversy over the purpose versus the knowledge-based approach and whether the crime of genocide requires an objective point of reference for the perpetrator’s intent, namely, the existence of a realistic collective goal to destroy the target group in whole or in part.
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Sevransky, Jon. Management of sepsis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0296.
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Sepsis is triggered by an infection, and treatment of sepsis requires timely identification of the patient, and rapid treatment with antibiotics, source control, and fluids. The site of infection, patient’s phenotype, and location of the patient will help drive decisions about initial antibiotic therapy. Patients with sepsis should be treated to ensure adequate cardiac output and organ perfusion, which usually requires infusion of intravenous fluids. In addition to haemodynamic and fluid support, some patients require infection source control. Many sepsis patients require additional supportive therapy with vasoactive agents, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and nutritional therapy.. When using these supportive therapies, the clinician should attempt to minimize the complications of the therapies, including withdrawal of therapies that are no longer necessary.. Patients who do not respond to initial therapy should be evaluated for resistant organisms, persistent sources, or alternate diagnoses.
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Papanicolopulu, Irini. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789390.003.0001.
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This chapter states the aim of the book, clarifies some key terms and presents the structure of the book. The aim of the book is to discuss how international law can be effectively used to protect people at sea. Interest in these people has been triggered by media coverage of stories about pirates and migrants at sea, but also by the unprecedented number of international judicial decisions that affect them. The meaningfulness of ‘people at sea’ as the focus of the work is argued. The chapter then presents the need for a new approach towards their protection by legal norms, based on a systemic reading of international law and the ensuing reconstruction of a dedicated special regime. After providing a working definition of the term ‘regime’, the chapter ends with a presentation of the structure of the book.
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Dwight, Newman. Part III Indigenous Peoples and the Canadian Constitution, C Indigenous Peoples and the Constitution Act, 1982, Ch.16 The Section 35 Duty to Consult. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0016.
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This chapter examines the duty to consult doctrine, which is a particularly significant doctrine under Canada’s section 35 Aboriginal rights clause that is triggered hundreds of thousands of times a year. Since a series of cases in 2004, this doctrine has taken a particular proactive form in which the honour of the Crown leads to government duties of consultation when government decisions potentially impact on Aboriginal or treaty rights. This chapter explains the purposes and origins of this duty, considers its relationship to developing international norms on consultation and FPIC (free, prior, and informed consent), and considers a number of controversies that have emerged on the scope of its application. The chapter also examines the complex relationships of the duty to consult to administrative law contexts before turning to some final comments on potential future directions for the duty.
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Kan, Naoto. My Nuclear Nightmare. Edited by Jeffrey S. Irish. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501705816.001.0001.
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On March 11, 2011, a massive undersea earthquake off Japan's coast triggered devastating tsunami waves that in turn caused meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Ranked with Chernobyl as the worst nuclear disaster in history, Fukushima will have lasting consequences for generations. Until 3.11, Japan's Prime Minister, Naoto Kan, had supported the use of nuclear power. His position would undergo a radical change, however, as Kan watched the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima No. 1 Power Plant unfold and came to understand the potential for the physical, economic, and political destruction of Japan. This book offers a fascinating day-by-day account of the Prime Minister's actions in the harrowing week after the earthquake struck. He records the anguished decisions he had to make as the scale of destruction became clear and the threat of nuclear catastrophe loomed ever larger—decisions made on the basis of information that was often unreliable. For example, frustrated by the lack of clarity from the executives at Tepco, the company that owned the power plant, Kan decided to visit Fukushima himself, despite the risks, so he could talk to the plant's manager and find out what was really happening on the ground. As the text details, a combination of extremely good fortune and hard work just barely prevented a total meltdown of all of Fukushima's reactor units, which would have necessitated the evacuation of the thirty million residents of the greater Tokyo metropolitan area.
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Molloy, Sean. Emergency Law Responses to Covid-19 and the Impact on Peace and Transition Processes. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.24.
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The World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. This global health crisis demanded a quick, decisive and efficient response by governments to protect lives, curb the spread of the virus and prevent public health systems from being overwhelmed. This report explores the way governments undergoing transitions to peace and democracy have triggered emergency legal frameworks to disable some ordinary (democratic) procedures and set aside standard political and legal accountability mechanisms as part of their Covid-19 response. It also provides information about where elections have been postponed or cancelled, and central governments have assumed enhanced responsibilities, which have often included powers otherwise designated to local or regional governments. While the impacts of both the pandemic and the responses to the contagion have been felt globally, they often have quite different consequences in countries attempting peace and democratic transition processes.
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Malik, Hassan. Bankers and Bolsheviks. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691170169.001.0001.
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Following an unprecedented economic boom fed by foreign investment, the Russian Revolution triggered the worst sovereign default in history. This book tells the dramatic story of this boom and bust, chronicling the forgotten experiences of leading financiers of the age. Shedding critical new light on the decision making of the powerful personalities who acted as the gatekeepers of international finance, the book explains how they channeled foreign capital into Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While economists have long relied on quantitative analysis to grapple with questions relating to the drivers of cross-border capital flows, this book adopts an historical approach, drawing on banking and government archives in four countries. It provides rare insights into the thinking of influential figures in world finance as they sought to navigate one of the most challenging and lucrative markets of the first modern age of globalization. The book reveals how a complex web of factors—from government interventions to competitive dynamics and cultural influences—drove a large inflow of capital during this tumultuous period in world history. The book demonstrates how the realms of finance and politics—of bankers and Bolsheviks—grew increasingly intertwined, and how investing in Russia became a political act with unforeseen repercussions.
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Gupta, Dr Devesh, Dr Geetika Shukla, Dr Kumar Ratnesh, and Ms Navneesh Tyagi. FUTURE TRENDS IN MANAGEMENT AND IT (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO POST PANDEMIC PERIOD). KAAV PUBLICATIONS, DELHI, INDIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9789391842475.2022.eb.
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About the book The global COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic crisis have triggered major human and economic instability, transforming how we live and work profoundly. In a matter of months, it has indeed effectively thawed the social and professional spheres of life. There’s no blueprint on how to go about the contemporary global pandemic. Hence business leaders around the world are changing strategies to keep up with this uncertainty. On the face of it, this is a crisis that calls for exploring future trends in Management and Technology. Therefore, this book presents an initiative to discover the various problems involved with Post Pandemic business, commerce, and technological issues and possible alternatives. “Future Trends in Management and IT (with special reference to Post Pandemic Period)” has heralded the call. It would be an important resource document containing the most ground-breaking findings on best practises in the sense of uncertainty to adopt and implement changes. While highlighting the change that should be on organizational radar and all the key areas where change interventions are necessary in the present environment, this book is specially designed to help leaders, public servants, members of society, Administrators, managers , executives, company owners, industry experts, decision makers, scholars, educators and students working in marketing, organizational behavior, and human resources fields to work toward improving essential systems for organizational development like Sales Force Engagement and Level of capability, Supremacy of Online education, Share buybacks, service excellence, Branchless banking etc.
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Spevetz, Antoinette, and Joseph E. Parrillo. Diagnosis and management of shock in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0150.
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Sepsis is triggered by an infection and treatment of sepsis requires timely identification of the patient, and rapid treatment with antibiotics, source control, and fluids. In the absence of a true biomarker for sepsis, the clinician needs to recognize which patients are at risk, as well as the common signs and symptoms of infection. The site of infection, the patient’s phenotype, and the location of the patient will help drive decisions about initial antibiotic therapy. Patients with sepsis should be treated to ensure adequate cardiac output and organ perfusion, which usually requires infusion of intravenous fluids. Crystalloid fluids are most frequently infused, and patients will often require large doses in the first 6–24 hours of treatment. In addition to haemodynamic and fluid support, some patients require infection source control. Many sepsis patients require additional supportive therapy with vasoactive agents, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and nutritional therapy. The use of these supportive therapies allows for a patients host defence system to work in conjunction with antibiotics to fight off the infection. When using these supportive therapies, the clinician should attempt to minimize the complications of the therapies and the causative infection. Once a patient starts to clinically improve, it is essential that therapies that are no longer necessary are withdrawn. Patients who do not respond to initial therapy should be evaluated for either resistant organisms, persistent sources, or alternate diagnoses.
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Nassauer, Anne. Situational Breakdowns. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922061.001.0001.
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This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.
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Hock Tsen, Wong. Money and Banking. UMS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/moneyandbankingumspress2019-978-967-2166-61-0.
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Money and banking are about money, payment systems, banking and the central bank in an economy. The information on money and banking enables economic agents to make a better financial decision in the economy. Money is an exchange for goods and services and to settle debts. There is a link between the money supply and the monetary base. The money supply will increase or decrease when the monetary base or the money multiplier increases or decreases. The value of money will deteriorate fast when inflation is high. A payment system is an arrangement for exchange, which can be categorised into store-of-value systems and account-based systems. Asymmetric information can lead to adverse selection and moral hazard problems and thus, the asymmetric information problem can trigger the financial crisis problem. Banks can be commercial banks, investment banks and Islamic banks. Banks pool savings, provide safekeeping, accounting services and the payment systems, provide liquidity, diversify risk and provide financial information. Banking development is said to have a vital role in economic growth. Balance sheet management is important for the smooth running of the business of banks. Theory of term structure of interest rate attempts to explain the shape of the yield curve over time. Interest rate risk is a significant risk in the bank as a change in interest rate can affect both sides of the balance sheet of the bank. Financial innovation and bank consolidation are important issues in money and banking. The central bank manages monetary policy and oversees the financial system in an economy. The independence of the central bank can be a goal and operational independence. There are pro and con for the independence of the central bank and for the central bank to prick asset price bubble. This book can be divided into three main parts, namely money and the payment systems, banking and central bank. Chapter 1 to Chapter 2 explains money and the payment systems. Chapter 3 to Chapter 7 are banking. Chapter 8 is the central bank. Chapter 9 is concluding remarks. This book provides some fundamentals in money and banking for the economic agents, namely households, firms, governments and foreigners.