Academic literature on the topic 'Decision triggers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Decision triggers"
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Santos, Carla A., J. Bernardino Lopes, and J. Paulo Cravino. "PATTERNS OF DIDACTIC DECISIONS MADE BY TEACHERS IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES CLASSROOMS." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 36, no. 1 (December 10, 2011): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.36.76.
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The purpose of this study is to highlight didactic decisions of teachers in Physical Sciences classrooms. The framework used is teacher mediation of students’ learning. Research questions: (a) what aspects of teaching trigger didactics? (b) What are the relationships between the didactic decisions of teachers and their triggers? Are the responses to these questions dependent on teacher or teaching level? This study reports on a multi-case study of five teachers from three teaching levels (basic, secondary and higher education). Multimodal narratives (a description of what happens in the classroom, using several types of data collected inside and outside the classroom) were used to analyse the didactic decisions of teachers and to determine what causes them to take a particular decision in the classroom. It searches for categories using open code analysis, and then use cluster analysis to find patterns. Four patterns of decisions were found, transversing teacher and teaching levels, and relate them to their triggers. It is found that each teacher and each teaching level has a singular profile for decision-making (a particular combination of patterns of decision-making, what draws the teacher’s attention, and the specific decisions taken). Key words: didactic decisions, draw teachers’ atention, Physical Sciences, classroom.
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Lis, Rebecca, Vicki Sakata, and Onora Lien. "How to Choose? Using the Delphi Method to Develop Consensus Triggers and Indicators for Disaster Response." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 4 (February 3, 2017): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.174.
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AbstractObjectiveTo identify key decisions along the continuum of care (conventional, contingency, and crisis) and the critical triggers and data elements used to inform those decisions concerning public health and health care response during an emergency.MethodsA classic Delphi method, a consensus-building survey technique, was used with clinicians around Washington State to identify regional triggers and indicators. Additionally, using a modified Delphi method, we combined a workshop and single-round survey with panelists from public health (state and local) and health care coalitions to identify consensus state-level triggers and indicators.ResultsIn the clinical survey, 122 of 223 proposed triggers or indicators (43.7%) reached consensus and were deemed important in regional decision-making during a disaster. In the state-level survey, 110 of 140 proposed triggers or indicators (78.6%) reached consensus and were deemed important in state-level decision-making during a disaster.ConclusionsThe identification of consensus triggers and indicators for health care emergency response is crucial in supporting a comprehensive health care situational awareness process. This can inform the creation of standardized questions to ask health care, public health, and other partners to support decision-making during a response. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:467–472)
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Nie, Martin A., and Courtney A. Schultz. "Decision-Making Triggers in Adaptive Management." Conservation Biology 26, no. 6 (August 14, 2012): 1137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01915.x.
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Stultz, Jeremy S., Perry Taylor, and Sean McKenna. "Assessment of Different Methods for Pediatric Meningitis Dosing Clinical Decision Support." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 53, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028018788688.
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Background: Indication-specific medication dosing support is needed to improve pediatric dosing support. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of different meningitis dosing alert triggers and dosing error rates between antimicrobials with and without meningitis order sentences. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 4-months of pediatric orders for antimicrobials with meningitis-specific dosing. At the time of the order, it was determined if the antimicrobial was for meningitis management, if a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture was ordered, and if a natural language processing (NLP) system could detect “meningitis” in clinical notes. Results: Of 1383 orders, 243 were for the management of meningitis. A CSF culture or NLP combination trigger searching the electronic health record since admission yielded the greatest sensitivity for detecting meningitis management (67.5%, P < 0.01 vs others), but dosing error detection was similar if the trigger only searched 48 hours preceding the order (68.8% vs 62.5%, P = 0.125). Using a CSF culture alone and a 48-hour time frame had a higher PPV versus a combination with a 48-hour time frame (97.1% vs 80.9%, P < 0.001), and both triggers had a higher PPV than others ( P < 0.001). Antimicrobials with meningitis order sentences had fewer dosing errors (19.8% vs 43.2%, P < 0.01). Conclusion and Relevance: A meningitis dosing alert triggered by a combination of a CSF culture or NLP system and a 48-hour triggering time frame could provide reasonable sensitivity and PPV for meningitis dosing errors. Order sentences with indication-specific recommendations may provide additional dosing support, but additional studies are needed.
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Nicholls, M. D., and G. Whyte. "Red Cell, Plasma and Albumin Transfusion Decision Triggers." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 21, no. 2 (April 1993): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9302100204.
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Hypothetical clinical cases were used to investigate transfusion-related decision-making. Three red cell, three fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and three albumin transfusion decision cases were administered by questionnaire to 228 medical staff. The transfusion decision triggers were identified and comparisons made between resident and specialist groups and between Melbourne and Sydney participants. Factors important in red cell transfusion decisions included haemoglobin, symptoms of anaemia, presence of co-morbidities or surgery, gender, period of hospitalisation and the degree of documented blood loss. FFP administration was influenced by an abnormal coagulation test, the presence of co-morbidities and by the number of red cell units transfused. The administration of albumin, concentrated or 5% SPPS, was influenced by the period of hospitalisation and clinical circumstances such as a falling urine output postoperatively, and by the presence of hypotensive complications. Different transfusion responses were noted: resident staff transfused red cells and FFP earlier than specialists; Sydney specialists were more conservative of red cell transfusion; Melbourne specialists more conservative of FFP administration and surgeons were four times more likely to transfuse patients than physicians or anesthetists at certain haemoglobin values.
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Fryer, Gregory K., Philip E. Dennison, and Thomas J. Cova. "Wildland firefighter entrapment avoidance: modelling evacuation triggers." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 7 (2013): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12160.
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Wildland firefighters are often called on to make tactical decisions under stressful conditions in order to suppress a fire. These decisions can be hindered by human factors such as insufficient knowledge of surroundings and conditions, lack of experience, overextension of resources or loss of situational awareness. One potential tool for assisting fire managers in situations where human factors can hinder decision-making is the Wildland–Urban Interface Evacuation (WUIVAC) model, which models fire minimum travel times to create geographic trigger buffers for evacuation recommendations. Utilising multiple combinations of escape routes and fire environment inputs based on the 2007 Zaca fire in California, USA, we created trigger buffers for firefighter evacuations on foot, by engine and by heavy mechanised equipment (i.e. bulldozer). Our primary objective was to examine trigger buffer sensitivity to evacuation mode and expected weather and fuel conditions. Evacuation travel time was the most important factor for determining the size and extent of modelled trigger buffers. For the examined scenarios, we show that WUIVAC can provide analytically driven, physically based triggers that can assist in entrapment avoidance and ultimately contribute to firefighter safety.
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de Bie, Kelly, Prue F. E. Addison, and Carly N. Cook. "Integrating decision triggers into conservation management practice." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13042.
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Straus, Scott. "Triggers of Mass Atrocities." Politics and Governance 3, no. 3 (October 27, 2015): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v3i3.375.
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The concept of “triggers” enjoys wide usage in the atrocity prevention policymaking community. However, the concept has received limited academic analysis. This paper reviews the concept critically, develops a definition, and subjects the concept to empirical analysis. The paper offers a mild endorsement of the concept of triggers of atrocity. The paper identifies four main categories of triggering event but cautions that triggers cannot be separated from context or decision-makers.
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IRWIN, BRIAN J., and MICHAEL J. CONROY. "Consideration of reference points for the management of renewable resources under an adaptive management paradigm." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 4 (June 18, 2013): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892913000222.
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SUMMARYThe success of natural resource management depends on monitoring, assessment and enforcement. In support of these efforts, reference points (RPs) are often viewed as critical values of management-relevant indicators. This paper considers RPs from the standpoint of objective-driven decision making in dynamic resource systems, guided by principles of structured decision making (SDM) and adaptive resource management (AM). During the development of natural resource policy, RPs have been variously treated as either ‘targets’ or ‘triggers’. Under a SDM/AM paradigm, target RPs correspond approximately to value-based objectives, which may in turn be either of fundamental interest to stakeholders or intermediaries to other central objectives. By contrast, trigger RPs correspond to decision rules that are presumed to lead to desirable outcomes (such as the programme targets). Casting RPs as triggers or targets within a SDM framework is helpful towards clarifying why (or whether) a particular metric is appropriate. Further, the benefits of a SDM/AM process include elucidation of underlying untested assumptions that may reveal alternative metrics for use as RPs. Likewise, a structured decision-analytic framework may also reveal that failure to achieve management goals is not because the metrics are wrong, but because the decision-making process in which they are embedded is insufficiently robust to uncertainty, is not efficiently directed at producing a resource objective, or is incapable of adaptation to new knowledge.
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Kim, Jin Baek. "A Fixed Pricing Group Buying Decision Model." International Journal of E-Business Research 11, no. 2 (April 2015): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijebr.2015040103.
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In order to explain the consumer decision process in the fixed pricing group buying (FPGB) context, this study proposed an FPGB decision model from the social perspective. To reflect the social perspective, the proposed FPGB decision model included social factors such as network externalities and subjective norm as triggers for shopping motivations. According to the analysis results, all social factors directly or indirectly affected consumers' buying intention at FPGB websites. To be more specific, of the social factors, perceived complementarity was the most significant determinant of FPGB buying intention not just in the direct influential paths but in the indirect influential paths. Subjective norm did not directly affect FPGB buying intention, but it did indirectly. These results imply that the managers of FPGB websites should carefully consider social factors as triggers for shopping motivations when designing and operating FPGB websites.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Decision triggers"
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Hateley, Louise. "Barriers to, and triggers of, nurses' retirement savings : a decision-making approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605181.
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Australia, like many developed countries, places a strong emphasis on self-provision in later life. This is embodied in the Australian superannuation system, an earnings-related retirement savings mechanism. Women have been identified as a group poorly served by the existing retirement income framework and are more vulnerable to financial insecurity in old age. The implications of this for women's retirement incomes provide the context in which this thesis is situated. There is a need for research that explores factors that affect individuals' decisions to save for their retirement to inform and better target policy in Australia. This thesis aims to meet that need. Although there have been various explanations for women 's low retirement savings, not enough attention has been paid to the factors that influence the decision to save, especially for later life. This study uses a consumer decision-making framework that identifies a number of key stages in the decision-making process. This thesis argues that the decision-making process can be broken into two key stages: activities associated with making the decision to save for retirement; and the activities associated with actual savings behaviour.
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Trapanese, Cinzia. "Spatial foraging in primates : strategies and mechanisms of decision-making What, where and when: spatial foraging decisions in primates Species-specific socio-ecology shapes spatial foraging strategies in primates Where or what? Primates in “miniature nature”: frugivory triggers spatial cognition to forage efficiently." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB119.
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Chercher sa nourriture s'avère coûteux et potentiellement exigeant cognitivement, notamment pour des animaux comme les primates, vivant dans un environnement difficilement prévisible. Les fruits étant une ressource éphémère, un régime alimentaire frugivore implique des capacités cognitives élevées. Cette étude comparative s'intéresse aux différentes stratégies mises en place lors du fourragement chez trois espèces de primates (Macaca tonkeana=5, M. fascicularis=3 and Sapajus sp.=6) vivant dans des parcs boisés, au Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg. Ces conditions d'hébergement en semi-liberté nous ont permis de manipuler l'environnement afin de simuler la répartition saisonnière spatio-temporelle des fruits en milieu naturel. Nous avons notamment fait varier la disponibilité de différents fruits chaque semaine avec un rythme saisonnier d'un mois, répété pendant quatre mois. Notre protocole expérimental vise à évaluer le poids des variables Où (localisation, tâche « Fourragement Spatial »), Quoi (distribution, tâches « Groupé vs. Dispersé » et qualité, tâche « Groupé vs. Qualité »), et Quand (disponibilité) sur les décisions individuelles lors de la recherche de nourriture. Nous avons utilisé 42 boîtes à ouverture télécommandée, fixées sur des arbres de l'enclos des singes, dans lesquelles nous avons placé des fruits. Ce dispositif a permis de tester les sujets individuellement dans leur groupe social. Pour chaque essai, nous avons enregistré les trajectoires des sujets, l'ordre des boîtes visitées et la présence de congénères. Dans la tâche « Fourragement Spatial », nous avons comparé les trajectoires observées des essais dans lesquels les sujets ont visité toutes les boites (Ntot=77) avec des trajectoires simulées pour trois stratégies : optimale, de proche en proche, ou aléatoire. Aucune espèce n'a suivi une stratégie aléatoire, les capucins suivent fréquemment une trajectoire optimale, les macaques fascicularis suivent davantage une stratégie de proche en proche alors que les Tonkeans suivent les deux stratégies avec des fréquences similaires. Toutes les espèces ont adopté soit une stratégie globale (trajet optimal) soit une stratégie locale (boite la plus proche) afin de fourrager efficacement. Les expériences de la tâche « Groupé vs. Dispersé » proposent aux animaux de choisir parmi des boîtes dont la répartition spatiale forme deux patchs de nourriture de six boites chacun, l'un groupé, l'autre dispersé. Nous avons testé l'effet de cette distribution spatiale en utilisant les mêmes fruits dans les deux patchs (Nobs=2477). Nos résultats indiquent une préférence pour la distribution groupée (vs. dispersée) chez les trois espèces. Nous avons également testé l'effet de la qualité de la nourriture (tâche « Groupé vs. Qualité ») en proposant deux fruits différents disponibles en même temps, le préféré dans la distribution dispersée vs. le moins préféré dans la distribution groupée (Nobs=2546). Les trois espèces ont continué de choisir préférentiellement la distribution groupée, mais les Tonkeans dans une moindre mesure que les capucins, ce qui indique que la qualité influence également leurs choix. Les Tonkeans ont aussi montré des déplacements plus directs. Enfin, pour la composante Quand, les sujets ont bien adapté leur fourragement à la séquence temporelle de la disponibilité alimentaire, répétée quatre fois, mais des hypothèses alternatives peuvent expliquer ces résultats (e.g. capacité à reconnaitre les boîtes disponibles). Cette étude montre que toutes les espèces utilisent des stratégies de fourragement efficaces. Cependant, contrairement aux omnivores, les frugivores ont davantage pris en compte leurs préférences alimentaires et ont montré des déplacements plus directs vers les sites alimentaires. Cette étude souligne que les contraintes écologiques des espèces peuvent affecter l'évolution des capacités cognitives et, plus généralement, des comportementsForaging can be a challenging activity, especially for animals like primates living in seasonal environments characterised by not fairly predictable food availability. Since fruit is an ephemeral resource, a frugivorous diet is associated to brain size and high cognitive abilities. This comparative study aims to investigate the spatial foraging strategies of three primate species (Macaca tonkeana=5 individuals, M. fascicularis=3 and Sapajus sp.=6) having different degree of frugivory and living in semi-free ranging conditions at the Primate Centre of Strasbourg University. The experimental protocol aims to assess the relative weight of Where (food location, Spatial Foraging Task), Where vs. What (food distribution, Clumped vs. Scattered Tasks and quality, Clumped vs. Quality Task) and When (food temporal availability) variables on the individual foraging decisions. Forty-two boxes were fixed on trees in the outdoor area and were lockable via a remote-control system to individually test subjects in their social group. Each week, a subset of boxes was filled with one/two appealing fruit types; a seasonal pace of one month was repeated for four months to mimic the seasonality of wild fruit. We recorded subjects' trajectories, the order of visited boxes and the presence of other individuals. In the Spatial Foraging Task, considering the trials in which subjects visited all six baited boxes (Tonkeans Ntrials=35, long-tailed macaques Ntrials=31, capuchins Ntrials=11), we compared the observed routes to simulated routes under three strategies: optimal route, nearest neighbour rule, random route. None of the species choose random routes, suggesting that they relied on spatial memory to visit food sites. Capuchins optimized more their travels than long-tailed macaques, which followed mainly a nearest neighbour strategy, while Tonkeans used both strategies at similar frequency. All study species used a global (optimal path) or local strategy (nearest-neighbour rule) to forage efficiently. In the Clumped vs. Scattered Tasks, we tested how the food distribution influences primate spatial foraging. In the Clumped vs. Scattered Task 1, 12 boxes were baited with the same fruit type, six boxes in a circular clumped distribution and other six in a scattered circle. The Task 2 provided a similarly preferred fruit in the same two circular configurations but with opposite reciprocal spatial positions in terms of the side of the outdoor area. All study species (Nvisited boxes=2477) visited at first significantly more the clumped distribution. In the Clumped vs. Quality Task, we assessed the relative impact of food preference versus food distribution: boxes had the similar spatial configuration of the Clumped vs. Scattered Task 1 but the scattered distribution was filled with the most favourite fruit and the clumped one with the least preferred fruit. All species (Nvisited boxes=2546) showed again a preference for visiting first the boxes of the clumped distribution, but the most frugivorous species, Tonkeans, showed a less strong preference compared to the least frugivorous, the capuchins. The higher was the frugivory degree of the species, the higher were the goal-directed travels. Lastly, to investigate if primates developed a temporal knowledge of fruit availability, we investigated if they correctly remembered food spatio-temporal availability: primates visited each month between 79%-98% of baited boxes/tot boxes visited, even if this positive result could be explained by alternative hypothesis (e.g. ability in detecting the available boxes). All primate species maximised foraging efficiency, avoiding random walks. However, frugivorous species took food preference into account in their decisions and showed significantly more goal-directed movement. This study underlines how species feeding ecology may affect the evolution of their abstract mental abilities and more in general, their behaviour
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Wilkerson, Michael. "Mortgage Default in Southern California: Examining Distressed Borrower's Decision Making and Market Contagion." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/35.
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This dissertation focuses on mortgage defaults in Southern California during the housing bubble of the 2000s. The rapid decline in the housing market that precipitated the current recession has been accompanied by an unprecedented number of loan defaults and foreclosures. Recent studies have identified two major theories of default--the "double trigger" hypothesis, where negative equity and an income shock are necessary conditions for default--and "strategic default" where negative equity is a sufficient condition for default. This paper adds to the default literature by adding short sale as another possible outcome of mortgage default.
The primary goal is to analyze the determinants of mortgage default to assist in understanding the conditions under which strategic behavior of home sales is most likely to occur. Data from Los Angeles County was analyzed from 2007 to 2010 for every closed sale, then coded into three possible sales outcomes: 1) Organic 2) Short Sale 3) Real Estate Owned (REO). A multinomial probit model was used to model homeowner decision-making based on the sale outcome. The model rejected the "double trigger" hypothesis, as it was found that income shocks do no have a significant effect on impacting the predicted probability for distressed sales. Education levels, the sales price of homes, credit card debt, and market price reductions were found to be significant variables in determining distressed sales outcomes, thereby confirming the strategic default hypothesis.
The next section studied spatial association of short sales and REO to see if any contagion effects were present. It was found that both short sales and REO form into clusters of hot and cold spots. Social stigma is believed to impact consumer behavior, the theory was confirmed through the findings of contagion and spatial lag. The final section constructed a hedonic price model to capture the price effects that distressed sales have on neighborhood pricing. Foreclosures were found to have three times the negative impact on neighborhood pricing compared to short sales.
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Thienmongkol, Kaorat, and Pongsatorn Thaisuntad. "Consumer behavior toward online purchasing behavior : “What factors trigger the online purchasing decision of young Swedish consumer?”." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-6544.
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Program: MIMA student – International Marketing Course name: Master Thesis (EFO705) Title: Consumer behavior toward online purchasing behavior Authors: Kaorat ThienmongkolPongsatorn Thaisuntad Supervisor: Daniel Tolstoy Problem: “What factors trigger the online purchasing decision of young SwedishConsumer?” Purpose: The purpose of this report is to study the insights about the factors that triggerpurchasing behavior of young Swedish consumer to shopping on the internet.The result will enable managers of e-commerce firms to outline strategies topenetrate the Swedish market, and will also contribute to e-commerceliterature in general. The students who study and interested in this area will beable to use this result as their empirical data and to enhance their knowledge. Method: 160 questionnaires were used as primary data. Stockholm, Goteborg, Uppsala,Vasteras, and Eskiltuna are the cities that authors collected the data. Forsecondary data, authors collected data from the website. Conclusion: Young Swedish consumers have positive experience on online shopping, trustand like to shop online. They concern on the type of product when shoppingon the internet. And young Swedish consumer also effect by situational factor. Keyword: online shopping, online purchasing decision, consumer behavior
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Dalnoki-Veress, Ferenc J. R. Carleton University Dissertation Physics. "Investigation of the triggered source technique for the calibration of SNO." Ottawa, 1996.
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Di, Teodoro Alessandro. "Teoria dei giochi e Multi-criteria decision-making per reti mobili Ad-hoc: un protocollo di routing." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6594/.
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Nell'elaborato si analizzano aspetti della teoria dei giochi e della multi-criteria decision-making. La riflessione serve a proporre le basi per un nuovo modello di protocollo di routing in ambito Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. Questo prototipo mira a generare una rete che riesca a gestirsi in maniera ottimale grazie ad un'acuta tecnica di clusterizzazione. Allo stesso tempo si propone come obiettivo il risparmio energetico e la partecipazione collaborativa di tutti i componenti.
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Hodge, Sarah. "Press trigger for morality : an exploration into the role of moral development, moral decision-making and video game play." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2018. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31039/.
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Due to concerns over the psychological effects of playing video games, research into the role of morality and video games needed to be investigated. Some video games contain controversial, potentially morally questionable content, and numerous video games involve moral narratives or require the player to make moral decisions. Thus, both these features in video games show the importance of understanding the role of morality in this virtual space from a psychological perspective, to contribute to the gap in knowledge. Previous research suggests many inconsistencies in the findings; some research reported decisions in a video game were similar to moral decisions made in real-life, whereas other research found amorality in video games. The research contributed original knowledge, by addressing methodological issues, and examining the relationship with different aspects of morality and video game play. Phase 1 examined a variety of video game play factors and moral development. Three hundred and one participants from a Secondary school, Sixth form, and a University, aged between 11 and 27 years completed a questionnaire, which included a measure of moral development (the Sociomoral Reflection Measure) and questions regarding videogame play. The results suggest that different factors predicted low and high moral scores: moral narrative and number of genres played predicted higher moral scores, whereas years playing, average content rating, and playing Grand Theft Auto predicted lower moral scores. Surprisingly, moral development was suggested to transition between ages 12–13, which has not been reported in previous research. Phase 2 examined moral behaviour through the moral decisions of participants as they played a purpose-made game, which was designed and programmed specifically for this research. One hundred and fifteen University undergraduate participants participated. Decision-making was suggested to be slower than expected (not intuitive) which was influenced by the first encounter, suggesting participants were deliberating on their decisions. Overall the in-game instructions were suggested to be the strongest predictor for in-game decisions. Whereas real-life morality, previous game play and post-game measures (e.g. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Tangrams help/hurt task) did not significantly predict in-game moral decisions. The implications of the results, moral decision-making and using a purpose-made game was evaluated. In conclusion Phase 1 and 2 of the research undertook the question of the role of morality in video games from two different but complementary approaches; through examining long term moral reasoning and video game play and short term moral decisions in a purpose-made game. Both Phases of the research demonstrated the complex interaction that takes place between the player, the game and morality; in terms of both moral reasoning and decision making with video game play (i.e. genres) and the design of the game (i.e. in-game instructions). Further research is needed to understand the factors which affect moral engagement and disengagement within this interaction, as these can have important short term and long term effects.
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Göransson, Katrin, and Felix Frenzel. "Switching Behaviour within the Telecommunication Business : A qualitative study of former TeliaSonera customers." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4435.
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The telecommunication business has changed in Sweden during the recent years. From being a monopoly, the market has switched into a more competitive market with more competitors that offer more services. TeliaSonera is one of the largest telecommunication providers in Sweden. TeliaSonera is a co-operation between the companies Telia, which was one of the leading telecommunication companies in Sweden, and the Finnish counterpart Sonera. At the present time of this thesis, they provide their customers with services like Broadband, TV, Stationary phone and Mobile phone. These services are provided both to residential and business customers.
The aim of this research project is to understand the switching behaviour of former TeliaSonera customers by investigating the background of the customers' motivation to switch. Through analysing the findings, the researchers will be able to make assumptions about customer switching processes.
The research has been conducted with an explorative research approach and qualitative interviewing via telephone with 22 former TeliaSonera customers. The questions were related to their behaviour before, while and after the switching from TeliaSonera to a competing provider. From the interviews, the researchers seek to get a better understanding what triggers sway customers to switch. Additionally, it is equally important to understand the switching process customers go through.
The theoretical framework is based on prior research on customer behaviour and customer relationship management in the field of service management and marketing. Theories as triggers, active and passive customers or suggestions like the unconscious decision-making are being discussed. Triggers are the point where the customer begins to be aware of a possible switch of services. An active customer searches for the information oneself and a passive customer often are influenced by a third party. The theory about unconscious decision-making questions if the human subconscious can make decision for customers before they are even aware of it. This theory is being applied to the collected data.
The results of the research show that there can be found two different switching paths of interviewed customers, which are generated based on the collected customer stories. The two different paths are categorised into a reactional and situational switching path and an influenced switching path.
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May, Spencer, and Lars Andreas Sundberg. "The Transitional Environment of E-tail vs. Retail : An exploratory study of the factors that trigger channel purchasing decisions within the area of Umeå." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-76694.
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In the field of consumer goods the ecommerce industry has been growing rapidly. This rapid growth has created significant pressure on traditional retailers forcing them to institute change or risk being removed from the market. The primary objective of this study was to examine the shopping behavior of Umeå inhabitants in the Retail vs. Online Channels of the clothing sector. The goal was to identify key decision factors that cause consumers to choose a specific purchasing channel and use this information to create and test a conceptual model. The model focused on five decision factors including: (1) Loyalty (online, retail), (2) Physical Product, (3) Price, (4) Promotion, and (5) Convenience. We were also were interested in whether IT affinity (level of Internet browsing experience) had a direct relationship to the decision factors. To satisfy our research objective a deductive quantitative method was chosen. Information was tested in the form of a self-completion survey using a sample taken from 113 Umeå, Sweden residents between the ages of 18-29. This age group was specifically chosen, as almost 90% made purchases within a 4-month period (HUI, 2012 p.6). In the final analysis we concluded that all five decision factors in the Online Channel correlated whether positively or negatively, i.e., in some manner affected the final purchasing decision. The decision factors Loyalty Online, Promotion, and Physical Product were the strongest factors influencing the decision to purchase online. Price and IT Affinity correlated with Convenience, which in turn, correlated with Promotion, a decision factor contributing to online purchasing. Physical Product negatively correlated. Regarding the Retail Channel, the Physical Product was the strongest and only significant decision factor correlating positively to retail purchasing. With this understanding we conclude to a certain extent that consumers with a strong desire to try a physical product need other motivational factors to change channels toward online purchasing. Research on a larger scale would provide additional insight in this rapidly growing and interesting market.
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Klefbeck, Kamilla. "Vad styr i stunden? En studie om användande av artefakter och stödpersoner i undervisning inom inriktning träningsskola. Triggers for pedagogical decisions. A study of the use of artefacts and supporters in training of students with learning disabilities." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-32668.
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This study is about education of students with profound intellectual disabilities, in Sweden the training school (Sw. Träningsskola), where one or more of the students also have autism spectrum disorders. The training school is characterized by individualized forms of teaching. The study is looking into what triggers is affecting the supportive networks decisions, during sessions. In the study all staff in the team, teachers as well as assistants is titled supporters. The national framework for research is showing that teachers in special schools are facing new challenges for improvements. Knowledge-orientation and caretaking are of equal importance for improved learning. Research shows that variation might be useful for enlightenment for students with ASD. All teaching, especially in the training schools, the close encounter, as well as perspectives of relationship, is pointed out. International research emphasizes knowledge in methodology, personal treatment and evaluation of methods for improved communication, as well as the students influence in the pedagogical planning. Focus of this study is to investigate what triggers the actions of the supporter in the training session. The theoretical framework is drawn out of a socio-cultural perspective. The use of artefacts and the relational perspective is tested against respondent’s testimonies. Methodology in use is a mixed method with results from questionnaires and interviews locked together, to create both depth and breadth, in a step by step exploration of supporter’s actions. Analysis of results shows that the supporters actions to some extent is guided by authorization and competence, but that “one to one” sessions outward boundaries, which both pose a danger and an opportunity for the students improvements of knowledge. The use of artefacts is comprehensive. Results show an example of a widening of the approach to tools / aids and even nature is described as significant for the teaching environment. The criticism for passivity that training school receives can be reduced by the compassion of the supporter since the supporter´s attention gives the student variations and possibilities for choice. The discussion in this study points out a possibility to see the importance of both using and setting out markers for the supporters efforts, which could improve mediation for the student when using a relationship between student and supporter. In further studies, observations in combination with focus groups can be made for greater depth, strength and validity, for the improvement of the practice in training school.
Books on the topic "Decision triggers"
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The last straw: How to benefit from trigger events in your life. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas, 1987.
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Trigger points: How to make decisions three times faster, innovate smarter, and beat your competition by ten percent (it ain't easy!). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1988.
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Mullick, Anjali, and Jonathan Martin. An introduction to advance care planning: practice at the frontline. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0003.
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Advance care planning (ACP) is a process of formal decision-making that aims to help patients establish decisions about future care that take effect when they lose capacity. In our experience, guidance for clinicians rarely provides detailed practical advice on how it can be successfully carried out in a clinical setting. This may create a barrier to ACP discussions which might otherwise benefit patients, families and professionals. The focus of this paper is on sharing our experience of ACP as clinicians and offering practical tips on elements of ACP, such as triggers for conversations, communication skills, and highlighting the formal aspects that are potentially involved. We use case vignettes to better illustrate the application of ACP in clinical practice.
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Trigger Points: Nine. Berkley, 1992.
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The 7 Triggers to Yes: The New Science Behind Influencing People's Decisions. McGraw-Hill, 2007.
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Estes, James A., M. Tim Tinker, and Terrie M. Williams. Advances in understanding the physiology, behaviour, and ecology of sea otters. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0023.
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Sea otters are the only fully marine-living mustelid and the smallest extant marine mammal. They have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate of any marine mammal, which coupled with the lack of blubber for insulator and energy storage, relegates them to operating as an extreme income strategist, and appears to have led to a life history tactic in which pregnancy rate is fixed while reproductive success varies with the mother’s body condition at the time of birth, which triggers a decision immediately post-partum to care for or abandon her pup. When resources are limiting, sea otters assume highly individualized diets, which are inherited matrilineally. Sea otters exert strong limiting influences on their macroinvertebrate prey, leading to far reaching indirect effects on the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems. This chapter reviews and synthesizes the interplay between sea otter energetics and life histories, diet and foraging behaviour, and ecosystem influences.
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Curtis A, Bradley. 4 Decisions and Orders of International Institutions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190217761.003.0004.
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This chapter considers the status in the U.S. legal system of decisions and orders of international institutions to which the United States is a party. It begins with a description of various constitutional doctrines and principles that are potentially implicated by delegations of authority to international institutions. The chapter also recounts the long history of U.S. engagement with international arbitration and the constitutional debates that this engagement has sometimes triggered. Extensive consideration is given to litigation concerning the consular notice provisions in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The U.S. relationship with other international institutions, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Criminal Court, are also considered. The chapter concludes by considering the extent to which constitutional concerns relating to international delegations are adequately addressed by presuming that the orders and decisions of international institutions are non–self-executing in the U.S. legal system.
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Pekša, Jānis. Modular Implementation of Autonomous Decision Making Algorithms in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227943.
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are large modular enterprise applications designed for most enterprise business processes. They are mainly intended for transaction processing. ERP systems are used to implement the company's business processes; to implement, modify and maintain ERP systems successfully, one needs to know the company's business processes (BPs). BPs is a set of activities, the execution of which results in the desired result. Events trigger the execution of the BP. Business activities are performed by employees who represent various functional areas of the company. Enterprise applications provide BP implementation. ERP systems are typically used to implement internal company processes. The basic processes of the ERP are finance, logistics, human resources, and others. The modules of the ERP system are production planning, materials management, sales and distribution, financial accounting, management accounting, and human resource management. In the Thesis a framework that allows reducing the integration of forecasting methods in ERP systems has been developed. A standard integration method has been designed and developed, ensuring a simplified integration process in ERP systems.
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Oro, Daniel. Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849834.001.0001.
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In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in order to reduce uncertainty and increase resilience. Updated information is then shared within the group and social behaviours emerge as a self-organized process. This social information factoralizes with the size of the group, and it is finally used for making crucial decisions about, for instance, when to leave the patch and where to go. Indeed, evolution has favoured philopatry over dispersal, and this trade-off is challenged by perturbations. When perturbations accumulate over time, they may decrease the suitability of the patch and erode the philopatric state until crossing a tipping point, beyond which most individuals decide to disperse to better areas. Initially, the decision to disperse is led by a few individuals, and this decision is copied by the rest of the group in an autocatalytic way. This feedback process of social copying is termed runaway dispersal. Furthermore, social copying enhances the evolution of cultural and technological innovation, which may cause additional nonlinearities for population dynamics. Social information gathering and social copying have also occurred in human evolution, especially after perturbations such as climate extremes and warfare. In summary, social feedback processes cause nonlinear population dynamics including hysteresis and critical transitions (from philopatry to patch collapses and invasions), which emerge from the collective behaviour of large ensembles of individuals.
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Lin, Yi-min. Demographic Pressures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190682828.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 provides a macroanalysis of the implications of China’s evolving demographics for policymaking. The main story is that the pressure to create jobs was both the most important initial trigger and a persistent force for the shift in government policy—especially central government policy—toward the private sector. The lasting impact of Maoist policies on population and economic development, the aftermath of political radicalism during the Cultural Revolution, structural change in the economy, and cohort effects were among the factors that constrained the choice set of CCP leaders and shaped the orientation and timing of their decisions on the private sector.
Book chapters on the topic "Decision triggers"
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Rehan, Maaz, Muhammad Yousaf, Amir Qayyum, and Shahzad Malik. "A Cross-Layer User Centric Vertical Handover Decision Approach Based on MIH Local Triggers." In Wireless and Mobile Networking, 359–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03841-9_32.
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Shoush, Mahmoud, and Marlon Dumas. "When to Intervene? Prescriptive Process Monitoring Under Uncertainty and Resource Constraints." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 207–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16171-1_13.
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AbstractPrescriptive process monitoring approaches leverage historical data to prescribe runtime interventions that will likely prevent negative case outcomes or improve a process’s performance. A centerpiece of a prescriptive process monitoring method is its intervention policy: a decision function determining if and when to trigger an intervention on an ongoing case. Previous proposals in this field rely on intervention policies that consider only the current state of a given case. These approaches do not consider the tradeoff between triggering an intervention in the current state, given the level of uncertainty of the underlying predictive models, versus delaying the intervention to a later state. Moreover, they assume that a resource is always available to perform an intervention (infinite capacity). This paper addresses these gaps by introducing a prescriptive process monitoring method that filters and ranks ongoing cases based on prediction scores, prediction uncertainty, and causal effect of the intervention, and triggers interventions to maximize a gain function, considering the available resources. The proposal is evaluated using a real-life event log. The results show that the proposed method outperforms existing baselines regarding total gain.
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Murillo-Morales, Tomas, Peter Heumader, and Klaus Miesenberger. "Automatic Assistance to Cognitive Disabled Web Users via Reinforcement Learning on the Browser." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 61–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58805-2_8.
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AbstractThis paper introduces a proof of concept software reasoner that aims to detect whether an individual user is in need of cognitive assistance during a typical Web browsing session. The implemented reasoner is part of the Easy Reading browser extension for Firefox. It aims to infer the user’s current cognitive state by collecting and analyzing user’s physiological data in real time, such as eye tracking, heart beat rate and variability, and blink rate. In addition, when the reasoner determines that the user is in need of help it automatically triggers a support tool appropriate for the individual user and Web content being consumed. By framing the problem as a Markov Decision Process, typical policy control methods found in the Reinforcement Learning literature, such as Q-learning, can be employed to tackle the learning problem.
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Trocin, Cristina, Jan Gunnar Skogås, Thomas Langø, and Gabriel Hanssen Kiss. "Operating Room of the Future (FOR) Digital Healthcare Transformation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence." In Digital Transformation in Norwegian Enterprises, 151–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05276-7_9.
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AbstractNew technologies are emerging under the umbrella of digital transformation in healthcare such as artificial intelligence (AI) and medical analytics to provide insights beyond the abilities of human experts. Because AI is increasingly used to support doctors in decision-making, pattern recognition, and risk assessment, it will most likely transform healthcare services and the way doctors deliver those services. However, little is known about what triggers such transformation and how the European Union (EU) and Norway launch new initiatives to foster the development of such technologies. We present the case of Operating Room of the Future (FOR), a research infrastructure and an integrated university clinic which investigates most modern technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) to support the analysis of medical images. Practitioners can benefit from strategies related to AI development in multiple health fields to best combine medical expertise with AI-enabled computational rationality.
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Raineri, Paolo, and Francesco Molinari. "Innovation in Data Visualisation for Public Policy Making." In The Data Shake, 47–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63693-7_4.
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AbstractIn this contribution, we propose a reflection on the potential of data visualisation technologies for (informed) public policy making in a growingly complex and fast changing landscape—epitomized by the situation created after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results of an online survey of more than 50 data scientists from all over the world, we highlight five application areas seeing the biggest needs for innovation according to the domain specialists. Our main argument is that we are facing a transformation of the business cases supporting the adoption and implementation of data visualisation methods and tools in government, which the conventional view of the value of Business Intelligence does not capture in full. Such evolution can drive a new wave of innovations that preserve (or restore) the human brain’s centrality in a decision making environment that is increasingly dominated—for good and bad—by artificial intelligence. Citizen science, design thinking, and accountability are mentioned as triggers of civic engagement and participation that can bring a community of “knowledge intermediaries” into the daily discussion on data supported policy making.
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Goodnough, L. T. "The Process of Clinical Decision-Making in Transfusion Medicine: Incorporating Guidelines and Algorithms into Transfusion Practices." In Trigger Factors in Transfusion Medicine, 35–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1287-1_5.
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Chen, Jiabo, Lilan Tu, Yong Yang, and Qing Zhang. "Event-Triggered Consensus of Directed Interdependent Networks." In Advances in Decision Science and Management, 435–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2502-2_44.
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Li, Fanbiao, Peng Shi, and Ligang Wu. "Event-Triggered Fault Detection for Semi-Markovian Jump Systems." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 133–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47199-0_7.
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Humphris, Imogen, Lummina G. Horlings, and Iain Biggs. "‘Getting Deep into Things’: Deep Mapping in a ‘Vacant’ Landscape." In Co-Creativity and Engaged Scholarship, 357–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84248-2_12.
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AbstractAreas in cities typically denoted as ‘Vacant and Derelict Land’ are frequently presented in policy documents as absent of meaning and awaiting development. However, visits to many of these sites offer evidence of abundant citizen activity occurring outside of planning policy. Dog walkers, DIY skatepark builders, pigeon fanciers and reminiscing former factory workers, for example, can all be found inscribing their own narratives, in palimpsest like fashion, upon these landscapes. This spatio-temporally bound and layered mix of contested meanings extend beyond representational capacity offered by traditional cartographic methods as employed in policy decision-making. Such a failure to represent these ecologies of citizen-led practices often results in their erasure at the point of formal redevelopment. In this chapter, we explore how one alternative approach may respond to these challenges of representation through a case study project in Glasgow, Scotland. Deep mapping is an ethnographically informed, arts research practice, drawing Cifford Geertz’s notion of ‘thick description’ into a visual-performative realm and seeking to extend beyond the thin map by creating multifaceted and open-ended descriptions of place. As such, deep maps are not only investigations into place but of equal concern are the processes by which representations of place are generated. Implicit in this are questions about the role of the researcher as initiator, gatherer, archivist or artist and the intertwining between the place and the self. As a methodological approach that embraces multiplicity and favours the ‘politicized, passionate, and partisan’ over the totalizing objectivity of traditional maps, deep mapping offers a potential to give voice to marginalized, micro-narratives existing in tension with one another and within dominant meta-narratives but also triggers new questions over inclusivity. This methodologically focused chapter explores the ways in which an ethnographically informed, arts research practice may offer alternative insight into spaces of non-aligned narratives. The results from this investigation will offer new framings of spaces within the urban landscape conventionally represented as vacant or empty and generate perspectives on how art research methods may provide valuable investigative tools for decision-makers working in such contexts. The deep mapping work is available to view at http://www.govandeepmap.com.
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Ramesh, Maneesha Vinodini, Hemalatha Thirugnanam, Balmukund Singh, M. Nitin Kumar, and Divya Pullarkatt. "Landslide Early Warning Systems: Requirements and Solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction—India." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 2, 2022, 259–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18471-0_21.
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AbstractGlobally the prevalence of landslides has increased, impacting more than 4.8 million people between 1998 and 2017 and reported more than 18,000 casualties [UNDP]. The scenario has worsened dramatically, and it has become imperative to develop early warning systems to save human life. This demands the need for systems that could identify the potential of imminent landslides and disseminate the information related to landslide initiation in real-time. This would provide the opportunity to save lives. However, globally the research on reliable end-to-end systems for early warning of landslides is still in its nascent stage. Therefore, this paper explores in detail the requirements for developing systems for real-time monitoring, detection, and early warning of landslides. An integrated solution for building the real-time landslide monitoring and early warning system to provide community-scale disaster resilience is also proposed. This solution integrates multiple modules such as a heterogeneous sensor system, data storage and management, event detection framework, alert dissemination, and emergency communication system to address issues such as capturing dynamic variability, managing multi-scale voluminous datasets, extracting key triggering information regarding the onset of possible landslide, multilevel alert dissemination, and robust emergency communication among the stakeholders respectively. The paper also presents two case studies of real-time landslide early warning systems deployed in North-eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats of India. These case studies demonstrate the approaches utilized for risk assessment, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk visualization, risk control, risk communication, and risk governance. The results from the deployed system in the case study areas demonstrate the capability of the IoT system to gather Spatio-temporal triggers for multiple types of landslides, detection and decision of specific scenarios, and the impact of real-time data on mitigating the imminent disaster.
Conference papers on the topic "Decision triggers"
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Obermeyer, Lance, and Daniel P. Miranker. "Evaluating triggers using decision trees." In the sixth international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/266714.266885.
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Kleebaum, Anja, Jan Ole Johanssen, Barbara Paech, Rana Alkadhi, and Bernd Bruegge. "Decision knowledge triggers in continuous software engineering." In ICSE '18: 40th International Conference on Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3194760.3194765.
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Lipicnik, Bogdan. "Knowledge and Decision Making - Do We Want What We Need?" In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2525.
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Knowledge is a category that includes many past decisions. They could be good for the past but it is a question if they can work in the future. We can talk about programmed and non-programmed decisions. When a predetermined situation triggers a predetermined response we can talk about a programmed decision. If one wants to make a non-programmed decision he/she must search for information, identify the problem, evaluate possible alternatives, and act. If the process is more complicated, programmed decision will be more effective. Our research has revealed that future managers in Slovenia possess knowledge that involves more programmed that non-programmed decisions. This may indicate that they will have a lot of difficulties with decision making in complicated organisational systems. However, they cannot learn how to take decisions (even if they want to) because they do not know what they actually need. If they are successful at non-programmed decisions they want more knowledge from the same area; in fact they would need more knowledge about programmed decisions - and vice versa.
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An, Mengliang, Zhijun Chang, Lijun Fu, Junming Liu, and MengFei An. "A Biological Test Questions Naming Entity Recognition Method for Fusion Triggers." In 2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc52312.2021.9601775.
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Carrasquilla-Batista, Arys, and Alfonso Chacon-Rodriguez. "Triggers for Irrigation Decision-Making in Greenhouse Horticulture using Internet of Things." In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas45731.2020.9180897.
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Fang, Pengfei, Qingchen Liu, Xiaolei Hou, Jiahu Qin, and Changbin Yu. "Edge-event-based multi-agent consensus with Zeno-free triggers under synchronized/unsynchronized clocks." In 2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2017.8264670.
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Lacasse, Suzanne. "Risk Assessment for Geotechnical Solutions Offshore (Invited Lecture)." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51144.
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More and more frequently, it is required to quantify risk in practice. Statistics, reliability analysis and risk assessment are important tools to account for uncertainties and to assist the process of decision-making. After briefly reviewing concepts of uncertainties, reliability, safety and risk, the paper presents applications and approaches for offshore geotechnical practice. Methods for analysis of bearing capacity and settlement to couple statistical observations, e.g. from geological evidence of underwater slope instability, and computed failure probabilities are presented. The geotechnical profession needs to improve its understanding of geological risks and its ability to deal with them. Risk perception in society triggers discussion of acceptable risk level and public protection guidelines. The paper concludes that the profession can only gain by implementing in practice more systematically than before probabilistic and risk-based thinking and, where appropriate, risk-based methodology.
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Mitić, Nebojša R., and Slaviša M. Đorđević. "(AB)USE OF GOLDEN PARACHUTES IN STATE-OWNED COMPANIES IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.271.
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Golden parachutes represent one of the preventive defence antitakeover measures based on which contracts are concluded with the engagement of team of managers of the target company, promising them the payment of profitable compensation in case of occurrence of transactions related to takeover of control (purchase of a certain percentage of shares or direct offer to shareholders for a certain percentage of company shares). Contract rights called the golden parachutes are activated by the creation of one or more alternative events, or "triggers." (Un)intentional incorrect application of the golden parachutes may have not only significant negative consequences on the future performance of companies, but it can also deter potential investors from the decision to invest their capital in companies that have entered into such agreements with the engaged team of managers. Numerous cases of incorrect application of the golden parachutes can be found in the former socialist countries, as well as in the countries that emerged from the dissolution of Yugoslavia.
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Uluer, Pınar, Can Göçmenoğlu, and Tankut Acarman. "Evaluation of Drivers Authority in a Structured Set of Driving Tasks and Decisions: Preliminary Results on Vehicle Simulator Study." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82675.
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One of the most challenging factors in the development of autonomous vehicles and advanced driver assistance systems is the imitation of an expert driver system which is the observer and interpreter of the technical system in the related driving scenario. To achieve an expert human-like situational understanding and decision making may be an important feature to fulfill the necessary active safety requirements. In this paper, an exploratory study on a multimodal adaptive driver assistance system is presented. The main goal is to determine the human driver’s attention and authority level in a cognitive model and to trigger the timely warnings according to his/her driving intents and driving skills with respect to the possible driving situation and hazard scenarios. In the previous studies, a fairly restrictive vision-based driver assistance system has been deployed to detect lane departure, blind-spot and to monitor following distance, headway time. This vision-based driver assistance system considers the driver’s driving performance metric sampled during the longitudinal and lateral vehicle control tasks as well as the processed information about the surrounding traffic environment consisting of the interactions with the other vehicles and the road situations. The presented active safety system models the driving task in a cognitive architecture and assesses the cognition of the human driver by modeling the situation awareness of the driver by using fuzzy sets. Each fuzzy set simply represents the expert driver’s perception in both of the longitudinal and lateral traffic. The presented system evaluates the driver’s driving skills and attention level by comparing the expert and human driver’s reactions suited in a finite set of decision and maneuvering task. In case of hazard analysis, the system triggers timely warnings pointing the driver’s attention at the lateral or longitudinal maneuvering tasks depending on the interpreted situation. Introductory experiments are performed with a limited number of participants, the test driving data including the driver’s perception and reaction to the surrounding vehicles and traffic situations are collected by the use of a vehicle simulator. And the presented multimodal adaptive driver assistance system is evaluated by the simulator. The preliminary results seem to be promising.
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Do, Quan, Kris Robinson, and Son Tran. "Big Data Analysis: Why Not an Asthma APP?" In InSITE 2015: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: USA. Informing Science Institute, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2216.
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Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is among the highest health diagnosis and therefore an economic drain, which puts substantial pressure on a huge number of patients, communities, and health systems. These chronic conditions are presently incurable but their symptoms can be controlled through quality health care, appropriate medications, and good self-management skills. Many asthma APPs have been developed to support asthma patients’ self-management of the disease. Asthma APPs are still in the infancy stage of development. Literature review indicates satisfaction to be equivocal. Moreover, available APPs have many unresolved issues, such as the following: (1) No APP provides comprehensive asthma information while at the same time possessing the characteristics of an efficient tool for self-management of the disease; (2) No APP has the ability to integrate data from disparate formats; (3) Not many APPs provide for two way communication between patients and Health Care Providers (HCPs) and support the providers decision making process; (4) No APP targets older adults. Different sources of data often imply data stored in inherently different formats. The integration of such data, culled from different databases requires use of Big Data (BD) techniques. The proposed asthma mobile APP aims to promote elderly asthma patients’ positive adjustment to this chronic disease by being an effective tool for patients to control their asthma triggers and support asthma self-management. Adjustment is a dynamic process and varies by individual. For that reason, a personalized asthma APP is necessary to control this chronic disease. The proposed asthma APP will allow patients to input their own asthma self-management data so the APP can identify patient personal triggers and will predict an asthma attack accordingly. Considering a patient’s individual determinants and uniqueness is required to push the patient’s positive adjustment to asthma since these elements affect the ability of individual to adapt to the illness. The paper reports our effort to establish the desirable characteristics for the next generation asthma APP and for a population segment not presently well served.
Reports on the topic "Decision triggers"
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Dy, Sydney M., Julie M. Waldfogel, Danetta H. Sloan, Valerie Cotter, Susan Hannum, JaAlah-Ai Heughan, Linda Chyr, et al. Integrating Palliative Care in Ambulatory Care of Noncancer Serious Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer237.
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Objectives. To evaluate availability, effectiveness, and implementation of interventions for integrating palliative care into ambulatory care for U.S.-based adults with serious life-threatening chronic illness or conditions other than cancer and their caregivers We evaluated interventions addressing identification of patients, patient and caregiver education, shared decision-making tools, clinician education, and models of care. Data sources. We searched key U.S. national websites (March 2020) and PubMed®, CINAHL®, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (through May 2020). We also engaged Key Informants. Review methods. We completed a mixed-methods review; we sought, synthesized, and integrated Web resources; quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies; and input from patient/caregiver and clinician/stakeholder Key Informants. Two reviewers screened websites and search results, abstracted data, assessed risk of bias or study quality, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) for key outcomes: health-related quality of life, patient overall symptom burden, patient depressive symptom scores, patient and caregiver satisfaction, and advance directive documentation. We performed meta-analyses when appropriate. Results. We included 46 Web resources, 20 quantitative effectiveness studies, and 16 qualitative implementation studies across primary care and specialty populations. Various prediction models, tools, and triggers to identify patients are available, but none were evaluated for effectiveness or implementation. Numerous patient and caregiver education tools are available, but none were evaluated for effectiveness or implementation. All of the shared decision-making tools addressed advance care planning; these tools may increase patient satisfaction and advance directive documentation compared with usual care (SOE: low). Patients and caregivers prefer advance care planning discussions grounded in patient and caregiver experiences with individualized timing. Although numerous education and training resources for nonpalliative care clinicians are available, we were unable to draw conclusions about implementation, and none have been evaluated for effectiveness. The models evaluated for integrating palliative care were not more effective than usual care for improving health-related quality of life or patient depressive symptom scores (SOE: moderate) and may have little to no effect on increasing patient satisfaction or decreasing overall symptom burden (SOE: low), but models for integrating palliative care were effective for increasing advance directive documentation (SOE: moderate). Multimodal interventions may have little to no effect on increasing advance directive documentation (SOE: low) and other graded outcomes were not assessed. For utilization, models for integrating palliative care were not found to be more effective than usual care for decreasing hospitalizations; we were unable to draw conclusions about most other aspects of utilization or cost and resource use. We were unable to draw conclusions about caregiver satisfaction or specific characteristics of models for integrating palliative care. Patient preferences for appropriate timing of palliative care varied; costs, additional visits, and travel were seen as barriers to implementation. Conclusions. For integrating palliative care into ambulatory care for serious illness and conditions other than cancer, advance care planning shared decision-making tools and palliative care models were the most widely evaluated interventions and may be effective for improving only a few outcomes. More research is needed, particularly on identification of patients for these interventions; education for patients, caregivers, and clinicians; shared decision-making tools beyond advance care planning and advance directive completion; and specific components, characteristics, and implementation factors in models for integrating palliative care into ambulatory care.
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Lempert, Robert J., Michelle Miro, and Diogo Prosdocimi. A DMDU Guidebook for Transportation Planning Under a Changing Climate. Edited by Benoit Lefevre and Ernesto Monter Flores. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003042.
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The effects of climate-related natural hazards pose a significant threat to sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and in particular its transportation sector. Risk Management provides an appropriate framework for assessing and mitigating the impacts of climate change and other climate-related natural hazards on transportation systems and choosing actions to enhance their resilience. However, analysts and policymakers involved in transportation planning, policy, and investment face significant challenges in managing the risks triggered by the effects of climate change. Climate change impacts the lifespan of roads, airports, and railroads as they have time horizons that surpass 40 years, thus making it harder (if not impossible) to forecast with confidence all relevant future events that will affect such infrastructure. In addition, the climate has already changed, so the return frequency of storms, for example, and other extreme events may now be different than suggested by the historical record in ways that are not always currently well understood. Implementing Risk Management under conditions of such uncertainty can prove difficult. Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) enables Risk Management under conditions of Deep Uncertainty, that is when risks cannot confidently be quantified. This guidebook is aligned with the Disaster and Climate Change Risk Assessment Methodology for IDB projects (IDB 2018) and introduces and provides guidance on applying methods for Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) to transportation planning. It presents the methodological steps that are necessary for the implementation of DMDU methodologies and reviews several such methods, including scenario planning, Adaptive Pathways, and robust decision making (RDM). This review is geared towards supporting the incorporation of DMDU methods into IDBs transportation sector funding and planning processes.
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Hassell, James M., Salome A. Bukachi, Dishon M. Muloi, Emi Takahashi, and Lydia Franklinos. The Natural Environment and Health in Africa. World Wildlife Fund and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/10088/111281.
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Much of recent human development has come at the expense of Nature - undermining ecosystems, fragmenting habitats, reducing biodiversity, and increasing our exposure and vulnerability to emerging diseases. For example, as we push deeper into tropical forests, and convert more land to agriculture and human settlements, the rate at which people encounter new pathogens that may trigger the next public health, social and economic crisis, is likely to increase. Expanding and strengthening our understanding of the links between nature and human health is especially important in Africa, where nature brings economic prosperity and wellbeing to more than a billion people. Pandemics such as COVID are just one of a growing number of health challenges that humanity is facing as a result of our one-sided and frequently destructive relationship with nature. This report aims to inform professionals and decision-makers on how health outcomes emerge from human interactions with the natural world and identify how efforts to preserve the natural environment and sustainably manage natural resources could have an impact on human and animal health. While the report focuses on the African continent, it will also be of relevance to other areas of the world facing similar environmental pressures.
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Narvaez, Liliana, and Caitlyn Eberle. Technical Report: Southern Madagascar food insecurity. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/jvwr3574.
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Southern Madagascar’s worst drought in 40 years had devastating cumulative effects on harvest and livelihoods. On top of this, frequent sandstorms and pest infestations have led to severe stress on vegetation triggering a drastic decline in rice, maize and cassava production. These environmental aspects, combined with a lack of livelihood diversification and ongoing poverty, the presence of cattle raiders and restrictive government decisions, have driven the population of southern Madagascar to acute food insecurity conditions. By December 2021, more than 1.6 million people were estimated to have been suffering high levels of food insecurity. This case is an example of how multiple, complex environmental and social factors can combine to trigger a profound crisis in a territory, where vulnerable groups, such as children under five, tend to be particularly affected. Environmental degradation, together with socioeconomic and political dynamics are leaving vulnerable people even more exposed to food crises with few livelihood options or safety nets to cope with disasters. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Southern Madagascar food insecurity through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.
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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Genetic and chemical intervention in ROS signaling pathways affecting development and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699866.bard.
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Abstract: The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotior11111. The focus in this project was on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues involved in the regulation of these processes, utilizing and continuously developing tools our research groups have established and/or adapted for analysis of S. sclerotiorum, Our stated objectives: To take advantage of the recent conceptual (ROS/PPs signaling) and technical (amenability of S. sclerotiorumto manipulations coupled with chemical genomics and next generation sequencing) developments to address and extend our fundamental and potentially applicable knowledge of the following questions concerning the involvement of REDOX signaling and protein dephosphorylation in the regulation of hyphal/sclerotial development and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum: (i) How do defects in genes involved in ROS signaling affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity? (ii) In what manner do phosphotyrosinephosphatases affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity and how are they linked with ROS and other signaling pathways? And (iii) What is the nature of activity of newly identified compounds that affect S. sclerotiori,111 growth? What are the fungal targets and do they interfere with ROS signaling? We have met a significant portion of the specific goals set in our research project. Much of our work has been published. Briefly. we can summarize that: (a) Silencing of SsNox1(NADPHoxidase) expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. (b) A catalase gene (Scatl), whose expression was highly induced during host infection is involved in hyphal growth, branching, sclerotia formation and infection. (c) Protein tyrosine phosphatase l (ptpl) is required for sclerotial development and is involved in fungal infection. (d) Deletion of a superoxidedismutase gene (Sssodl) significantly reduced in virulence on both tomato and tobacco plants yet pathogenicity was mostly restored following supplementation with oxalate. (e) We have participated in comparative genome sequence analysis of S. sclerotiorumand B. cinerea. (f) S. sclerotiorumexhibits a potential switch between biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles (g) During plant microbe interactions cell death can occur in both resistant and susceptible events. Non pathogenic fungal mutants S. sclerotior111n also cause a cell death but with opposing results. We investigated PCD in more detail and showed that, although PCD occurs in both circumstances they exhibit distinctly different features. The mutants trigger a restricted cell death phenotype in the host that unexpectedly exhibits markers associated with the plant hypersensitive (resistant) response. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, chemical effectors and reverse genetics, we have established that this restricted cell death is autophagic. Inhibition of autophagy rescued the non-pathogenic mutant phenotype. These findings indicate that autophagy is a defense response in this interaction Thus the control of cell death, dictated by the plant (autophagy) סr the fungus (apoptosis), is decisive to the outcome of certain plant microbe interactions. In addition to the time and efforts invested towards reaching the specific goals mentioned, both Pls have initiated utilizing (as stated as an objective in our proposal) state of the art RNA-seq tools in order to harness this technology for the study of S. sclerotiorum. The Pls have met twice (in Israel and in the US), in order to discuss .נחd coordinate the research efforts. This included a working visit at the US Pls laboratory for performing RNA-seq experiments and data analysis as well as working on a joint publication (now published). The work we have performed expands our understanding of the fundamental biology (developmental and pathogenic) of S. sclerotioז111וז. Furthermore, based on our results we have now reached the conclusion that this fungus is not a bona fide necrotroph, but can also display a biotrophic lifestyle at the early phases of infection. The data obtained can eventually serve .נ basis of rational intervention with the disease cycle of this pathogen.