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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Vacher, Catherine, Nicholas Ho, Adam Skinner, Jo Robinson, Louise Freebairn, Grace Yeeun Lee, Frank Iorfino, et al. "Optimizing Strategies for Improving Mental Health in Victoria, Australia during the COVID-19 Era: A System Dynamics Modelling Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 6470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116470.

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of populations and highlighted the limitations of mental health care systems. As the trajectory of the pandemic and the economic recovery are still uncertain, decision tools are needed to help evaluate the best interventions to improve mental health outcomes. We developed a system dynamics model that captures causal relationships among population, demographics, post-secondary education, health services, COVID-19 impact, and mental health outcomes. The study was conducted in the Australian state of Victoria. The model was calibrated using historical data and was stratified by age group and by geographic remoteness. Findings demonstrate that the most effective intervention combination includes economic, social, and health sector initiatives. Assertive post-suicide attempt care is the most impactful health sector intervention, but delaying implementation reduces the potency of its impact. Some evidence-based interventions, such as population-wide community awareness campaigns, are projected to worsen mental health outcomes when implemented on their own. Systems modelling offers a powerful decision-support tool to test alternative strategies for improving mental health outcomes in the Victorian context.

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Chapman, D. F., B. R. Cullen, I. R. Johnson, and D. Beca. "Interannual variation in pasture growth rate in Australian and New Zealand dairy regions and its consequences for system management." Animal Production Science 49, no. 12 (2009): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09054.

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The profitability of dairy farms in Australia and New Zealand is closely related to the amount of pasture dry matter consumed per hectare per year. There is variability in the pasture growth curve within years (seasonal variation) and between years (interannual variation) in all dairy regions in both countries. Therefore, the biological efficiency of production systems depends on the accuracy and timeliness of the many strategic and tactical decisions that influence the balance between feed supply and demand over an annual cycle. In the case of interannual variation, decisions are made with only limited quantitative information on the range of possible pasture growth outcomes. To address this limitation, we used the biophysical simulation model ‘DairyMod’ to estimate mean monthly herbage accumulation rates of annual or perennial ryegrass-based pastures in 100 years (1907–2006) for five Australian sites (Kyabram in northern Victoria, Terang in south-west Victoria, Ellinbank in Gippsland, Elliott in north-west Tasmania and Vasse in south-west Western Australia) and in 35 years (1972–2006) for three sites in New Zealand (Hamilton in the Waikato, Palmerston North in the Manawatu and Winchmore in Canterbury). The aim was to evaluate whether or not a probabilistic approach to the analysis of pasture growth could provide useful information to support decision making. For the one site where annual ryegrass was simulated, Vasse, the difference between the 25th and 75th percentile years was 20 kg DM/ha.day or less in all months when pasture growth occurred. Irrigation at Kyabram and Winchmore also resulted in a narrow range of growth rates in most months. For non-irrigated sites, the 25th–75th percentile range was narrow (10–15 kg DM/ha.day) from May or June through to September or October, because plant available soil water was adequate to support perennial ryegrass growth, and the main source of interannual variability was variation in temperature. Outside of these months, however, variability in growth was large. There was a positive relationship between total annual herbage accumulation rate and mean stocking for four southern Australian regions (northern Victoria, south-west Victoria, Gippsland and Tasmania), but there was evidence of a negative relationship between the co-efficient of variation in pasture growth and stocking rate. The latter suggests that farmers do account for risk in pasture supply in their stocking rate decisions. However, for the one New Zealand region included in this analysis, Waikato, stocking rate was much higher than would be expected based on the variability in pasture growth, indicating that farmers in this region have well defined decision rules for coping with feed deficits or surpluses. Model predictions such as those presented here are one source of information that can support farm management decision making, but should always be coupled with published data, direct experience, and other relevant information to analyse risk for individual farm businesses.

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Jalali, Ali, Phillip B. Roös, Murray Herron, Paras Sidiqui, Beau Beza, and Emma Duncan. "Modelling Coastal Development and Environmental Impacts: A Case Study Across Two Regional Towns in Australia." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170402.

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Globally there has been an increasing trend in urban growth with cities expanding rapidly, indicating a requirement for more sustainable development of cities to minimize human impacts on the environment. In Australia, urban development continues to target areas adjacent to the coastal capital and regional cities such as the Greater Geelong region in Victoria, experiencing the fastest rates of growth in the country in the last decade. This project demonstrates the ability of modelling techniques to model current and future directions in urban development across two adjacent coastal towns, Anglesea and Torquay, in Victoria. The analysis utilized Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the CommunityViz decision support tool using a variety of assets, environmental and climatic data. The models indicated an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, energy usage and population growth, and the area was found to be highly vulnerable to the impacts of environmental changes including the potential loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and sea level rise. The modelling approach described here can aid planners and decision makers in the future coastal urban development as well as to mitigate climate change impacts.

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Lan, Kaixin, Bohao Duan, Shichao Qiu, Yang Xiao, Meng Liu, and Haocen Dai. "Task Allocation and Traffic Route Optimization in Hybrid Fire-fighting Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Network." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 9 (September 30, 2022): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v9i.1864.

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With the increase of extreme weather conditions in the world, the probability of forest fires is increasing. How the forest fire management decision-making system can monitor and control the fire quickly and effectively is the key of forest fire fighting work. This paper uses SSA drones carrying high-definition and thermal imaging cameras and telemetry sensors in conjunction, as well as Repeater drones used to greatly expand the frontline low-power radio range, to support fire management decision-making systems. At the same time, explore a drone cooperation plan to deal with different fire terrains and different scales of fire conditions. The aim of this paper is to improve the existing fire management decision system in order to quickly respond to the emergency fire. Research object for the Australian state of Victoria on October 1, 2019 to January 7, 2020 wildfires, explore SSA drones and Repeater drones in the application of the forest fire, ensure that fire management decision-making system to provide the optimal number deployment scheme of fire task quickly and efficiently, and achieve the maximum efficiency and economic optimal compatibility.

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Height, Kaitlyn, Sonia Graham, Rebecca Campbell, Gina Hawkes, Silja Schrader, Louise Blessington, and Scott McKinnon. "Opportunities to Manage Herbicide Resistance through Area-Wide Management: Lessons from Australian Cropping Regions." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 1793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031793.

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Herbicide resistance management is often understood as a decision for individual land managers, but their decisions have far-reaching impacts for social-ecological systems. Area-wide management can reduce these impacts by supporting many land managers to cooperatively work towards a shared goal of reducing the spread of resistance. The aim of this research is to identify what support is needed for area-wide herbicide resistance management in cropping systems. Data was collected from 84 interviews with growers, public land managers and weed management advisors. Sixty-five interviews were conducted across three cropping regions of eastern Australia—Darling Downs (Queensland), Riverina (New South Wales) and Sunraysia (Victoria)—and 19 interviews were conducted with stakeholders beyond these regions. The majority (51%) of interviewees expressed concern about the spread of herbicide resistance, but only 14% described involvement in area-wide resistance management programs. Area-wide management was mostly reported to involve sharing information among stakeholders, rather than coordination or joint activities. Key barriers to participation were perceived to be the diverse agricultural industries in each region and the costs of participation. Future area-wide management program designs need to build working relationships among diverse stakeholders, clearly define the boundaries of the program and demonstrate the benefits that accrue from participation.

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Robertson, D., and Q. J. Wang. "Bayesian networks for decision analyses — an application to irrigation system selection." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (2004): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02178.

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Farmers are under continual pressure from Government and industry to change farm practices to meet productivity and environmental targets. In response to these pressures, farmers will make decisions to adopt practices that reflect their motivations and priorities. However, where the changes of practice are major, there may be considerable uncertainty associated with the decision-making process. Decision support tools are one method that may assist in reducing the uncertainty associated with decisions about changes in farm practices.Bayesian networks provide a useful tool to assist in the structuring and analysis of decision problems. A Bayesian network is a decision analysis framework, based on Bayesian probability theory, which allows the integration of scientific and experiential knowledge, and the uncertainty associated with this knowledge. The approach involves describing a system in terms of variables and linkages, or relationships between variables, at a level appropriate to the decision making. This is achieved through representing linkages as conditional probability tables and propagating probabilities through the network to give the likelihood of variable outcomes. Therefore, the approach ensures that treatment of risks and uncertainties is an intrinsic part of the decision-making processes. The Bayesian network is dynamic and interactive, and hence if a network previously developed does not fit a user's conceptual understanding of the system, it can be adapted quickly and simply to the cognitive understanding of the user.A case study Bayesian network has been developed for decisions associated with the selection of irrigation systems for irrigated dairy farms in Northern Victoria. This case study demonstrates that the most appropriate irrigation system for a dairy farm is dependent on factors including the amount of irrigation water available and soil types. Analysis of the Bayesian network indicates that the appropriate irrigation system is more sensitive to the income generated from pasture than to the price of water. The Bayesian network can demonstrate the impacts of decisions on the farmer's system and can allow the farmer to evaluate these impacts according to their own priorities and criteria. This information can then be used by the natural resource manager to assess the appropriate level of incentive or penalty required if the farmer is to adopt the preferred option that will also achieve preferable outcomes from a natural resource management perspective.

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Mokany, Karel, Andrew D. Moore, Phillip Graham, and Richard J. Simpson. "Optimal management of fertiliser and stocking rate in temperate grazing systems." Animal Production Science 50, no. 1 (2010): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09067.

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Phosphorus (P) fertilisers are one of the key tools available for increasing pasture production and the profitability of grazing enterprises. However, recent rapid changes in fertiliser price have increased the importance of developing optimal management strategies for applying P fertiliser and setting stocking rates. We applied a novel combination of process-based grazing systems modelling and randomised cash flow analyses to examine how changes in fertiliser price affect optimal fertiliser application rates and stocking rates for sheep grazing systems in south-eastern Australia, simultaneously taking into account long-term economic viability and environmental sustainability. We used ‘GrassGro’, a grazing systems decision support tool, to simulate three sheep enterprise types (Merino wethers, Merino ewes, crossbred ewes) at two locations (Hamilton, Victoria; Bookham, New South Wales). Gross margins from each year simulated in GrassGro (1966–2007) were randomised 500 times and input to a cash flow analysis that identified the financially optimal stocking rate for a range of fertiliser applications and the financial risk frontiers (combinations of stocking rate and fertiliser input for which the enterprise becomes financially unviable). For all enterprises examined at both locations, the optimal combinations of stocking rate and fertiliser application rate did not vary markedly as fertiliser price changed. Regardless of enterprise type or location, the fertiliser application rate at which the highest gross margins were achieved provided the greatest range of stocking rates that were both financially viable and environmentally sustainable. Increases in fertiliser price reduced the combinations of stocking rate and fertiliser application rate that were viable in the long term, emphasising the importance of well informed grazing management decisions.

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Biezen, Ruby, Cassandra Roberts, Kirsty Buising, Karin Thursky, Douglas Boyle, Phyllis Lau, Malcolm Clark, and Jo-Anne Manski-Nankervis. "How do general practitioners access guidelines and utilise electronic medical records to make clinical decisions on antibiotic use? Results from an Australian qualitative study." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e028329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028329.

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore how general practitioners (GPs) access and use both guidelines and electronic medical records (EMRs) to assist in clinical decision-making when prescribing antibiotics in Australia.DesignThis is an exploratory qualitative study with thematic analysis interpreted using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework.SettingThis study was conducted in general practice in Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsTwenty-six GPs from five general practices were recruited to participate in five focus groups between February and April 2018.ResultsGPs expressed that current EMR systems do not provide clinical decision support to assist with antibiotic prescribing. Access and use of guidelines were variable. GPs who had more clinical experience were less likely to access guidelines than younger and less experienced GPs. Guideline use and guideline-concordant prescribing was facilitated if there was a practice culture encouraging evidence-based practice. However, a lack of access to guidelines and perceived patients’ expectation and demand for antibiotics were barriers to guideline-concordant prescribing. Furthermore, guidelines that were easy to access and navigate, free, embedded within EMRs and fit into the clinical workflow were seen as likely to enhance guideline use.ConclusionsCurrent barriers to the use of antibiotic guidelines include GPs’ experience, patient factors, practice culture, and ease of access and cost of guidelines. To reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and to promote more rational use of antibiotic in the community, guidelines should be made available, accessible and easy to use, with minimal cost to practicing GPs. Integration of evidence-based antibiotic guidelines within the EMR in the form of a clinical decision support tool could optimise guideline use and increase guideline-concordant prescribing.

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Stockdale, C. R. "Levels of pasture substitution when concentrates are fed to grazing dairy cows in northern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 7 (2000): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00034.

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This paper aims to provide information for farmers and their advisers to predict levels of substitution that might be occurring under various feeding conditions in northern Victoria. The approach taken involved compiling data from research conducted in northern Victoria and subjecting these to multiple regression analysis to define the key variables affecting substitution and marginal responses in milk production when concentrates are fed. A significant relationship was obtained between level of substitution (kg DM reduction in pasture intake/kg DM of concentrates eaten) and unsupplemented pasture intake (PI, kg DM/100 kg liveweight) when concentrates are fed. The regression relationship also included species composition of the sward being grazed (species: +1 grass, 0 clover), season of the year (season: +1 spring, 0 summer, –1 autumn) and concentrate intake (kg DM/cow.day). The equation is: Substitution = –0.34 + 0.16 ( 0.035) PI + 0.16 ( 0.053) species + 0.11 ( 0.024) season+ 0.03 ( 0.014) concentrate intake [100R 2 = 50.9 (P<0.01); r.s.d. = 0.14; CV = 37.7%]. Substitution increased by 0.16 kg DM/kg DM for each increment of pasture intake. At any pasture intake, grass-dominant pastures, regardless of whether the grass was perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum), resulted in 0.16 kg DM/kg DM more substitution than white clover (Trifolium repens)-dominant pastures. In addition, substitution was 0.11 kg DM/kg DM higher in spring than in summer, and 0.11 kg DM/kg DM higher in summer than in autumn. Finally, substitution increased by 0.03 kg DM/kg DM for each additional kg DM of concentrates offered. Marginal returns in milk production (MR, kg extra milk/kg DM of concentrates eaten) were negatively related to substitution according to the following regression equation: MR = 2.62 – 0.80 ( 0.216) substitution – 0.28 ( 0.084) season – 0.34 ( 0.086) body condition[100R2 = 62.9 (P<0.01); r.s.d. = 0.23; CV = 29.6%]. Marginal responses were 0.28 kg/kg DM lower in spring than in summer and autumn (season: +1 spring, 0 summer–autumn), and each unit improvement in body condition reduced expected marginal returns by 0.34 kg/kg DM. These relationships, together with those developed to aid estimates of unsupplemented pasture intake, can be used as background information in decision support systems to help farmers and their advisers make more informed decisions about feeding strategies when supplements are fed than has hitherto been possible.duct

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Rozario, Venkatraman, Chu, and Abbas. "Dominant Factors for an Effective Selection System: An Australian Education Sector Perspective." Systems 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems7040050.

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With the latest advancements in information technologies, many organisations expect systems to provide effective support in the recruitment process and decision making. However, there is a lack of clarity on the dominant factors required for an effective recruitment system which can influence business outcomes. This paper aimed to identify the predominant factors in the employee selection process and the use of a management system for decision support. The empirical study consisted of a qualitative survey of 74 samples and a quantitative survey of 204 individual participants from 17 organisations coming from technical and further education (TAFE)/dual education (higher education and vocational education) sector members of the Victorian TAFE Association in Australia. Using commonly adopted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of 38 variables, the data triangulation of the qualitative and quantitative analysis resulted in conformance of five dominant factors under three themes. We believe the results of the study offer actionable suggestions in developing an effective recruitment system and furthers the research in this field of study.

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Katusiime, Juliet, and Brigitta Schütt. "Towards Legislation Responsive to Integrated Watershed Management Approaches and Land Tenure." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 2221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032221.

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Land tenure affects integrated watershed management approaches in various ways, such as influencing land use and investment in sustainability practices and decisions. However, some land tenure and integrated watershed management relations need more examination, including how the prevailing relevant legislation responds and the needed course of action. In this paper, we provide relevant evidence to support a shift to responsive actions and legislation through (a) examining land tenure scenarios affecting integrated watershed management, including the public–private land tenure co-existence from a watershed perspective; (b) the responsiveness of the prevailing relevant legislation to integrated watershed management and the land tenure scenarios and (c) identifying legislative remedies recommendable for responsiveness. We use qualitative methods to review secondary data sources, including four legislations, and complement them with field survey data. Field experiences are from three sub-catchments in the Lake Victoria basin, each representing a different land tenure system, as case studies. Land tenure links with integrated watershed management in various ways, such as influencing land use decisions. However, underscoring the relationship from the private and public land tenure perspective also indicates a complex and tense spatial relationship. As such, it likely limits adopting sustainable land use and management practices in watersheds as a case. Regardless, the perceptions from the study area indicate the land tenure systems and forms enabling sustainable choices and decisions, despite limitations such as tenure insecurity. The disconnect between integrated watershed management aspirations of ensuring sustainability, the land tenure abilities and the subsequent human practices is mainly institutional, with the relevant legislation indicating a low to moderate level of responsiveness to integrated watershed management approaches and land tenure, thus, abating effectiveness. Therefore, we suggest a shift towards responsive programming and legislation and the adoption of model legislation to support responsiveness replication. We also recommend further studies to assess the legal gaps and feasibility thereof.

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Williams, Cylie, Koki Miyazaki, Donna Borkowski, Carol McKinstry, Matthew Cotchet, and Terry Haines. "Research capacity and culture of the Victorian public health allied health workforce is influenced by key research support staff and location." Australian Health Review 39, no. 3 (2015): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14209.

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Objective The aim of the present study was to identify and understand the self-rated research capacity and culture of the allied health workforce. Methods The present study was a cross-sectional survey. The Research Capacity and Culture tool was disseminated to all Victorian public health allied health departments. General demographic data were also collected, including the presence of an organisational allied health research lead. Results Five hundred and twenty fully completed surveys were returned by participants; all allied health disciplines and all grades were represented. One hundred and eighty-six participants had an organisational allied health research lead and 432 were located in a metropolitan-based health service. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) within all organisational and team research skills between those with and without a research lead, together with those in different service locations (metropolitan vs non-metropolitan). Higher self-ratings in individual research skills (P < 0.05) were primarily associated with more senior and metropolitan-located clinicians. Conclusion The allied health workforce identifies as a group that is ready to build the evidence to support clinical practice yet requires a whole-systems approach to do so. The results of the present study suggest that the development of key people to build capacity at a higher organisational level has a flow-down effect on research capacity and culture. What is known about the topic? Some allied health disciplines (occupational therapy, dietetics and podiatry) have previously been surveyed about their research capabilities, capacity and culture. Those surveys identified individual skill and success in undertaking early phase research activities, such as finding and critiquing the literature. However, there were limitations to research activity identified, such as a lack of success or skill in the later phase of research projects to undertake analysis of data, writing for publication and mentoring less experienced clinicians in research. What does this paper add? The present study explored the effect of extrinsic factors on undertaking research activity within the allied health workforce. It determined that there are several factors that affect the organisation and team levels of research capacity and culture, but these factors were different to the self-reported individual success or skills. The results can assist organisations to make strategic decisions about how to engage allied health clinicians in research activities. What are the implications for practitioners? The results of the present study give a platform for the Victorian allied health workforce to grow in its engagement in research activities and use of evidence. This knowledge is important to decision makers and funding bodies, as well as to the Australian allied health workforce.

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Yoong, Jaclyn, Aleece MacPhail, Gael Trytel, Prashanti Yalini Rajendram, Margaret Winbolt, and Joseph E. Ibrahim. "Completion of Limitation of Medical Treatment forms by junior doctors for patients with dementia: clinical, medicolegal and education perspectives." Australian Health Review 41, no. 5 (2017): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16116.

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Objective Limitation of Medical Treatment (LMT) forms are an essential element of end-of-life care. Decision making around LMT is complex and often involves patients with dementia. Despite the complexity, junior doctors frequently play a central role in completing LMT forms. The present study sought perspectives from a range of stakeholders (hospital clinicians, medical education personnel, legal and advocacy staff) about junior doctors’ roles in completing LMT forms in general and for patients with dementia. Methods Qualitative data were gathered in semi-structured interviews (SSI) and theoretical concepts were explored in roundtable discussion (RD). Participants were recruited through purposive and convenience sampling drawing on healthcare and legal personnel employed in the public hospital and aged care systems, selected from major metropolitan hospitals, healthcare and legal professional bodies and advocacy organisations in Victoria, Australia. The contents of the SSIs and RD were subject to thematic analysis using a framework approach. Data were indexed according to the topics established in the study aim; categories were systematically scrutinised, from which key themes were distilled. Results Stakeholders reported that completing LMT forms was difficult for junior doctors because of a lack of medical and legal knowledge, as well as clinical inexperience and inadequate training. Healthcare organisations (HCOs) either lacked policies about the role of junior doctors or had practices that were discordant with policy. In this process, there were substantial gaps pertaining to patients with dementia. Recommendations made by the study participants included the provision of supervised clinical exposure and additional training for junior doctors, strengthening HCO policies and explicit consideration of the needs of patients with dementia. Conclusions LMT forms should be designed for clarity and consistency across HCOs. Enhancing patient care requires appropriate and sensitive completion of LMT. Relevant HCO policy and clinical practice changes are discussed herein, and recommendations are made for junior doctors in this arena, specifically in the context of patients with dementia. What is known about the topic? Junior doctors continue to play a central role in LMT orders, a highly complex decision-making task that they are poorly prepared to complete. LMT decision making in Australia’s aging population and for people with dementia is especially challenging. What does this paper add? A broad range of stakeholders, including hospital clinicians, medical education personnel and legal and advocacy staff, identified ongoing substantial gaps in education and training of junior doctors (despite what is already known in the literature). Furthermore, LMT decision making for patients with dementia is not explicitly considered in policy of practice. What are the implications for practitioners? Current policy and practice are not at the desired level to deliver appropriate end-of-life care with regard to LMT orders, especially for patients with dementia. Greater involvement of executives and senior clinicians is required to improve both practice at the bed side and the training and support of junior doctors, as well as creating more robust policy.

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Cayley, J. W. D., M. C. Hannah, G. A. Kearney, and S. G. Clark. "Corrigendum to: Effects of phosphorus fertiliser and rate of stocking on the seasonal pasture production of perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 12 (2002): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar97113_co.

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The response of pastures based on Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium subterraneum L. to single superphosphate was assessed at Hamilton, Victoria, by measuring the growth of pastures during winter, spring, and summer over 7 years from 1979 to 1987. The seasons were defined by the pattern of pasture production, rather than by calendar months. Winter was the period of constant growth rate following the autumn rain; spring was the period of accelerating growth rate until growth rate changed abruptly following the onset of dry summer weather. Pastures were grazed with sheep at a low, medium, or high grazing pressure, corresponding generally to stocking rates of 10, 14, or 18 sheep/ha. At each level of grazing pressure, single superphosphate was applied at 5 rates from 1979 to 1982; the highest rate, expressed as elemental phosphorus (P), was reduced from 100 to 40 kg/ha during this time. In addition there was an unfertilised treatment. In 1984, fertiliser was applied at 6 rates from 4 to 40 kg P/ha. No fertiliser was applied in the remaining years, including 1983. Pasture production was measured from 1979 to 1982 and from 1985 to 1987. Total pasture dry matter (DM) accumulation per year at the highest stocking rate was less than the other treatments in 4 of the years. Averaged over all years and fertiliser treatments, the annual net production was 10·1, 10·1, and 9·0 t DM/ha (P < 0·05) for plots grazed at low, medium, and high stocking rates, respectively. The amount of fertiliser required to reach a given proportion of maximum yield response did not vary between winter and spring in any year, but the greater potential yield in spring (P < 0 ·001) meant that as more fertiliser was applied, the disparity between pasture grown in winter and pasture grown in spring increased. Differences in this disparity between extreme levels of P ranged from 1·4 t DM/ha in a drought to about 7 t DM/ha in a good season. The implications for managing farms when pastures are fertilised at higher rates than currently practised by district farmers are that systems of animal production with a requirement for plentiful good quality pasture in spring, such as ewes lambing in spring, should be used. The benefit of spring lambing over autumn lambing was supported when the 2 systems were compared over 26 years using the GrassGro decision support system. Well fertilised pasture systems will also allow more scope for conserving pasture as hay or silage, and increase opportunities for diversification in the farming enterprise, such as spring-growing crops.

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Cayley, J. W. D., M. C. Hannah, G. A. Kearney, and S. G. Clark. "Effects of phosphorus fertiliser and rate of stocking on the seasonal pasture production of perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 2 (1998): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97113.

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The response of pastures based on Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium subterraneum L. to single superphosphate was assessed at Hamilton, Victoria, by measuring the growth of pastures during winter, spring, and summer over 7 years from 1979 to 1987. The seasons were defined by the pattern of pasture production, rather than by calendar months. Winter was the period of constant growth rate following the autumn rain; spring was the period of accelerating growth rate until growth rate changed abruptly following the onset of dry summer weather. Pastures were grazed with sheep at a low, medium, or high grazing pressure, corresponding generally to stocking rates of 10, 14, or 18 sheep/ha. At each level of grazing pressure, single superphosphate was applied at 5 rates from 1979 to 1982; the highest rate, expressed as elemental phosphorus (P), was reduced from 100 to 40 kg/ha during this time. In addition there was an unfertilised treatment. In 1984, fertiliser was applied at 6 rates from 4 to 40 kg P/ha. No fertiliser was applied in the remaining years, including 1983. Pasture production was measured from 1979 to 1982 and from 1985 to 1987. Total pasture dry matter (DM) accumulation per year at the highest stocking rate was less than the other treatments in 4 of the years. Averaged over all years and fertiliser treatments, the annual net production was 10·1, 10·1, and 9·0 t DM/ha (P < 0·05) for plots grazed at low, medium, and high stocking rates, respectively. The amount of fertiliser required to reach a given proportion of maximum yield response did not vary between winter and spring in any year, but the greater potential yield in spring (P < 0 ·001) meant that as more fertiliser was applied, the disparity between pasture grown in winter and pasture grown in spring increased. Differences in this disparity between extreme levels of P ranged from 1·4 t DM/ha in a drought to about 7 t DM/ha in a good season. The implications for managing farms when pastures are fertilised at higher rates than currently practised by district farmers are that systems of animal production with a requirement for plentiful good quality pasture in spring, such as ewes lambing in spring, should be used. The benefit of spring lambing over autumn lambing was supported when the 2 systems were compared over 26 years using the GrassGro decision support system. Well fertilised pasture systems will also allow more scope for conserving pasture as hay or silage, and increase opportunities for diversification in the farming enterprise, such as spring-growing crops.

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B verstam, U. "Decision Support and Decision Support Systems." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 73, no. 1 (September 1, 1997): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032107.

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Fedkova, Nadezhda Alexandrovna, and Sergey Sergeevich Chudakov. "DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS." Vestnik obrazovatel'nogo konsortsiuma Srednerusskii universitet. Informatsionnye tekhnologii, no. 2 (2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52374/15269658_2021_18_2_23.

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Olsen, Christopher R., and William C. Bozeman. "Decision Support Systems." Journal of Research on Computing in Education 20, no. 3 (March 1988): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08886504.1988.10781835.

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Fralic, Maryann F. "Decision support systems." Nursing Administration Quarterly 14, no. 1 (1989): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006216-198901410-00003.

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O'Sullivan, Elizabethann. "Decision Support Systems." Evaluation Review 9, no. 1 (February 1985): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x8500900105.

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21

French, Simon, and Murray Turoff. "Decision support systems." Communications of the ACM 50, no. 3 (March 2007): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1226736.1226762.

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22

Wyatt, J. "Decision Support Systems." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 02, no. 01 (August 1993): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1637983.

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Fieschi, M. "Decision-Support Systems." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 03, no. 01 (August 1994): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1638008.

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Heathfield, Heather A. "Decision Support Systems." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 04, no. 01 (August 1995): 455–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1638034.

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Suermondt, H. J. "Decision-Support Systems." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 05, no. 01 (August 1996): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1638061.

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Aliferis, C. F. "Decision Support Systems." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 06, no. 01 (August 1997): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1639689.

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Finlay, Paul N. "Decision support systems." Data Processing 28, no. 8 (October 1986): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-684x(86)90427-2.

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Jacobs, Sheila M., and Sandra Pelfrey. "Decision Support Systems." JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration 25, no. 2 (February 1995): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005110-199502000-00007.

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29

Vahidov, Rustam, and Gregory E. Kersten. "Decision station: situating decision support systems." Decision Support Systems 38, no. 2 (November 2004): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9236(03)00099-x.

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Teufel, Andreas, and Harald Binder. "Clinical Decision Support Systems." Visceral Medicine 37, no. 6 (2021): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000519420.

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Abstract:

<b><i>Background:</i></b> By combining up-to-date medical knowledge and steadily increasing patient data, a new level of medical care can emerge. <b><i>Summary and Key Messages:</i></b> Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are an arising solution to handling rich data and providing them to health care providers in order to improve diagnosis and treatment. However, despite promising examples in many areas, substantial evidence for a thorough benefit of these support solutions is lacking. This may be due to a lack of general frameworks and diverse health systems around the globe. We therefore summarize the current status of CDSSs in medicine but also discuss potential limitations that need to be overcome in order to further foster future development and acceptance.

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McCartney, Patricia R. "Clinical Decision Support Systems." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 32, no. 1 (January 2007): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005721-200701000-00014.

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Zusman, Edie E., and Yuriy Vinokur. "Clinical Decision Support Systems." Neurosurgery 71, no. 4 (October 2012): N12—N14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000419707.79663.e7.

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Ponedal, Steven. "Understanding Decision Support Systems." Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 8, no. 2 (March 2002): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2002.8.2.96.

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Cassie, Claire. "Marketing decision support systems." Industrial Management & Data Systems 97, no. 8 (December 1997): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635579710195000.

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Payne, Thomas H. "Computer Decision Support Systems." Chest 118, no. 2 (August 2000): 47S—52S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.2_suppl.47s.

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Fazlollahi, Bijan, Mihir A. Parikh, and Sameer Verma. "Adaptive decision support systems." Decision Support Systems 20, no. 4 (August 1997): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9236(97)00014-6.

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Burns, N. D. "Manufacturing decision support systems." Materials & Design 17, no. 5-6 (January 1996): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3069(97)82748-3.

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Wyatt, Jeremy C. "9. Decision support systems." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 93, no. 12 (December 2000): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680009301206.

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Eom, Sean, Sang Lee, Chellappa Somarajan, and Eyong Kim. "Decision support systems applications." OR Insight 10, no. 2 (April 1997): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ori.1997.9.

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Jacob, Varghese S., and Hasan Pirkul. "Organizational decision support systems." International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 36, no. 6 (June 1992): 817–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7373(92)90074-u.

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Hornberger, John, and Mary Kane Goldstein. "Clinical Decision-support Systems:." Medical Decision Making 20, no. 1 (January 2000): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x0002000116.

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Nour, Mohamed A., and David (Chi-Chung) Yen. "Group decision support systems." Information & Management 23, no. 2 (August 1992): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(92)90008-4.

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Gray, Paul. "Group decision support systems." Decision Support Systems 3, no. 3 (September 1987): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(87)90178-3.

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Gottinger, Hans W., and Peter Weimann. "Intelligent decision support systems." Decision Support Systems 8, no. 4 (August 1992): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(92)90053-r.

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Watson, Hugh J., Astrid Lipp, Pamela Z. Jackson, Abdelhafid Dahmani, and William B. Fredenberger. "Organizational Support for Decision Support Systems." Journal of Management Information Systems 5, no. 4 (March 1989): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1989.11517841.

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Huryk, Laurie A. "Information Systems and Decision Support Systems." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 112, no. 1 (January 2012): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000410365.51061.81.

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Sydow, A., R. Straubel, and K. Bellmann. "Decision Support Systems for Environmental Systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 20, no. 12 (September 1987): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)55672-4.

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O’Sullivan, Dympna, Paolo Fraccaro, Ewart Carson, and Peter Weller. "Decision time for clinical decision support systems." Clinical Medicine 14, no. 4 (August 2014): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.14-4-338.

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Hersh, M. A. "Sustainable decision making and decision support systems." Computing & Control Engineering Journal 9, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cce:19980610.

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Lee, Daniel T. "Expert Decision-support Systems for Decision-making." Journal of Information Technology 3, no. 2 (June 1988): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jit.1988.16.

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