Journal articles: 'Decision refinement'

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Hillner, Bruce E. "Decision-theoretic Refinement Planning." Medical Decision Making 16, no. 4 (October 1996): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x9601600414.

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Sakurai, Shigeaki. "Refinement of fuzzy decision tree." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 117, no. 12 (1997): 1833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.117.12_1833.

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Haddawy, Peter, Anhai Doan, and Charles E. Kahn. "Decision-theoretic Refinement Planning in Medical Decision Making." Medical Decision Making 16, no. 4 (October 1996): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x9601600402.

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Kline, Theresa J. B. "Refinement and Evaluation of the Decision-Making Questionnaire." Psychological Reports 78, no. 1 (February 1996): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.151.

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The psychometric properties of the Decision-making Questionnaire which was designed to assess decision-making in an organizational context were investigated by administering the questionnaire to 54 undergraduate students. The dimensions measured are Effectiveness, Confidence, and Information used in making both tactical and strategic organizational decisions. The assessment of the Effectiveness scores consisted of examining item-to-total correlations, principal components analyses, and internal consistencies. Also, the relationships amongst all three dimensions measured by the scale as well as relationships of all three dimensions with measures of perceived opportunities and threats are reported.

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Damnjanović, Kaja, Sandra Ilić, Irena Pavlović, and Vera Novković. "Refinement of outcome bias measurement in the parental decision-making context." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i1.1698.

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The aim of this study was twofold: one was to test the impact of the involvement on the parental outcome bias, and the second was to refine the measurement of outcome bias, normally reported as the difference between evaluations of a single decision, with different outcomes assigned to it. We introduced the evaluation of a decision without an outcome, to induce theoretically normative evaluation, unbiased by outcome, from which the evaluation shift could be calculated in either direction. To test this refinement in the parental decision-making context, we produced childcare dilemmas with varying levels of complexity, since the rise of complexity induces stronger bias. Complexity was determined by the particular combination of two factors: parental involvement in a decision - the amount of motivation, interest and drive evoked by it – and whether the decision was health-related or not. We presented parents with the decisions for evaluation, followed by a positive and a negative outcome, and without an outcome. The results confirm the interaction between involvement and domain on decision evaluation. Highly involving decisions yielded weaker outcome bias than low-involvement decisions in both health and non-health domain. Results also confirm the validity of the proposed way of measuring OB, revealing that in some situations positive outcomes skew evaluations more than negative outcomes. Also, a highly-involving dilemma followed by negative outcome did not produce significantly different evaluation compared to evaluation of a decision without outcome. Thus, adding a neutral position rendered OB measurement more precise and our involvement-related insights more nuanced.

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Stone, Thomas, Seung-Kyum Choi, and Hemanth Amarchinta. "Structural model refinement under uncertainty using decision-maker preferences." Journal of Engineering Design 24, no. 9 (September 2013): 640–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544828.2013.824560.

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Yerramareddy, Sudhakar, and Stephen C. Y. Lu. "Hierarchical and interactive decision refinement methodology for engineering design." Research in Engineering Design 4, no. 4 (December 1992): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02032466.

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Shekaramiz, Mohammad, Todd K. Moon, and Jacob H. Gunther. "Exploration vs. Data Refinement via Multiple Mobile Sensors." Entropy 21, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21060568.

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We examine the deployment of multiple mobile sensors to explore an unknown region to map regions containing concentration of a physical quantity such as heat, electron density, and so on. The exploration trades off between two desiderata: to continue taking data in a region known to contain the quantity of interest with the intent of refining the measurements vs. taking data in unobserved areas to attempt to discover new regions where the quantity may exist. Making reasonable and practical decisions to simultaneously fulfill both goals of exploration and data refinement seem to be hard and contradictory. For this purpose, we propose a general framework that makes value-laden decisions for the trajectory of mobile sensors. The framework employs a Gaussian process regression model to predict the distribution of the physical quantity of interest at unseen locations. Then, the decision-making on the trajectories of sensors is performed using an epistemic utility controller. An example is provided to illustrate the merit and applicability of the proposed framework.

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Kaur, Iqbaldeep, and Rajesh Kumar Bawa. "Fuzzy based Schematic Component Selection Decision Search with OPAM-Ocaml Engine." Recent Patents on Computer Science 12, no. 3 (May 8, 2019): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666181210104742.

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Background: With an exponential increase in software online as well as offline, through each passing day, the task of digging out precise and relevant software components has become the need of the hour. There is no dearth of techniques used for the retrieval of software component from the available online and offline repositories in the conceptual as well as the empirical literature. However each of these techniques has its own set of limitations and suitability. Objective: The proposed technique gives concrete decision using schematic based search that gives better result and higher precision and recall values. Methods: In this paper, a component decision and retrieval engine called SR-SCRS (Schematic and Refinement based Software Component Retrieval System) has been presented using OPAM. OPAM is a github repository containing software components (packages), designed by OcamlPro. This search engine employs two retrieval techniques for a robust decision vis-o-vis Schematic-based search with fuzzy logic and Refinement-based search. The Schematic based search is based on matching the attribute values and the threshold of those values as given by the user. Thereafter the results are optimized to achieve the level of relevance using fuzzy logic. Refinement based search works on one particular attribute value. The experiments have been conducted and validated on OPAM dataset. Results: Precisely, the average precision of Schematic based search and Refinement based search is 60% and 27.86% which shows robust results. Conclusion: Hence, the performance and efficiency of the proposed work has been evaluated and compared with the other retrieval technique.

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Chadha, Rohit, and Mahesh Viswanathan. "A counterexample-guided abstraction-refinement framework for markov decision processes." ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 12, no. 1 (October 2010): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1838552.1838553.

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Kattenbelt, Mark, Marta Kwiatkowska, Gethin Norman, and David Parker. "A game-based abstraction-refinement framework for Markov decision processes." Formal Methods in System Design 36, no. 3 (August 3, 2010): 246–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10703-010-0097-6.

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Narayanan, Swathi Jamjala, Rajen B. Bhatt, Ilango Paramasivam, M. Khalid, and B. K. Tripathy. "Induction of fuzzy decision trees and its refinement using gradient projected-neuro-fuzzy decision tree." International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms 6, no. 4 (2014): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2014.066983.

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Pathak, Ravi, and V. Vaidehi. "Complex Event Refinement by Statistical Augmentation Model." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 11, no. 2 (April 2015): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiit.2015040104.

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The uncertainty of decision making in event hierarchies of CEP can be due to unreliable data sources, lack of conformance that the event which is reported has actually occurred. Also the Complex Event models which are used to define complex events are inaccurate. When the uncertain event is used for deriving complex event, it propagates its uncertainty to a higher level of event hierarchy and causes uncertainty in reasoning. This paper proposes an event refinement model based on statistical approach to augment the events to minimize the error due to uncertainty for better decision making. The proposed augmented CEP (a-CEP) is found to perform better in terms of reduction in false alarm for continuous monitoring of patient in a remote health care application. The proposed model is implemented on Drools Fusion CEP Engine using Java and it is found that the proposed a-CEP gives better results in terms of accuracy.

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Marsh, Kevin P. "The Intersection of War and Politics." Armed Forces & Society 38, no. 3 (August 4, 2011): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x11415492.

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This study examines the decision-making process of the George W. Bush administration which led to the decision in late 2006 to order the Iraq troop surge. The study analyzes whether the bureaucratic politics model of foreign policy decision making can accurately explain the events of the case. The study seeks to further test the explanatory power and descriptive accuracy of the bureaucratic politics model, while also attaining a more textured, academic understanding of the decision-making process leading to the Iraq troop surge. The decision to order the troop surge in Iraq is one of the more important decisions in post-9/11 U.S. foreign policy and continues to impact U.S. strategy in Iraq, Afghanistan, and overall military doctrine. Finally, the author endeavors to contribute to the further development and refinement of the bureaucratic politics model of foreign policy decision making.

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Haddache, Mohamed, Allel Hadjali, and Hamid Azzoune. "Skyline refinement exploiting fuzzy formal concept analysis." International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 14, no. 3 (April 29, 2021): 333–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijicc-11-2020-0181.

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PurposeThe study of the skyline queries has received considerable attention from several database researchers since the end of 2000's. Skyline queries are an appropriate tool that can help users to make intelligent decisions in the presence of multidimensional data when different, and often contradictory criteria are to be taken into account. Based on the concept of Pareto dominance, the skyline process extracts the most interesting (not dominated in the sense of Pareto) objects from a set of data. Skyline computation methods often lead to a set with a large size which is less informative for the end users and not easy to be exploited. The purpose of this paper is to tackle this problem, known as the large size skyline problem, and propose a solution to deal with it by applying an appropriate refining process.Design/methodology/approachThe problem of the skyline refinement is formalized in the fuzzy formal concept analysis setting. Then, an ideal fuzzy formal concept is computed in the sense of some particular defined criteria. By leveraging the elements of this ideal concept, one can reduce the size of the computed Skyline.FindingsAn appropriate and rational solution is discussed for the problem of interest. Then, a tool, named SkyRef, is developed. Rich experiments are done using this tool on both synthetic and real datasets.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors have conducted experiments on synthetic and some real datasets to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. However, thorough experiments on large-scale real datasets are highly desirable to show the behavior of the tool with respect to the performance and time execution criteria.Practical implicationsThe tool developed SkyRef can have many domains applications that require decision-making, personalized recommendation and where the size of skyline has to be reduced. In particular, SkyRef can be used in several real-world applications such as economic, security, medicine and services.Social implicationsThis work can be expected in all domains that require decision-making like hotel finder, restaurant recommender, recruitment of candidates, etc.Originality/valueThis study mixes two research fields artificial intelligence (i.e. formal concept analysis) and databases (i.e. skyline queries). The key elements of the solution proposed for the skyline refinement problem are borrowed from the fuzzy formal concept analysis which makes it clearer and rational, semantically speaking. On the other hand, this study opens the door for using the formal concept analysis and its extensions in solving other issues related to skyline queries, such as relaxation.

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Naderi, Sait, Edward C. Benzel, and Nevan G. Baldwin. "Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: surgical decision making." Neurosurgical Focus 1, no. 6 (December 1996): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.1996.1.6.4.

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Cervical spondylotic myelopathy can produce a variety of clinical signs and symptoms secondary to neural compromise and biomechanical involvement of the spine. The surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy remains a controversial issue after many years of study, evolution, and refinement. Several ventral, dorsal, or combined approaches have been defined. The complications associated with ventral approaches and the concerns about kyphosis following dorsal approaches led to the development of a variety of laminoplasty procedures. This paper reviews the biomechanical basis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and its effect on choosing the appropriate surgical approach.

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Zhang, Hengshan, Yimin Zhou, Tianhua Chen, Richard Hill, Zhongmin Wang, and Yanping Chen. "Refinement of weights using attribute support for multiple attribute decision making." Journal of Computational Science 54 (September 2021): 101440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2021.101440.

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Chen, Wen-Jan. "Effective soft-decision demosaicking using directional filtering and embedded artifact refinement." Optical Engineering 48, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 047003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3120284.

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Émond, Marcel, Natalie Le Sage, André Lavoie, and Lynne Moore. "Refinement of the Quebec decision rule for radiography in shoulder dislocation." CJEM 11, no. 01 (January 2009): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500010903.

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ABSTRACTObjective:We prospectively derived a clinical decision rule to guide pre- and postreduction radiography for emergency department (ED) patients with anterior glenohumeral dislocation.Methods:This prospective cohort derivation study took place at 4 university-affiliated EDs over a 3-year period and enrolled consenting patients with anterior glenohumeral dislocation who were 18 years of age or older. We compared patients with a clinically important fracture-dislocation with those who had an uncomplicated dislocation to provide the clinical decision rule components using recursive partitioning. The final rule involved age, mechanism, prior dislocation and humeral ecchymosis.Results:A total of 222 patients were included in the study. Forty (18.0%) had clinically important fracture-dislocation. A clinical decision rule using 4 factors reached a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 89.4%–100%), a specificity of 34.2% (95% CI 27.7%–41.2%), a negative predictive value of 99.2% (95% CI 92.8%–99.9%) and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.04 (95% CI 0.002–0.27). Patients younger than 40 years are at high risk for clinically important fracture-dislocation only if the mechanism of injury involves substantial force (i.e., a fall greater than their own height, a sport injury, an assault or a motor vehicle collision). Patients 40 years of age or older are at high risk only in the presence of humeral ecchymosis or after their first dislocation. Projected use of the rule would reduce the absolute number of prereduction radiographs by 27.9% and of postreduction by 81.9%.Conclusion:The Quebec shoulder dislocation rule for patients with acute anterior glenohumeral dislocation holds promise to reduce unnecessary imaging, pending validation.

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Wickliffe, Vanessa Prier. "Refinement and re-assessment of the consumer decision-making style instrument." Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 11, no. 1 (January 2004): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-6989(02)00057-7.

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Zhang, Lin, Xuan Wei huang, and Wei Ming Wu. "The Analysis of Driver's Behavior in Non-Signalized Intersection Based on the Game." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.1157.

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In order to study the driver's decision-making behaviors of the conflict vehicles in non-signalized intersection, according to time refinement, the driver's personality factors and the relative potential factors in the different strategies which affect the driver to make decisions, Based on the dynamic reduplicate game theory, the utility function of the driver's behaviors was built up. As the decision-making behavior by the driver in the process of cross-road, analyzing the different combination of the utility of the driver's decision-making behavior, Nash equilibrium was existed in a single game process, and the driver's optimal decision behaviors in a dynamic game was obtained. The illustration shows that impulse drivers in the decision-making period of time are more willing to choose to accelerate the first strategy; mild drivers prefer to choose acceleration strategy or uniform strategy; cautious drivers prefer to choose to uniform or deceleration strategy.

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Joosten, Robbie P., Krista Joosten, Garib N. Murshudov, and Anastassis Perrakis. "PDB_REDO: constructive validation, more than just looking for errors." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 68, no. 4 (March 16, 2012): 484–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444911054515.

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Developments of the PDB_REDO procedure that combine re-refinement and rebuilding within a unique decision-making framework to improve structures in the PDB are presented. PDB_REDO uses a variety of existing and custom-built software modules to choose an optimal refinement protocol (e.g. anisotropic, isotropic or overall B-factor refinement, TLS model) and to optimize the geometry versus data-refinement weights. Next, it proceeds to rebuild side chains and peptide planes before a final optimization round. PDB_REDO works fully automatically without the need for intervention by a crystallographic expert. The pipeline was tested on 12 000 PDB entries and the great majority of the test cases improved both in terms of crystallographic criteria such as R free and in terms of widely accepted geometric validation criteria. It is concluded that PDB_REDO is useful to update the otherwise `static' structures in the PDB to modern crystallographic standards. The publically available PDB_REDO database provides better model statistics and contributes to better refinement and validation targets.

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Katschnig, Heinz, Christa Straßmayr, Jose Alberto Salinas-Perez, Mencia R. Gutierrez-Colosia, Luis Salvador-Carulla, and Francesco Amaddeo. "Decision support systems for assessing integrated mental health care: the refinement toolkit." International Journal of Integrated Care 16, no. 6 (December 16, 2016): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.2905.

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Haesaert, Sofie, Sadegh Soudjani, and Alessandro Abate. "Temporal logic control of general Markov decision processes by approximate policy refinement." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 16 (2018): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.013.

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Kolaitis, Phokion G., Lucian Popa, and Kun Qian. "Knowledge Refinement via Rule Selection." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 2886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33012886.

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In several different applications, including data transformation and entity resolution, rules are used to capture aspects of knowledge about the application at hand. Often, a large set of such rules is generated automatically or semi-automatically, and the challenge is to refine the encapsulated knowledge by selecting a subset of rules based on the expected operational behavior of the rules on available data. In this paper, we carry out a systematic complexity-theoretic investigation of the following rule selection problem: given a set of rules specified by Horn formulas, and a pair of an input database and an output database, find a subset of the rules that minimizes the total error, that is, the number of false positive and false negative errors arising from the selected rules. We first establish computational hardness results for the decision problems underlying this minimization problem, as well as upper and lower bounds for its approximability. We then investigate a bi-objective optimization version of the rule selection problem in which both the total error and the size of the selected rules are taken into account. We show that testing for membership in the Pareto front of this bi-objective optimization problem is DP-complete. Finally, we show that a similar DP-completeness result holds for a bi-level optimization version of the rule selection problem, where one minimizes first the total error and then the size.

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Sobolev, Oleg V. "Detection of alternative conformations:Shift_plotandAC_predictionprograms." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 2 (March 5, 2013): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812052065.

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Increased mobility of poorly ordered atoms compared to well ordered ones in unrestrained refinement was adopted as the basis for the development of a method for predicting alternative conformations. Two programs for the analysis of atomic mobility are presented.Shift_plotmay be useful for visual analysis of magnitudes of atomic shifts in refinement.AC_predictionimplements automatic decision-making procedures based on atomic shift magnitudes in unrestrained refinement to highlight the specific residues that are likely to harbour alternative conformations and that hence require checkingviaelectron density maps.

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EKENBERG, LOVE, and JOHAN THORBIÖRNSON. "SECOND-ORDER DECISION ANALYSIS." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 09, no. 01 (February 2001): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488501000582.

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The purpose of this work is to provide theoretical foundations of, as well as some computational aspects on, a theory for analysing decisions under risk, when the available information is vague and imprecise. Many approaches to model unprecise information, e.g., by using interval methods, have prevailed. However, such representation models are unnecessarily restrictive since they do not admit discrimination between beliefs in different values, i.e., the epistemologically possible values have equal weights. In many situations, for instance, when the underlying information results from learning techniques based on variance analyses of statistical data, the expressibility must be extended for a more perceptive treatment of the decision situation. Our contribution herein is an approach for enabling a refinement of the representation model, allowing for an elaborated discrimination of possible values by using belief distributions with weak restrictions. We show how to derive admissible classes of local distributions from sets of global distributions and introduce measures expressing into which extent explicit local distributions can be used for modelling decision situations. As will turn out, this results in a theory that has very attractive features from a computational viewpoint.

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Chen, Xing-Jie, Lan Ba, and Youngbin Kwak. "Neurocognitive underpinnings of cross-cultural differences in risky decision making." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 6 (June 2020): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa078.

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Abstract Culture permeates across human mind and behavior. Cultural influence is reported even in economic decision making, which involves basic cognitive process, once believed to be invariant across all humans. The current study investigated the neurocognitive processes underlying economic decision making in East Asians and European Americans, with an aim to understand the cross-cultural differences in the discrete mental processes of decision making. Participants performed a risky gambling task that captures the gain maximizing and loss minimizing strategies, while electroencephalography was simultaneously collected. Event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with spontaneous emotional arousal (P2) and effortful attentional allocation (P3) were examined to determine the cultural effects on mental processes during pre-decisional and post-decisional stages. Behaviorally, Americans showed greater loss minimization than Asians. ERPs demonstrated significant cultural differences during post-decisional evaluation of outcomes, but not during pre-decisional processes. In Asians’, ERP associated with emotional arousal (P2) was strongly modulated by gains, while in Americans’, ERP associated with attentional allocation (P3) was strongly modulated by losses. These results suggest that Americans make conscious efforts to be self-reliant when facing financial losses, whereas Asians are more emotionally aroused by financial gains, which invites a refinement to the current theoretical propositions about cultural influence on decision making.

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Kouah, Sofia, Djamel Eddine Saïdouni, and Ilham Kitouni. "Open Fuzzy Synchronized Petri Net." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 12, no. 1 (January 2016): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiit.2016010104.

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Designing Multi agent systems needs a high-level specification model which supports abstraction, dynamicity, openness and enables fuzziness. Since the model of Synchronized Petri Nets supports dynamicity and abstraction, we extend it by fuzziness, openness and interaction with environment. The proposed model called Open Fuzzy Synchronized Petri Nets (OFSyPN for short) associates action name with transitions and enables openness feature and interaction with environment. Each action has an uncertainty degree and places are typed. The authors give an operational semantics for OFSyPN in terms of Fuzzy Labeled Transition System (FLTS for short). FLTS is a semantics model, which allows a concise action refinement representation and deals with incomplete information through its fuzziness representation. Furthermore the structure can be used to produce a tree of potential concurrent design trajectories, named fuzzy labeled transition refinement tree (FLTRT for short). We exemplify the OFSyPN model thought a case study.

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Wood, William H., and Alice M. Agogino. "Decision-Based Conceptual Design: Modeling and Navigating Heterogeneous Design Spaces." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1799612.

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Information gathering and refinement are critical activities in conceptual design. A decision-based framework is developed consisting of three main components: a flexible, extensible design space model based on a Gaussian kernel which synthesizes information from design instances; expected value decision-making which focuses the design process on the most promising subspaces within this model; and information value theory which identifies uncertainty in the design evaluation whose reduction could redirect the design process. Together, these components form a normative method for conceptual design around a key process—the co-evolution of a design and the evaluation model used to quantify its value. Formalizing conceptual design toward reducing arbitrary design decisions and focusing attention on the most critical design concerns holds the potential to substantially improve both the process and product of design. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through an example in the domain of electric motor selection.

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Aloini, Davide, Riccardo Dulmin, Valeria Mininno, and Pierluigi Zerbino. "Leveraging procurement-related knowledge through a fuzzy-based DSS: a refinement of purchasing portfolio models." Journal of Knowledge Management 23, no. 6 (August 12, 2019): 1077–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-10-2018-0614.

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Purpose This paper aims to model a decision support system (DSS) that could overcome the oversimplified, subjective, compensatory decision logic of extant purchasing portfolio models (PPMs) by leveraging the firms’ procurement-related knowledge base. Design/methodology/approach The DSS was developed through a fuzzy-based approach, whose design and application were framed within a case study in a multinational company. Findings The application of the fuzzy-based DSS to a product class suggests investing in the relationship with two specific suppliers and to loosen the relationship with a third one. Research limitations/implications Exploiting the fuzzy set theory and fostering the elicitation of procurement-related knowledge from the decision-makers, the DSS effectively tackles the concerns about the existing PPMs by including strategic-oriented priorities and contextual constraints in the evaluation. Practical implications The recommendations in output from the DSS are feasible, more analytical and easy to interpret, enabling knowledge sharing, group decision processes and better decision-making. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this manuscript is the first attempt to effectively integrate traditional PPMs with contextual, strategy-related factors to refine the purchasing directions and make them objective.

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Haesaert, Sofie, Sadegh Esmaeil Zadeh Soudjani, and Alessandro Abate. "Verification of General Markov Decision Processes by Approximate Similarity Relations and Policy Refinement." SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 55, no. 4 (January 2017): 2333–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/16m1079397.

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Deng, Pi-Sheng. "Automating Knowledge Acquisition and Refinement for Decision Support: A Connectionist Inductive Inference Model." Decision Sciences 24, no. 2 (March 1993): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1993.tb00479.x.

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Tsujino, Katsuhiko, and Shogo Nishida. "Implementation and refinement of decision trees using neural networks for hybrid knowledge acquisition." Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 9, no. 4 (January 1995): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0954-1810(95)00005-4.

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Li, Bing, Chao Wang, and Fabio Somenzi. "Abstraction refinement in symbolic model checking using satisfiability as the only decision procedure." International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer 7, no. 2 (February 24, 2005): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10009-004-0169-2.

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Lee, Ruby. "Future Care Planning with Families: Mental Capacity, Deputyship, and Its Implications." Singapore Family Physician 48, no. 6 (July 1, 2022): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33591/sfp.48.6.u6.

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This article is intended to give an overview of the current state of the MCA and provide some thoughts on how deputyship works under the MCA framework. The article discusses the different categories of proxy decision makers and some of the limitations of proxy decision-making. It also seeks to stimulate some thoughts about the refinement of the current state of care for persons with no or reduced mental capacity.

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ZHAO, YAN, YIYU YAO, and JINGTAO YAO. "LEVEL-WISE CONSTRUCTION OF DECISION TREES FOR CLASSIFICATION." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 16, no. 01 (February 2006): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194006002690.

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A partition-based framework is presented for a formal study of classification problems. An information table is used as a knowledge representation, in which all basic notions are precisely defined by using a language known as the decision logic language. Solutions to, and solution space of, classification problems are formulated in terms of partitions. Algorithms for finding solutions are modelled as searching in a space of partitions under the refinement order relation. We focus on a particular type of solutions called conjunctively definable partitions. Two level-wise methods for decision tree construction are investigated, which are related to two different strategies: local optimization and global optimization. They are not in competition with, but are complementary to each other. Experimental results are reported to evaluate the two methods.

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Drent, Ailsa, and Erica Frydenberg. "Teaching decision making in schools. How well does it work?" Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 5 (November 1995): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100001758.

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Considerable interest has been shown in the teaching of decision-making skills to Australian adolescents during the past decade. Acceptable modes of teaching are currently being researched and refined. The experiences of one Victorian co-educational school as it grapples with this task are described. How the program is adapted and modified over a three-year period is detailed. Some encouraging findings in relation to teaching methodology, ‘at risk’ students and parent partnership are described, as well as future suggestions for program refinement. The value of multi-model evaluation is discussed as it relates to the various facets of the program.

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Mei, Qiongzhen, and Fei Wang. "Robust Refinement of Built-in Network Information System Based on Nonparametric Density Estimation." Journal of Sensors 2022 (May 31, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4220001.

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In the research process of robustness refinement solution of built-in information systems for electronic networks, there are too many factors related to robustness in the current system robustness design, and different factors have different influences on robustness. In stochastic programming problems, uncertain variables usually obey a certain probability distribution, but in real decision-making, these determined distributions are often unknown or we only know part of the information of the distributions, and distributed robust refinement solution is just an effective solution to solve uncertain problems. The robustness measurement solution of information systems for electronic networks is analyzed. The robust refinement of information system is deeply studied by nonparametric density estimation solution, which is based on the strict robustness requirements put forward by users. Based on the research results of interdependent network theory and aiming at “improving the robustness of electronic information system,” this paper makes an in-depth study on the robustness refinement strategy of power information system. The comparison between the companies that adopted the robust refinement of built-in information systems for electronic networks based on nonparametric density estimation and the companies that did not adopt it shows that the refinement rate of the companies that adopted it in the first three years was 82%, while that of the companies that did not adopt it was only 57%, and the overall misjudgment rate was 43%. Therefore, it is proved that using the proposed reliability refinement solution to optimize, the embedded system can improve the service life, modeling accuracy, and availability of the system and has certain practicability.

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Song, Cai. "Educational Information Refinement with Application Using Massive-Scale Data Mining." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (April 11, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2372723.

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In the manuscript, we propose a novel online learning mechanism based on educational data mining. By leveraging the computer-assisted information-based learning guidance platform, we collect the relevant information of students’ login platform and resource browsing. Subsequently, we preprocess these students’ login data based on which the statistical analysis of students’ login and resource browsing habits are learned through a decision-making mechanism. The decision tree algorithm discovers the underlying factors that influence it from million-scale real-world instructors/students. In this way, instructors and teaching staff can effectively grasp the learning process of students according to the analyzing results. Based on this, the target teaching content integration and teaching model construction can be realized accordingly. This can substantially improve the effectiveness and quality of online learning. In the evaluation stage, we observe that the strategy to deploy a virtual lab environment vigorously brings greater flexibility in the allocation of computing resources to educational institutions. In an ideal sandboxed laboratory context, students can obtain and create an internal network and then have accession to all the computers conveniently. By doing so, gathering savvy skills gives them the workability to build architectures based on mined data. In this work, we adopt the so-called EDUCloud to provide a personal cloud network connection that can flexibly deploy the mined laboratory-related data to facilitate online learning between instructors and students.

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Ramakrishna, Y. S., L. E. Moser, L. K. Dillon, P. M. Melliar-Smith, and G. Kutty. "An Automata-Theoretic Decision Procedure for Propositional Temporal Logic with Since and Until1." Fundamenta Informaticae 17, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1992-17307.

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We present an automata-theoretic decision procedure for Since/Until Temporal Logic (SUTL), a linear-time propositional temporal logic with strong non-strict since and until operators. The logic, which is intended for specifying and reasoning about computer systems, employs neither next nor previous operators. Such operators obstruct the use of hierarchical abstraction and refinement and make reasoning about concurrency difficult. A proof of the soundness and completeness of the decision procedure is given, and its complexity is analyzed.

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Kapoor, Ashish, Bongshin Lee, Desney Tan, and Eric Horvitz. "Performance and Preferences: Interactive Refinement of Machine Learning Procedures." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 1578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8340.

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Problem-solving procedures have been typically aimed at achieving well-defined goals or satisfying straightforward preferences. However, learners and solvers may often generate rich multiattribute results with procedures guided by sets of controls that define different dimensions of quality. We explore methods that enable people to explore and express preferences about the operation of classification models in supervised multiclass learning. We leverage a leave-one-out confusion matrix that provides users with views and real-time controls of a model space. The approach allows people to consider in an interactive manner the global implications of local changes in decision boundaries. We focus on kernel classifiers and show the effectiveness of the methodology on a variety of tasks.

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Tsani, Fanni Rahmah, and Umi Chotijah. "The Implementation of MOORA Methods to Support Refinement Decision Priority System in Information Technology." Jurnal Riset Informatika 5, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34288/jri.v5i1.472.

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In managing information technology, the Department of Communications and Information of Lamongan Regency prioritizes refinement of the high demand that makes technician get difficulty to set the regional equipment improvement. In this study, the authors built a decision supporting system in order to assist technicians in making priority refinement. A method used in this study is multi-objective optimization on the basis of the ratio analysis (MOORA). The Moora method is a suitable method to use in this study due to its simplicity and mathematical computational characteristics. The calculation process of the MOORA method is based on the criteria and weights. Criteria are the type of damage, risk of a complaint, duration of the claim, and type of service. The result of this study provides three recommendations. Those are This study provides recommendations for her top three options. As a result of the calculation using Moora's method in this research case, the damage type of the Internet network is the library service with the highest priority, the damage level is 1, the request time is 12 hours for him, and the service type is public service. In this study, samples with high criterion weights and high criterion scores tended to be prioritized over other samples. The following study, researchers suggest adding criteria using types of cost-benefit analysis criteria instead of weighting.

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Edirisinghe, N. C. P., and G.-M. You. "Second-order scenario approximation and refinement in optimization under uncertainty." Annals of Operations Research 64, no. 1 (December 1996): 143–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02187644.

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Thimm, Heiko. "Cloud-Based Collaborative Decision Making." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 4, no. 4 (October 2012): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdsst.2012100103.

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The complexity of many decision problems of today’s globalized world requires new innovative solutions that are built upon proven decision support technology and also recent advancements in the area of information and communication technology (ICT) such as Cloud Computing and Mobile Communication. A combination of the cost-effective Cloud Computing approach with extended group decision support system technology bears several interesting unprecedented opportunities for the development of such solutions. These opportunities include ubiquitous accessibility to decision support software and, thus, the possibility to flexibly involve remote experts in group decision processes, guided access to background information, and facilitation support to direct group decision processes. The architects of such future solutions are challenged by numerous requirements that need to be considered and reflected in an integrated architectural approach. This article presents a thorough analysis of major design considerations for software solutions for collaborative decision making from a broad range of perspectives especially including the business process management perspective and the Cloud Computing perspective. The proposed architectural approach of the GRUPO-MOD system demonstrates how one can address the requirements in one integrated system architecture that supports different deployment options of Cloud Computing. A refinement of the high-level system architecture into a corresponding implementation architecture that builds on widely adopted standards such as OSGi and industry proven technology such as the Eclipse platform is also given in the article.

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Famili, A. "Use of decision-tree induction for process optimization and knowledge refinement of an industrial process." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 8, no. 1 (1994): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400000469.

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AbstractDevelopment of expert systems involves knowledge acquisition that can be supported by applying machine learning techniques. The basic idea of using decision-tree induction in process optimization and development of the domain model of electrochemical machining (ECM) is presented. How decision-tree induction is used to build and refine the knowledge base of the process is also discussed.The idea of developing an intelligent supervisory system with a learning component [Intelligent MAnufacturing FOreman (IMAFO)] that is already implemented is briefly introduced. The results of applying IMAFO for analyzing data from the ECM process are presented. How the domain model of the process (electrochemical machining) is built from the initial known information, and how the results of decision-tree induction can be used to optimize the model of the process and further refine the knowledge base are shown. Two examples are given to demonstrate how new rules (to be included in the knowledge base of an expert system) are generated from the rules induced by IMAFO. The procedure to refine these types of rules is also explained.

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Sondergeld, Toni A., Gregory E. Stone, and Lance M. Kruse. "Objective Standard Setting in Educational Assessment and Decision Making." Educational Policy 34, no. 5 (September 30, 2018): 735–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904818802115.

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Assessment and evaluation at all levels of educational systems have become policy priorities for many countries. Two common reasons for this are student learning expectations and accountability. Although much effort has been put into the creation and refinement of content standards, standardized tests, and methods for using testing results, there has been less attention paid to the development of performance standards (proficiency levels) that greatly affect policy decision making. The present study investigates the Objective Standard Setting Model (OSS) as an improved criterion-referenced method for setting multilevel performance standards. To demonstrate how OSS can be employed for performance standard setting, our study used data from preservice teachers completing an assessment literacy test in a pre- and posttest environment. Using OSS, performance standard levels of proficient and excellent were established with clear content-related descriptions of growth in student content mastery.

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Yigit Akargun, Hayri, and Cuneyt Sert. "Least-squares finite element solution of Euler equations with H-type mesh refinement and coarsening on triangular elements." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 24, no. 7 (August 26, 2014): 1487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-01-2013-0006.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate successful use of least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) with h-type mesh refinement and coarsening for the solution of two-dimensional, inviscid, compressible flows. Design/methodology/approach – Unsteady Euler equations are discretized on meshes of linear and quadratic triangular and quadrilateral elements using LSFEM. Backward Euler scheme is used for time discretization. For the refinement of linear triangular elements, a modified version of the simple bisection algorithm is used. Mesh coarsening is performed with the edge collapsing technique. Pressure gradient-based error estimation is used for refinement and coarsening decision. The developed solver is tested with flow over a circular bump, flow over a ramp and flow through a scramjet inlet problems. Findings – Pressure difference based error estimator, modified simple bisection method for mesh refinement and edge collapsing method for mesh coarsening are shown to work properly with the LSFEM formulation. With the proper use of mesh adaptation, time and effort necessary to prepare a good initial mesh reduces and mesh independency control of the final solution is automatically taken care of. Originality/value – LSFEM is used for the first time for the solution of inviscid compressible flows with h-type mesh refinement and coarsening on triangular elements. It is shown that, when coupled with mesh adaptation, inherent viscous dissipation of LSFEM technique is no longer an issue for accurate shock capturing without unphysical oscillations.

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Wall, Jeffrey D., and Rahul Singh. "Contextualized Meaning Extraction." International Journal of Organizational and Collective Intelligence 7, no. 3 (July 2017): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijoci.2017070102.

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Text mining is a powerful form of business intelligence that is used increasingly to inform organizational decisions. Current text mining algorithms rely heavily on the lexical, syntactic, structural, and semantic features of text to extract meaning and insight for decision making. Although semantic analysis is a useful approach to meaning extraction, pragmatics suggests that a more accurate meaning of text can be extracted by examining the context in which the text is recorded. Given that massive amounts of textual data can be drawn from multiple and diverse sources, accounting for context is increasingly important. A conceptual model is provided to explain how concepts from pragmatics can improve existing text mining algorithms to provide more accurate information for decision making. Reversing the pragmatic process of meaning expression could lead to improved text mining algorithms. The theoretical process model developed herein can provide insight into the development and refinement of text mining algorithms that draw from diverse sources.

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Banks, George C., Deirdre J. Knapp, Li Lin, Chanda S. Sanders, and James A. Grand. "Ethical decision making in the 21^st century: A useful framework for industrial-organizational psychologists." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 15, no. 2 (May 26, 2022): 220–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2021.143.

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AbstractEthical decision making has long been recognized as critical for industrial-organizational (I-O) psychologists in the variety of roles they fill in education, research, and practice. Decisions with ethical implications are not always readily apparent and often require consideration of competing concerns. The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct are the principles and standards to which all Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) members are held accountable, and these principles serve to aid in decision making. To this end, the primary focus of this article is the presentation and application of an integrative ethical decision-making framework rooted in and inspired by empirical, philosophical, and practical considerations of professional ethics. The purpose of this framework is to provide a generalizable model that can be used to identify, evaluate, resolve, and engage in discourse about topics involving ethical issues. To demonstrate the efficacy of this general framework to contexts germane to I-O psychologists, we subsequently present and apply this framework to five scenarios, each involving an ethical situation relevant to academia, practice, or graduate education in I-O psychology. With this article, we hope to stimulate the refinement of this ethical decision-making model, illustrate its application in our profession, and, most importantly, advance conversations about ethical decision making in I-O psychology.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Decision refinement'

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