Academic literature on the topic 'Decision making – European Union countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Decision making – European Union countries"
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Rutkauskas, Virgilijus. "Factors Behind Weak Tax Morale: the Case of European Union Countries." Ekonomika 95, no. 3 (January 11, 2017): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2016.3.10325.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse factors influencing the behaviour and decision-making of local tourists in choosing Azerbaijan as a destination. The main attributes, elements and types of tourism destinations are analysed. The understanding of consumer behaviour is defined and the peculiarities of decision-making process are presented. The main internal and external factors influencing tourist’s behaviour and decision-making are summarised. The current situation of tourism in Azerbaijan is examined. The analysis of social, cultural, personal and psychological factors influencing the decision-making of local Azerbaijani tourists to travel to various types of tourism destinations with different attributes like, attractions, available amenities, accessibility, image, price and human resources is done. The research includes both primary and secondary data. Secondary data is used to give insight to the topic and assess conclusions. Primary data is collected by surveying domestic travellers of Azerbaijan. Survey results are analysed by implying descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests and Factor analysis. The research results show that the age, monthly income and marital status of local Azerbaijani travellers affect their travel behaviour especially in the duration of their trip. Destination amenities, tourism infrastructure, environmental features, human resources and price are the important attributes for local tourists in choosing tourism destination.
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Michalopoulos, Evangelos, Andreas Georgiou, and Konstantinos Paparrizos. "Risk-based decision making and risk management of European Union regional programs." Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 18, no. 1 (2008): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor0801075m.
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This paper presents a generalized method for management decision making incorporating risk assessment techniques. The risk based decision making methodology is applied to European Union expenditure programs used to implement its regional policy, such as the community support framework, community initiatives, special initiatives and other European policies. An example is presented for the development of an audit (inspection) program in the region of West Macedonia, Greece, during the implementation of the 3rd Community Structural Support Framework Operational Program. The generic nature of the method permits its use in the management of similar European regional programs in Greece and other European countries. It is also applicable to many other industries interested in applying risk-based management decisions to physical or process based systems. .
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Alferova, Elena. "ALGORITHMIZED DECISION-MAKING AND THE RIGHT TO INTERPRET IT." Pravovedenie IAZH, no. 1 (2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2021.01.05.
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The problems of legality and transparency of decisions made using artificial intelligence, the implementation of the right to interpret them and challenge them in courts are considered. The article analyzes the legislation of the European Union and a number of developed countries that allows for the adoption of algorithmic decisions and provides for appropriate measures to protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the data subject.
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O. М., Stoyko. "Institualization of referendum in EU countries." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 31 (2020): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2020-31-445-452.
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The evolution of the referendum institutionalization in the constitutions of the EU states is considered. The peculiarities of its initiation, realization and implementation of results in the "old" and "new" members of the Union are highlighted and analyzed. It is concluded that young democracies are pioneering in using this tool of direct democracy both to legitimize government decisions and to involve citizens in the decision-making process. The history of the introduction of plebiscites into the practice of political processes in European countries shows, that they are closely linked to democratic transit: the later the constitution is adopted, the more opportunities for citizens to use referendums not only to control the legislative process in parliament (support or veto certain decisions, draft laws), but also to formulate an agenda - to propose their own initiatives for consideration by public authorities. Accordingly, there are obvious differences between the referendum practices of the "old" and "new" members of the European Union, since the latter are much more active in using them and give citizens real leverage on public policy by holding plebiscites on popular initiatives.
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Kaveshnikov, N., and A. Domanov. "Factors Behind Legislative Duration in the European Union." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 20, no. 1 (2022): 80–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2022.20.1.68.3.
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This article investigates the impact of various institutional factors on the duration of legislative process negotiations in the European Union. The empirical data consists of EU secondary law directives adopted in 1990-2019 (1124 directives). We use the methodology of survival analysis (Cox model). We detected that after 2004 the rules of voting in the Council (unanimity or qualified majority) do not affect the duration of the legislative process; this conclusion changes the traditional vision of the functioning of the Council. We prove that of all the EU enlargements, only that of 1995 has influenced the legislative process and slowed it down. Other EU enlargements, including one in 2004 when 10 CEE countries joined the EU, did not show a significant impact. We demonstrate that of all basic treaty reforms that have taken place since 1990 only the Amsterdam Treaty has accelerated the decision-making process. In addition, we conclude that the Interinstitutional Agreement of 2007 between the Council and the European Parliament had a stronger impact on the legislative process than most treaty reforms. It favoured the acceleration of decision-making by consolidating cooperative practices between EU institutions based on trilogues. Besides, the study confirms some previous conclusions tested on the new dataset: more active involvement of the European Parliament in the legislative process (ordinary legislative procedure), the novelty and complexity of the act slow down the decision-making process.
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Jensen, Mads Dagnis, and Dorte Martinsen. "Out of Time? National Parliaments and Early Decision-Making in the European Union." Government and Opposition 50, no. 2 (August 7, 2014): 240–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2014.20.
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Co-decisions between the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament are increasingly adopted as early agreements. Recent EU studies have pinpointed how this informal turn in EU governance has altered the existing balance of power between EU actors and within EU institutions. However, the implications of accelerated EU decision-making are expected to have repercussions beyond the EU system and in other institutions impinging on the role of national parliaments. This study examines the implications of an alteration of EU political time on national parliaments’ ability to scrutinize their executives in EU affairs. A mixed method approach has been applied. This strategy combines survey data on national parliaments’ scrutiny process and response to early agreements for 26 EU countries with a case study examination of national parliaments in Denmark, the UK and Germany. The burgeoning research agenda on EU timescapes is applied. This study finds that the clocks of most national parliaments are out of time with the EU decision-mode of early agreements, which severely hampers the national parliaments’ ability to scrutinize national governments.
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Nedergaard, Peter, Maja Friis, and Mads Dagnis Jensen. "Decision-making processes during EU presidencies." Politica 52, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/politica.v52i2.130810.
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This article analyses governmental decision-making processes during presidencies of the European Union (EU) from the outset of the planning to the end of the evaluation of the concluded presidency. The Polish, Danish and Cypriot presidencies in the Trio of 2011-2012 are compared by applying a Most Different Systems Design. The three presidencies represent member states that differ in political, administrative and geographical terms. In spite of these differences, considerable similarities can also be traced between the countries in terms of how they handled the presidency, especially how civil servants adapted to the different phases. However, there are also variations concerning the degree of centralization versus decentralization of the whole process, the degree of autonomy of individual civil servants, the degree of political involvement in the presidency process, and the type of evaluation carried out after the EU presidency had taken place. The article is based on interviews with more than 80 civil servants involved in the presidency process from the three countries over a period of nearly four years.
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González Begega, Sergio, Holm-Detlev Köhler, and Mona Aranea. "Contested industrial democracy discourses in transnational companies. The case of the ArcelorMittal European Social Dialogue Group." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 24, no. 4 (June 7, 2018): 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258918775838.
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This article discusses the potential of European transnational company agreements for developing industrial democracy at European company level. It describes the experience of the ArcelorMittal European Social Dialogue Group, established in 2009 through a European transnational company agreement as an innovative channel for trade union involvement in corporate decision-making. The conceptual framework draws on a cross-national comparison of industrial democracy discourses in two European countries, Germany and Spain. A qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews with trade union representatives and management is used to identify divergent national discourses of employee voice giving rise to common misunderstandings of industrial democracy at European level. The findings illustrate the persisting communication challenges faced by trade unions when engaging in employee representation structures at transnational company level. The article also shows that trade union representatives are able to adapt their national discourses on industrial democracy under the influence of European practice.
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Innocenthia, Adieuva, Yosinta Margaretha, Febri One, Junita Christine, and Agnes Magdalena. "THE EUROPEAN UNION, CHINA AND SOLAR PANEL." Sociae Polites 21, no. 1 (August 8, 2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v21i1.1585.
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The European Union and China are the two countries that have advantages in each of them. The European Union and China have a dispute regarding renewable energies, namely the problem with solar panels. China's policy of making solar panels prices have low bargaining power makes the European Union unable to accept the policy because it can cause a long trade conflict. The case study in this paper also illustrates that the EU is actively approaching it to overcome environmental challenges in China by involving the European Union in dialogue and negotiation on various issues and providing capacity-building support. China also introduced trade reforms and carbon emissions to environmental decision-making bodies in the European Union, and it was supported by the European Union, including through meetings to determine sustainable policies and development projects on energy and the environment.
Keywords: EU – China dispute, Environmental Challenges, anti-dumping, China’s policy, World Trade Organization.
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Grabevnik, M. V. "REGIONALIST LOBBYISM IN EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTION." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 15, no. 4 (2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2021-4-63-74.
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The research subject is the representation of regionalist lobbying organizations in the European Union institutions. Based on the analysis of the Transparency Register Data author characterizes the structure of regionalist lobby in the institutions of the European Union. The analysis demonstrates that the regional and municipal authorities of European countries, with their formal status as lobbying groups in the institutions of the European Union, actually remain incapable of influencing the political decision-making process at the supranational level, while the dominant position among the regionalist lobbying groups is occupied by organizations representing of associations of regions. The dominance of associations as the main regionalist actors in European lobbying is due to the administrative conveniences of mediated communication, in which associations act as mediators between regional and European elements of multilevel governance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Decision making – European Union countries"
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Baranava, Tatiana. "EUROPEAN UNION - BELARUS: A FRIENDLIER, WARMER RELATIONSHIP ? THE CASE OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23956.
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After 12 years of isolation, the relations between Brussels and Minsk have been thawing starting in the last year. One of the components of the policy of re-engagement is the new initiative adopted by the EU called Eastern Partnership (EaP). This thesis sought to answer following question: what were the main reasons for the change in the EU policy towards Belarus after 2008? In order to answer the research question I formulated two hypotheses. The first hypothesis argues that while the EU has acted according to the normative power expectations up until 2008, after that date a more pragmatic approach in the foreign policy has been at work. The second hypothesis explains this change by the increasing influence of Eastern European countries in realm of decision-making processes within the EU, which resulted in a reformed EU foreign policy towards Belarus.These hypotheses are tested in a qualitative case study of the launching of the Eastern Partnership initiative, seen as the most important instrument that defines the new policy of EU. I will focus on the process of decision–making in regards to the adoption of the new initiative towards the Eastern European countries, using the rational actor model and the theory of formal leadership. The results of the paper point out that the main reason for changing the EU foreign policy towards Belarus were connected to pragmatic interests in the economic and energy areas, which weakened the EU normative claims. However, EU values are still counted as political conditionality has recently re-entered the agenda. Thus, the current foreign policy is two-fold: based on rational model of acting and normative power. Moreover, the EaP is the result of the strengthened position of Eastern European countries in terms of the power hierarchy among EU members, with Poland, and the Baltic States playing an increasingly larger role.
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Machková, Radka. "Hodnocení vybraných států EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75293.
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This diploma thesis targets the evaluation of fifteen chosen EU countries using the methods of multicriteria decision-making. The topic is elaborated from the perspective of a student of the University of Economics, Prague, who chooses a suitable country to gain experience abroad. Students' preferences are recorded in a questionnaire and grouped using direct weights estimation method. The ORESTE, WSA, TOPSIS, PROMETHEE II and MAPPAC methods are described in the thesis and applied to the data using an add-on of Microsoft Excel -- Sanna. Since the questionnaire contains a question on the students' subjective ranking of countries, it is possible to compare the two rankings (subjective and calculated) to determine whether they are comparable and the students' decision-making is consistent.
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Kiel, Alexandra. "Decision making in the European Union externalities and incomplete information /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11163788.
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Roberts, Claire. "Property, economy and decision-making : a comparative analysis of property investment decision-making in selected European countries." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420785.
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Mariotto, C. "BICAMERALISM OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: DECISION-MAKING IN THE CONCILIATION COMMITTEE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/222406.
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The conciliation committee is the ultimate inter-cameral dispute settlement mechanism of the ordinary (former codecision) legislative procedure of the European Union. Who gets what, and why, in this committee? Are the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers on an equal footing? Upon a closer examination, the institutional set-up of the committee is bias in favour of the Council. The present research investigates under which conditions the European Parliament may be more successful in conciliation bargaining, by three integrating analyses. First, through Wordfish I conduct quantitative text analysis estimating the similarity between the documents of almost all the dossiers that reached conciliation up to February 2012. This evidence suggests that, in almost seventy per cent of times, the final agreement is more similar to the position of the Council. As expected, the Parliament has been more successful after the reform of the Treaty of Amsterdam and in dossiers where the Council decides by qualified majority voting. The Parliament also benefits if the rapporteur comes from a large party because a veto threat is more easily executable. In line with König et al. (2007), the support from the Commission as well as when national administrations are more involved in implementation than the Commission are crucial to parliamentary success. Second, a qualitative expert survey provides an in-depth contribution to the variables affecting legislative outcome for a broad array of cases. The discussions engaged key actors, both from the Council and Parliament, about several dossiers reached the conciliation. The qualitative analysis motivates some of the hypotheses confirmed by the quantitative empirical tests. It investigates the causal mechanism of the rapporteur’s party affiliation, the membership length of the Council president and the Commission’s role, while the personality of the relays actors and the relationship of the assembly with the public opinion, which were not analysed quantitatively, are likely to exert constraints on parliamentarians in finding an agreement or raising the disagreement value they attach to dossiers. Finally, after developing a formal model of conciliation under incomplete information, I select the case of the Telecom Package as analytic narrative to explain how Parliament may extract more concessions from the member states if it manipulates the Council’s believe on its own type.
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SCHROEDER, Ursula C. "The making of the new EU security order : an organizational study of complex security governance." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7038.
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Defence date: 7 May 2007Examination Board: Prof. Friedrich Kratochwil (EUI); Prof. Pascal Vennesson (EUI/RSCAS); Prof. Christopher Daase (LMU Munich); Prof. Michael C. Williams (University of Wales, Aberystwyth)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The Organization of European Security Governance investigates what impact the changing nature of security challenges has had on the organization of security governance in Europe. As the most pervasive security challenges today are difficult to classify as either internal or external, the traditional divide between domestic and international security has become blurred. In response, European leaders have emphasized the need to develop comprehensive and horizontal approaches to security in the European Union. But has the European Union been able to deliver a coherent response to this new security environment? In a detailed comparative study of two crucial policy fields - EU counter-terrorism and post-conflict crisis management - the dissertation outlines the scope of the ongoing transformation of Europe's security order, examines its challenges and explains its defects.
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Matthews, Nicola. "Sport, policy and Europeanisation : process and interest mediation in European Union decision making." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7267.
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The thesis seeks to analyse the implications of the deepening and widening of the European Union for sport and leisure-related policy developments. Firstly, the work seeks to establish an appropriate conceptual framework through which to review how the process of Europeanisation is influencing sport and leisure policies. The term Europeanisation refers to the changing nature of relations between regional, national and supranational tiers of governance. Secondly, the thesis reviews the literature on the progression of EU level sports and leisure policy interventions since 1957. The range of rationales in operation, and the maturation of those rationales over the last forty years, is considered. The capacity for European level intervention has grown significantly through the development of EU socio-political and economic integration policies, the most significant being the four freedoms (the free movement of goods, services, capital and persons) and the associated legislation. The empirical work subsequently reviews the implications the Europeanisation process for three areas of decision-making: sports broadcasting rights, the use of European Structural Funds and the debate on a EU competence for sport. Drawing on both figurational sociology and policy network analysis, the research identifies the key stakeholders involved in the policy process and seeks to illustrate the nature of the policy-making processes. The thesis progresses the argument that the development of economic, social and political inter-dependencies, along transnational rather than national lines, are inevitably leading to questions over the role of the nation state and the institutions of the European Union. Accordingly, the research identifies and evaluates the positions held by the key actors, on central issues, within each of the three areas of policy and reflects on the distribution and management of key resources. The conclusion addresses the issue of whether the strategic alliances formed during the policy process are indicative of the development of a European level sports policy community or whether other forms of policy network operate at the supranational level of governance. With reference to the three areas of policy analysed, the final chapter outlines the ways in which policy networks are changing, or resisting change, in the light of developments at the European level. The evidence suggests that the sub-sectoral nature of the policy studies conducted, militates against the formation of a highly integrated, independent policy community. Consequently, it is appropriate to refer to more disaggregated, issue-specific networks. Nevertheless, the potential for a growing formalisation of the sports policy agenda at the European level is such that policy communities may develop and coalesce at some point in the future.
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Bambi, Andrea <1995>. "Crisis-management in the European Union How emergency politics affect EU decision-making." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20258.
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Dopo le riforme istituzionali attuate dal trattato di Lisbona, il processo decisionale nell'Unione europea (UE) è stato modificato in una certa misura. Sebbene la Commissione mantenga ancora il monopolio dell'iniziativa legislativa, il Consiglio Europeo ha rafforzato il suo controllo e la sua influenza sulla definizione dell'agenda – sia formale che informale – attraverso la creazione di una presidenza permanente (Bocquillon and Lobbels, 2014). Inoltre, il Parlamento Europeo (PE) ha ora un ruolo più rilevante nel processo legislativo. Infatti, le proposte legislative devono essere concordate sia dal PE che dal Consiglio dell'Unione Europea per essere convertite in legislazione, mentre prima del Trattato di Lisbona il PE aveva solo un ruolo consultivo (Verdun, 2013). Nel complesso, il Consiglio Europeo è stato descritto come un protagonista centrale nella governance dell'UE (Bulmer, 1996) e come il nuovo nucleo decisionale, essendo stato il principale destinatario del potere perso dalla Commissione nel corso dei decenni (Ponzano et al., 2012; Pollack, 1997). Questo passaggio di potere ha modificato il rapporto tra il Consiglio Europeo e la Commissione.
La ricerca su tale argomento ha messo in evidenza due paradigmi che descrivono questo fenomeno nel quadro decisionale: infatti, tale relazione può essere reciproca e cooperativa (Bulmer e Wessels, 1986; Wessels, 2008), oppure gerarchica, con il Consiglio Europeo che agisce come istituzione dominante (Moravcsik, 2002). Inoltre, la recente ricerca pionieristica di Bocquillon e Lobbels indica una possibile connessione diretta tra la presenza di un evento di focalizzazione o di una crisi internazionale con l'instaurarsi di un rapporto gerarchico dominato dal Consiglio Europeo, che è stato anche descritto come il gestore delle crisi in UE (Curtin, 2014). Basandosi sulle elaborazioni teoriche degli autori citati e sulla crescente tendenza verso una modalità di governance caratterizzata dal termine “emergency politics” (Honig, 2009; White, 2013), questa ricerca indagherà come le crisi influiscono sul processo decisionale e sulla definizione dell'agenda programmatica in Unione Europea. Innanzitutto, l’elaborato presenterà una sezione dedicata alla spiegazione delle metodologie analitiche utilizzate per la ricerca, nonché una rassegna delle principali ricerche finora effettuate sull’argomento in esame.
In seguito, presentando tre casi studio relativi alle crisi post-Lisbona – ovvero la crisi dell'Eurozona del 2009, la crisi dei rifugiati del 2015 e la crisi sanitaria innescata da SARS-CoV-2 nel 2020 – questa tesi esplorerà l'alterazione del processo decisionale in tempi di emergenza, al fine di valutare quanto esso esuli dal quadro normativo standard, e cercherà di definire che tipo di relazione emerge tra il Consiglio Europeo e la Commissione. Tale analisi verrà condotta attraverso la presentazione del quadro legislativo attuale, e tramite la comparazione dei rapporti di potere tra le due istituzioni. Una parte della ricerca verrà inoltre dedicata alla discussione circa i principali termini che riguardano i processi di gestione delle crisi, andando a definire la differenza tra “stato di emergenza”, crisi”, e “politiche di emergenza”. In tale contesto, questa dissertazione includerà anche una sezione completamente dedicata all’analisi dei meccanismi e degli strumenti attualmente disponibili in Unione Europea per la gestione delle crisi, non dimenticando di effettuare una valutazione sulla loro efficacia e sui risultati da essi ottenuti nel corso degli anni. Alla fine, l'analisi della governance della gestione della crisi e degli effetti che ha sui rapporti di potere dell'UE rivelerà una tendenza all'accentramento dei poteri nelle mani dei Capi di Stato e una posizione dominante del Consiglio europeo.
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Pottakis, Andreas. "Representative democracy in the European Union : an analysis of the democratic legitimacy of the decision-making institutions of the European Union." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402160.
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Sule, Attila. "The European Union in peace operations : limits of policy-making and military implementation." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1061.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe 1992 European Union (EU) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP, Maastricht Treaty) marked a turning point in the trans-Atlantic relationship. The Balkan conflicts and broader political changes in the 1990s compelled the EU to assume more responsibility in peace operations. The EU's 60,000 strong Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) is planned to be operational in 2003. Will the EU be able to conduct Petersberg-type peace operations? This thesis analyzes policy and military shortfalls of the Balkan peacekeeping effort. Questions about the legitimacy of armed humanitarian interventions, about difficulties in common policy formulation and translation to sound military objectives are the core problems of civil-military relations in European peace operations. The case studies focus on the EU failure to resolve the Bosnian crises between 1992-95, and on the gaps between NATO policies and military objectives in the operations of 'Implementation Force' in Bosnia and 'Allied Force' in Kosovo. The thesis considers developments in EU CFSP institutions and EU-NATO relationship as well as the EU's response to terrorist attacks on September 11 2001. The thesis argues that the difficulty in EU CFSP formulation limits the effective use of RRF in military operations.
Major, Hungarian Army
Books on the topic "Decision making – European Union countries"
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1972-, Thomson Robert, ed. The European Union decides. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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Participation in EU decision making: Implications on the national level. The Hague, The Netherlands: TMC Asser Press, 2009.
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Takács, Tamara. Participation in EU decision making: Implications on the national level. The Hague, The Netherlands: TMC Asser Press, 2009.
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Takács, Tamara. Participation in EU decision making: Implications on the national level. The Hague, The Netherlands: TMC Asser Press, 2009.
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Explaining decisions in the European Union. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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Democratic decision-making in the EU: Technocracy in disguise? New York: Routledge, 2012.
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David, Earnshaw, ed. The European Parliament. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
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van, Keulen Mendeltje, and Stephenson Paul, eds. Analyzing the European Union policy process. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
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Stoiber, Michael. Die nationale Vorbereitung auf EU-Regierungskonferenzen: Interministerielle Koordination und kollektive Entscheidung. Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2003.
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EU regulation of GMOs: Law and decision making for a new technology. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Decision making – European Union countries"
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Hardman, Lynda. "Cultural Influences on Artificial Intelligence: Along the New Silk Road." In Perspectives on Digital Humanism, 233–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5_31.
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AbstractApplications of AI, in particular data-driven decision-making, concern citizens, governments, and corporations. China was one of the first countries to have identified AI as a key technology in which to invest heavily and develop a national strategy. This in turn has led to many other countries and the European Union (EU) to develop their own strategies. The societal investments and applications of AI are so far-reaching that looking only at the resulting technological innovations is insufficient. Instead, we need to be aware of the societal implications of AI applications—of which there are many—as well as the geopolitical role of business and academic players.
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Nugent, Neill. "Decision-Making." In Developments in the European Union, 130–50. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27572-4_7.
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Versluis, Esther, Mendeltje van Keulen, and Paul Stephenson. "Decision Making." In Analyzing the European Union Policy Process, 154–79. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10001-6_8.
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Christiansen, Thomas, and Christine Reh. "Decision-Making in Intergovernmental Conferences." In Constitutionalizing the European Union, 176–203. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10281-2_7.
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El-Agraa, Ali M. "Decision-making in the EU." In The European Union Illuminated, 69–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137533654_4.
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Peterson, John, and Elizabeth Bomberg. "Making Sense of EU Decision-Making." In Decision-Making in the European Union, 4–30. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27507-6_2.
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Tömmel, Ingeborg. "Decision-Making: Cooperation and Conflict among the Core Institutions." In The European Union, 115–40. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-42754-0_6.
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Tömmel, Ingeborg. "Decision-Making and Consensus-Building within the Core Institutions." In The European Union, 141–71. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-42754-0_7.
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Geddes, Andrew. "Britain, EU Institutions and Decision-Making Processes." In Britain and the European Union, 114–42. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29743-3_6.
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Oğuz, Gönül. "Institutional Decision-Making in the EU." In Labour Migration in the European Union, 147–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36185-3_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Decision making – European Union countries"
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Antonescu, Daniela. "Trends of Convergence at Regional Level in European Union (EU-28)." In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/35.
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The objective regarding cohesion is achieved by means of a convergence process that assumes diminishing territorial inequalities between regions and territories. The cohesion process is not limited to the relatively poor regions, but aims also to more developed regions with the purpose of observing also the secondary effects for the entire EU (EC Report, 2013). Identifying the convergence or divergence trends is one of the intensely argued topics by both the academic and the political-decisional environment. The theoretical point of view approach regarding convergence was accompanied by models meant to mitigate the requirements of assessing over given periods the evolution of territorial inequalities (between countries or regions). Identifying a process of convergence or divergence at regional level is a widely debated issue both in the academic and political-decision making environment. Thus, in the context of favourable economic development, convergence assumes a process of closing the gap between the living standards between the poorer and richer areas beginning with the premise that the first have a swifter development as the latter. Considering this aspect, the present article analyses the trends of convergence/divergence at regional level in the context of the European Union with the help of GDP per capita and variation coefficients.
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Vitez Pandžić, Marijeta, and Jasmin Kovačević. "REGULATORY SYSTEMS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC MANAGEMENT AND LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18360.
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The European Union (EU) actively responded to the pandemic and the consequences of the pandemic in different areas of human activity (health, economic, social, etc.) adopting a series of regulations, measures and guidelines in different fields. EU member states acted in accordance with EU regulations and within their own legal system and the management structures. The aim of this paper was to analyze ten selected EU member states and their regulatory responses in the approach to pandemic control in relation to the mortality rate per million inhabitants on January 15, 2021. The following hypothesis was set: The regulatory systems and management structures of selected EU member states in the framework of the management of the COVID-19 pandemic have been successfully set up and implemented and have contributed to the lower mortality rate per million inhabitants until January 15, 2021. Ten EU countries were selected for the study according to their mortality rate per million inhabitants on January 15, 2021. Besides Croatia (average mortality), research included three member states with high (Belgium, Slovenia, Czechia), three with average (Hungary, Austria, Slovakia) and three with low mortality rate per million inhabitants (Ireland, Denmark, Finland). All available data from EU and ten selected countries were collected and analysed: about legal framework for crisis management, regulatory powers, level of decentralization in the health care system and whether the timeline of the pandemic control criteria according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) was adequately set. Data were analysed in Microsoft Office Excel. Given the obtained results, hypothesis can be considered only partially proven. The legal framework used by studied EU countries for adopting pandemic control measures was not consistently associated with morality rate in this research. All studied EU countries used legal framework that existed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, four of them had states of emergency provided in the Constitution (Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia and Finland), four of them effectively declared statutory regimes (Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Slovakia), and Belgium adopted pandemic control measures using special legislative powers. Three studied countries (Austria, Denmark, Finland) had high level of decentralised decision making in health sector and lower COVID-19 mortality rate. In the first pandemic wave (start in March, 2020) all studied countries respected the timeline in adopting pandemic control measures according to the IHME criteria. In the second pandemic wave (start in October, 2020) only four countries (Czechia, Ireland, Denmark, Finland) respected the timeline in adopting pandemic control measures and three (Ireland, Denmark, Finland) were in low mortality group. Within the concluding considerations of the studied countries and in their pandemic management models, Finland and Denmark were recognised as the most successful with lowest COVID-19 mortality rates. Long tradition of Public Health, decentralized health care decision-making, high level of preparedness in crisis management and adequate timeline in implementation of the pandemic control measures led to lower mortality in COVID-19 pandemic. In the future EU could take even more active role within its legal powers and propose scientific based approach in crisis management to help countries implement measures to preserve lives of EU citizens.
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Misiūnaite, Rasa, and Eigirdas Žemaitis. "Evaluation of knowledge transfer internationalisation level." In 11th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2020“. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2020.643.
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Knowledge and the ability to transfer it effectively becomes a valuable skill, that goes beyond a particular business sector. In 2015 United Nations developed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Develop-ment Goals (SDG), which emphasize global partnership and collaboration as some of the key criteria in order to achieve tangible results. Authors raise the hypothesis about a set of national level criteria, which help to forecast the level of European Union countries contribution to SDG. Research aims to evaluate EU countries’ potential to contribute to 17 SDG, by measuring the level of international knowledge transfer. Authors analyze scientific approaches to knowledge transfer, its measurement, match selected measure-ment aspects with corresponding data from Global Competitiveness Index and rank EU countries by using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision making method.
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Đurić, Stefan, and Bojana Lalatović. "SOLIDARITY CHECK IN TIMES OF COVID-19. ANALYSIS OF THE EU APPROACH TOWARDS ITS CLOSEST NEIGHBOURS WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON MONTENEGRO." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18303.
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Solidarity as one of the cornerstone values of the European Union has been once again seated on the red chair and intensively discussed within the European Union and broader. After the economic recession and migrant crisis that marked the last two decades, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has once again harshly tested the fundamental objectives and values of the European Union and the responsiveness and effectiveness of its governance system on many fronts. In April, 2020 several EU Member States were among the worst affected countries worldwide and this situation soon became similar in their closest neighbourhood. It put a huge pressure on the EU to act faster, while at the same time placing this sui generis community to the test that led to revealing its strengths and weaknesses. As it happened in the previous crises, the Union launched policies and various programmes that were meant to lessen the burden of the Member States and aspiring countries caused by the crises. The objectives of the mentioned soft law instruments that the EU adopted during the COVID-19 crisis has been not only to show that EU law is equipped to react to health and economic crises rapidly but to deliver its support in terms of solidarity to its Member States and its closest neighbours facing the unprecedented health and economic crisis. This article will explore the value and implication of the solidarity principle in times of Covid-19 in its various manifestations. A special focus will be on the financial and material aspects of the EU instruments created to combat the negative consequences of the pandemic and their further impact on shaping the solidarity principle within the EU system. While examining the character and types of these mechanisms a special focus will be placed on those available to Western Balkan countries, whereas Montenegro as the “fast runner” in the EU integration process will be taken as a case study for the purpose of more detailed analyses. One of the major conclusions of the paper will be that although the speed of the EU reactions due to highly complex structure of decision making was not always satisfying for all the actors concerned, the EU once again has shown that it is reliable and that it treats the Western Balkan countries as privileged partners all for the sake of ending pandemic and launching the socio-economic recovery of the Western Balkans. Analytical and comparative methods will be dominantly relied upon throughout the paper. This will allow the authors to draw the main conclusions of the paper and assess the degree of solidarity as well as the effectiveness of the existing EU instruments that are available to Montenegro and aimed at diminishing negative consequences of the crisis.
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Kotlars, Aleksandrs, Inguna Jurgelane-Kaldava, and Valerijs Skribans. "Factors Affecting Long-Term Cooperation with Logistics Service Providers." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.049.
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Nowadays different approaches are used by the companies to systematically compare and evaluate logistics service providers. The purpose of this study is to define and classify requirements, evaluation criteria and quality criteria set towards logistics service providers. In this study, information is gathered about the selection arrangements for logistics providers, which were collected from several companies. Authors looked for information related to the following questions: what are the criteria for evaluating logistics service providers; what are the requirements that logistics providers need to ensure to become a partner; what are the objectives of the selection contests (procurement tenders) defined by the companies; what are the main service quality indicators that are used to measure the performance of logistics service providers. Companies originated in the European Union from various countries have been examined. A literature review was conducted that helped to collect information regarding application of multiple-criteria decision-making for selection of logistics service providers and extract proposed selection criteria. Analysis of procurement documentation by logistics service providers was done to extract and group data that will be used to develop decision-making framework in further research. Authors created unique groups of logistics service providers selection criteria, requirements towards logistics service providers, selection goals and key performance indicators. Finally, general market research of pre-defined industries was made. There are very few studies dedicated to selection of criteria and requirements towards logistics service providers. Companies tend to formulate selection criteria of logistics service providers in general manner, at the same time, not paying attention to formulating selection process goals.
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Korsaka, Tereza, and Gunta Grinberga-Zalite. "Theoretical characteristics of using leverage instruments in the context of rural entrepreneurship." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.022.
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Today, the matters pertaining to regional and urban development in the EU are increasingly integrated into EU development plans and strategies. The EU actively facilitates regional development by supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the regions to contribute to employment, education and social integration. The strategic goal of the National Development Plan of Latvia 2021-2027 is to promote also regional development in Latvia in order to ensure long-term balanced growth in the country. Promoting entrepreneurship in the regions is of great importance, as Latvia is still one of the countries in the European Union experiencing unbalanced regional development and having socio-economic disparities. Consequently, financial performance and financial stability play an important role in sustainable business development. Rural entrepreneurs whose business is seasonal often lack an awareness of the role of financial leverage degrees, which could lead to making wrong decisions. Performing an assessment of the degrees of financial leverage could be useful not only in a situation when experiencing a business expansion but also when a business decline occurs, which is specific to rural entrepreneurship. A hypothesis of the present research is based on the authors’ opinion that by meaningfully applying the degrees of financial leverage, it is possible to enhance the financial performance of enterprises, which is particularly important for rural entrepreneurship. The aim of the research is to define the degrees of financial leverage – the degree of operating leverage (DOL), the degree of financial leverage (DFL) and the degree of combined leverage (DCL) – as measures of financial performance of enterprises and classify the principles of measure assessment in relation to whether the indicator percentage changes used in financial leverage calculations are positive or negative. The research employed the following methods: induction – to make scientific assumptions and identify similarities based on individual elements – and deduction – to logically systematize and explain empirical data. Applying the empirical and logical construction methods, the authors analysed six different theoretically possible situations, gave six different examples, defined and classified the principles of leverage degree assessment as different (positive and negative) in relation to the indicator percentage changes used in financial leverage calculations.
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Cerny, Igor. "MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION-MAKING ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." In 16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2016. Stef92 Technology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2016/b12/s03.080.
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Aanstoos, Ted A. "Management Challenges in Emerging European Union Eco-Standards." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52115.
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The European Union is 450 million citizens in 25 otherwise sovereign countries, but connected in a multinational federal metastate that claims a combined economy in excess of $9 trillion (US), making it one of the world’s largest economies. As a community faced with massive decontamination and re-industrialization from devastating wars, Europe places due emphasis on issues of environmental sustainability and pollution prevention. Under broad policy guidelines of the New Approach and Integrated Product Planning frameworks, the European Commission is drafting legislation that will mandate eco-standards for all energized end-use equipment for sale in the internal market. These proposed standards may raise controversy in many industry sectors and international arenas (including within Europe itself) because they may not be based on sound and accepted scientific analysis, because they may constitute a de-facto violation at least in spirit of the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement, and because nobody can yet predict their cost impact and other market effect. Compliance with these emerging energy efficiency regulations will impose considerable management requirements on manufacturers as they devise documentation and certification programs for their products that are likely to be of a scope similar to ISO 14000. This paper assesses the new requirements from a product and design management perspective.
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Nitova, Darina, and Yasen Markov. "CHALLENGE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DO NOT SIGNIFICANTLY HARM PRINCIPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION FUNDED RAIL PROJECTS IN BULGARIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s23.095.
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The European Green Deal has an overarching aim of making Europe climate neutral in 2050. The goal is to reduce EU's greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 to at least 50% and towards 55% compared with 1990 levels. Its goals extend to many different sectors, including construction, biodiversity, energy, transport and food and includes carbon tariffs for countries that don't curtail their greenhouse gas pollution at the same rate. On 18 June 2020, the Taxonomy Regulation for climate change mitigation and adaptation was published in the Official Journal. In December 2020 was adopted the new EU Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, whereas its sustainable mobility element envisages an irreversible shift to zero-emission mobility by making all transport modes more sustainable. In February 2021 the EC issued technical guidance on the application of �do no significant harm� under the Recovery and Resilience Facility Regulation, and in September 2021 an explanatory note on the application of the principle under Cohesion Policy. The Recovery and Resiliency Facility Plan of Republic of Bulgaria was approved in April 2022 and Transport Connectivity Programme should be approved by the end of 2022 as well. This article discusses the challenges for the implementation of the EU guidance documents for the case of the EU co-funded rail sector projects in Bulgaria. In particular the identified cohesion policy projects are discussed and a particular project is analyzed. As a result some challenges and conclusions are formulated.
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Lina, Al Eassa. "FOSTERING RESILIENCE IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE 2015 EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY REVIEW׃ EVIDENCE FROM JORDAN." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b2/v3/13.
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Resilience has become a priority for the EU in its 2015 European Neighborhood Policy review (ENP), It refers to building state and societal resilience of the Union as a whole, its members and the EU׳s neighbors including Jordan, a strategic southern partner of the EU. In this regard, the EU Building resilience in Jordan in response for crises as the Syrian refugee crisis seems workable but the EU needs to foster it. Thus, this paper’s question is How can the EU foster resilience after it has become a priority in its 2015 (ENP) review in case of Jordan? While many scholars like David Chandler argues that the EU could foster resilience in its neighboring countries by making it a local self-governing project and not an external imposed project where the EU has the mission of monitoring and assessment, in this paper, based on document analysis from official websites for the EU and Jordan including their official bilateral and multilateral agreements and textual analysis of the current literature on building resilience I argue that fostering resilience requires both presenting resilience as a self-governing project with a greater engagement of the Jordanian government, local community and its civil society, at the same time , it needs a better mechanism for the EU in monitoring and assessment, and more importantly helping Jordan to establish the best institutional design that could foster state and societal resilience in Jordan.
Reports on the topic "Decision making – European Union countries"
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Hendrik M. Wendland, Hendrik M. Wendland. Does the judge's nationality affect their judicial decision making in the European Union? Experiment, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/6522.
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.
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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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Bunse, Simone, Elise Remling, Anniek Barnhoorn, Manon du Bus de Warnaffe, Karen Meijer, and Dominik Rehbaum. Mapping European Union Member States’ Responses to Climate-related Security Risks. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/htdn6668.
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This SIPRI Research Policy Paper identifies European Union (EU) member states’ efforts to address climate-related security risks in the short to medium term and suggests entry points for further action. Even countries making visible attempts to mainstream the linkages between climate and security are falling short of pursuing a comprehensive approach. Among the ongoing initiatives that might bear fruit in one to three years are: appointing climate security advisers; climate proofing peacebuilding and conflict proofing climate action; investing in early warning and risk mapping; reassessing climate financing and development aid; and building up the operational resilience of the military. Strengthening such efforts would involve: incorporating climate insecurity into foreign and security policy dialogues; increasing conflict-sensitive climate adaptation finance; sensitization to climate change and conflict; and improving the operationalization of early warning. To remain credible, EU member states must advance their climate security initiatives and close the gap between rhetoric and practice.
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Baldessari, Gianni, Oliver Bender, Domenico Branca, Luigi Crema, Anna Giorgi, Nina Janša, Janez Janša, Marie-Eve Reinert, and Jelena Vidović. Smart Altitude. Edited by Annemarie Polderman, Andreas Haller, Chiara Pellegrini, Diego Viesi, Xavier Tabin, Chiara Cervigni, Stefano Sala, et al. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/smart-altitude.
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This final report summarizes the outcomes of the Smart Altitude project. The Smart Altitude project ran from June 2018 to April 2021 and was carried out by ten partners from six different countries in the Alpine Space (Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Slovenia, and Switzerland). The project was co-financed by the European Union via Interreg Alpine Space. The aim of the project was to enable and accelerate the implementation of low-carbon policies in winter tourism regions by demonstrating the efficiency of a step-by-step decision support tool for energy transition in four Living Labs. The project targeted policymakers, ski resort operators, investors, tourism, and entrepreneurship organizations. The Smart Altitude approach was designed to ensure suitability across the Alpine Space, thereby fostering its replication and uptake in other winter tourism regions and thus increasing the resilience of mountain areas.
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Durovic, Mateja, and Franciszek Lech. A Consumer Law Perspective on the Commercialization of Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64577.
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Commercialization of consumers’ personal data in the digital economy poses serious, both conceptual and practical, challenges to the traditional approach of European Union (EU) Consumer Law. This article argues that mass-spread, automated, algorithmic decision-making casts doubt on the foundational paradigm of EU consumer law: consent and autonomy. Moreover, it poses threats of discrimination and under- mining of consumer privacy. It is argued that the recent legislative reaction by the EU Commission, in the form of the ‘New Deal for Consumers’, was a step in the right direction, but fell short due to its continued reliance on consent, autonomy and failure to adequately protect consumers from indirect discrimination. It is posited that a focus on creating a contracting landscape where the consumer may be properly informed in material respects is required, which in turn necessitates blending the approaches of competition, consumer protection and data protection laws.
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Altamirano, Álvaro, and Nicole Amaral. A Skills Taxonomy for LAC: Lessons Learned and a Roadmap for Future Users. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002898.
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This note brings together lessons from the IDBs and other institutions efforts to adapt a skills taxonomy for Latin America and the Caribbean countries. These efforts have focused primarily on the ability to gather and make use of labor market information on skills demand from non-traditional data sources like online job vacancies. Most of these efforts have used the European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO) taxonomy to underpin the identification and classification of skills. This note is intended to be a starting point and set of considerations for policymakers who may be considering, or already embarking on, similar efforts to use ESCO or other taxonomical structures to help better analyze, understand and use skills-level information for decision making. It also seeks to motivate the need for additional classification systems that help governments take stock of its citizens skills in increasingly complex and rapidly changing labor markets.
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Böhm, Franziska, Ingrid Jerve Ramsøy, and Brigitte Suter. Norms and Values in Refugee Resettlement: A Literature Review of Resettlement to the EU. Malmö University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771776.
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As a result of the refugee reception crisis in 2015 the advocacy for increasing resettlement numbers in the overall refugee protection framework has gained momentum, as has research on resettlement to the EU. While the UNHCR purports resettlement as a durable solution for the international protection of refugees, resettlement programmes to the European Union are seen as a pillar of the external dimension of the EU’s asylum and migration policies and management. This paper presents and discusses the literature regarding the value transmissions taking place within these programmes. It reviews literature on the European resettlement process – ranging from the selection of refugees to be resettled, the information and training they receive prior to travelling to their new country of residence, their reception upon arrival, their placement and dispersal in the receiving state, as well as programs of private and community sponsorship. The literature shows that even if resettlement can be considered an external dimension of European migration policy, this process does not end at the border. Rather, resettlement entails particular forms of reception, placement and dispersal as well as integration practices that refugees are confronted with once they arrive in their resettlement country. These practices should thus be understood in the context of the resettlement regime as a whole. In this paper we map out where and how values (here understood as ideas about how something should be) and norms (expectations or rules that are socially enforced) are transmitted within this regime. ‘Value transmission’ is here understood in a broad sense, taking into account the values that are directly transmitted through information and education programmes, as well as those informing practices and actors’ decisions. Identifying how norms and values figure in the resettlement regime aid us in further understanding decision making processes, policy making, and the on-the-ground work of practitioners that influence refugees’ lives. An important finding in this literature review is that vulnerability is a central notion in international refugee protection, and even more so in resettlement. Ideas and practices regarding vulnerability are, throughout the resettlement regime, in continuous tension with those of security, integration, and of refugees’ own agency. The literature review and our discussion serve as a point of departure for developing further investigations into the external dimension of value transmission, which in turn can add insights into the role of norms and values in the making and un-making of (external) boundaries/borders.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.
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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias