Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Decision-making effort'
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Kurniawan, I. T. "Effort-based learning and decision making." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1334501/.
Full textAmir, On 1972. "Individual decision making : pain, rules, and effort." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29945.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references.
Individuals are involved in daily decision making situations under varying levels of certainty and ease of gathering information, characterized by many factors such as the need to make payments, or the desire to fulfill goals. Essay 1 proposes that when individuals are faced with environments that offer an abundance of alternative choices and information (increased decision flexibility) consumers will have a harder time deciding and are more likely not to make purchases or to procrastinate. Environments such as the Internet are proposed to increase decision conflict and anticipated regret, as they increase the ease of generating counterfactuals. Limiting flexibility, by using exploding discounts, for example, reduces decision difficulty, and increases purchase likelihood. Essay 2 demonstrates that some of the documented discrepancies between expressed preferences and predicted happiness may be explained by individuals' use of rules when making decisions. Rules are used whenever they are evoked, and exclude a deep factual analysis of the situation. For example, money is proposed to invoke a set of rules that are subsequently used. Specifically, driven by anticipation, consumers' preference for a delayed concert is contradicted by their greater willingness to pay for an immediate one. The overarching nature of rules causes individuals to follow them even when it is not in their best interests. Essay 3 demonstrates that partitioning a task by providing progress information may influence motivation, effort, enjoyment, and performance in two opposing ways: when uncertainty about progress is high, partitioning increases motivation and liking of a task, but when progress uncertainty is low, partitioning decreases motivation, liking, and subsequent choice of the task.
by On Amir.
Ph.D.
Diller, James W. "Effects of response effort, delay, and stimulus changes on the sunk-cost effect." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10028.
Full textTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 93 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-93).
Lee, Douglas. "The metacognitive control of decision-making." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS525.
Full textEverything we do is guided by value. In brief, the value we assign to something summarizes the impact we thinkitwill have on our lives. The term value can be used to assess virtually anything. Value is goal-dependent: e.g., value for water is different than value for a soft bed. Value is context-dependent: e.g., value for a hammer is different when building versus fishing. Value is subjective: e.g., a work of art might be treasure to some, garbage to others. Even when taking all this into account, however, the values that we express for particular options are not always consistent. We do not always choose according to our preferences, as derived byassessing options individually. Under current theories, such preference reversals are interpretedas errors that arise from unreliable signaling within the brain. We alternatively propose that people can change their mind after reassessing the value of options while pondering the decision. So, why do we carefully ponder some decisions, but not others? We develop a computational model of the metacognitive control of decisions, where we assume that the amount of cognitive resources deployed is controlled by an effort-confidence tradeoff. Importantly, the anticipated benefit of allocating resources varies according to difficulty and importance. The model predicts choices, choice confidence, mental effort, and preference change, in a critically different manner from current models. We compare and test these predictions in a systematic manner, using a dedicated behavioral paradigm. Our results provide a mechanistic link between effort, confidence, and preference reversals, in a way that has not previously been considered
Besharat, Ali. "Essays on Mental Accounting and Consumers' Decision Making." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3977.
Full textAllaheeb, Bassim Abdullah H. "Decision-making In Different Cultures: Essays In Experimental Economics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/242752.
Full textGhods-Sharifi, Sarvin. "Dissociable involvement of the nucleus accumbens subregions in effort-based decision making." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24159.
Full textShafiei, Naghmeh. "Effort-based decision making is sensitive to the effects of acute stress." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36389.
Full textVangsness, Lisa Lynn. "Perceptions of effort and risk assessment." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35380.
Full textDepartment of Psychological Sciences
Michael E. Young
Although risky decision-making tasks present some a priori risk (i.e., base-rate), decision makers often have an opportunity to modify this level of risk through their behaviors. Broadly speaking, risk can be modified by assigning additional resources to an ongoing task or by engaging in specific risk-mitigation strategies before or after the risky decision is made. The modification of risk requires ongoing awareness of task demands, resource constraints, and risk-mitigation strategies that can be used to adapt behavior over time. This thesis explores risk modification that occurs during difficult tasks. Difficult tasks hold greater risks because they fall at the edge of the decision maker’s abilities and are likely to require a greater number of resources to overcome. As resources are engaged they become unavailable for other tasks or strategies to cope with changing task demands. I studied how individuals monitor risks and develop risk mitigation strategies using a videogame task designed to mirror contingencies that would be encountered in the real world. Results from two experiments that involve this task suggest that decision-makers adequately monitor and develop active strategies for dealing with risks. These strategies change over time and vary as a function of task difficulty and experience.
KC, Raghabendra Pratap. "Essays on social influences in decision making." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284720.
Full textFlorin, Jan. "Patient participation in clinical decision making : a collaborative effort between patients and nurses." Doctoral thesis, Örebro University, Department of Health Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-869.
Full textThe overall aim of the thesis was to study clinical decision making in nursing. This was performed by evaluation of the quality of nurses’ diagnostic statements and comparison of the concordance between nurses and patients’ perceptions of the patients’ nursing needs, as well as patient preferences for participation in clinical decision making. Further, predictors regarding patients’ active participation were investigated.
Quasi-experimental, comparative and cross-sectional descriptive study designs were used to collect data in acute care settings from randomly selected patient records (n = 140), nurse-patient dyads (n = 80), and patients discharged from hospital care (n = 428). Data were gathered using questionnaires and review of patient records.
The quality of nurses’ diagnostic statements improved by the means of education directed to nurses and implementation of new forms for recording supporting nursing care planning (I). Discrepancies were found concerning patients and nurses’ perceptions about what constitutes a problem for the patient as well as the severity and importance of acting on the problem (II). Further, nurses perceived that their patients preferred to be more active in clinical decision making compared with the patients’ own preferences for participation (III). Gender, education, living situation, and occupation were identified as predictors for preferring an active role in clinical decision making (IV).
The conclusions are that the accuracy of diagnostic statements needs to be addressed and validated further through systematic assessment of the patients’ perceptions and preferences concerning the health situation and preferences for participation in clinical decision making. Clinical implications are that nurses need to involve patients in identifying patient problems of relevance for nursing. Further, nurses also need to be aware of patients’ preferences for participation in clinical decision making in order that they can plan care in accordance with patient preferences and allow participation to the degree preferred by the patient.
Patientens delaktighet i kliniskt beslutsfattande i omvårdnad – ett gemensamt ansvar för patienter och sjuksköterskor
Bakgrund
Patienten har, med bas i lagstiftning och förordningar, en stark ställning inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Det grundas delvis på en samhällelig uppfattning om betydelsen av patientens delaktighet i såväl planering som genomförande av sin egen vård. I ett etiskt perspektiv har delaktigheten ett värde i sig själv, som en förutsättning för individens autonomi och integritet. Sjuksköterskan identifierar patientens behov och problem i syfte att kunna ge en individuellt anpassad omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskan har ofta djupgående professionell kunskap om patientens omvårdnadsproblem, medan patienten har preferenser och värderingar om vårdens genomförande. Om planeringen av omvårdnaden inte utgår från patientens preferenser så finns det stor risk att patientens perspektiv inte kommer med som bedömningsgrund. En samsyn mellan patient och sjuksköterska om patientens behov av omvårdnad och roll i beslutsfattandet kan öka möjligheten att optimera omvårdnadsinsatserna och främja en hög kvalitet på omvårdnaden. Kunskapen om kliniskt beslutsfattande inom omvårdnad är bristfällig, framförallt med fokus på patientens delaktighet och graden av samsyn mellan patienternas och sjuksköterskornas subjektiva perspektiv.
Syfte
Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att undersöka kliniskt beslutsfattande inom omvårdnad med speciellt fokus på omvårdnadsdiagnosers kvalitet, patientens delaktighet i beslutsprocessen och överensstämmelsen mellan patienters och sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om behov och problem inom omvårdnad.
Specifika syften för respektive delarbeten var att I) undersöka effekten av utbildning i omvårdnadsdiagnostik riktad till sjuksköterskor och utveckling av journaldokument på omvårdnadsdiagnosers kvalitet; II) beskriva överensstämmelse i patienters och sjuksköterskors bedömningar av förekomst, svårighetsgrad och betydelse av problem inom omvårdnaden; III) beskriva samstämmighet mellan patienters och sjuksköterskors uppfattning om patientens preferenser för delaktighet i kliniskt beslutsfattande i omvårdnaden, samt samstämmighet mellan patienters preferenser och faktiska erfarenhet av delaktighet; och IV) identifiera prediktorer för patienters preferenser att delta i kliniskt beslutsfattande om den egna omvårdnaden.
Material och metod
Studier har genomförts med beskrivande, jämförande och kvasi-experimentell design på avdelningar inom somatisk sjukhusvård. Urvalet består av 140 patientjournaler (studie I), 80 patient-sjuksköterskepar (studie II och III), samt 428 patienter som nyligen blivit utskrivna från somatisk sjukhusvård (studie IV). Data har insamlats genom granskning av innehåll i patientjournaler samt genom enkäter till patienter och sjuksköterskor. Instrumenten CAT-CH-ING och Control Preference Scale har använts tillsammans med frågeformulär som utvecklats specifikt för studien.
Resultat
Delarbete I
Kvaliteten på omvårdnadsdiagnoserna förbättrades signifikant efter att sjuksköterskorna på experimentavdelningen genomgått en utbildning och nya journaldokument hade introducerats. Störst kvarvarande svårigheter var förknippade med hur etiologin i omvårdnadsdiagnosen formulerades. Omvårdnadsdiagnosernas kvalitet förbättrades inte på motsvarande sätt på kontrollavdelningarna.
Delarbete II
Sjuksköterskorna identifierade de omvårdnadsbehov och problem som patienterna uppfattade sig ha med en sensitivitet på 0.53 och ett prediktivt värde på 0.50. Det innebär att patienterna delvis identifierade andra problem än sjuksköterskorna, framför allt var det vanligt inom områdena nutrition, sömn, smärta och känslor/andlighet. Sjuksköterskorna underskattade problemens svårighetsgrad för 47 % av de behov och problem som hade identifierats gemensamt av patienter och sjuksköterskor. En gemensam uppfattning om betydelsen av att få stöd och hjälp med att lösa omvårdnadsproblemet fanns i knappt hälften av fallen.
Delarbete III
En majoritet av sjuksköterskorna uppfattade att patienterna föredrog att vara mer aktiva i det kliniska beslutsfattandet om omvårdnad än vad patienterna själv uppgav. Sammanlagt 61 % av patienterna föredrog en passiv roll i beslutsfattandet medan sjuksköterskorna angav att 24 % ville vara passiva. Preferenser om en aktiv roll i beslutsfattande angavs av 9 % av patienterna medan sjuksköterskorna hade uppfattat att 45 % av patienterna föredrog en aktiv roll. Totalt 71 % av patienterna upplevde att de inte hade varit delaktiga i den utsträckning de själva hade föredragit, 37 % hade varit mer passiva och 34 % mer aktiva. Patienterna uppgav att de intagit en mer passiv roll än vad de hade önskat i samband med behov och problem inom områdena kommunikation, andning och smärta, medan en mer aktiv roll än önskat förekom i samband med behov och problem inom områdena aktivitet och känslor/roller.
Delarbete IV
En majoritet av patienterna i sluten somatisk vård föredrog att inledningsvis under vårdperioden inta en passiv roll i kliniskt beslutsfattande om omvårdnad. Sammanlagt 22 % av patienterna föredrog en aktiv roll. Faktorer som predicerade preferenser för att inta en aktiv roll var kön (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.8), utbildning (OR = 2.2), levnadsförhållanden (OR = 1.8) och sysselsättning, d.v.s. om personen var yrkesarbetande eller pensionär (OR = 2.0). Sannolikheten var 53 % att en pensionerad högutbildad kvinna som levde ensam föredrog att vara aktiv i beslutsfattandet om sin egen omvårdnad. Sannolikheten för att en yrkesarbetande lågutbildad man som levde tillsammans med någon annan föredrog att vara aktiv var 8 %.
Slutsats
Kvaliteten på de omvårdnadsdiagnoser som sjuksköterskan ställer kan förbättras genom utbildning men orsakerna till omvårdnadsproblemet behöver identifieras på ett tydligare sätt. Det fanns en skillnad i hur patienter och sjuksköterskor uppfattade vad som utgjorde ett omvårdnadsbehov eller problem samt problemets svårighetsgrad och betydelse. Sjuksköterskan identifierade 53 % av de omvårdnadsproblem som patienten själv identifierade, samtidigt som sjuksköterskan identifierade andra omvårdnadsproblem som inte patienten uppfattade. Uppfattningarna skiljde sig också åt om vilken roll patienten föredrog att ha i det kliniska beslutsfattande om omvårdnad. Faktorer som kunde predicera patientens preferenser att ha en aktiv roll i kliniskt beslutsfattande var kön, utbildningsnivå, boendesituation och om personen yrkesarbetade eller var pensionär.
En slutsats av den påvisade diskrepansen i uppfattningar är att sjuksköterskor i högre grad behöver involvera patienterna i en diskussion om hälsotillståndet, behovet av omvårdnad och patientens önskan att delta i beslut om sin omvårdnad. Det är nödvändigt för att så långt det är möjligt kunna uppnå en samsyn som grund för planering och genomförande av omvårdnaden. Om sjuksköterskan validerar sina egna bedömningar om behovet av omvårdnad med patienten kan kvaliteten på bedömningarna förbättras. Patientens perspektiv blir en explicit del av beslutsunderlaget vid planering av omvårdnad vilket sannolikt också påverkar omvårdnadens innehåll och därmed även omvårdnadens kvalitet. Det bästa sättet att identifiera det individuella perspektivet är genom en systematisk bedömning i dialog mellan sjuksköterskan och den enskilde patienten. Mötet och dialogen mellan patienten och sjuksköterskan är en förutsättning för en god omvårdnad men är också en central del av själva omvårdnaden.
Holec, Victoria, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Role of rat anterior cingulate cortex in effort- and courage-based decision making." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, [Dept. of] Neuroscience, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3433.
Full textxii, 177 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
Ladipo, Oluwateniola Eniola. "An Effort to Refine Home Energy Assessment Methods in Support of Retrofit Decision Making." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23151.
Full textMaster of Science
Bryce, Courtney. "The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in mediating the effect of acute stress on effort-based decision-making." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54667.
Full textArts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
Verruck, Fábio. "Effects of recommendations on decision effort for consumers’ choice." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165600.
Full textIntelligent systems have been used in electronic commerce for the purpose of personalization. They are intended to tailor product offers, recommendations and even the whole website design to specific users needs and characteristics. Such personalization features are supposed to facilitate decision making process, make internet browsing easier and give the Internet users a sense of social feeling and individualization in their online activity. The present dissertation thesis is the result of an experimental research addressed to test the effects, over time, of recommendations generated by implicit elicitation methods. For that, an experimental website was created, where 189 participants completed a series of five purchase tasks with an interval of one week between each task. Results indicated that recommendations do not have a significant effect on decision effort during initial interactions, but after the second interaction, there is an observable effect of recommendations on time to make a decision. On average, time to make a decision was 21.4% lower for subjects in a test group when compared to the control group. The presence of recommendations generated by implicit elicitation methods at the website was also tested as a moderator of the relationship between involvement with the purchase task and decision effort. It was possible to observe that an analysis considering involvement with the task, presence/absence of recommendations and familiarity with the website these variables interacted in a moderated moderation model capable of explaining 40.25% of the variance of the dependent variable. This moderating effect, however, proved to be significant only after the third purchase took place. Additionally, results demonstrated that recommendation acceptance was not related to effort reduction, what led to the conclusion that recommendations may not be influencing consumers’ choices, but being used as frames of reference that provide parameters for decision making. That was also verified by looking at the variance in the purchase choices between people who executed purchases with recommendations when compared to the control group. Results suggest that recommendations can be important aids to reduce consumer effort, but their influence will only be effective after consumers are familiarized with the website. E-commerce companies can benefit from such information by adapting the way they manage and present recommendations to their visitors.
Hosking, Jeremy G. "Elucidating the neurobiology and individual differences of cost/benefit decision making using a novel rat task of cognitive effort." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50489.
Full textMedicine, Faculty of
Graduate
Patel, Dhara Harshad. "Impact of Aging on the Behavioral Performance of Rats and Electrophysiological Correlates of Amygdala Neurons During Effort-based Decision Making." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146058.
Full textCuevas, Rivera Dario [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Kiebel, Stefan [Gutachter] Kiebel, and Michael [Gutachter] Smolka. "Dynamic computational models of risk and effort discounting in sequential decision making / Dario Cuevas Rivera ; Gutachter: Stefan Kiebel, Michael Smolka ; Betreuer: Stefan Kiebel." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236384024/34.
Full textFadanelli, Vicente Gravina. "A utilização do método da unidade de esforço de produção como modelo de gestão de custos : o caso de uma empresa do ramo metalúrgico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10613.
Full textThe current competitive environment, mainly after the opening of Brazilian market to the importations of technology and manufactured products, has demanded the companies established on it, the modernization of management models. There are efforts by those companies to adopt modern production systems like Toyota Production System, Manufacturing Resources Planning and Theory of Constraints to improve the industrials conditions in the following items: quality, flexibility, costs, deliver and reliability. Moreover, the dynamics lived currently, in which the degree of process and product innovation is a constant, has become management of the multiproducing companies more complex. Also the necessary information for the management of manufacture environments have become part-key in the success or failure of the inserted companies in this context. There are no more chance for the decision making that are not based in best administrative practicals. Notice that as much as the systems of production and its management’s praticals with its approach directed to the operational view, how much as the tradicional systems of accounting with its fiscal objectives, do not satisfy the inherent necessities to the economic management of productive environments and the necessary information to taking managemental decisions. It is joined this fact that the complexity that the productive arrangements come acquiring in function of the diversity of products demanded by the market. These factors create a fertile land for the research of models of economic management of the production with the objective of simplyfing these models and, at the same time they confer more accurate decisions. The present work intend to model an economic costs management’s system that allows the fulfilling of the gap observed in the production systems as much in the accounting systems, through the adoption of the method of the of Production Effort Unit (UEP) applied to a company of the metallurgic activity in Caxias do Sul. This model must to work together with the production and accounting systems, aiming to get the so necessary measures of performance to the administration of the production and the decision-making process.
Myers, Patricia McGarry. "The effect of explanation source and type on auditors' judgment performance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187206.
Full textGiustiniani, Julie. "Neuromarqueurs décisionnels et motivationnels du jeu pathologique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCE014.
Full textIt is known from a long time that gambling disorder population suffers from a decision-making impairment, as evaluated by the "low Gambling Task" (IGT). Recently, the impact of motivation in gambling disorder has been mentioned. In thie context, the aim of the preser work was to clarity if decisional and motivational neuromarkers could constitute a reliable indicator to develop a gambling disorder. In first step, we inclued healthy volunteers in the aim to validate the motivational indicators of two Event Related Potentials (ERPs), the stimulus preceding negativity and the P300. thus, this first step led to define the link between motivation and decision-making in behavorial and neurophsysiological way. In addition, the P300 appeared to be an excellent indicator of motivation and reward sensitivity. We included video pokers players whose risk level to develop and excessive gambling was controlled. Preliminary data from thie gambler population conclude to a link between the inability to develop a successful strategy at the IGT and the risk to develop an excessiv gambling activity. All gamblers showed lesser motivation at the "Effort Expenditure for Reward Task". Whereas gamblers with a low risk to develop a gambling disorder showed a blunted P300, a neural marker of reduced interest about outcomes and a lesser motivation gamblers with high risk showed a P300 amplitude testifying of a great interest to immediate outcomes and a strong motivational level. It addition, the P300 amplitude was correlated to the risk level to develop a gambling disorder. At the end of this work, the P300 appears to be a reliable biomarker in the risk evaluation of gambling disorder. The pursuit of our investigations should confirm ou hypothesis
Farská, Kateřina. "Cognitive Depletion and Its Effect on Decision Making." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165267.
Full textBasodan, Yosif Abdullah. "The effect of experience on adult decision making processes and decision quality." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239473.
Full textStoddard, James E. "The effect of group influence on organizational buying." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03042009-041233/.
Full textSra, Sana. "Circadian Variations and Risky Decision Making." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1291.
Full textWoodhead, Erin L. "Debiasing the framing effect in younger and older adults' medical decision making." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4569.
Full textRemenaric, Destiny. "The Effect of Sex-Specific Stressors on Decision Making." Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1398443393.
Full textSolgos, Justice T. "The Effect of Regulatory Focus on Ethical Decision-Making." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1461153442.
Full textFatima, Iman. "Prototype Generalization and its effect on Decision-making Process." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85353.
Full textAlkhalil, Mohamad. "Effect of eWOM on consumers purchasing decision making process." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159686.
Full textJain, Rhea. "The Development of Entrepreneurial Decision Making: The Effect of Feedback and Gender on Risk Taking, Confidence and Decision Making." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1146.
Full textGayer, Christopher. "The Effect of Context and Self-Esteem on Decision Making Competence and Preferences for Collaborative Decision Making in Older Adults." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gerontol_etds/2.
Full textCicmil, Nela. "Effect of reward on visual perceptual decision-making in humans and non-human primates." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589747.
Full textClairis, Nicolas. "Βases cérébrales du compromis coûts/bénéfices." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2020SORUS026.pdf.
Full textEvery day we make decisions about the actions we want to perform. These decisions are based on a trade-off between the benefits we hope to obtain from performing these actions, and the costs, in terms of effort, associated with those actions. This thesis examines the neural correlates of the cost/benefit trade-off through three studies conducted in healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the first study, we were able to dissociate the neural correlates of the computation of the cost/benefit trade-off from the neural correlates of the variables regulating this computation. Indeed, in this study, the computation of the cost/benefit trade-off was associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, whereas confidence in the decision and the time spent in deliberating were associated with more dorsal parts of the medial prefrontal cortex. With our second study, we observed that, in two tasks, involving a mental or a physical effort, the performance was better explained by a Pavlovian bias than by loss aversion. In other words, as opposed to what has been shown mainly in choice tasks, individuals tended to give more weight to gains than to losses. The third study allowed us to show that, even in a simple reinforcement learning task, the brain areas linked to the exertion of a mental effort were recruited while the cost/benefit trade-off was being computed, suggesting that this task was not carried out purely automatically. All these results allow us to better characterize the brain areas involved in the cost/benefit trade-off and the conditions in which these areas are active
Corey, Joanna Darrow 1986. "The Effect of foreign language processing on moral decision-making." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462817.
Full textMillions of people learn a foreign language and some of these people, such as those who work in international organizations, use this language daily as the vehicle of communication, making judgments and choices based on information received in this foreign language. What effect might the vehicle of communication (a foreign language) have on the resulting decisions? The aim of this dissertation is to deepen our knowledge of the effect of foreign language processing, versus native language processing, on moral decision-making. Specifically, this dissertation investigates the so-called moral foreign language effect’s reliability (e.g., choices made for oneself in moral dilemmas), its scope and, most importantly, its potential origins. To do so, behavioral data was collected from thousands of participants and analyzed according to whether or not language had an effect on people’s reported moral choices and judgments. The majority of the participants are native speakers of Spanish/Catalan and university students who have studied English as a foreign language, although when possible other language combinations have been included. The findings suggest that the moral foreign language effect as originally found e.g., choices made for oneself in moral dilemmas, is robust and not attributable to cultural factors. However, the effect is less reliable when participants are asked to judge another’s choice. Finally, the effect does not apply to all kinds of moral judgments, e.g., of another’s transgressions that do not involve a calculated trade-off. Together, the findings suggest that a) the effect is most likely to appear when one is asked to make a decision for oneself versus judging another’s choice and b) the effect is more likely when there is a calculated trade-off involved in the scenario. Regarding the origins of the phenomenon, this suggests that c) the effect is largely attributable to an increase in psychological distance and a decrease in emotional reactivity typically associated with foreign language processing compared to native language processing. This affects the interplay of intuitive and analytical processes that drive our decisions (most likely by reducing the former). Thus, the effect of language is most likely to apply to decisions that involve a conflict between intuitive and analytical processes.
Buck, Elizabeth L. "Effect of biases on economic decision making : an experimental approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0005/MQ29666.pdf.
Full textMishra, Sandeep, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The motivational effect of need on decision-making under risk." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2580.
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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3687475.
Full textConfirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.
McMorris, Terry. "The effect of exercise on decision making in team games." Thesis, University of Chichester, 1997. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/944/.
Full textJin, Victoria Yu-yu. "Effect of organizational structure on performance of decision making teams." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14049.
Full textWallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2016. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/hodgkinson/22.
Full textKopko, Kyle Casimir. "The Effect of Partisanship in Election Law Judicial Decision-Making." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275415061.
Full textAlbalawi, Tahani F. "Quantifying the Effect of Cognitive Biases on Security Decision-Making." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532529752353789.
Full textParry, Emma L. "Effect of assessor team composition on assessment centre decision making." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2000. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12412.
Full textWallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias on Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/407.
Full textWifall, Timothy C. "The effect of punishment on the actor/observer asymmetry in risky decision making." Click here for download, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1310412371&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textDishong, Donald J. "On studying the effect of information warfare on C2 decision making." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA283639.
Full textKennedy, Jillian, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The effect of sexual arousal on risky decision-making / Gillian Kennedy." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3056.
Full textix, 156 leaves; 29 cm
Mufti, Salman. "The effect of forward and backward reasoning on managerial decision making." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86609.
Full textLe raisonnement est le processus cognitif servant à solutionner des problèmes et à prendre des décisions. Cette étude a examiné l'effet des stratégies de raisonnement en chaînage avant et arrière (forward or backward reasoning) utilisées par des gestionnaires spécialisés pour prendre une décision en situation de problème inhabituel. Nous avons divisé au hasard les gestionnaires (n = 114) en deux groupes de stratégie de raisonnement : en chaînage avant (n = 59) et en chaînage arrière (n = 55). De plus, nous les avons regroupés en deux niveaux d'expertise selon leur expérience et leur éducation : les gestionnaires supérieurs (n = 26) et intermédiaires (n = 88). Nous leur avons tous demandé de lire une analyse de rentabilisation et de rédiger leurs réponses à l'aide d'un modèle de raisonnement en chaînage avant ou arrière, puis de préciser leur préférence. Nous avons fait appel à des codeurs indépendants pour traiter les réponses et procédures statistiques d'analyse de variance (ANOVA), de régression logistique binaire et d'analyse de covariance à variables multiples (MANCOVA); de plus, nous avons procédé à une analyse discriminante des données codées. Les résultats ont montré que les gestionnaires supérieurs ont exprimé une nette préférence pour le raisonnement en chaînage arrière (backward reasoning), alors que les gestionnaires intermédiaires n'ont rapporté aucune préférence particulière. Les gestionnaires supérieurs et intermédiaires du groupe de raisonnement en chaînage avant (forward reasoning) ont pris une décision prudente, tandis que les gestionnaires supérieurs et intermédiaires de l'autre groupe ont pris une décision impliquant un risque, ce qui a entraîné un résultat décisionnel supérieur. Les résultats ont aussi indiqué que la stratégie de raisonnement a particulièrement influencé le résultat décisionnel par l'entremise des quatre facteurs d'analyse des décisions : stratégie,
Gosnell, Greer. "Experiments and externalities : understanding cause and effect in environmental decision making." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3518/.
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