Dissertations / Theses: 'Decision-making effort'

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Kurniawan, I. T. "Effort-based learning and decision making." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1334501/.

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In the literature on healthy humans, effort is poorly studied and an extension from an animal literature is just emerging. I tested an hypothesis that physical effort is a non-trivial aspect of motivated behaviour; it serves as a cost and interacts with outcomes. To do this I conducted four experimental studies and extended the range of costs to include pain. In my first experiment, I develop a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) task assessing willingness to expend effort. I show that physical effort discounts value of actions and that activity in dorsal striatum is associated with effort of selected actions. In addition to influencing choice, effort may be influenced by affective outcomes. In my second experiment, I develop a behavioural instrumental learning task examining how reward and punishment influence learning about effortful response. I show that it is easier to expend effort to gain reward and to withdraw effort to avoid punishment, but not the other way around; in other words it is more difficult to expend effort to avoid punishment and to withdraw effort to gain reward. Results from reinforcement learning modelling account for this tendency in terms of a pavlovian influence on effort. On the one hand, outcome has an influence in effort while, on the other, effort may modulate neural signalling of action anticipation and outcome delivery. In my third experiment, I develop an fMRI cue-predictive instrumental task investigating brain responses for effort anticipation and outcome evaluation. I show that activity in anterior cingulate cortex and dorsal striatum is sensitive to anticipated effort and highlight an effort modulation on activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum associated with expected outcomes. Finally, I extend my investigation of costly behaviour in effort to pain by showing an influence of context effects in pain avoidance behaviour. In summary, within this thesis I demostrate that physical effort as a cost is non-trivial in that it i) discounts value, ii) is sensitive to pavlovian influences, iii) is neurally anticipated and iv) modulates outcome signalling. I show the viability of various experimental paradigms to assess costly behaviours driven by effort and extend this endeavour by studying cost-driven pain avoidance. These experiments forge new research directions for understanding action and decision making as well as show promise for testing aberrant populations that often present with pathology that may reflect under- and over-motivated actions (e.g., apathy and perseveration).

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Amir, On 1972. "Individual decision making : pain, rules, and effort." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29945.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
Individuals are involved in daily decision making situations under varying levels of certainty and ease of gathering information, characterized by many factors such as the need to make payments, or the desire to fulfill goals. Essay 1 proposes that when individuals are faced with environments that offer an abundance of alternative choices and information (increased decision flexibility) consumers will have a harder time deciding and are more likely not to make purchases or to procrastinate. Environments such as the Internet are proposed to increase decision conflict and anticipated regret, as they increase the ease of generating counterfactuals. Limiting flexibility, by using exploding discounts, for example, reduces decision difficulty, and increases purchase likelihood. Essay 2 demonstrates that some of the documented discrepancies between expressed preferences and predicted happiness may be explained by individuals' use of rules when making decisions. Rules are used whenever they are evoked, and exclude a deep factual analysis of the situation. For example, money is proposed to invoke a set of rules that are subsequently used. Specifically, driven by anticipation, consumers' preference for a delayed concert is contradicted by their greater willingness to pay for an immediate one. The overarching nature of rules causes individuals to follow them even when it is not in their best interests. Essay 3 demonstrates that partitioning a task by providing progress information may influence motivation, effort, enjoyment, and performance in two opposing ways: when uncertainty about progress is high, partitioning increases motivation and liking of a task, but when progress uncertainty is low, partitioning decreases motivation, liking, and subsequent choice of the task.
by On Amir.
Ph.D.

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Diller, James W. "Effects of response effort, delay, and stimulus changes on the sunk-cost effect." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10028.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 93 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-93).

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Lee, Douglas. "The metacognitive control of decision-making." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS525.

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Tout ce que nous faisons est guidé par la valeur. En résumé, la valeur représente l’impact que nous pensons avoir sur nos vies. Le terme valeur peut être utilisé pour évaluer pratiquement n'importe quoi. La valeur dépend de l'objectif, du contexte, et de qui décide. Même en tenant compte de tous ces éléments, cependant, les valeurs ne sont pas toujours cohérentes. Nous ne choisissons pas toujours selon nos préférences, telles que dérivées en évaluant les options individuellement. Dans les théories actuelles, ces inversions de préférence sont interprétées comme des erreurs résultant d'une signalisation non fiable dans le cerveau. Nous proposons alternativement que les gens puissent changer d’avis après avoir réévalué la valeur des options en réfléchissant à la décision. Alors, pourquoi réfléchissons-nous soigneusement à certaines décisions, mais pas à d’autres ? Nous développons un modèle computationel du contrôle métacognitif des décisions, dans lequel nous supposons que la quantité de ressources cognitives est contrôlée par un compromis effort-confiance. Il est important de noter que l’anticipation de l’allocation des ressources varie en fonction de la difficulté et de l’importance. Le modèle prédit les choix, la confiance dans le choix, l’effort mental, et le changement de préférence, de manière notamment différente des modèles actuels. Nous comparons et testons ces prévisions de manière systématique, en utilisant un paradigme comportemental dédié. Nos résultats établissent un lien mécanique entre l'effort, la confiance, et les inversions de préférence, d'une manière qui n'avait pas encore été prise en compte
Everything we do is guided by value. In brief, the value we assign to something summarizes the impact we thinkitwill have on our lives. The term value can be used to assess virtually anything. Value is goal-dependent: e.g., value for water is different than value for a soft bed. Value is context-dependent: e.g., value for a hammer is different when building versus fishing. Value is subjective: e.g., a work of art might be treasure to some, garbage to others. Even when taking all this into account, however, the values that we express for particular options are not always consistent. We do not always choose according to our preferences, as derived byassessing options individually. Under current theories, such preference reversals are interpretedas errors that arise from unreliable signaling within the brain. We alternatively propose that people can change their mind after reassessing the value of options while pondering the decision. So, why do we carefully ponder some decisions, but not others? We develop a computational model of the metacognitive control of decisions, where we assume that the amount of cognitive resources deployed is controlled by an effort-confidence tradeoff. Importantly, the anticipated benefit of allocating resources varies according to difficulty and importance. The model predicts choices, choice confidence, mental effort, and preference change, in a critically different manner from current models. We compare and test these predictions in a systematic manner, using a dedicated behavioral paradigm. Our results provide a mechanistic link between effort, confidence, and preference reversals, in a way that has not previously been considered

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Besharat, Ali. "Essays on Mental Accounting and Consumers' Decision Making." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3977.

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This dissertation is structured in the form of two empirical essays, each investigating one type of irrational decision caused by mental accounting. The first essay, titled "Managing the Cost of Multiple Debt Accounts: A Behavioral Perspective", explores why many people pay off credit cards' with the lowest rate first when rationally speaking they should repay the debt with the highest rate most quickly. This essay suggests that irrationality emerges when people seek to close `mental accounts' associated with their credit cards and reduce the total number of outstanding loans rather than decrease the amount of total debt among all credit cards. Consumers want to be debt free. If they can get rid of debt, on even one credit card, they feel a sense of accomplishment which psychologically helps them manage remainder of their debt better. The second essay, titled "Saving by Overspending", explores consumers' over-expenditure and indulgent consumption when they make prepayments in the form of time, effort, or money toward a consumption goal. This essay proposes that people subconsciously try to get their prepayments' worth, but in fact they may be spending their money irrationally. In addition, contrary to common knowledge, this essay suggests that when a prepayment is unanticipated, the loss of self-control is often more prominent when prepayments are made with behavioral resources (e.g., time or effort) than equivalent monetary resources.

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Allaheeb, Bassim Abdullah H. "Decision-making In Different Cultures: Essays In Experimental Economics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/242752.

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People interact with each other rationally and irrationally. Standard economic theories assume that people act rationally, yet, behavioral economic theories indicate that sometimes people act irrationally because of the specific situation, their character, and many other factors. Culture plays a role in shaping people’s preferences, values, personalities, norms, and beliefs. That being the case, it is important to shed some light on the effect of different types of cultures on people’s decision-making behavior, in order to better understand human nature with regard to economic decisions. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to define how people from various cultures behave differently while making economic decisions, and to provide a better understanding for the motives behind people’s preferences towards decision-making. The first and second chapters of this thesis consider studies in experimental economics about the effect of introducing effort to the ultimatum game. The first chapter provides evidence that people’s decisions are driven by either hierarchy or property rights by comparing the results of three different cultures. The second chapter shows the impact of proposers’ effort in the ultimatum game, in which, culturally driven phenomenon impact on the proposers’ behavior. The third chapter investigates the impact of the Islam religion on experimental studies with regard to decision making and it shows that religious beliefs play an important role in shaping people’s preferences.

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Ghods-Sharifi, Sarvin. "Dissociable involvement of the nucleus accumbens subregions in effort-based decision making." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24159.

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Animals routinely engage in cost-benefit analysis, choosing between different courses of actions with potentially greater response costs that may lead to greater rewards. Previous research has shown that the preference to exert more physical effort to obtain a larger magnitude of reward is mediated by a complex neural circuit including the anterior cingulate, basolateral amygdala, and mesoaccumbens dopamine system. Past studies investigating the neural basis of effort-based decision making have utilized a T-maze task whereby rats have had to choose between climbing a barrier in one arm to obtain a high reward (HR), or retrieve a low reward (LR) from an arm with no barrier. Destruction of dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been shown to reduce the preference to work harder to obtain a larger reward. Yet, the role of the different subregions of the NAc on this form of decision making is not very clear. The present study investigated the contributions of the NAc core and shell in effort-based decision making using an automated procedure conducted in an operant chamber. The task consisted of 4 discrete blocks of 10 trials. A response on one lever delivered an LR immediately (2 reward pellets), whereas responding on the other lever delivered an HR (4 pellets) after a fixed ratio of presses, which increased with each block (2, 5, 10, or 20). Inactivation of the NAc core, but not shell, via infusion of GABAA/B agonists muscimol/baclofen (75 ng each) reduced the preference for animals to exert greater effort to obtain the HR. In order to control for the greater delay from initiation of response to delivery of reward in the HR compared to LR condition, we conducted a subsequent experiment that equalized the delay. Inactivation of the core, but not shell reduced the preference for the HR. Therefore the NAc core, but not the shell, is part of a neural circuit that mediates effort-based decision making. Additionally the contributions by the NAc core to this form of decision making are distinct from those involving delay-based decisions.

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Shafiei, Naghmeh. "Effort-based decision making is sensitive to the effects of acute stress." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36389.

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Acute stress can either exert beneficial or detrimental effects on different forms of cognition, and these effects may be mediated in part by enhanced glucocorticoid and dopaminergic activity. Recent studies in humans have shown that acute stress disrupts certain aspects of cost/benefit decision making. In the following series of experiments, we assessed the effects of acute restraint stress on different forms of cost/benefit decision making, and some of the hormonal and neurochemical mechanisms that may underlie these effects. Effort-based decision making was assessed with a discounting task where rats chose between a low effort/reward lever (1 press=2 pellets), or a high effort/reward lever that delivered 4 pellets, with the effort requirement increasing over 4 blocks of discrete trials (2, 5, 10, and 20 presses). A single exposure to 1 hour stress decreased preference for the high effort/reward and increased response latencies. Control experiments revealed that these effects did not appear to be mediated by general decreases in motivation or reduced preference for larger rewards. A separate group of rats were trained on delay discounting task where they chose between a small/immediate reward (1 pellet) or a larger, 4 pellet reward delivered after a delay (0, 15, 30, 45 sec). In contrast to effort discounting, acute stress did not affect choice of larger, delayed rewards. The role of glucocorticoids in regulating effort-based decision making was assessed via the systemic administration of exogenous corticosterone (1 or 3 mg/kg). These treatments failed to mimic the effects of stress on effort discounting. In a final experiment, dopamine receptor blockade with flupenthixol (0.25 mg/kg) prior to restraint to did not attenuate the stress-induced effects on effort-related choice. However, this treatment abolished the stress-induced increase in response latencies. These data suggest that acute stress interferes somewhat selectively with cost/benefit evaluations concerning rewards of different magnitudes and the relative effort costs associated with obtaining them. These effects do not appear to be mediated by enhanced glucocorticoid activity, whereas dopaminergic activation may contribute to increased latencies induced by stress. These findings may provide insight on impairments in decision making and anergia associated with stress-related disorders such as depression.

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9

Vangsness, Lisa Lynn. "Perceptions of effort and risk assessment." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35380.

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Master of Science
Department of Psychological Sciences
Michael E. Young
Although risky decision-making tasks present some a priori risk (i.e., base-rate), decision makers often have an opportunity to modify this level of risk through their behaviors. Broadly speaking, risk can be modified by assigning additional resources to an ongoing task or by engaging in specific risk-mitigation strategies before or after the risky decision is made. The modification of risk requires ongoing awareness of task demands, resource constraints, and risk-mitigation strategies that can be used to adapt behavior over time. This thesis explores risk modification that occurs during difficult tasks. Difficult tasks hold greater risks because they fall at the edge of the decision maker’s abilities and are likely to require a greater number of resources to overcome. As resources are engaged they become unavailable for other tasks or strategies to cope with changing task demands. I studied how individuals monitor risks and develop risk mitigation strategies using a videogame task designed to mirror contingencies that would be encountered in the real world. Results from two experiments that involve this task suggest that decision-makers adequately monitor and develop active strategies for dealing with risks. These strategies change over time and vary as a function of task difficulty and experience.

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KC, Raghabendra Pratap. "Essays on social influences in decision making." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284720.

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This dissertation reports a series of studies on social influences in decision making with wide ranging marketing implications in areas such as gamification initiatives, participative pricing mechanisms, and charity fundraising strategies. The body of this work comprises of three indepth, stand-alone studies. The first study, "Contagion of the Competitive Spirit: The Influence of a Competition on Non-Competitors", investigates the influence of a competition on noncompetitors who do not participate in it but are aware of it. In a series of experimental studies, the study shows that the mere awareness of a competition can affect a non-competitor's performance in similar tasks. These experiments provide confirmatory and process evidence for this contagion effect, showing that it is driven by heightened social comparison motivation due to mere awareness of the competition. In addition, the study finds evidence that the reward level for the competitors could moderate the contagion effect on the non-competitors. The second study, "The Negative Effects of Precommitment on Reciprocal Behaviour: Evidence from a Series of Voluntary Payment Experiments", examines the effects of precommitment on reciprocal behaviour towards a forthcoming benefit. Through a series of experiments in several countries, the study shows that precommitment often weakens reciprocal behaviour. In two field experiments, a laboratory and an online experiment, the study finds consistent evidence that voluntary payment amounts decrease for individuals who are asked to precommit their payment. The results from a final online trust-game experiment support the posited mental-accounting mechanism for the effect. The third study, "Hold-Up Induced by Demand for Fairness: Theory and Experimental Evidence", explores the domain of hold-up and fairness concerns. While recent research suggests that fairness concerns could mitigate hold-up problems, this study proposes a starkly opposite possibility: that fairness concerns can also induce hold-up problems and thus significant inefficiencies. The study reports theoretical analysis and experimental evidence of hold-up in scenarios in which it will not occur if agents are purely self-interested, but could occur if they care about fairness at ex post negotiation.

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Florin, Jan. "Patient participation in clinical decision making : a collaborative effort between patients and nurses." Doctoral thesis, Örebro University, Department of Health Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-869.

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The overall aim of the thesis was to study clinical decision making in nursing. This was performed by evaluation of the quality of nurses’ diagnostic statements and comparison of the concordance between nurses and patients’ perceptions of the patients’ nursing needs, as well as patient preferences for participation in clinical decision making. Further, predictors regarding patients’ active participation were investigated.

Quasi-experimental, comparative and cross-sectional descriptive study designs were used to collect data in acute care settings from randomly selected patient records (n = 140), nurse-patient dyads (n = 80), and patients discharged from hospital care (n = 428). Data were gathered using questionnaires and review of patient records.

The quality of nurses’ diagnostic statements improved by the means of education directed to nurses and implementation of new forms for recording supporting nursing care planning (I). Discrepancies were found concerning patients and nurses’ perceptions about what constitutes a problem for the patient as well as the severity and importance of acting on the problem (II). Further, nurses perceived that their patients preferred to be more active in clinical decision making compared with the patients’ own preferences for participation (III). Gender, education, living situation, and occupation were identified as predictors for preferring an active role in clinical decision making (IV).

The conclusions are that the accuracy of diagnostic statements needs to be addressed and validated further through systematic assessment of the patients’ perceptions and preferences concerning the health situation and preferences for participation in clinical decision making. Clinical implications are that nurses need to involve patients in identifying patient problems of relevance for nursing. Further, nurses also need to be aware of patients’ preferences for participation in clinical decision making in order that they can plan care in accordance with patient preferences and allow participation to the degree preferred by the patient.

Patientens delaktighet i kliniskt beslutsfattande i omvårdnad – ett gemensamt ansvar för patienter och sjuksköterskor

Bakgrund

Patienten har, med bas i lagstiftning och förordningar, en stark ställning inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Det grundas delvis på en samhällelig uppfattning om betydelsen av patientens delaktighet i såväl planering som genomförande av sin egen vård. I ett etiskt perspektiv har delaktigheten ett värde i sig själv, som en förutsättning för individens autonomi och integritet. Sjuksköterskan identifierar patientens behov och problem i syfte att kunna ge en individuellt anpassad omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskan har ofta djupgående professionell kunskap om patientens omvårdnadsproblem, medan patienten har preferenser och värderingar om vårdens genomförande. Om planeringen av omvårdnaden inte utgår från patientens preferenser så finns det stor risk att patientens perspektiv inte kommer med som bedömningsgrund. En samsyn mellan patient och sjuksköterska om patientens behov av omvårdnad och roll i beslutsfattandet kan öka möjligheten att optimera omvårdnadsinsatserna och främja en hög kvalitet på omvårdnaden. Kunskapen om kliniskt beslutsfattande inom omvårdnad är bristfällig, framförallt med fokus på patientens delaktighet och graden av samsyn mellan patienternas och sjuksköterskornas subjektiva perspektiv.

Syfte

Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att undersöka kliniskt beslutsfattande inom omvårdnad med speciellt fokus på omvårdnadsdiagnosers kvalitet, patientens delaktighet i beslutsprocessen och överensstämmelsen mellan patienters och sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om behov och problem inom omvårdnad.

Specifika syften för respektive delarbeten var att I) undersöka effekten av utbildning i omvårdnadsdiagnostik riktad till sjuksköterskor och utveckling av journaldokument på omvårdnadsdiagnosers kvalitet; II) beskriva överensstämmelse i patienters och sjuksköterskors bedömningar av förekomst, svårighetsgrad och betydelse av problem inom omvårdnaden; III) beskriva samstämmighet mellan patienters och sjuksköterskors uppfattning om patientens preferenser för delaktighet i kliniskt beslutsfattande i omvårdnaden, samt samstämmighet mellan patienters preferenser och faktiska erfarenhet av delaktighet; och IV) identifiera prediktorer för patienters preferenser att delta i kliniskt beslutsfattande om den egna omvårdnaden.

Material och metod

Studier har genomförts med beskrivande, jämförande och kvasi-experimentell design på avdelningar inom somatisk sjukhusvård. Urvalet består av 140 patientjournaler (studie I), 80 patient-sjuksköterskepar (studie II och III), samt 428 patienter som nyligen blivit utskrivna från somatisk sjukhusvård (studie IV). Data har insamlats genom granskning av innehåll i patientjournaler samt genom enkäter till patienter och sjuksköterskor. Instrumenten CAT-CH-ING och Control Preference Scale har använts tillsammans med frågeformulär som utvecklats specifikt för studien.

Resultat

Delarbete I

Kvaliteten på omvårdnadsdiagnoserna förbättrades signifikant efter att sjuksköterskorna på experimentavdelningen genomgått en utbildning och nya journaldokument hade introducerats. Störst kvarvarande svårigheter var förknippade med hur etiologin i omvårdnadsdiagnosen formulerades. Omvårdnadsdiagnosernas kvalitet förbättrades inte på motsvarande sätt på kontrollavdelningarna.

Delarbete II

Sjuksköterskorna identifierade de omvårdnadsbehov och problem som patienterna uppfattade sig ha med en sensitivitet på 0.53 och ett prediktivt värde på 0.50. Det innebär att patienterna delvis identifierade andra problem än sjuksköterskorna, framför allt var det vanligt inom områdena nutrition, sömn, smärta och känslor/andlighet. Sjuksköterskorna underskattade problemens svårighetsgrad för 47 % av de behov och problem som hade identifierats gemensamt av patienter och sjuksköterskor. En gemensam uppfattning om betydelsen av att få stöd och hjälp med att lösa omvårdnadsproblemet fanns i knappt hälften av fallen.

Delarbete III

En majoritet av sjuksköterskorna uppfattade att patienterna föredrog att vara mer aktiva i det kliniska beslutsfattandet om omvårdnad än vad patienterna själv uppgav. Sammanlagt 61 % av patienterna föredrog en passiv roll i beslutsfattandet medan sjuksköterskorna angav att 24 % ville vara passiva. Preferenser om en aktiv roll i beslutsfattande angavs av 9 % av patienterna medan sjuksköterskorna hade uppfattat att 45 % av patienterna föredrog en aktiv roll. Totalt 71 % av patienterna upplevde att de inte hade varit delaktiga i den utsträckning de själva hade föredragit, 37 % hade varit mer passiva och 34 % mer aktiva. Patienterna uppgav att de intagit en mer passiv roll än vad de hade önskat i samband med behov och problem inom områdena kommunikation, andning och smärta, medan en mer aktiv roll än önskat förekom i samband med behov och problem inom områdena aktivitet och känslor/roller.

Delarbete IV

En majoritet av patienterna i sluten somatisk vård föredrog att inledningsvis under vårdperioden inta en passiv roll i kliniskt beslutsfattande om omvårdnad. Sammanlagt 22 % av patienterna föredrog en aktiv roll. Faktorer som predicerade preferenser för att inta en aktiv roll var kön (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.8), utbildning (OR = 2.2), levnadsförhållanden (OR = 1.8) och sysselsättning, d.v.s. om personen var yrkesarbetande eller pensionär (OR = 2.0). Sannolikheten var 53 % att en pensionerad högutbildad kvinna som levde ensam föredrog att vara aktiv i beslutsfattandet om sin egen omvårdnad. Sannolikheten för att en yrkesarbetande lågutbildad man som levde tillsammans med någon annan föredrog att vara aktiv var 8 %.

Slutsats

Kvaliteten på de omvårdnadsdiagnoser som sjuksköterskan ställer kan förbättras genom utbildning men orsakerna till omvårdnadsproblemet behöver identifieras på ett tydligare sätt. Det fanns en skillnad i hur patienter och sjuksköterskor uppfattade vad som utgjorde ett omvårdnadsbehov eller problem samt problemets svårighetsgrad och betydelse. Sjuksköterskan identifierade 53 % av de omvårdnadsproblem som patienten själv identifierade, samtidigt som sjuksköterskan identifierade andra omvårdnadsproblem som inte patienten uppfattade. Uppfattningarna skiljde sig också åt om vilken roll patienten föredrog att ha i det kliniska beslutsfattande om omvårdnad. Faktorer som kunde predicera patientens preferenser att ha en aktiv roll i kliniskt beslutsfattande var kön, utbildningsnivå, boendesituation och om personen yrkesarbetade eller var pensionär.

En slutsats av den påvisade diskrepansen i uppfattningar är att sjuksköterskor i högre grad behöver involvera patienterna i en diskussion om hälsotillståndet, behovet av omvårdnad och patientens önskan att delta i beslut om sin omvårdnad. Det är nödvändigt för att så långt det är möjligt kunna uppnå en samsyn som grund för planering och genomförande av omvårdnaden. Om sjuksköterskan validerar sina egna bedömningar om behovet av omvårdnad med patienten kan kvaliteten på bedömningarna förbättras. Patientens perspektiv blir en explicit del av beslutsunderlaget vid planering av omvårdnad vilket sannolikt också påverkar omvårdnadens innehåll och därmed även omvårdnadens kvalitet. Det bästa sättet att identifiera det individuella perspektivet är genom en systematisk bedömning i dialog mellan sjuksköterskan och den enskilde patienten. Mötet och dialogen mellan patienten och sjuksköterskan är en förutsättning för en god omvårdnad men är också en central del av själva omvårdnaden.

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Holec, Victoria, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Role of rat anterior cingulate cortex in effort- and courage-based decision making." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, [Dept. of] Neuroscience, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3433.

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When given a choice between getting a high reward that requires climbing a high ramp or pressing a lever multiple times, versus freely obtaining a low reward, healthy rats prefer the former, while rats with lesions to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) prefer the latter. We developed two novel effort tasks to examine if ACC mediates other types of physical effort (weight-lifting) as well as emotional effort (courage). We replicated previous findings on a modified version of the ramp-climbing task, showing that ACC lesions impair these decisions. Lesions of ACC did not impair weight-lifting effort, even when higher levels of effort were used and training on the task was eliminated. Initially, lesions of ACC did not impair courage effort. When the task effort was subsequently increased, rats with ACC lesions showed a failure to adapt to novelty throughout testing. This research indicated that not all effort is mediated by ACC.
xii, 177 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

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Ladipo, Oluwateniola Eniola. "An Effort to Refine Home Energy Assessment Methods in Support of Retrofit Decision Making." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23151.

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This research evaluates current home energy assessment tools and practices and investigates their applicability in terms of relevance supporting retrofit decision making in Southwest Virginia. Home energy assessments and audits are comprised of many different tools, strategies, and practices all with the same goal, to achieve accuracy in assessing performance as well as confidence in achieving energy savings from retrofit recommendations. Differing opinions, training, and standards in energy assessments have led to a reduced confidence and reliance on energy assessments, which can ultimately lead to poor retrofit decisions and undesired outcomes. This research undertook an investigation of current tools and practices as well as modeling studies to reveal insights into strengths and weaknesses, and to refine home energy assessments. The goal was to identify opportunities to increase confidence for stakeholders by analyzing energy assessments in terms of what strategies are most suitable to increase the accuracy of capturing different energy influence parameters, as well as to provide a basis for future research and development in this subject area.
Master of Science

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14

Bryce, Courtney. "The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in mediating the effect of acute stress on effort-based decision-making." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54667.

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The acute stress response is an adaptive response to threats in the environment, activating numerous coordinating systems to return the organism to homeostasis. Episodes of acute stress can have differential impacts on learning and memory functioning depending on myriad factors including the context, duration or timing of the stress. The manner in which acute stress influences higher-level cognitive function, including decision-making, however, is relatively less known. Decision-making involves weighing the alternative costs and benefits in order to optimize choice behavior. Increasing the amount of effort required in order to obtain a reward is one type of cost that can alter the subjective value of objectively larger rewards. Using an operant chamber assay, rats were required to choose between a low effort/low reward lever (LR; 2 pellets), and a high effort/high reward lever (HR; 4 pellets), with the effort requirement increasing over trial blocks (2, 5, 10, and 20 presses). Normally rats will choose the HR lever more often when the effort cost is low, reducing their preference for this option as the amount of effort increases. Previous research in our lab revealed that one hour of restraint stress reduces choice of the HR option in this task, which was not mimicked by systemic corticosterone (CORT) injection and not blocked by the dopamine (DA) antagonist, flupenthixol (Shafei et al.2012). The goal of the current study is to elucidate the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the ability of acute stress to reorganize effort-related decision-making preferences and to clarify the regional specificity of this action. Initial experiments found that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which initiates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is primarily involved in mediating the effect of acute stress, as prior CRF antagonism (alpha-helical CRF; 30 μg) ameliorated the effect of one hour of acute restraint stress and central CRF infusion (3 μg) mimicked the effect of acute restraint stress on HR preference. The effect of CRF was not due to altering the subjective value of objectively larger rewards, as prior CRF administration (3 μg) had no effect on choice behavior when there were no costs associated with reward, however, this manipulation did reduce the motivation to work for reward, indicating that CRF acts in the effort-based decision-making task by reducing the drive to work for reward. Subsequent experiments aimed to investigate the regional specificity of CRF action in reorganizing effort-related preference behavior. With this in mind, we targeted the ventral tegmental area (VTA), as previous experiments revealed that CRF is released in the VTA in response to stress (Wang et al.,2005), and intra-VTA CRF reduces motivation to work for reward (Wanat et al.,2013). Intra-VTA, but not intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, CRF infusion (0.5 μg) mimicked the effect of central CRF and acute restraint stress on HR preference, signifying the importance of this region in mediating the behavioral effect of acute stress on effort choice. Taken together, these experiments highlight the importance of CRF in mediating the effect of effort-based decision-making and indicate that CRF transmission may influence the motivational impairments and abnormal decision-making associated with human depression.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate

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15

Verruck, Fábio. "Effects of recommendations on decision effort for consumers’ choice." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165600.

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Sistemas inteligentes têm sido usados no comércio eletrônico como ferramentas de personalização. Eles são destinados a criar ofertas individualizadas de produtos, recomendações direcionadas e até mesmo modificar o design do website para atender a características específicas de usuários. Tais possibilidades de personalização têm o intuito de facilitar o processo de tomada de decisão, melhorar a navegação e fornecer aos usuários da Internet uma sensação de contato social e de individualização em suas atividades online. A presente tese é o resultado de uma pesquisa experimental destinada a testar os efeitos, ao longo do tempo, de recomendações geradas por meio de métodos implícitos de elicitação de preferências. Para isso, foi criado um website experimental, no qual 189 participantes completaram um série de cinco tarefas de compras com um intervalo de uma semana entre cada tarefa. Os resultados foram analisados a partir da técnica do modelo das trajetórias latentes. Foi possível identificar, a partir disso, que recomendações não têm um efeito significativo no esforço para tomada de decisão nas interações iniciais, mas depois da segunda interação, há uma influência observável da presença de recomendações no tempo utilizado para a tomada de decisão. Em média, tempo para a tomada de decisão foi 21,4% menor para sujeitos no grupo teste quando comparados com o grupo controle. Procurando desvendar os mecanismos através dos quais as recomendações geram a redução no esforço para a tomada de decisão ao longo do tempo, uma análise de moderação foi realizada, incluindo-se como variáveis o envolvimento com a tarefa de compras e a familiaridade com o website, medida a partir do número de interações de compras. Com base nisso, considerou-se que o modelo mais adequado para testar a interação da presença de recomendações geradas por métodos implícitos de elicitação das preferências no website seria analisá-la como um moderador da relação entre envolvimento com a tarefa de compras e esforço para a tomada de decisão. Foi possível observar que em uma análise incluindo envolvimento com a tarefa, presença/ ausência de recomendações e familiaridade com o website estas variáveis interagiram entre si em um modelo de moderação moderada, capaz de explicar 40,25% da variância na variável dependente. Este efeito moderador, entretanto, somente demonstrou ser significativo depois da terceira compra simulada. Adicionalmente, os resultados indicaram que a aceitação da recomendação não estava relacionada com a redução no esforço para a tomada de decisão, o que levou à conclusão de que recomendações podem não estar influenciando as escolhas dos consumidores diretamente, mas sendo usadas como pontos de referência que fornecem parâmetros para a tomada de decisão. Isso foi também verificado ao analisar a variância nas escolhas de compras entre os sujeitos que executaram compras com recomendações e os sujeitos no grupo de controle. Os resultados sugerem que as recomendações podem fornecer auxílio importante para a redução do esforço do consumidor na tomada de decisão, mas sua influência se torna efetiva apenas depois que os consumidores estão familiarizados com o website. As companhias de e-comerce podem se beneficiar com tais informações adaptando a maneira com a qual gerenciam e apresentam recomendações aos seus vistantes.
Intelligent systems have been used in electronic commerce for the purpose of personalization. They are intended to tailor product offers, recommendations and even the whole website design to specific users needs and characteristics. Such personalization features are supposed to facilitate decision making process, make internet browsing easier and give the Internet users a sense of social feeling and individualization in their online activity. The present dissertation thesis is the result of an experimental research addressed to test the effects, over time, of recommendations generated by implicit elicitation methods. For that, an experimental website was created, where 189 participants completed a series of five purchase tasks with an interval of one week between each task. Results indicated that recommendations do not have a significant effect on decision effort during initial interactions, but after the second interaction, there is an observable effect of recommendations on time to make a decision. On average, time to make a decision was 21.4% lower for subjects in a test group when compared to the control group. The presence of recommendations generated by implicit elicitation methods at the website was also tested as a moderator of the relationship between involvement with the purchase task and decision effort. It was possible to observe that an analysis considering involvement with the task, presence/absence of recommendations and familiarity with the website these variables interacted in a moderated moderation model capable of explaining 40.25% of the variance of the dependent variable. This moderating effect, however, proved to be significant only after the third purchase took place. Additionally, results demonstrated that recommendation acceptance was not related to effort reduction, what led to the conclusion that recommendations may not be influencing consumers’ choices, but being used as frames of reference that provide parameters for decision making. That was also verified by looking at the variance in the purchase choices between people who executed purchases with recommendations when compared to the control group. Results suggest that recommendations can be important aids to reduce consumer effort, but their influence will only be effective after consumers are familiarized with the website. E-commerce companies can benefit from such information by adapting the way they manage and present recommendations to their visitors.

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16

Hosking, Jeremy G. "Elucidating the neurobiology and individual differences of cost/benefit decision making using a novel rat task of cognitive effort." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50489.

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Amotivational states and insufficient recruitment of mental effort have been observed in a variety of clinical populations, including depression, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Previous animal models of effort-based decision making have utilized physical costs whereas human studies of effort have been primarily cognitive in nature, and it is unclear whether the two types of effortful decision making are underpinned by the same neurobiological processes. We therefore validated a novel rat Cognitive Effort Task (rCET) based on the five-choice serial reaction-time task, a well-established measure of attention and impulsivity. Within each rCET trial, rats were given the choice between an easy or hard visuospatial discrimination, and successful hard trials were rewarded with double the number of sugar pellets. Similar to previous human studies, stable individual variation in choice behaviour was observed, with “workers” choosing hard trials significantly more than their “slacker” counterparts. We used a variety of pharmacological agents as well as temporary inactivation of select brain regions, and showed that the effects of these manipulations often interacted with animals’ baseline preferences. Amphetamine and caffeine caused workers to “slack off”, whereas slackers “worked harder” under amphetamine but not caffeine. Dopamine antagonism had no discernible effects on animals’ choice, contrary to the physical-effort literature. The cholinergic drug nicotine decreased slackers’ willingness to expend effort, whereas scopolamine more substantially decreased workers’ choice of the high-effort option. Temporary inactivation of the basolateral amygdala caused workers to slack off and slackers to work harder, whereas anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex inactivations caused all animals to slack off. In sum, we have shown for the first time that rats are differentially sensitive to cognitive effort when making decisions, independent of other processes such as impulsivity, and these baseline differences appear to be reflected by differences in underlying neurobiology. Further, we demonstrate that mental and physical effort are in part dissociable, both behaviourally and in terms of neurochemistry and neural circuitry. Such findings could inform our understanding of the neurobiological basis of decision making as well as impairments in effort-based decision making, and may contribute to novel therapeutic interventions.
Medicine, Faculty of
Graduate

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17

Patel, Dhara Harshad. "Impact of Aging on the Behavioral Performance of Rats and Electrophysiological Correlates of Amygdala Neurons During Effort-based Decision Making." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146058.

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18

Cuevas, Rivera Dario [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Kiebel, Stefan [Gutachter] Kiebel, and Michael [Gutachter] Smolka. "Dynamic computational models of risk and effort discounting in sequential decision making / Dario Cuevas Rivera ; Gutachter: Stefan Kiebel, Michael Smolka ; Betreuer: Stefan Kiebel." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236384024/34.

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19

Fadanelli, Vicente Gravina. "A utilização do método da unidade de esforço de produção como modelo de gestão de custos : o caso de uma empresa do ramo metalúrgico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10613.

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O mercado concorrencial vivido atualmente, principalmente após a abertura do mercado às importações tanto de bens de consumo, quanto de bens de capital, tem exigido das empresas nele estabelecidas a modernização de suas práticas de gestão. Percebe-se que existem esforços por parte destas empresas para a adoção de sistemas de produção mais modernos, tais como Sistema Toyota de Produção (STP), Planejamento dos Recursos de Manufatura (MRP II), Teoria das Restrições (TOC), que objetivam a melhoria de suas condições industriais nos quesitos qualidade, flexibilidade, custos, entrega e confiabilidade. Além disso, a dinâmica vivenciada atualmente, na qual o grau de exigência de inovação de produto e de processo são uma constante, tem tornado a gestão das empresas multiprodutoras mais complexa. Nota-se também que as informações necessárias para a gestão dos ambientes de manufatura têm se tornado peça-chave no sucesso ou fracasso das empresas inseridas neste contexto. Não há mais espaço para a tomada de decisões que não estejam embasadas nas melhores práticas administrativas. Percebe-se que tanto os sistemas de produção e suas práticas de gestão com seu enfoque voltado à parte operacional, quanto os sistemas de contabilidade de custos tradicional com seus objetivos fiscais, não satisfazem as necessidades inerentes à gestão econômica dos ambientes produtivos e das informações necessárias à tomada de decisão gerencial. Une-se a este fato a complexidade que os arranjos produtivos vêm adquirindo em função da diversidade de produtos exigida pelo mercado. Estes fatores criam um terreno fértil para a pesquisa de modelos de gestão econômica da produção voltados à simplificação destes modelos ao mesmo tempo que conferem aos gerentes decisões mais acuradas. O presente trabalho têm como objetivo modelar um sistema de gestão econômica de custos que permita o preenchimento da lacuna observada tanto nos sistemas de produção quanto nos sistemas de contabilidade de custos gerencial, através da adoção do método da Unidade de Esforço de Produção (UEP) aplicado a uma empresa do ramo metalúrgico de Caxias do Sul. Salienta-se que este modelo deve trabalhar em conjunto aos sistemas de produção e contabilidade, visando obter as medidas de desempenho tão necessárias à administração da produção e ao processo decisório.
The current competitive environment, mainly after the opening of Brazilian market to the importations of technology and manufactured products, has demanded the companies established on it, the modernization of management models. There are efforts by those companies to adopt modern production systems like Toyota Production System, Manufacturing Resources Planning and Theory of Constraints to improve the industrials conditions in the following items: quality, flexibility, costs, deliver and reliability. Moreover, the dynamics lived currently, in which the degree of process and product innovation is a constant, has become management of the multiproducing companies more complex. Also the necessary information for the management of manufacture environments have become part-key in the success or failure of the inserted companies in this context. There are no more chance for the decision making that are not based in best administrative practicals. Notice that as much as the systems of production and its management’s praticals with its approach directed to the operational view, how much as the tradicional systems of accounting with its fiscal objectives, do not satisfy the inherent necessities to the economic management of productive environments and the necessary information to taking managemental decisions. It is joined this fact that the complexity that the productive arrangements come acquiring in function of the diversity of products demanded by the market. These factors create a fertile land for the research of models of economic management of the production with the objective of simplyfing these models and, at the same time they confer more accurate decisions. The present work intend to model an economic costs management’s system that allows the fulfilling of the gap observed in the production systems as much in the accounting systems, through the adoption of the method of the of Production Effort Unit (UEP) applied to a company of the metallurgic activity in Caxias do Sul. This model must to work together with the production and accounting systems, aiming to get the so necessary measures of performance to the administration of the production and the decision-making process.

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20

Myers, Patricia McGarry. "The effect of explanation source and type on auditors' judgment performance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187206.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of others' explanations for unexpected test results on auditors' judgments of the likelihood that the explanation is correct. Auditors may inherit explanations from various sources. Two primary sources of such explanations are the auditee (client) and a fellow auditor. Two basic types of explanations are error and non-error. Without gathering additional information, auditors cannot know whether a particular unexpected difference is caused by an error (misstatement) or non-error (no misstatement). A between-subjects design is employed to examine how different combinations of source and type of explanation influence auditors' likelihood assessments. This study utilizes an audit scenario wherein subjects inherit an explanation for an unexpected test result. The explanation is attributed to either a fellow auditor or to an auditee. The explanation specifies either an error cause or a non-error cause for the unexpected test result. The description of each source is identical with respect to competency. However, professional skepticism suggests that subjects will attribute varying reliability to the two sources. The two explanations, although different in type, are equally plausible (as determined by a separate of group of subjects who responded to a plausibility survey). Experimental results provide evidence that type of explanation has a significant effect on participants' judgment performance in the form of their assessments of the likelihood of the inherited explanation. Explanations specifying a non-error cause were judged as more likely than explanations specifying an error cause. However, contrary to predictions, the source of the explanation did not affect participants' likelihood assessments. Findings of this study suggest that auditors are more likely to begin with a non-error explanation for an unexpected difference than an error explanation and that the source of an inherited explanation does not have a strong effect on auditors' selection of an initial preferred hypothesis.

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21

Giustiniani, Julie. "Neuromarqueurs décisionnels et motivationnels du jeu pathologique." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCE014.

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Les altérations des capacités décisionnelles évaluées par l’« Iowa Gambling Task » (IGT) sont connues depuis longtemps dans la population des joueurs pathologiques. Plus récemment, le rôle de la motivation dans l’activité de jeu pathologique a été soulevée. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette thèse est de préciser si les neuromarqueurs décisionnels et motivationnels peuvent constituer des indicateurs fiables du risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique. Pour répondre à ce questionnement, nous avons inclus des joueurs de poker en ligne dont le niveau de risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique est contrôlé. Avant de procéder à l’analyse en population spécifique, nous avons inclus des volontaires sains afin de décrire les variations et les intrications des capacités décisionnelles et motivationnelles au sein d’une population exempt de toute pathologie. Nous avons ainsi identifié deux PE indicateurs du niveau motivationnel : le « Stimilus Preceding Negativity » (SPN) et la P300. Cette première étape nous a permis d’établir les liens entre les différents niveaux motivationnels et les performances à l’IGT. Plus particulièrement, la P300 apparait être un excellent indicateur de l’engagement à la bonne réalisation de la tâche, mais aussi un témoin de la sensibilité aux récompenses immédiates. Les données préliminaires issues de notre population de joueur a mis tout d’abord en évidence que plus les joueurs présentent de mauvaises performances à l’IGT, plus ils sont à risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique. L’ensemble des joueurs montrent de faible niveau de motivation lors de la passation de l’« Effort Expenditure for Reward Task » . Alors que les joueurs à bas risque montrent un profil neurophysiologique en accord avec leurs résultats comportementaux, c’est-à-dire un émoussement de la P300, les joueurs qui présentent un risque élevé de développer une activité de jeu pathologique ont une amplitude de P300 qui témoignent d’un traitement important du résultat immédiat et d’un haut niveau motivationnel. De plus, nous montrons que l’amplitude de la P300 est corrélée au niveau de risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique. Au terme de ce travail, la P300 semble être un biomarqueur de choix dans l’évaluation du risque de développer une activité de jeu pathologique. La poursuite des inclusions et de nos investigations devrait permettre de confirmer cette hypothèse
It is known from a long time that gambling disorder population suffers from a decision-making impairment, as evaluated by the "low Gambling Task" (IGT). Recently, the impact of motivation in gambling disorder has been mentioned. In thie context, the aim of the preser work was to clarity if decisional and motivational neuromarkers could constitute a reliable indicator to develop a gambling disorder. In first step, we inclued healthy volunteers in the aim to validate the motivational indicators of two Event Related Potentials (ERPs), the stimulus preceding negativity and the P300. thus, this first step led to define the link between motivation and decision-making in behavorial and neurophsysiological way. In addition, the P300 appeared to be an excellent indicator of motivation and reward sensitivity. We included video pokers players whose risk level to develop and excessive gambling was controlled. Preliminary data from thie gambler population conclude to a link between the inability to develop a successful strategy at the IGT and the risk to develop an excessiv gambling activity. All gamblers showed lesser motivation at the "Effort Expenditure for Reward Task". Whereas gamblers with a low risk to develop a gambling disorder showed a blunted P300, a neural marker of reduced interest about outcomes and a lesser motivation gamblers with high risk showed a P300 amplitude testifying of a great interest to immediate outcomes and a strong motivational level. It addition, the P300 amplitude was correlated to the risk level to develop a gambling disorder. At the end of this work, the P300 appears to be a reliable biomarker in the risk evaluation of gambling disorder. The pursuit of our investigations should confirm ou hypothesis

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22

Farská, Kateřina. "Cognitive Depletion and Its Effect on Decision Making." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165267.

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One of the factors significantly influencing our daily decisions is the so-called cognitive depletion.The theory of cognitive depletion postulates the existence of a limited mental resource that is necessary for self-regulation. If the resource is diminished by a task involving self-control, achievement in subsequent self-control task will be impaired. This project examines the effect of cognitive depletion on decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task designed to simulate real-life decision making involving gains and losses. Further, a possible effect of moderating factors that could be affected by cognitive depletion and consequently influence decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task -- risk preference and impulsivity -- is investigated. Dual-process theories postulate there are two systems involved in decision-making: faster, intuitive, emotional System 1 and slower, deliberative, rational System 2. It was found that cognitive depletion leads to enhancement of System 1. As advantageous decisions in the Iowa Gambling Task are closely related to emotional reactions -- domain of System 1 -- it was hypothesized that cognitive depletion will lead to not worse, or possibly even better results in depleted subjects. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted involving 39 subjects in total. No difference was found in average desicions of depleted and non-depleted subjects in the Iowa Gambling Task, supporting the hypothesis. Further, short-term increase in impulsivity caused by cognitive depletion was very probably moderating choices in the IGT, leading to worse overall performance. Regarding risk preferences, we found that non-depleted subjects were generally more risk seeking in losses context, while depleted subjects exhibited rather loss aversion. This change in risk behaviors due to cognitive depletion very probably did not mediate choices in the Iowa Gambling Task.

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23

Basodan, Yosif Abdullah. "The effect of experience on adult decision making processes and decision quality." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239473.

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24

Stoddard, James E. "The effect of group influence on organizational buying." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03042009-041233/.

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25

Sra, Sana. "Circadian Variations and Risky Decision Making." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1291.

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Over the past decades, decision making under risk has garnered a great amount of attention both in the field of economics and psychology. Although state-dependent variabilities of risk taking are well-documented, little is known about the effects of a person’s preferred time of day, or chronotype, in risky decision making. Under circumstances of circadian mismatch (e.g., when an “early bird” makes decisions in the evening), research suggests that decision making may reflect a greater reliance on heuristics, such as using stereotypes in social judgments. However, the effects of circadian mismatch on heuristics in risky decision making are relatively unexplored. This paper looks into the effects of circadian mismatch on the reflection effect: a behavioral bias in financial decision making, wherein individuals are risk averse when facing potential gains, and risk seeking when facing potential losses. Participants will be randomly assigned to their circadian matched or circadian mismatched conditions and will play a series of financial gambling tasks with real monetary incentives. This study predicts that the reflection effect will be exacerbated in circadian mismatched individuals as compared to matched participants. Exploring such an effect could have real-world implications on decision making under risk by providing critical knowledge about the effects of time of day on our susceptibility to behavioral biases. It could therefore point to the existence of a more optimal time of day to engage in such critical decision making.

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Woodhead, Erin L. "Debiasing the framing effect in younger and older adults' medical decision making." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4569.

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27

Remenaric, Destiny. "The Effect of Sex-Specific Stressors on Decision Making." Marietta College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=marhonors1398443393.

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28

Solgos, Justice T. "The Effect of Regulatory Focus on Ethical Decision-Making." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1461153442.

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29

Fatima, Iman. "Prototype Generalization and its effect on Decision-making Process." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85353.

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30

Alkhalil, Mohamad. "Effect of eWOM on consumers purchasing decision making process." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159686.

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People in the past were trying to get information through libraries, magazines or marketing agencies that were created specifically to attract consumers. In the age of the Internet people have been able to communicate with each other around the world after it was one-way communication in the pre-Internet age. Two-way communication has led to the creation of a product purchase website that encourages people to share and publish their views. Today, people looking for the best and most satisfying purchase option that makes multiple alternatives available. Online reviews can increase or decrease the life of these alternatives in the decision-making process. Due to the importance of online reviews in a person's decision, this study aims to investigate and evaluate how and whether online reviews affect the person's decision-making process. The problem is mainly about people's opinion of online reviews, and why they use them, the impact of the electronic word of mouth versus the word of mouth, to what extent online reviews are used to make potential decisions for consumers. In order to obtain the results of the study, focus group were conducted with four of semi-structured interviews. In order to obtain the results of the study, interviews were conducted with the focus group as well as a number of semi-structured interviews. The results showed the dominance of online reviews of a person's decision. Study participants believe that it is good to rely on online reviews to obtain information, while at the same time believing that these reviews do not affect the final outcome but can affect the details of the product or service to be purchased.

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Jain, Rhea. "The Development of Entrepreneurial Decision Making: The Effect of Feedback and Gender on Risk Taking, Confidence and Decision Making." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1146.

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The study examined the effect of feedback and gender on confidence, risk taking and decision making. Surveys were administered to 88 male and 110 female college students (N=198). Males were shown to be higher in risk taking than females. Individuals who received positive feedback were highest in both risk taking and confidence. Among individuals who received positive feedback, men were especially higher in risk taking and confidence than women. Regarding decision making, the study showed that there was no significant difference between males and females. Although, males had an advantage in the positive feedback condition and a disadvantage in the negative feedback condition, the results were not significant. Decision making was shown to be positively correlated with confidence but not with risk taking. The applications of the findings to entrepreneurship are discussed.

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Gayer, Christopher. "The Effect of Context and Self-Esteem on Decision Making Competence and Preferences for Collaborative Decision Making in Older Adults." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gerontol_etds/2.

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Older adults increasingly face difficult decisions in life threatening contexts as they move closer to death, become more likely to be diagnosed with life threatening diseases, and encounter more death within their social network (Greenberg, 2011). The purpose of this research was to understand the effect of a life-threatening decision context centered around cancer, self-esteem, other individual difference factors and cancer experience on older adults’ decision making competence, and preferences for collaborative decision making. Study participants were recruited through online circulation of the study recruitment flyer and in-person solicitations at meetings and other events at community locations (senior centers, civic group centers, and churches, etc.). Participants age 55-90 (N=202) were randomly assigned to either a mundane or life threatening condition and asked to complete the corresponding survey packet containing a measurement questionnaire. Analyses consisted of a series of analyses of variance (ANOVA) and regressions. The dependent variables were 3 major components of the DeBruin et al. (2007) Adult Decision Making Competence Scale: (a) Resistance to Framing, (b) Resistance to Sunk Cost Bias, and (c) Over/under confidence, in addition to a measure of Maximizing Tendency (Diab et al., 2008). Analyses revealed mixed results. Decision context did have an effect on decision making competence, while self-esteem showed little effect. No main effects or interactions were found between decision context, self-esteem, and preferences for collaborative decision making. Individual difference factors did effect decision making competence, with future time perspective, risk tolerance, and ego-integrity emerging as significant predictors. Furthermore, compelling results emerged pertaining to the effect of previous cancer experience on decision making competence. Results highlight the lasting effect of context and a previous cancer diagnosis on decision making competence and have implications in health care, psycho-oncology, and treatment decision making domains.

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Cicmil, Nela. "Effect of reward on visual perceptual decision-making in humans and non-human primates." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.589747.

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When primates make decisions about sensory signals, their choices are biased by the costs and benefits associated with different possible outcomes. However, much remains unknown about the neuronal mechanisms by which reward information is integrated into the perceptual decision-making process. I used electrophysiological, psychophysical and imaging techniques to explore the effect of reward on sensory representations, whilst humans and monkeys made perceptual judgements about structure-from-motion (SFM) stimuli. Electrical microstimulation of visual area V5/MT in the macaque monkey was used to bias per- ceptual judgements, under different available reward sizes for correct choices. The behavioural effect of microstimulation interacted with available reward, and, in the context of a drift diffu- sion model of decision-making, the results demonstrated that reward must influence sensory processing before visual signals and micro stimulation signals are accumulated in sensorimotor areas. In a parallel human psychophysics experiment, viewers made decisions about SFM stim- uti whilst their choices were biased towards one outcome or the other by unequal pay-offs. A full drift -diffusion model was fitted to human choice and reaction time data. There was a signif- icant effect of reward on model drift rate, a parameter known to be dependent upon evidence represented in sensory brain regions. A second set of experiments used magneto encephalography (MEG) to explore activity in visual , areas in human cortex and the effects of reward. Brain responses to retinotopic visual stimuli were localized with three different MEG source analysis methods, and localization accuracy was evaluated by comparison with fMRI maps obtained in the same individuals. The results demon- strated that the beamformer and minimum norm estimate (MNE) methods were most suitable for investigating early visual activity with MEG. Human brain activity was then recorded with MEG whilst viewers made perceptual judgements about SFM stimuli, under unequal pay-offs. The results revealed an effect of reward size on early MEG responses in the region of the occipi- tal cortex and visual precuneus. Taken together, the experiments presented in this thesis provide consistent evidence that in- formation about reward can influence the processing of sensory information during perceptual decisions.

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Clairis, Nicolas. "Βases cérébrales du compromis coûts/bénéfices." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2020SORUS026.pdf.

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Tous les jours, nous prenons des décisions sur les actions que nous souhaitons entreprendre. Ces décisions se fondent sur un compromis entre les bénéfices que nous espérons obtenir après avoir effectué ces actions, et les coûts, en termes d’effort, associés à ces actions. Cette thèse s’intéresse aux bases cérébrales du compromis coûts/bénéfices au travers de trois études menées chez des participants sains à l’aide de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle. Dans la première étude, nous avons pu dissocier les bases cérébrales du calcul du compromis coûts/bénéfices des bases cérébrales des variables régulant ce calcul. En effet, dans cette étude, le calcul du compromis coûts/bénéfices était associé au cortex préfrontal ventromédian alors que la confiance dans la décision et le temps passé à délibérer étaient associés à des parties plus dorsales du cortex préfrontal médian. La seconde étude a permis de montrer que, dans deux tâches, impliquant un effort mental ou physique, la performance s’expliquait mieux par un biais pavlovien, donnant plus de poids aux gains qu’aux pertes, que par une aversion à la perte, telle qu’elle a été caractérisée principalement dans des tâches de choix. La troisième étude nous a permis de montrer que, même dans une tâche simple d’apprentissage par renforcement, les aires cérébrales liées à l’exécution d’un effort mental étaient recrutées au moment du calcul du compromis coûts/bénéfices, suggérant que cette tâche n’était pas effectuée de manière purement automatique. L’ensemble de nos résultats permet de mieux caractériser les aires cérébrales impliquées dans le compromis coûts/bénéfices et les conditions dans lesquelles ces aires sont actives
Every day we make decisions about the actions we want to perform. These decisions are based on a trade-off between the benefits we hope to obtain from performing these actions, and the costs, in terms of effort, associated with those actions. This thesis examines the neural correlates of the cost/benefit trade-off through three studies conducted in healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the first study, we were able to dissociate the neural correlates of the computation of the cost/benefit trade-off from the neural correlates of the variables regulating this computation. Indeed, in this study, the computation of the cost/benefit trade-off was associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, whereas confidence in the decision and the time spent in deliberating were associated with more dorsal parts of the medial prefrontal cortex. With our second study, we observed that, in two tasks, involving a mental or a physical effort, the performance was better explained by a Pavlovian bias than by loss aversion. In other words, as opposed to what has been shown mainly in choice tasks, individuals tended to give more weight to gains than to losses. The third study allowed us to show that, even in a simple reinforcement learning task, the brain areas linked to the exertion of a mental effort were recruited while the cost/benefit trade-off was being computed, suggesting that this task was not carried out purely automatically. All these results allow us to better characterize the brain areas involved in the cost/benefit trade-off and the conditions in which these areas are active

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Corey, Joanna Darrow 1986. "The Effect of foreign language processing on moral decision-making." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462817.

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Millones de personas aprenden una lengua extranjera, y algunas de estas personas, como las que trabajan en organizaciones internacionales, la usan a diario como vehículo de comunicación, llevando a cabo juicios y decisiones basándose en información recibida en una lengua extranjera. ¿Qué efecto puede tener el vehículo de la comunicación (lengua extranjera) un efecto sobre las decisiones que toman? El objetivo de esta tesis es profundizar en nuestro conocimiento sobre el efecto del procesamiento de una lengua extranjera, en comparación con el procesamiento de una nativa, en la toma de decisiones morales. Específicamente, esta tesis investiga la fiabilidad del llamado efecto moral de una lengua extranjera (ej., decisiones tomadas por uno mismo en dilemas morales), su alcance, y lo más importante, sus potenciales orígenes potenciales. Para ello, se recogieron los datos conductuales de miles de participantes, y se analizaron en cuanto a si la lengua tenía un efecto sobre las elecciones y juicios morales realizados. La mayoría de los participantes son estudiantes universitarios nativos de español/catalán que han estudiado el inglés como lengua extranjera, aunque, en la medida de lo posible, se han incluido otras combinaciones lingüísticas. Los resultados sugieren que el efecto moral de la lengua extranjera, tal y como se descubrió originalmente, ej., elecciones por parte uno mismo en dilemas morales, es robusto y no es atribuible a factores culturales. No obstante, este efecto es menos fiable cuando se les pide a los participantes que juzguen la elección de otra persona. Finalmente, el efecto no se aplica a todos los juicios morales, ej., sobre las transgresiones por parte de otra persona que no involucra una compensación calculada. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren que a) el efecto es probable que se dé cuando uno debe realizar una elección por si mismo que cuando juzga la elección de otra persona, b) el efecto es más probable cuando hay una compensación calculada en el escenario. Respecto a los orígenes del fenómeno, esto sugiere que c) en gran parte el efecto se puede atribuir a un incremento en la distancia psicológica y una reducción en la reactividad emocional, los cuales se asocian típicamente con el procesamiento de una lengua extranjera en comparación con el procesamiento de una lengua nativa. Esto afecta a la interacción de procesos intuitivos y analíticos que conducen a nuestras decisiones (más probablemente partir de la reducción del primer tipo de procesos). Por lo tanto, el efecto de la lengua se aplica más probablemente a las decisiones que involucran un conflicto entre los procesos intuitivos y analíticos.
Millions of people learn a foreign language and some of these people, such as those who work in international organizations, use this language daily as the vehicle of communication, making judgments and choices based on information received in this foreign language. What effect might the vehicle of communication (a foreign language) have on the resulting decisions? The aim of this dissertation is to deepen our knowledge of the effect of foreign language processing, versus native language processing, on moral decision-making. Specifically, this dissertation investigates the so-called moral foreign language effect’s reliability (e.g., choices made for oneself in moral dilemmas), its scope and, most importantly, its potential origins. To do so, behavioral data was collected from thousands of participants and analyzed according to whether or not language had an effect on people’s reported moral choices and judgments. The majority of the participants are native speakers of Spanish/Catalan and university students who have studied English as a foreign language, although when possible other language combinations have been included. The findings suggest that the moral foreign language effect as originally found e.g., choices made for oneself in moral dilemmas, is robust and not attributable to cultural factors. However, the effect is less reliable when participants are asked to judge another’s choice. Finally, the effect does not apply to all kinds of moral judgments, e.g., of another’s transgressions that do not involve a calculated trade-off. Together, the findings suggest that a) the effect is most likely to appear when one is asked to make a decision for oneself versus judging another’s choice and b) the effect is more likely when there is a calculated trade-off involved in the scenario. Regarding the origins of the phenomenon, this suggests that c) the effect is largely attributable to an increase in psychological distance and a decrease in emotional reactivity typically associated with foreign language processing compared to native language processing. This affects the interplay of intuitive and analytical processes that drive our decisions (most likely by reducing the former). Thus, the effect of language is most likely to apply to decisions that involve a conflict between intuitive and analytical processes.

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Buck, Elizabeth L. "Effect of biases on economic decision making : an experimental approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0005/MQ29666.pdf.

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Mishra, Sandeep, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The motivational effect of need on decision-making under risk." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2580.

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Risk-sensitivity theory predicts that decision-makers shift from risk-aversion to riskpreference in situations where low-risk options are unlikely to meet their needs. Risksensitive theory is contrasted with more traditional unbounded models of decision-making predicting that decision-makers seek to optimize utility in all decisions. In this dissertation, I review influential theories of decision-making from the various behavioral sciences, and offer an integrated approach to understanding decision-making informed by evolutionary theory. I then present evidence suggesting that risk-taking comprises a general phenomenon, inclusive of such behaviors as gambling and antisocial conduct. Finally, I demonstrate in several laboratory experiments that conditions of need, such as inequality, are important motivators of risky behavior. Together, the results suggest that risk-taking represents a functional triggering of preference for variable outcomes in response to conditions of need, consistent with risk-sensitivity theory.
xiv, 149 leaves ; 29 cm

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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3687475.

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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.

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McMorris, Terry. "The effect of exercise on decision making in team games." Thesis, University of Chichester, 1997. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/944/.

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A series of experiments was carried out to examine the effect of moderate and maximal exercise on decision-making performance in team games. Subjects' speed and accuracy of decision making were examined using tachistoscopically presented tests of decision making in sports specific tests. The complexity of the decision making tests was manipulated as was the instructional set given to the subjects. Subjects were tested at rest and while exercising at 70% and 100% of their maximal power output (MPO). Multiple analysis techniques showed unequivocally that, regardless of complexity or instructional set, performance at rest was significantly poorer than that during maximal exercise. Observation of the data showed that this difference was mainly due to increases in speed of decision with accuracy making no significant contribution to the results. The results concerning the effect of moderate intensity exercise were equivocal. In some studies performance during exercise at 70% MPO was significantly better than that at rest, while in other studies no significant effect was demonstrated. Similar results were found when comparing performance during 70% and 100% MPO. In all experiments, however, a linear trend was observed. This was due to the contribution of changes in speed of decision, with accuracy making no significant contribution to the results. It was concluded that maximal exercise results in increases in speed of decision making in team games. This can probably be best explained by exercise inducing changes in arousal, which in tum leads to an increase in the available central nervous system levels of allocatable resources. It was further argued that maximal exercise does not stress fit subjects enough to cause the individual to allocate resources to anything other than task specific information. The use of theories of emotionally induced arousal to explain the effect of exercise on decision-making performance was questioned.

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Jin, Victoria Yu-yu. "Effect of organizational structure on performance of decision making teams." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14049.

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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias in Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2016. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/hodgkinson/22.

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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0–10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.

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Kopko, Kyle Casimir. "The Effect of Partisanship in Election Law Judicial Decision-Making." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275415061.

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Albalawi, Tahani F. "Quantifying the Effect of Cognitive Biases on Security Decision-Making." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532529752353789.

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Parry, Emma L. "Effect of assessor team composition on assessment centre decision making." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2000. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12412.

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The present study investigated the impact of a number of assessor characteristics upon the relative contribution of individual assessor ratings to the final assessment centre decision. Berger, Cohen and Zelditch (1966) have suggested that status characteristics such as gender can affect the influence hierarchy of the group in that women are seen to be of a lower status than men and as such are allowed less influence over the group task. It was therefore proposed that male assessors would have more influence over the final assessment centre decision than female assessors. It has also been suggested that personality characteristics may affect the amount of influence that an individual is allowed over a group discussion. Previous literature has proposed that individuals who demonstrate high dominance and masculinity and low femininity may be allowed more influence over a group decision. The present study also proposes therefore that assessors who show high dominance or masculinity and low femininity will have more influence over the consensus discussion in an assessment centre. These hypotheses were investigated using two alternate studies. The first of these consisted of a laboratory-based simulation of an assessment centre. The results showed that sex, dominance and masculinity did not have an impact on influence, whereas femininity had a negative effect in that assessors who were less feminine had more influence over the consensus discussion. The second study was designed to assess the external validity of the findings of the first study using information that from archive records of candidates who participated in a real life assessment centre. The results demonstrated an effect of sex but not of femininity upon influence therefore contradicting the findings of study one. These findings are discussed with regard to the literature on sex and personality differences in group-decision-making.

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Wallace, Wayne A. "The Effect of Confirmation Bias on Criminal Investigative Decision Making." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/407.

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Confirmation bias occurs when a person believes in or searches for evidence to support his or her favored theory while ignoring or excusing disconfirmatory evidence and is disinclined to change his or her belief once he or she arrives at a conclusion. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether emotionally charged evidence and evidence presentation order could influence an investigator's belief in a suspect's guilt. The study included 166 sworn police officers (basic training recruits, patrol officers, and criminal investigators) who completed online surveys in response to criminal vignettes across different scenarios to record their measure of guilt belief. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between the 3 independent variables: duty assignment (recruit, patrol, investigator), scenario condition (child and adult sexual assault), and evidence presentation order (sequential, simultaneous, reverse sequential). The dependent variable was confirmation bias (Likert-scaled 0-10 guilt judgment). According to the study results, confirmation bias was least evident in criminal investigators with more experience and training, and both emotion and evidence presentation order can influence guilt judgment. The findings generalize to criminal investigators and attest to the importance of working to include and exclude suspects and to withhold judgment until all available evidence is analyzed. Investigators benefit from this study and through their improved decision making, society benefits as well. This study will contribute to the need for professional dialogue concerning objective fact finding by criminal investigators and avoiding incidents of wrongful conviction.

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Wifall, Timothy C. "The effect of punishment on the actor/observer asymmetry in risky decision making." Click here for download, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1310412371&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Dishong, Donald J. "On studying the effect of information warfare on C2 decision making." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA283639.

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Kennedy, Jillian, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The effect of sexual arousal on risky decision-making / Gillian Kennedy." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3056.

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Sexual arousal is likely an important situational factor in date rape. Research shows that sexual arousal increases self-reported willingness to engage in sexually aggressive behaviour. Chapter One reviews the situational, perpetrator, and victim characteristics of date rape. Chapter Two describes an experiment that examined the effect of sexual arousal on measures of decision-making, including Risky Choice Task, Balloon Analogue Risk Task, Future Discounting, and on a measure of Viewing Time. Participants were 20 heterosexual men and 22 heterosexual women 18 to 25 years old. Results revealed that sexually aroused women preferred higher variance options compared to women who were not, and the opposite was observed for men. No other significant effects were observed. Chapter Three describes Experiment 2 which included another neutral condition and a measure of sexual decision-making. Results revealed no effect of condition on behavioural or sexual decision-making, nor on viewing times. Chapter Four provides a general discussion and directions for future research.
ix, 156 leaves; 29 cm

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Mufti, Salman. "The effect of forward and backward reasoning on managerial decision making." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86609.

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Reasoning is the cognitive process used to solve problems and make decisions. This study examined the effect of forward and backward reasoning strategies used by expert managers to make a decision in an unfamiliar problem situation. Expert managers (n = 114) were randomly assigned to one of two reasoning strategy groups: Forward (n = 59) and backward (n = 55). Based on their experience and education, the managers were also categorized into two levels of expertise: Senior managers (n = 26) and middle managers (n = 88). All managers were asked to read a business case study, write their responses using a forward or backward reasoning template, and to identify their reasoning preference. Independent coders were used to code the responses and statistical procedures of ANOVA, binary logistic regression, MANCOVA, and discriminant analysis were used to analyze the coded data. The results showed that senior managers reported a strong preference for backward reasoning while middle managers did not have a specific reasoning preference. Both senior and middle managers in the forward reasoning group, made a risk-averse decision while both senior and middle managers in the backward reasoning group made a risk-taking decision, which resulted in a superior decision outcome. The results also indicated that reasoning strategy specifically influenced the decision outcome through the four factors of decision analysis: Strategic decision, alternatives, criteria, and action plans, with criteria and alternatives emerging as the most important predictors of reasoning strategy. Overall, these findings support cognitive science research in other domains that experts in familiar situations use forward reasoning but in unfamiliar situations revert to backward reasoning, which results in better outcomes. This study has provided further evidence that the common dimensions of expertise are generalizable and replicable in the domain of management.
Le raisonnement est le processus cognitif servant à solutionner des problèmes et à prendre des décisions. Cette étude a examiné l'effet des stratégies de raisonnement en chaînage avant et arrière (forward or backward reasoning) utilisées par des gestionnaires spécialisés pour prendre une décision en situation de problème inhabituel. Nous avons divisé au hasard les gestionnaires (n = 114) en deux groupes de stratégie de raisonnement : en chaînage avant (n = 59) et en chaînage arrière (n = 55). De plus, nous les avons regroupés en deux niveaux d'expertise selon leur expérience et leur éducation : les gestionnaires supérieurs (n = 26) et intermédiaires (n = 88). Nous leur avons tous demandé de lire une analyse de rentabilisation et de rédiger leurs réponses à l'aide d'un modèle de raisonnement en chaînage avant ou arrière, puis de préciser leur préférence. Nous avons fait appel à des codeurs indépendants pour traiter les réponses et procédures statistiques d'analyse de variance (ANOVA), de régression logistique binaire et d'analyse de covariance à variables multiples (MANCOVA); de plus, nous avons procédé à une analyse discriminante des données codées. Les résultats ont montré que les gestionnaires supérieurs ont exprimé une nette préférence pour le raisonnement en chaînage arrière (backward reasoning), alors que les gestionnaires intermédiaires n'ont rapporté aucune préférence particulière. Les gestionnaires supérieurs et intermédiaires du groupe de raisonnement en chaînage avant (forward reasoning) ont pris une décision prudente, tandis que les gestionnaires supérieurs et intermédiaires de l'autre groupe ont pris une décision impliquant un risque, ce qui a entraîné un résultat décisionnel supérieur. Les résultats ont aussi indiqué que la stratégie de raisonnement a particulièrement influencé le résultat décisionnel par l'entremise des quatre facteurs d'analyse des décisions : stratégie,

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Gosnell, Greer. "Experiments and externalities : understanding cause and effect in environmental decision making." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3518/.

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The field of behavioral economics enhances the ability of social science research to effectively inform socially efficient climate policy at the microeconomic level, in part due to the dependence of climate outcomes upon present and future human consumption patterns. Since the behavioral field is relatively new, environmental and resource economists still have scarce evidence as to why people make particular decisions. For this thesis, I have conducted both field and laboratory experiments to address market failures highly relevant to environmental outcomes, namely international public goods problems and externalities from fuel and resource consumption. My methodology capitalizes upon the benefits of each experimental methodology—laboratory, artefactual, framed, and natural—to capture the effects of particular informational and contextual elements on subsequent behavior. While each methodology has its potential advantages and shortcomings, I contend that the complete toolkit is necessary to study a broad range of relevant environmental contexts. For instance, while natural field experiments are generally considered the “gold standard” in terms of exogeneity and generalizability, many settings in which field experimentation may provide tremendous insight preclude randomization across unknowing subjects. Similarly, researchers may not have access to populations of interest, though lab experimentation may still provide insights into the behavior of these populations or reveal motivations not yet captured in neoclassical utility functions. In this thesis, I will detail results from one of each experimental type, each suited to the context of interest. The natural field experiment in Chapter 2 aims to discern whether there is a role for environmental preferences and cognitive dissonance to play in encouraging individuals to engage in resource-conserving behaviors, and suggests that the latter may be effective in changing the behavior of green consumers. Chapter 3 presents the results of a large-scale framed field experiment comprising all eligible captains in Virgin Atlantic Airways, which tested the impacts of personalized information, tailored targets, and prosocial incentives on captains’ performance of fuel-efficient behaviors. In addition to documenting a substantial Hawthorne effect, we provide intent-to-treat estimates of the three types of feedback to show that tailored targets are the most (cost) effective strategy of those implemented. I introduce a complementary artefactual field experiment in Chapter 4, which allows for detailed scrutiny of captains’ fuel efficiency based on their social preferences as well as preferences and attitudes toward risk and uncertainty. I find that more risk-averse captains are more prone to over-fuel, that prosocial incentives increase captains’ well-being, and that revealed altruism increases responsiveness to prosocial incentives. Finally, Chapter 5 aims to provide insight into the effects of “side deals” in facilitating cooperation on international climate agreements. Using a lab experiment, we find that side deals alter the composition of group contribution to climate change mitigation, eliciting increased effort on the part of players with higher wealth.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Decision-making effort'

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