Relevant bibliographies by topics / Decision-making effort

Academic literature on the topic 'Decision-making effort'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Decision-making effort"

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Culbreth, Adam J., Erin K. Moran, and Deanna M. Barch. "Effort-based decision-making in schizophrenia." Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 22 (August 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.12.003.

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Söllner, Anke, Arndt Bröder, and Benjamin E. Hilbig. "Deliberation versus automaticity in decision making: Which presentation format features facilitate automatic decision making?" Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 3 (May 2013): 278–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005982.

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AbstractThe idea of automatic decision making approximating normatively optimal decisions without necessitating much cognitive effort is intriguing. Whereas recent findings support the notion that such fast, automatic processes explain empirical data well, little is known about the conditions under which such processes are selected rather than more deliberate stepwise strategies. We investigate the role of the format of information presentation, focusing explicitly on the ease of information acquisition and its influence on information integration processes. In a probabilistic inference task, the standard matrix employed in prior research was contrasted with a newly created map presentation format and additional variations of both presentation formats. Across three experiments, a robust presentation format effect emerged: Automatic decision making was more prevalent in the matrix (with high information accessibility), whereas sequential decision strategies prevailed when the presentation format demanded more information acquisition effort. Further scrutiny of the effect showed that it is not driven by the presentation format as such, but rather by the extent of information search induced by a format. Thus, if information is accessible with minimal need for information search, information integration is likely to proceed in a perception-like, holistic manner. In turn, a moderate demand for information search decreases the likelihood of behavior consistent with the assumptions of automatic decision making.
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Rudge, B. A. "Decision-Making in Anaesthesia." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 23, no. 5 (October 1995): 597–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9502300512.

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Anaesthetists work as part of a process and deal with complex situations in their daily work. Considerable effort is put into training anaesthetists, but little has been done either in research or improving awareness of the intangible components of the anaesthesia system that affect safety, such as decision-making. The purpose of this article is to apply the principles of decision-making to anaesthesia practice.
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Hauber, W., and S. Sommer. "Prefrontostriatal Circuitry Regulates Effort-Related Decision Making." Cerebral Cortex 19, no. 10 (January 8, 2009): 2240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn241.

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Bayard, S., J. Cizeau, M. Georges, and Y. Dauvilliers. "Effort-based decision making in narcolepsy-cataplexy." Sleep Medicine 14 (December 2013): e71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.11.141.

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Isnawati, Ida, and Ali Saukah. "TEACHERS’ GRADING DECISION MAKING." TEFLIN Journal - A publication on the teaching and learning of English 28, no. 2 (July 9, 2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v28i2/155-169.

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This study investigated teachers’ grading decision making, focusing on their beliefs underlying their grading decision making, their grading practices and assessment types, and factors they considered in grading decision making. Two teachers from two junior high schools applying different curriculum policies in grade reporting in Indonesian educational context were interviewed in depth to reveal their grading decision making. The results show that the teachers believe that assigning grades is not only for measuring the students’ ability, but also for making them active users of the language, giving them life skills and experience and motivating them. In addition, these teachers use various grading practices involving not only formal assessment but also informal one. Remedial tests, giving more tasks and grade adjustment are also done to reach the criteria of passing grade. The factors considered in grading decision making are achievement factors in the forms of scores from formal and informal assessment and non-achievement factors involving students’ effort and behavior, curriculum and school policy.
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Bardgett, Mark E., Melissa Depenbrock, Nathan Downs, Megan Points, and Leonard Green. "Dopamine modulates effort-based decision making in rats." Behavioral Neuroscience 123, no. 2 (2009): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014625.

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Cos, Ignasi. "Perceived effort for motor control and decision-making." PLOS Biology 15, no. 8 (August 18, 2017): e2002885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2002885.

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Wickens, Christopher D. "Effort in Human Factors Performance and Decision Making." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 56, no. 8 (October 30, 2014): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720814558419.

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Kleinmuntz, Don N. "Effort, Accuracy, and Rational Goal-Directed Decision Making." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 39, no. 9 (September 1994): 876–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/034623.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Decision-making effort"

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Kurniawan, I. T. "Effort-based learning and decision making." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1334501/.

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In the literature on healthy humans, effort is poorly studied and an extension from an animal literature is just emerging. I tested an hypothesis that physical effort is a non-trivial aspect of motivated behaviour; it serves as a cost and interacts with outcomes. To do this I conducted four experimental studies and extended the range of costs to include pain. In my first experiment, I develop a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) task assessing willingness to expend effort. I show that physical effort discounts value of actions and that activity in dorsal striatum is associated with effort of selected actions. In addition to influencing choice, effort may be influenced by affective outcomes. In my second experiment, I develop a behavioural instrumental learning task examining how reward and punishment influence learning about effortful response. I show that it is easier to expend effort to gain reward and to withdraw effort to avoid punishment, but not the other way around; in other words it is more difficult to expend effort to avoid punishment and to withdraw effort to gain reward. Results from reinforcement learning modelling account for this tendency in terms of a pavlovian influence on effort. On the one hand, outcome has an influence in effort while, on the other, effort may modulate neural signalling of action anticipation and outcome delivery. In my third experiment, I develop an fMRI cue-predictive instrumental task investigating brain responses for effort anticipation and outcome evaluation. I show that activity in anterior cingulate cortex and dorsal striatum is sensitive to anticipated effort and highlight an effort modulation on activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum associated with expected outcomes. Finally, I extend my investigation of costly behaviour in effort to pain by showing an influence of context effects in pain avoidance behaviour. In summary, within this thesis I demostrate that physical effort as a cost is non-trivial in that it i) discounts value, ii) is sensitive to pavlovian influences, iii) is neurally anticipated and iv) modulates outcome signalling. I show the viability of various experimental paradigms to assess costly behaviours driven by effort and extend this endeavour by studying cost-driven pain avoidance. These experiments forge new research directions for understanding action and decision making as well as show promise for testing aberrant populations that often present with pathology that may reflect under- and over-motivated actions (e.g., apathy and perseveration).
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Amir, On 1972. "Individual decision making : pain, rules, and effort." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29945.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
Individuals are involved in daily decision making situations under varying levels of certainty and ease of gathering information, characterized by many factors such as the need to make payments, or the desire to fulfill goals. Essay 1 proposes that when individuals are faced with environments that offer an abundance of alternative choices and information (increased decision flexibility) consumers will have a harder time deciding and are more likely not to make purchases or to procrastinate. Environments such as the Internet are proposed to increase decision conflict and anticipated regret, as they increase the ease of generating counterfactuals. Limiting flexibility, by using exploding discounts, for example, reduces decision difficulty, and increases purchase likelihood. Essay 2 demonstrates that some of the documented discrepancies between expressed preferences and predicted happiness may be explained by individuals' use of rules when making decisions. Rules are used whenever they are evoked, and exclude a deep factual analysis of the situation. For example, money is proposed to invoke a set of rules that are subsequently used. Specifically, driven by anticipation, consumers' preference for a delayed concert is contradicted by their greater willingness to pay for an immediate one. The overarching nature of rules causes individuals to follow them even when it is not in their best interests. Essay 3 demonstrates that partitioning a task by providing progress information may influence motivation, effort, enjoyment, and performance in two opposing ways: when uncertainty about progress is high, partitioning increases motivation and liking of a task, but when progress uncertainty is low, partitioning decreases motivation, liking, and subsequent choice of the task.
by On Amir.
Ph.D.
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Diller, James W. "Effects of response effort, delay, and stimulus changes on the sunk-cost effect." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10028.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 93 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-93).
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Lee, Douglas. "The metacognitive control of decision-making." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS525.

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Tout ce que nous faisons est guidé par la valeur. En résumé, la valeur représente l’impact que nous pensons avoir sur nos vies. Le terme valeur peut être utilisé pour évaluer pratiquement n'importe quoi. La valeur dépend de l'objectif, du contexte, et de qui décide. Même en tenant compte de tous ces éléments, cependant, les valeurs ne sont pas toujours cohérentes. Nous ne choisissons pas toujours selon nos préférences, telles que dérivées en évaluant les options individuellement. Dans les théories actuelles, ces inversions de préférence sont interprétées comme des erreurs résultant d'une signalisation non fiable dans le cerveau. Nous proposons alternativement que les gens puissent changer d’avis après avoir réévalué la valeur des options en réfléchissant à la décision. Alors, pourquoi réfléchissons-nous soigneusement à certaines décisions, mais pas à d’autres ? Nous développons un modèle computationel du contrôle métacognitif des décisions, dans lequel nous supposons que la quantité de ressources cognitives est contrôlée par un compromis effort-confiance. Il est important de noter que l’anticipation de l’allocation des ressources varie en fonction de la difficulté et de l’importance. Le modèle prédit les choix, la confiance dans le choix, l’effort mental, et le changement de préférence, de manière notamment différente des modèles actuels. Nous comparons et testons ces prévisions de manière systématique, en utilisant un paradigme comportemental dédié. Nos résultats établissent un lien mécanique entre l'effort, la confiance, et les inversions de préférence, d'une manière qui n'avait pas encore été prise en compte
Everything we do is guided by value. In brief, the value we assign to something summarizes the impact we thinkitwill have on our lives. The term value can be used to assess virtually anything. Value is goal-dependent: e.g., value for water is different than value for a soft bed. Value is context-dependent: e.g., value for a hammer is different when building versus fishing. Value is subjective: e.g., a work of art might be treasure to some, garbage to others. Even when taking all this into account, however, the values that we express for particular options are not always consistent. We do not always choose according to our preferences, as derived byassessing options individually. Under current theories, such preference reversals are interpretedas errors that arise from unreliable signaling within the brain. We alternatively propose that people can change their mind after reassessing the value of options while pondering the decision. So, why do we carefully ponder some decisions, but not others? We develop a computational model of the metacognitive control of decisions, where we assume that the amount of cognitive resources deployed is controlled by an effort-confidence tradeoff. Importantly, the anticipated benefit of allocating resources varies according to difficulty and importance. The model predicts choices, choice confidence, mental effort, and preference change, in a critically different manner from current models. We compare and test these predictions in a systematic manner, using a dedicated behavioral paradigm. Our results provide a mechanistic link between effort, confidence, and preference reversals, in a way that has not previously been considered
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Besharat, Ali. "Essays on Mental Accounting and Consumers' Decision Making." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3977.

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This dissertation is structured in the form of two empirical essays, each investigating one type of irrational decision caused by mental accounting. The first essay, titled "Managing the Cost of Multiple Debt Accounts: A Behavioral Perspective", explores why many people pay off credit cards' with the lowest rate first when rationally speaking they should repay the debt with the highest rate most quickly. This essay suggests that irrationality emerges when people seek to close `mental accounts' associated with their credit cards and reduce the total number of outstanding loans rather than decrease the amount of total debt among all credit cards. Consumers want to be debt free. If they can get rid of debt, on even one credit card, they feel a sense of accomplishment which psychologically helps them manage remainder of their debt better. The second essay, titled "Saving by Overspending", explores consumers' over-expenditure and indulgent consumption when they make prepayments in the form of time, effort, or money toward a consumption goal. This essay proposes that people subconsciously try to get their prepayments' worth, but in fact they may be spending their money irrationally. In addition, contrary to common knowledge, this essay suggests that when a prepayment is unanticipated, the loss of self-control is often more prominent when prepayments are made with behavioral resources (e.g., time or effort) than equivalent monetary resources.
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Allaheeb, Bassim Abdullah H. "Decision-making In Different Cultures: Essays In Experimental Economics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/242752.

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People interact with each other rationally and irrationally. Standard economic theories assume that people act rationally, yet, behavioral economic theories indicate that sometimes people act irrationally because of the specific situation, their character, and many other factors. Culture plays a role in shaping people’s preferences, values, personalities, norms, and beliefs. That being the case, it is important to shed some light on the effect of different types of cultures on people’s decision-making behavior, in order to better understand human nature with regard to economic decisions. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to define how people from various cultures behave differently while making economic decisions, and to provide a better understanding for the motives behind people’s preferences towards decision-making. The first and second chapters of this thesis consider studies in experimental economics about the effect of introducing effort to the ultimatum game. The first chapter provides evidence that people’s decisions are driven by either hierarchy or property rights by comparing the results of three different cultures. The second chapter shows the impact of proposers’ effort in the ultimatum game, in which, culturally driven phenomenon impact on the proposers’ behavior. The third chapter investigates the impact of the Islam religion on experimental studies with regard to decision making and it shows that religious beliefs play an important role in shaping people’s preferences.
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Ghods-Sharifi, Sarvin. "Dissociable involvement of the nucleus accumbens subregions in effort-based decision making." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24159.

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Animals routinely engage in cost-benefit analysis, choosing between different courses of actions with potentially greater response costs that may lead to greater rewards. Previous research has shown that the preference to exert more physical effort to obtain a larger magnitude of reward is mediated by a complex neural circuit including the anterior cingulate, basolateral amygdala, and mesoaccumbens dopamine system. Past studies investigating the neural basis of effort-based decision making have utilized a T-maze task whereby rats have had to choose between climbing a barrier in one arm to obtain a high reward (HR), or retrieve a low reward (LR) from an arm with no barrier. Destruction of dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been shown to reduce the preference to work harder to obtain a larger reward. Yet, the role of the different subregions of the NAc on this form of decision making is not very clear. The present study investigated the contributions of the NAc core and shell in effort-based decision making using an automated procedure conducted in an operant chamber. The task consisted of 4 discrete blocks of 10 trials. A response on one lever delivered an LR immediately (2 reward pellets), whereas responding on the other lever delivered an HR (4 pellets) after a fixed ratio of presses, which increased with each block (2, 5, 10, or 20). Inactivation of the NAc core, but not shell, via infusion of GABAA/B agonists muscimol/baclofen (75 ng each) reduced the preference for animals to exert greater effort to obtain the HR. In order to control for the greater delay from initiation of response to delivery of reward in the HR compared to LR condition, we conducted a subsequent experiment that equalized the delay. Inactivation of the core, but not shell reduced the preference for the HR. Therefore the NAc core, but not the shell, is part of a neural circuit that mediates effort-based decision making. Additionally the contributions by the NAc core to this form of decision making are distinct from those involving delay-based decisions.
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Shafiei, Naghmeh. "Effort-based decision making is sensitive to the effects of acute stress." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36389.

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Acute stress can either exert beneficial or detrimental effects on different forms of cognition, and these effects may be mediated in part by enhanced glucocorticoid and dopaminergic activity. Recent studies in humans have shown that acute stress disrupts certain aspects of cost/benefit decision making. In the following series of experiments, we assessed the effects of acute restraint stress on different forms of cost/benefit decision making, and some of the hormonal and neurochemical mechanisms that may underlie these effects. Effort-based decision making was assessed with a discounting task where rats chose between a low effort/reward lever (1 press=2 pellets), or a high effort/reward lever that delivered 4 pellets, with the effort requirement increasing over 4 blocks of discrete trials (2, 5, 10, and 20 presses). A single exposure to 1 hour stress decreased preference for the high effort/reward and increased response latencies. Control experiments revealed that these effects did not appear to be mediated by general decreases in motivation or reduced preference for larger rewards. A separate group of rats were trained on delay discounting task where they chose between a small/immediate reward (1 pellet) or a larger, 4 pellet reward delivered after a delay (0, 15, 30, 45 sec). In contrast to effort discounting, acute stress did not affect choice of larger, delayed rewards. The role of glucocorticoids in regulating effort-based decision making was assessed via the systemic administration of exogenous corticosterone (1 or 3 mg/kg). These treatments failed to mimic the effects of stress on effort discounting. In a final experiment, dopamine receptor blockade with flupenthixol (0.25 mg/kg) prior to restraint to did not attenuate the stress-induced effects on effort-related choice. However, this treatment abolished the stress-induced increase in response latencies. These data suggest that acute stress interferes somewhat selectively with cost/benefit evaluations concerning rewards of different magnitudes and the relative effort costs associated with obtaining them. These effects do not appear to be mediated by enhanced glucocorticoid activity, whereas dopaminergic activation may contribute to increased latencies induced by stress. These findings may provide insight on impairments in decision making and anergia associated with stress-related disorders such as depression.
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Vangsness, Lisa Lynn. "Perceptions of effort and risk assessment." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35380.

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Master of Science
Department of Psychological Sciences
Michael E. Young
Although risky decision-making tasks present some a priori risk (i.e., base-rate), decision makers often have an opportunity to modify this level of risk through their behaviors. Broadly speaking, risk can be modified by assigning additional resources to an ongoing task or by engaging in specific risk-mitigation strategies before or after the risky decision is made. The modification of risk requires ongoing awareness of task demands, resource constraints, and risk-mitigation strategies that can be used to adapt behavior over time. This thesis explores risk modification that occurs during difficult tasks. Difficult tasks hold greater risks because they fall at the edge of the decision maker’s abilities and are likely to require a greater number of resources to overcome. As resources are engaged they become unavailable for other tasks or strategies to cope with changing task demands. I studied how individuals monitor risks and develop risk mitigation strategies using a videogame task designed to mirror contingencies that would be encountered in the real world. Results from two experiments that involve this task suggest that decision-makers adequately monitor and develop active strategies for dealing with risks. These strategies change over time and vary as a function of task difficulty and experience.
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KC, Raghabendra Pratap. "Essays on social influences in decision making." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284720.

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This dissertation reports a series of studies on social influences in decision making with wide ranging marketing implications in areas such as gamification initiatives, participative pricing mechanisms, and charity fundraising strategies. The body of this work comprises of three indepth, stand-alone studies. The first study, "Contagion of the Competitive Spirit: The Influence of a Competition on Non-Competitors", investigates the influence of a competition on noncompetitors who do not participate in it but are aware of it. In a series of experimental studies, the study shows that the mere awareness of a competition can affect a non-competitor's performance in similar tasks. These experiments provide confirmatory and process evidence for this contagion effect, showing that it is driven by heightened social comparison motivation due to mere awareness of the competition. In addition, the study finds evidence that the reward level for the competitors could moderate the contagion effect on the non-competitors. The second study, "The Negative Effects of Precommitment on Reciprocal Behaviour: Evidence from a Series of Voluntary Payment Experiments", examines the effects of precommitment on reciprocal behaviour towards a forthcoming benefit. Through a series of experiments in several countries, the study shows that precommitment often weakens reciprocal behaviour. In two field experiments, a laboratory and an online experiment, the study finds consistent evidence that voluntary payment amounts decrease for individuals who are asked to precommit their payment. The results from a final online trust-game experiment support the posited mental-accounting mechanism for the effect. The third study, "Hold-Up Induced by Demand for Fairness: Theory and Experimental Evidence", explores the domain of hold-up and fairness concerns. While recent research suggests that fairness concerns could mitigate hold-up problems, this study proposes a starkly opposite possibility: that fairness concerns can also induce hold-up problems and thus significant inefficiencies. The study reports theoretical analysis and experimental evidence of hold-up in scenarios in which it will not occur if agents are purely self-interested, but could occur if they care about fairness at ex post negotiation.
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Books on the topic "Decision-making effort"

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Office, General Accounting. South Florida Ecosystem Restoration: An overall strategic plan and a decision-making process are needed to keep the effort on track : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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Keating, Matthew David. The effect of a cognitive behavioral decision making enhancement program on intelligence and decision making abilities. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Psychology, 2001.

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H, Bigelow J., and Rand Corporation, eds. Motivated metamodels: Synthesis of cause-effect reasoning and statistical metamodeling. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003.

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Smoking: Making the risky decision. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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1955-, Wettestad Jørgen, ed. EU emissions trading: Initiation, decision-making and implementation. Aldershor, Hampshsire, England: Ashgate, 2008.

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Price, Lydia J. Data transferability: Estimating the response effect of future events based on historical analogy. Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1992.

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Vanhonacker, Wilfried R. "Data transferability: Estimating the response effect of future events based on historical analogy". Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1988.

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Tribal GIS: Supporting Native American decision making. Redlands, Calif: ESRI Press, 2012.

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Masilela, Sipho Themba. Communication support strategies and community participation in the non-governmental space of development efforts: A research proposal. Nairobi, Kenya: Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1991.

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Canada. Library of Parliament. Research Branch., ed. Referendums in Canada: The effect of populist decision-making on representative democracy. [Ottawa]: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Decision-making effort"

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Wasserman, Theodore, and Lori Wasserman. "Motivation as Goal-Directed Behavior: The Effect of Decision-Making." In Motivation, Effort, and the Neural Network Model, 63–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58724-6_5.

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Wall, Friederike. "A Short Note on Cost of Effort: Beneficial Effects in Complex Decision-Making Situations." In Decision Economics: Minds, Machines, and their Society, 151–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75583-6_15.

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Chakhar, Salem, Inès Saad, Ashraf Labib, and Alessio Ishizaka. "Cognitive Effort Reduction Within Group Decision Making Through Aggregation and Disaggregation of Individual Preferences." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 52–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85977-0_5.

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Maier, Konradin, Josef Frysak, and Edward W. N. Bernroider. "The Effects of Effort-Feedback on Time Spent for Information Processing in Multi-criteria Decision Making." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 535–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05951-8_51.

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Dart, Beatrix. "Governance of Gender Diversity Case." In Management for Professionals, 61–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48606-8_13.

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AbstractGender diversity on boards has become accepted as an important step to increase governance, risk assessment, and innovative thinking for companies. However, the arguments of finding merit-based candidates, a narrow definition of the board skills matrix, and the desire to add “who you know” have proven to be lasting obstacles for many female board candidates. This short case highlights the importance of making a conscious effort to expanding board searches past the usual networks to lead to boards with better decision-making abilities by adding female board directors.
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Ammons, David N., and Dale J. Roenigk. "Cause-and-effect diagrams." In Tools for Decision Making, 308–18. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129431-30.

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Sri-Ganeshan, Myles. "Modality Effect." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 215–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_34.

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Hansen, Kim. "Hawthorne Effect." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 173–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_28.

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Kosmidis, Michail. "Framing Effect." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 147–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_24.

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Luckhoff, Carl. "Bandwagon Effect." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 53–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Decision-making effort"

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Bologna, Eduardo, Marcelo Vaiman, and Matías Alfonso. "Aligning evaluation with achievement objectives: automated exams based on bloom's taxonomy." In Decision Making Based on Data. International Association for Statistical Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.19404.

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How many of social sciences students passing introductory statistics courses develop the expected skills to make a meaningful use of statistics? Our diagnosis suggests that an important part of them achieve this through memorization and repetition. This communication reports the in-progress effort to improve the quality of the evaluation of an introductory statistics course in Psychology degree, National University of Córdoba (Argentina). There is a specific demand on the qualifications required of students who pass the subject, which combines with a significant volume of students, so it is necessary to ensure the validity of the evaluations and the automation of their administration and correction. The work consists of the construction of examination items classified according to three criteria: elementary thematic unit it evaluates, cognitive level and degree of difficulty, so that precision exams can be built. The proposal is applicable to classroom or on-line courses.
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Canellas, Marc C., Karen M. Feigh, and Zarrin K. Chua. "Accuracy and effort of decision making strategies with incomplete information." In 2014 IEEE International Inter-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cogsima.2014.6816533.

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Tan, Yue, and Ming Fang. "Study on Decision-Making of Reverse Recycling Medicine Quantity Under Manufacturer’s Advertising Effort." In International Academic Conference on Frontiers in Social Sciences and Management Innovation (IAFSM 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200207.027.

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Arendt, Jonathan L., Daniel A. McAdams, and Richard J. Malak. "Technology Evolution Modeling and Decision Making Under Uncertainty." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70746.

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Design is an uncertain human activity involving decisions with uncertain outcomes. Sources of uncertainty in product design include uncertainty in modeling methods, market preferences, and performance levels of subsystem technologies, among many others. The performance of a technology evolves over time, typically exhibiting improving performance. As the performance of a technology in the future is uncertain, quantifying the evolution of these technologies poses a challenge in making long-term design decisions. Here, we focus on how to make decisions using formal models of technology evolution. The scenario of a wind turbine energy company deciding which technology to invest in demonstrates a new technology evolution modeling technique and decision making method. The design of wind turbine arrays is a complex problem involving decisions such as location and turbine model selection. Wind turbines, like many other technologies, are currently evolving as the research and development efforts push the performance limits. In this research, the development of technology performance is modeled as an S-curve; slowly at first, quickly during heavy research and development effort, and slowly again as the performance approaches its limits. The S-curve model typically represents the evolution of just one performance attribute, but designers generally deal with problems involving multiple important attributes. Pareto frontiers representing the set of optimal solutions that the decision maker can select from at any point in time allow for modeling the evolution of technologies with multiple attributes. As the performance of a technology develops, the Pareto frontier shifts to a new location. The assumed S-curve form of technology development allows the designer to apply the uncertainty of technology development directly to the S-curve evolution model rather than applying the uncertainty to the future performance, giving a more focused application of uncertainty in the problem. The multi-attribute technology evolution modeling technique applied in decision-making gives designers greater insight when making long-term decisions involving technologies that evolve.
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Frysak, Josef, and Edward W. N. Bernroider. "Digital gamified effort feedback mechanism to enhance information coverage in multi-attribute decision-making." In 2017 8th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iisa.2017.8316410.

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Jiang, Yongchang, and Chang Liu. "Research on Fresh Supply Chain Optimization Decision-Making Considering Blockchain and Freshness-keeping Effort." In 2021 International Conference on E-Commerce and E-Management (ICECEM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecem54757.2021.00089.

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Khan, Farhan Rafique, Bhumika Das, and R. K. Mishra. "Use of GIS in Decision Making for Geotechnical Investigation." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.11.

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Geological Information System (GIS) is a tool which is used in different Areas to subside the human effort. The GIS was earlier developed to maintain the geological data of earth, but during the time GIS is used in different areas for research. The purpose of the study is to utilize GIS technique in the field of geotechnical engineering in different work like preliminary survey, availability of digitize Soil data of location, topographic survey. Due to availability of GIS, data can easily digitize according to the geographical coordinates. The satellite imageries of Nagpur city are collected from Earth Explorer a digital platform for researchers to access the satellite images of any Location. This satellite images are Landsat 7 ETM+, these images are later used to form composite image to develop Landuse Landcover map.
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Vele, Kimberly, Jessica Cavalli, and Anita Cservenka. "Effort-Based Decision Making and Self-Reported Apathy in Frequent Cannabis Users and Healthy Controls." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.28.

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Background: Cannabis use rates have been escalating in recent years within the United States, and the effects of cannabis on motivation and effort-based decision making have been of increased interest. Amotivational syndrome is a term used to refer to lack of motivation, passive personality, non-productive behavior, and lower educational attainment related to chronic cannabis use. However, past literature has reported mixed findings for the effects of cannabis on motivation across both behavioral and self-report studies; therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the association between frequent cannabis use, motivated behavior, and self-reported apathy in individuals 18 years and older. Methods: Cannabis users who reported, on average, 3 or more days/week of cannabis use over the past year, and healthy controls who reported once/month or less cannabis use over the past year were recruited. Participants withheld from substance use 12 hours prior to the study visit. They completed a breathalyzer test, urine toxicology screen, the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), and the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT), a computerized button-pressing task that measures effort-based decision making whereby individuals must increase effort for monetary reward. There were no significant differences between groups on any demographic characteristics except for past 30-day alcohol use (p = 0.001), and depression scores (p = 0.005; determined by the Beck Depression Inventory-II), which were both greater in cannabis users relative to healthy controls. A repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the effects of Group, reward magnitude, probability, and their interaction on hard task selections on the EEfRT, controlling for alcohol and depressive symptoms. A separate ANCOVA examined between-group differences on the AES with the same covariates. Results: The main results indicated that relative to healthy controls, cannabis users were significantly more likely to select hard tasks on the EEfRT regardless of reward magnitude or probability of winning the reward (p = 0.014, partial η2=0.10). Self-reported apathy was higher in cannabis users relative to controls (p = 0.02), but after controlling for alcohol use and depressive symptoms, these group differences were no longer significant (p = 0.46). Furthermore, the number of hard task selections on the EEfRT was not significantly related to self-reported apathy in cannabis users (p = 0.68), or healthy controls (p = 0.52). Conclusions: These findings indicate that cannabis users exhibit a greater likelihood of exerting more effort for reward, suggesting enhanced motivation relative to healthy controls. Thus, the current results do not support the amotivation hypothesis in adult frequent cannabis users. Despite some harms of frequent cannabis use, amotivation may not be among them.
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Sissoko, Timothé M., Marija Jankovic, Christiaan J. J. Paredis, and Eric Landel. "A Proposal for a Decision Support Framework to Solve Design Problems in the Automotive Industry." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98035.

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Abstract Decision-makers often rely on heuristics and experience to make complex decisions in the industrial context. Often, integrating implicit or expert knowledge as well as uncertainties can lead to decisions that are not necessarily the best ones. Moreover, in engineering design, the decision-making approaches focus on the product itself and do not investigate the necessary effort that is needed to gather additional data in order to devise more precise decision-making models. In our research, we propose to integrate this estimation of additional effort needed for data gathering and decision-making refinement in order to support design teams. This research has been conducted in collaboration with a major car manufacturing company, and in particular in the development process through Modeling and Simulation. The objective is to propose a decision-making model that integrates data-gathering estimation, hence integrating also the estimation of postponing one decision. A decision problem model based upon expected utility combined with the value of information theory is proposed to address this issue. The model has been developed and tested on 4 case studies. We define a decision support framework by integrating the model into a tool and by proposing roles in the decision-making process. We finally present its application on a concrete example.
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Holowsko, Nicholas, and Christopher McComb. "Multi-Objective Model-Based Optimization of Pilot Decision Making for Urban Air Mobility." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69819.

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Abstract The emergence of an Urban Air Mobility (UAM) market utilizing fleets of vertical takeoff and land (VTOL) aircraft has the potential to shorten commutes, alleviate traffic congestion, and transform the way people interact with cities. Both industry and academic effort has been aimed towards predicting and simulating fleet activity for the purpose of informing vehicle design decisions and infrastructure planning activities. However, little effort has been targeted at analyzing aircraft fleet performance and sensitivity to pilot decision making, infrastructure availability, and changing vehicle characteristics. In this work, we utilize an existing proprietary, industry developed, discrete-event simulation tool that calculates air vehicle fleet performance with user specified vehicle and demand parameters. Building on this simulation, we then apply an optimization and sensitivity analysis, identifying the relative importance of different vehicle parameters, network attributes, decision making policies, and demand characteristics as they ultimately relate to objective functions that aim to maximize vehicle utilization and minimize the number of deadhead trips. The result of this analysis will inform critical requirements of the UAM market and highlight the importance of effective vehicle scheduling in a UAM scenario.
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Reports on the topic "Decision-making effort"

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Saltus, Christina, and Glenn Suir. Remotely sensed habitat assessment of bottomland hardwood and swamp habitat : West Shore Lake Pontchartrain Hurricane Storm Damage Risk Reduction System potential impact area. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40559.

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This study used remote sensing techniques to identify and assess the current condition of bottomland hardwood (BLH) and swamp habitats within the West Shore Lake Pontchartrain (WSLP) hurricane storm-damage risk reduction system (HSDRRS) project area. This effort provides baseline knowledge of the location and quality of these habitats prior to the construction of the WSLP HSDRRS project. The resultant products will assist the USACE—New Orleans District (MVN) by informing ecosystem decision-making related to environmental assessments.
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Chitale, Vishwas, and Janita Gurung. Harmonizing the vegetation classification of Kailash Sacred Landscape - Working paper. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1004.

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This paper is the collective effort of ICIMOD and partners to harmonize the vegetation classification of the Kailash Sacred Landscape. The vegetation map was prepared using field data, satellite data, and inputs from experts and partner institutions in China, India, and Nepal. The map provides information on the geographic extent, area coverage, and species composition of 14 vegetation and six land use-land cover types. The information can be used to enhance decision making for ecosystem management in the landscape. Additionally, the methods used in this study are dynamic and could be easily applied to other landscapes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya.
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Brinkerhoff, Derick W., Sarah Frazer, and Lisa McGregor-Mirghani. Adapting to Learn and Learning to Adapt: Practical Insights from International Development Projects. RTI Press, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.pb.0015.1801.

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Adaptive programming and management principles focused on learning, experimentation, and evidence-based decision making are gaining traction with donor agencies and implementing partners in international development. Adaptation calls for using learning to inform adjustments during project implementation. This requires information gathering methods that promote reflection, learning, and adaption, beyond reporting on pre-specified data. A focus on adaptation changes traditional thinking about program cycle. It both erases the boundaries between design, implementation, and evaluation and reframes thinking to consider the complexity of development problems and nonlinear change pathways.Supportive management structures and processes are crucial for fostering adaptive management. Implementers and donors are experimenting with how procurement, contracting, work planning, and reporting can be modified to foster adaptive programming. Well-designed monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems can go beyond meeting accountability and reporting requirements to produce data and learning for evidence-based decision making and adaptive management. It is important to continue experimenting and learning to integrate adaptive programming and management into the operational policies and practices of donor agencies, country partners, and implementers. We need to devote ongoing effort to build the evidence base for the contributions of adaptive management to achieving international development results.
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Suir, Glenn, Christina Saltus, and Sam Jackson. Remote Assessment of Swamp and Bottomland Hardwood Habitat Condition in the Maurepas Diversion Project Area. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41563.

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This study used high spatial resolution satellite imagery to identify and map Bottomland Hardwood (BLH) BLH and swamp within the Maurepas Diversion Project area and use Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) elevation data, vegetation indices, and established stand-level thresholds to evaluate the condition of forested habitat. The Forest Condition methods and data developed as part of this study provide a remote sensing-based supplement to the field-based methods used in previous studies. Furthermore, several advantages are realized over traditional methods including higher resolution products, repeatability, improved coverage, and reduced effort and cost. This study advances previous methods and provides products useful for informing ecosystem decision making related to environmental assessments.
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Schoonover, Lois H. The Effect of Paradigms on Military Decision Making. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293293.

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Seginer, Ido, James Jones, Per-Olof Gutman, and Eduardo Vallejos. Optimal Environmental Control for Indeterminate Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1997.7613034.bard.

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Increased world competition, as well as increased concern for the environment, drive all manufacturing systems, including greenhouses, towards high-precision operation. Optimal control is an important tool to achieve this goal, since it finds the best compromise between conflicting demands, such as higher profits and environmental concerns. The report, which is a collection of papers, each with its own abstract, outlines an approach for optimal, model-based control of the greenhouse environment. A reliable crop model is essential for this approach and a significant portion of the effort went in this direction, resulting in a radically new version of the tomato model TOMGRO, which can be used as a prototype model for other greenhouse crops. Truly optimal control of a very complex system requires prohibitively large computer resources. Two routes to model simplification have, therefore, been tried: Model reduction (to fewer state variables) and simplified decision making. Crop model reduction from nearly 70 state variables to about 5, was accomplished by either selecting a subset of the original variables or by forming combinations of them. Model dynamics were then fitted either with mechanistic relationships or with neural networks. To simplify the decision making process, the number of costate variables (control policy parametrs) was recuced to one or two. The dry-matter state variable was transformed in such a way that its costate became essentially constant throughout the season. A quasi-steady-state control algorithm was implemented in an experimental greenhouse. A constant value for the dry-matter costate was able to control simultaneously ventilation and CO2 enrichment by continuously producing weather-dependent optimal setpoints and then maintaining them closely.
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Zobrist, Scott J. CHINA.COM" The Effect of Globalization on Chinese Decision- Making". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425983.

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Anderson, Richard. The effect of administrative mandate on social workers' clinical decision making. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2742.

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Douglas, Thomas, M. Jorgenson, Hélène Genet, Bruce Marcot, and Patricia Nelsen. Interior Alaska DoD training land wildlife habitat vulnerability to permafrost thaw, an altered fire regime, and hydrologic changes. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43146.

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Climate change and intensification of disturbance regimes are increasing the vulnerability of interior Alaska Department of Defense (DoD) training ranges to widespread land cover and hydrologic changes. This is expected to have profound impacts on wildlife habitats, conservation objectives, permitting requirements, and military training activities. The objective of this three-year research effort was to provide United States Army Alaska Garrison Fort Wainwright, Alaska (USAG-FWA) training land managers a scientific-based geospatial framework to assess wildlife habitat distribution and trajectories of change and to identify vulnerable wildlife species whose habitats and resources are likely to decline in response to permafrost degradation, changing wildfire regimes, and hydrologic reorganization projected to 2100. We linked field measurements, data synthesis, repeat imagery analyses, remote sensing measurements, and model simulations focused on land cover dynamics and wildlife habitat characteristics to identify suites of wildlife species most vulnerable to climate change. From this, we created a robust database linking vegetation, soil, and environmental characteristics across interior Alaska training ranges. The framework used is designed to support decision making for conservation management and habitat monitoring, land use, infrastructure development, and adaptive management across the interior Alaska DoD cantonment and training land domain.
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Oh, Keunyoung, and Liza Abraham. The Effect of Knowledge on Decision-Making in the Context of Organic Cotton Clothing. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-521.

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