Journal articles on the topic 'Decision making – Effect of fear on'
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Junuthula, Sumali. "Effect of Fear of Failure on Teen Decision Making." Advances in Applied Sociology 12, no. 09 (2022): 439–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2022.129035.
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Goyal, Divesha, and Usha Sharma. "Emotion, Cognition, and COVID-19: A Study Exploring the Association Between Fear of COVID-19 Intolerance of Uncertainty and Decision-Making in Indian Adolescents." Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health 18, no. 1 (January 2022): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09731342221096479.
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Introduction: Fear and uncertainty are the 2 ingredients of psychological challenges brought about by coronavirus (COVID-19). Fear and intolerance of uncertainty can affect decision-making. Because of the pandemic and owing to their phase of cognitive development, adolescents are more susceptible to such influence. Objective: To explore and understand the effects of COVID-19 on emotion and cognition by investigating the association between fear of COVID-19, intolerance for uncertainty, and decision-making in Indian adolescents. Method: The sample constituted 136 Indian adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. The sampling technique used was a nonprobability sampling technique called snowball sampling. The sample was collected through an online platform, ie, WhatsApp, Facebook, and most responses were received from Delhi, Sirsa (Haryana), and Chandigarh. The tools administered were the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCVS-19), the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12), and the adolescent decision-making questionnaire (ADMQ). Correlational, regression, and mediational analyses were conducted to study the associations and interactions between the 3 study variables. Results: The sample consisted of 51.5% females and 48.5% males. The correlational analysis reported significant positive relationships between fear of COVID-19, intolerance of uncertainty, and maladaptive decision-making. Further, mediation analysis reported: (a) the intolerance of uncertainty mediates the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and maladaptive decision-making patterns and (b) fear of COVID-19 mediates the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and maladaptive decision-making patterns. Conclusion: The findings indicated that emotions experienced by adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic could have a negative and significant effect on their decision-making. Thus, it is necessary to mitigate these effects to ensure optimal development of their cognitive skills during calamities such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Lindström, Björn, Armita Golkar, Simon Jangard, Philippe N. Tobler, and Andreas Olsson. "Social threat learning transfers to decision making in humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 10 (February 13, 2019): 4732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810180116.
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In today’s world, mass-media and online social networks present us with unprecedented exposure to second-hand, vicarious experiences and thereby the chance of forming associations between previously innocuous events (e.g., being in a subway station) and aversive outcomes (e.g., footage or verbal reports from a violent terrorist attack) without direct experience. Such social threat, or fear, learning can have dramatic consequences, as manifested in acute stress symptoms and maladaptive fears. However, most research has so far focused on socially acquired threat responses that are expressed as increased arousal rather than active behavior. In three experiments (n= 120), we examined the effect of indirect experiences on behaviors by establishing a link between social threat learning and instrumental decision making. We contrasted learning from direct experience (i.e., Pavlovian conditioning) (experiment 1) against two common forms of social threat learning—social observation (experiment 2) and verbal instruction (experiment 3)—and how this learning transferred to subsequent instrumental decision making using behavioral experiments and computational modeling. We found that both types of social threat learning transfer to decision making in a strong and surprisingly inflexible manner. Notably, computational modeling indicated that the transfer of observational and instructed threat learning involved different computational mechanisms. Our results demonstrate the strong influence of others’ expressions of fear on one’s own decisions and have important implications for understanding both healthy and pathological human behaviors resulting from the indirect exposure to threatening events.
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Ellis, Erin M., William M. P. Klein, Edward Orehek, and Rebecca A. Ferrer. "Effects of Emotion on Medical Decisions Involving Tradeoffs." Medical Decision Making 38, no. 8 (October 20, 2018): 1027–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x18806493.
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Risk perceptions for a disease can motivate use of medications that reduce disease risk. However, these medications are often accompanied by elevated risks for other adverse health effects, and perceived risk of these side effects may also influence decisions. Emotions experienced at the time of a decision influence risk judgments and decision making, and they may be important to examine in these tradeoff contexts. This study examined the effect of experimentally induced fear and anger on risk perceptions and willingness to use a hypothetical medical treatment that attenuates risk of one condition but increases the risk for another. Participants ( N = 1948) completed an induction of fear, anger, or neutral emotion and then read about a hypothetical medication that reduced risk for one health condition but increased risk for another, and they indicated their willingness to use it. Deliberative, experiential, and affective risk perceptions about both health conditions were measured, conditional on taking and not taking the medication. Fear condition participants were more willing to take the medication than those in the neutral condition (β = 0.14; P = 0.009; 95% confidence interval, 0.036–0.25). Fear also increased deliberative, experiential, and affective risk when conditioned on not using the medication, Ps < 0.05. In contrast, anger did not influence willingness to use the medication ( P = 0.22) and increased deliberative and affective risk of side effects when conditioned on using the medication ( P < 0.05). As one of the first studies to examine how emotion influences tradeoff decision making, these findings extend our understanding of how fear and anger influence such decisions.
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Bate, Adisu Fanta. "The Nexus between Uncertainty Avoidance Culture and Risk-taking Behaviour in Entrepreneurial Firms’ Decision Making." Journal of Intercultural Management 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 104–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2022-0004.
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Abstract Purpose: The concerted effect of national culture and risk-taking behaviour of individuals on decision-making has not been given much attention in the literature. This paper, thus, attempts to investigate how the two variables, separately and jointly, affect the decision-making of firms. Methodology: The review pursues systematic literature review methodology. The keywords constituted in a series of search queries include risk-taking, or risk-taking behaviour, risk taking propensity, risk aversion, uncertainty avoidance, uncertainty avoidance national culture, fear of unknown or future, and uncertainty avoidance culture and risk-taking. The review of the studies addresses more than thirty-five countries over the years 1975–2021. Findings: The review result re-boosts the existing negative relationship between a high uncertainty avoidance culture and risk-taking behaviour. When the level of risk-taking is increased, the effect of uncertainty avoidance culture gets decreased, which thereof helps to reduce resistance to change in firms. The latter institutes a greater fear of failure, lower level of ambition, and less tolerance for ambiguity that result in low risk-taking appetite. Their concurrent effect is realized in various decision-making contexts including firms’ entry and investment decisions, customer buying decisions, self – versus group decisions, and policy decisions. Value Added: As a result, firms may need to consider the risk-taking behaviour and uncertainty avoidance culture of employees for certain jobs, consumers for marketing, managers for an international assignment in risky positions, and of individual countries for business expansion. The study claims to have added significant value to the practical and theoretical discourse of uncertainty avoidance national culture and risk-taking behaviour in business decision-making scenarios.
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Fox, Chris. "Evidence summary: does dentists' fear have an adverse effect on clinical decision-making?" British Dental Journal 209, no. 4 (August 2010): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.748.
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Bachkirov, Alexandre A. "Managerial decision making under specific emotions." Journal of Managerial Psychology 30, no. 7 (September 14, 2015): 861–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-02-2013-0071.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate decision-processing effects of incidental emotions in managerial decision-making situations. Design/methodology/approach – A complex multi-attribute, multi-alternative decision task related to international human resources management is used as a research vehicle. The data are obtained by means of an electronic information board. Findings – Happiness and anger cause the decision maker to process less decision-relevant information, whereas fear activates more detail-oriented processing. The results are explained within the valence model and cognitive-appraisal framework. Research limitations/implications – A boundary condition of the study is the level of induced emotions. Processing effects of extremely high levels of emotions are not examined, which necessarily limits the generalizability of the findings. Also, the experiment focusses on the decision-processing effects of single isolated emotions extracted by manipulations; future research needs to examine decision-making implications of an entire emotion episode, which is likely to contain emotion mixtures. Practical implications – For managers, this study demonstrates the importance of being mindful of how incidental emotional states can bias choice processing in complex managerial decisions. Originality/value – This study extends earlier organizational research by focussing on decision-making consequences of emotion, rather than those of mood or stress. It brings together research on incidental emotions and process-tracing methodologies, thereby allowing for more direct assessment of the observed effects. Decision-processing consequences of emotion are shown to persist throughout a content-rich managerial decision task without being neutralized by an intensive cognitive engagement.
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VANNI, GIANLUCA, MARCO MATERAZZO, MARCO PELLICCIARO, SARA INGALLINELLA, MAURIZIO RHO, FRANCESCA SANTORI, MARIA COTESTA, et al. "Breast Cancer and COVID-19: The Effect of Fear on Patients' Decision-making Process." In Vivo 34, no. 3 suppl (2020): 1651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11957.
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Metsch, Rutger, and Rémy Gerbay. "Prospect Theory and due process paranoia: what behavioural models say about arbitrators’ assessment of risk and uncertainty." Arbitration International 36, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiaa017.
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Abstract The term ‘due process paranoia’ is used to describe a perceived reluctance by arbitral tribunals to act decisively in certain situations for fear of the arbitral award being challenged on the basis of a party not having had the chance to present its case fully. This article approaches due process paranoia from the perspective of Prospect Theory, which is a behavioural model describing how individuals make decisions under risk and uncertainty. The authors examine how Prospect Theory’s insight that decision makers tend to overweight low-probability events in their decision-making (the ‘possibility effect’) affects decision-making by arbitrators when faced with the threat of challenge to their awards on due process grounds (the ‘enforcement risk’). The article concludes that the possibility effect is prone to contribute to an overweighting by arbitrators of the enforcement risk, thereby explaining the perceived tendency by tribunals to make sub-optimal decisions when faced with due process-related complaints or threats.
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Nuñez, Narina, Kimberly Schweitzer, Christopher A. Chai, and Bryan Myers. "Negative Emotions Felt During Trial: the Effect of Fear, Anger, and Sadness on Juror Decision Making." Applied Cognitive Psychology 29, no. 2 (January 7, 2015): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3094.
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Segerer, Robin, Clara Peschel, Ulrike Kämmerer, Sebastian Häussler, Achim Wöckel, and Sabine Segerer. "Factors Impacting on Decision-Making towards Prophylactic Surgeries in BRCA Mutation Carriers and Women with Familial Predisposition." Breast Care 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503370.
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Background/Objectives: BRCA mutation carriers and women at high risk of breast/ovarian cancer are faced with the intricate question to opt for prophylactic surgeries and/or a periodic screening. The aim of this study was therefore to identify objective and emotional factors that have an impact on the decision-making process. Methods: Ninety-five women with BRCA mutations or women at increased breast/ovarian cancer lifetime risk were counseled at our outpatient department and either opted for prophylactic surgery or periodic screening. To identify the psychological factors that could have influenced the decision-making, a standardized questionnaire was applied. Additionally, clinical data were collected and were reviewed by a personal talk. Results: Seventy-one of the patients opted for an increased surveillance only, 21 for prophylactic surgeries. Positive predictors for prophylactic surgeries were sociodemographic characteristics such as parity and objective variables such as verified mutation status. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the need for safety in health issues has been the only significant psychological predictor of surgery beyond the objective factors. Fear of surgical procedures, menopausal symptoms after surgery, loss of attractiveness, or fear of interferences with sexual life did not significantly affect decision-making. Conclusion: Decision-making towards prophylactic surgeries is influenced by objective but also emotional factors. Knowing that fear and anxiety also have an important impact on decision-making, distinct counselling about the procedures, the subsequent risk reduction as well as the psychological effects of prophylactic surgeries are essential.
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Wang, G., N. Karimi, J. Descallar, K. O’Connor, J. Pipicella, L. Willmann, A. Williams, and V. W. Huang. "A170 A NOVEL DECISION AID IMPROVES KNOWLEDGE AND QUALITY OF PREGNANCY-RELATED DECISION-MAKING IN IBD." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 4, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab002.168.
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Abstract Background Women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with poor IBD-specific reproductive knowledge experience more voluntary childlessness. Poor knowledge is associated with fear of IBD medications in pregnancy; this must be addressed as active IBD at preconception (PC) correlates with worse intrapartum disease and poor fetal outcomes. The Pregnancy IBD Decision Aid (PIDA), developed by an international multidisciplinary team following International Patient Decision Aids Standards, is an interactive online tool that offers personalised decision support on fertility, pregnancy, and medications in IBD (Fig). Aims To assess PIDA’s impact on knowledge and quality of decision-making among PC and pregnant patients with IBD, and to evaluate its feasibility as a tool for patients and clinicians. Methods PC and pregnant women aged 18–45 with IBD, recruited in Canada and Australia, completed questionnaires pre and post PIDA to assess quality of decision-making (Decisional Conflict Scale, DCS; Self-Efficacy Score, SES) and IBD in pregnancy knowledge (Crohn’s and Colitis Pregnancy Knowledge Score, CCPKnow). DCS assesses if a decision is informed, aligned with personal values, and would be implemented. SES measures belief in one’s ability to make informed decisions. Patients and clinicians (gastroenterology, obstetrics, primary care) also completed feasibility surveys. Paired t-test assessed for differences pre and post PIDA. Results DCS and SES were completed by 74 patients (42 Crohn’s disease, 32 ulcerative colitis); 41 PC and 33 pregnant. DCS improved significantly post PIDA (effect size 0.44, p<0.0001); this was observed in PC patients regarding pregnancy planning with IBD, and in pregnant patients regarding peripartum IBD medication management. SES of PC but not pregnant patients improved significantly post PIDA (effect size 0.32 vs 0.24, p=0.0001 vs 0.0525). In both cohorts, CCPKnow improved significantly post PIDA (n=76, effect size 0.66, p<0.0001). Patients (n=73) assessed PIDA feasibility. Mean scores for length (3.05±0.44), readability (3.09±0.5), and content amount (2.91±0.81) were perceived as appropriate (1=limited, 5=excessive). Perceived usefulness of PIDA was high among all patients (4.09±0.93; 5=most useful). Clinicians (n=14) believed PIDA had appropriate length, readability, and content amount, and deemed PIDA useful to patients (4.6±0.8) and themselves (4.8±0.8) for clinical practice. Conclusions PIDA improved knowledge and quality of decision-making in PC and pregnant patients with IBD. Patients developed a strengthened belief in their ability to make informed, effective decisions, and both patients and clinicians found PIDA feasible. PIDA is an accessible tool that can empower women with IBD to make evidence-based decisions about pregnancy and may ultimately reduce voluntary childlessness. Funding Agencies Mount Sinai Hospital Resident Research Grant; Gastroenterological Society of Australia Rose Amarant Grant; Women and Children’s Health Research Institute (WCHRI); Clinical/Community Research Integration Support Program (CRISP); Merck Better Care, Healthy Communities Funding Program
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Panda, Sunita, Cecily Begley, and Deirdre Daly. "Clinicians’ views of factors influencing decision-making for CS for first-time mothers—A qualitative descriptive study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 28, 2022): e0279403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279403.
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Clinicians’ perspectives of the reasons for performing caesarean section (CS) are fundamental to deepening knowledge and understanding of factors influencing decision-making for CS. The aim of this study was to explore midwives’ and obstetricians’ views of factors influencing decision-making for CS for first-time mothers. A qualitative descriptive study with semi-structured one-to-one audio-recorded interviews was used to gather data from clinicians (15 midwives and 20 senior obstetricians). Following research ethics committee approval, clinicians, who were directly involved in the decision-making process for CS during the period of data collection, were purposively selected from three maternity units in the Republic of Ireland between June 2016 to July 2017. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Three interrelated themes with several subthemes reflective of clinicians’ views and experiences emerged following data analysis. These were: ‘A fear factor’ describing clinicians’ fear of adverse outcomes and subsequent litigation, ‘Personal preferences versus a threshold–clinician driven factors emphasising the influence of clinicians’ personal beliefs, and ‘Standardised versus individualised care–a system perspective’ explaining the effects of, or lack of, organisational policy and its direct and indirect impact on the decision-making process. Findings show that decisions to perform a CS are, on occasion, based on clinicians’ personal beliefs and interpretation, similar to findings from other published literature. Consideration of broader issues related to organisational, socio-cultural and political context is essential when seeking solutions to the rising CS rates. The findings will enable clinicians to reflect on their day-to-day practice, in order to look for modifiable factors that influence their decision-making, and help women understand the multitude of factors that can lead to a decision to perform a CS. Findings will also contribute to the development of the ‘next step action’ and assist in devising future intervention studies to reduce any unnecessary CSs.
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Makó, H. Sz, B. Veszprémi, L. Várhegyi, and N. Mészáros. "Nature of fears at the time of abortion and possible correlation to anxiety and depression." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73391-0.
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IntroductionAbortion exerts its effects on psychological wellbeing of a great number of women all over the world. Numerous psychological research deals with describing normative responses to the intervention and determining possible psychopathological outcomes.ObjectivesOur aim was to justify whether women differ from one another already at the time of the intervention in terms of their level of anxiety and the degree of depression, which might correlate primarily to the difficulties regarding the process of making the decision for abortion and to the nature of their fears.MethodsIn our research at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinics at University of Pécs, 112 women (average age: 29.67, ranging 18–44) having had abortion were studied using structured interviews and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983).ResultsWith respect to whether they have reported fear, the research sample could be divided in two groups: 18% have not reported any fear, whereas regarding the remaining 82% some sort of fear was identified by contents analysis, such as fear of later complications (26%), fear of the invasive intervention (22%), fear of both above (15%) and fear of death (19%). The level of anxiety was significantly higher in the group reporting fears at the time of the intervention. The highest anxiety and depression levels were measured in the groups reporting fears of both invasive intervention and later complications, and in the group experiencing fears of death.ConclusionOur results draw attention to the significance of the psychological preparation prior to termination.
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Shah, Zakir, Lu Wei, and Usman Ghani. "The Use of Social Networking Sites and Pro-Environmental Behaviors: A Mediation and Moderation Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041805.
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Climate change poses a huge threat. Social networking sites (SNSs) have become sources of human–environment interactions and shaped the societal perception of climate change and its effect on society. This study, based on the extended parallel process model, aims to examine the effect of exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs on the pro-environmental behaviors of individuals. The study examines the mediation effect of fear of victimization from climate change between the exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs and pro-environmental behaviors, including the moderation effect of attention deficit and decision-making self-efficacy with the help of appropriate instruments. A total sample of 406 reliable questionnaires were collected from students using SNSs in China, and data were analyzed through SPSS and AMOS. Results indicate that the exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs has a direct positive effect on users’ pro-environmental behaviors (β = 0.299, p < 0.01). Fear of victimization from climate change also mediates the relationship between exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs and pro-environmental behaviors (β = 0.149, SE = 0.029, p < 0.01). In addition, attention deficit moderates the relationship of exposure to climate change-related information on SNSs with fear of victimization from climate change (β = −0.090, p ≤ 0.01) and pro-environmental behaviors (β = −0.090, p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, the relationship between fear of victimization from climate change and pro-environmental behaviors is moderated by decision-making self-efficacy (β = 0.267, p ≤ 0.01). The findings offer implications for media organizations and government policy makers, who should post or spread environmental information through the most trustworthy media, with trustworthy sources, in an effective manner, and without exaggerated adverse impacts.
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UTOMO, Prio, Florentina KURNIASARI, and Ade Kris YUDIONO. "FEAR-OF-MISSING-OUT BEHAVIOR PHENOMENA: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS." BUSINESS EXCELLENCE AND MANAGEMENT 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/beman/2021.11.4-01.
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The purpose of this article is to review the current state, trend, and direction of Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) behavior research in various disciplines. There are 276 articles bibliography data extracted from Scopus Index Database in between year 2011-2021. Several analytic tools were used to seek key trends and bibliometric cooccurrence analysis. The result indicated that (1) the trend of FOMO-related research only emerged and trending up on the year 2015 despite their early appearance in 2004 (2) there is limited research on this topic with centrality in only several articles and authors. (3) the current research focuses on five clusters of research on the role of social media on FOMO, cause and effect of FOMO behavior, social network engagement on particular social network sites and the topic of social support and self-report on adolescents on FOMO. The study also opens a wide opportunity to other applications related to human and technology dynamic development such as social media fatigue, problematic smartphone use, mobile phone addiction, internet addiction disorder, covid-19, narcissism, decision making and gender.
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Roche, Sean Patrick, Theodore Wilson, and Justin T. Pickett. "Perceived Control, Severity, Certainty, and Emotional Fear: Testing an Expanded Model of Deterrence." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 493–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427819888249.
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Objectives: Growing evidence indicates that criminologists should incorporate emotional states, such as fear, into standard deterrence frameworks. Within the fear of crime literature, there is empirical support for the “sensitivity to risk” model, which posits perceived victimization control and severity drive certainty perceptions, and these cognitions, in turn, drive fear of crime. We apply this logic to offender decision-making. Methods: Using a sample of young adults ( N = 829), an anonymous online survey, and path analysis, this study investigates an expanded model of deterrence. Results: Perceived control over apprehension directly reduced perceptions of the certainty of being apprehended. Perceived severity was both directly and indirectly, through perceived certainty, associated with greater fear of apprehension. Fear of apprehension is negatively associated with reported criminal propensity, and the effects of cognitive judgments of control, severity, and certainty have an indirect effect on reported criminal propensity via fear of apprehension. Conclusions: Our findings illustrate the need to better understand the psychological and emotional aspects of deterrence. Individuals do not simply consult their preformed certainty perceptions when considering crime. Identifying all of the relevant cognitions and the emotions is critical for advancing criminological theories and improving crime policies.
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Bothra, Sapana, Sabaretnam Mayilvaganan, Prabhaker Mishra, Anjali Mishra, Amit Agarwal, and Gaurav Agarwal. "Use of animation video in surgical decision-making for treatment of early breast cancer in Indian women." South Asian Journal of Cancer 08, no. 03 (July 2019): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sajc.sajc_179_18.
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Abstract Introduction: Surgical decision-making in early breast cancer is difficult for the patient and also for the treating clinician, especially when the patient is not completely aware of the available options. Adjuncts such as animation video with case scenarios can be helpful in this regard. We used an animation video to help in decision-making and evaluated the effect of such adjunct in Indian women with early breast cancer. Materials and Methods: An animation video of running time of 4 min and 11 s was shown to forty patients with early breast cancer, who filled in a patient satisfaction multimedia questionnaire at the end of the animation. Results: Seventeen (42.5%) patients underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) while the rest 23 (57.5%) patients underwent the mastectomy. All forty patients were satisfied with the animation video. The mean score of the utility of the video to improve understanding of the disorder, better organization of treatment, stimulated interest in the relations, and saved unnecessary discussion was 88.50, 88.50,88.3, and 90.3, respectively. Age and literacy status did not significantly affect the scores. Discussion: All the patients found the video useful and most patients made the decision on the first attempt. Patients' perspective about BCS is influenced by the fear of recurrence, fear of multiple surgeries, complications, and also the counseling provided by the surgeon. Conclusion: In this situation, such animation videos provide an unbiased view on the operative procedure and help in decision-making.
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Aldama, Abraham, Mateo Vásquez-Cortés, and Lauren Elyssa Young. "Fear and citizen coordination against dictatorship." Journal of Theoretical Politics 31, no. 1 (November 8, 2018): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629818809425.
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Despite numerous studies showing that emotions influence political decision making, there is scant literature giving a formal treatment to this phenomenon. This paper formalizes insights about how fear influences participation in risky collective action such as citizen revolt against an autocratic regime. To do so we build a global game and analyze the effects that fear may have on participation through increasing pessimism about the regime’s strength, increasing pessimism about the participation of others in the revolution, and increasing risk aversion. The impact of the first two effects of fear is a clear reduction in the probability that people will mobilize. However, an increase in risk aversion may in some circumstances increase the probability with which citizens will mobilize. These results may help explain the unpredictable reactions of citizens to fear appeals, including the threat of repressive violence.
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Calluso, Cinzia, Maria Giovanna Devetag, and Carmela Donato. "“I Feel Therefore I Decide”: Effect of Negative Emotions on Temporal Discounting and Probability Discounting." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111407.
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Temporal and probability discounting are considered two fundamental constructs in economic science, as they are associated with phenomena with major societal impact and a variety of sub-optimal behaviors and clinical conditions. Although it is well known that positive and negative affective states bear important cognitive/behavioral consequences, the effect of emotional experiences on decision-making remains unclear due to the existence of many conflicting results. Inspired by the need to understand if and to what extent the current COVID-19 pandemic has determined changes in our decision-making processes by means of the unusual, prolonged experience of negative feelings, in this study we investigate the effect of anger, fear, sadness, physical and moral disgust on intertemporal and risky choices. Results show that all emotions significantly increase subjects’ preferences for immediate rewards over delayed ones, and for risky rewards over certain ones, in comparison to a “neutral emotion” condition, although the magnitude of the effect differs across emotions. In particular, we observed a more pronounced effect in the case of sadness and moral disgust. These findings contribute to the literature on emotions and decision-making by offering an alternative explanation to the traditional motivational appraisal theories. Specifically, we propose that the increased preference for immediate gratification and risky outcomes serves as a mechanism of self-reward aimed at down-regulating negative feelings and restore the individual’s “emotional balance”.
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Garg, Nitika, J. Jeffrey Inman, and Vikas Mittal. "Emotion effects on choice deferral." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 9/10 (September 12, 2017): 1631–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2015-0861.
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Purpose Choice deferral (making no choice at all) is a common phenomenon, especially when individuals face a difficult decision. This is further exacerbated in the presence of negative incidental emotions which can have a wide-ranging influence on various aspects of decision-making. Previous research suggests that process (vs outcome) accountability might be more effective at mitigating the effect of irrelevant factors. This paper aims to examine whether accountability attenuates emotion effects on choice and examines the differences in the efficacy of the two accountability types. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses the appraisal tendency framework to propose differences between same valenced emotions on choice deferral and predicts the moderating role of process versus outcome accountability. Two experiments are conducted to test the predictions and the results analyzed using logistic regression. Findings The authors find that outcome and process accountability have different moderating effects on emotion and choice deferral relationship: under outcome accountability, angry individuals are more likely to defer choice while under process accountability, differences in choice across emotion conditions are attenuated. As predicted, differences between anger and fear on the certainty appraisal and thereby information processing, mediate the effects of emotion on choice deferral in the outcome (but not process) condition. Originality/value This research studies the intersection of two developing research streams, affect and accountability, by focusing on specific affective states (anger and fear) and specific accountability types (outcome and process) in the important context of decision avoidance in consumer behavior. Thus, theoretical understanding in both domains is advanced and the benefits of specific accountability types clarified. Key implications for consumers and future research directions are also discussed.
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Gore, John L., Marguerite du Plessis, Maria Santiago-Jimenez, Kasra Yousefi, Darby Thompson, David Chen, William Clark, et al. "Effect of decipher test on adjuvant treatment decision-making among men with high-risk pathology at radical prostatectomy: Results from a multicenter prospective PRO-IMPACT study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.24.
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24 Background: The decision to provide adjuvant therapy to men with high risk pathology after radical prostatectomy (RP) is confounded by tremendous uncertainty. We prospectively evaluated the impact of the Decipher test, which predicts metastases after RP, on men and providers decision quality. Methods: 150 adjuvant pts were enrolled by 43 urologists from 19 practices. Pts with pathologic T3 stage or positive surgical margins (SM+) after RP were included. Participating physicians provided a treatment (Tx) recommendation before and after exposure to Decipher test results. Pts completed validated surveys on health-related quality of life, decisional conflict, and PCa-related anxiety. Results: Median patient age at RP was 64 years; 67% and 50% had pT3 and SM+ pathology, respectively. Decipher classified 46%, 22% and 32% of men as low-, intermediate- and high-risk, respectively. Pre-Decipher, observation was recommended for 89%. Post-Decipher, 18% (95% CI 12-25%) of Tx recommendations changed. Men’s Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) scores decreased (indicating higher decision quality) after exposure to Decipher results (median DCS pre-Decipher 25 [IQR 8-44], median DCS post-Decipher 19 [IQR 2-30], p<0.001), with greatest decreases in the subdomains of decision uncertainty and decision support. Low-risk Decipher results experienced a trend toward decreased PCa-specific anxiety (p=0.13) and a significant reduction in fear of PCa recurrence (p=0.02). Physicians’ median DCS scores decreased from 32 [IQR 28-36] to 28 [IQR 12-42] (p<0.001). Decipher results were associated with the decision to pursue ART in an MVA analysis (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.19-1.85, p<0.001). Conclusions: Observation is the predominantly prescribed management strategy for men with high risk features at RP. Knowledge of Decipher results was associated with Tx decision-making: men at low risk for metastasis had higher rates of observation recommendations and men at high risk had higher rates of ART recommendations. Decision quality was improved and PCa-specific anxiety was decreased for men exposed to Decipher results. Clinical trial information: NCT02080689.
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Ly, Timothy K., Mirella Diaz-Santos, Liam Campbell, Marcela Caldera, Taylor Kuhn, and Susan Bookheimer. "DEATH ANXIETY AND FINANCIAL DECISION-MAKING IN AGING: A STUDY FROM THE HUMAN CONNECTOME PROJECT AGING (HCP-A)." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3311.
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Abstract While research addressing late-life death anxiety (the fear of death or the dying process) has focused on end-of-life care decision-making, few have studied the effect of late-life death anxiety on financial decision-making. This is particularly relevant to financial decision-making as older adults are more vulnerable to fraud and deception. The aim of this study was to determine how age and death anxiety affect financial decision-making in a sample of older adults of 60-93 years of age (N = 102), who participated in the HCP-A project at UCLA. To study this relationship, we used a delayed reward discounting task to model financial decision-making, where higher rates of discounting indicate a greater preference for immediate, smaller monetary rewards and lower rates of discounting indicate more future-oriented planning. To account for age-related cognitive decline, cognitive functioning was assessed using the NIH Toolbox. We hypothesized that the presence of death anxiety will increase discounting of future rewards in older adults. Results from a univariate ANOVA showed an interaction between age, death anxiety, and delayed reward discounting. Specifically, older adults with self-reported death anxiety showed greater preference for immediate, smaller monetary rewards. By controlling for cognition, these findings suggest that death anxiety moderates decision-making in late-life adults and may add to our understanding of why older adults are more susceptible to financial abuse. These results suggest a need to consider death anxiety as a moderating variable when developing and implementing policies and services that are geared towards older adults.
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Waqar, Ammara, Athar Khan, Khalid Ismail, Ummara Hanif, and Iqra Saleem. "FAMILY PLANNING." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 11 (November 10, 2015): 1471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.11.926.
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In Pakistan the total fertility rate is 4.5 which is too high and the main reason forthis is the low contraceptive prevalence rate of only 28%. A woman’s ability to space and limither pregnancies has a direct impact on her health and as well as on the outcome of eachpregnancy”. The population of Pakistan represents 2.56% of the world’s total population whichmean that every 39th person of the world is resident of Pakistan. Objectives: To highlight thefactors affecting male’s decision making regarding family planning in district Buner KPK. StudyDesign: A cross sectional study. Setting: District Buner, KPK. Period: March, 2015 and July,2015. Methods: Stratified simple random sampling was performed for collecting data. Samplesize of 210 was collected from two Union Councils of Buner. Outcome variable was husband’sdecision making regarding family planning. Researcher administered questionnaire was usedfor data collection. Results: Husband’s decision making regarding family planning was mainlyeffected desire for more children, 68.5% of the respondents were male decision maker whohad desire for more children. Family structure also influence the decision maker’s decision asin nuclear families 90.7% were decision maker were from nuclear family. Religious perceptionand side effects was contributing to family planning decision making. Conclusion: The studyshowed that 71.9% of male and 6.9% female take the decision of family planning. The studyresults showed that desire for more children, lack of information, family structure, and fear ofside effects and perception of people that family planning is against Islam played an importantrole in decision making regarding family planning.
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Sekine, Kazutaka, Nirajan Khadka, Rogie Royce Carandang, Ken Ing Cherng Ong, Anand Tamang, and Masamine Jimba. "Multilevel factors influencing contraceptive use and childbearing among adolescent girls in Bara district of Nepal: a qualitative study using the socioecological model." BMJ Open 11, no. 10 (October 2021): e046156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046156.
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ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the multilevel factors that influence contraceptive use and childbearing decisions in Nepal and examine relationships among these factors.DesignThe study drew on qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews (IDIs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) and triangulated results.SettingAn urban municipality and a rural municipality in Bara district, Nepal.ParticipantsWe recruited a total of 60 participants (e.g., 20 married adolescent girls aged 15–19, 20 husbands, 20 mothers-in-law) for IDIs and 10 (e.g., four healthcare providers, three health coordinators, three female community health volunteers) for KIIs.ResultsMarried adolescent girls faced a range of barriers that are inter-related across different levels. Patriarchal norms and power imbalances between spouses limited their decision-making power regarding contraception. Social pressures to give birth soon after marriage drove the fear of infertility, abandonment and the stigmatisation of childless married couples, which leads to lack of women’s autonomy in making decisions about family planning. Mothers-in-law and religion exerted considerable influence over couples’ decisions regarding contraception. Limited access to information about the benefits and methods of family planning contributed to fear of the side effects of contraceptives and low awareness about the risks involved in adolescent pregnancy.ConclusionsThe convergent results from triangulation confirm that the decision to postpone childbearing is not merely the personal choice of an individual or a couple, highlighting the importance of targeting families and communities. The study underscores the need to challenge restrictive sociocultural norms so that adolescent girls become empowered to exercise greater control over contraceptive use.
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Panno, Angelo, Maria Anna Donati, Francesca Chiesi, and Caterina Primi. "Trait Emotional Intelligence is Related to Risk-Taking Through Negative Mood and Anticipated Fear." Social Psychology 46, no. 6 (November 2015): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000247.
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Abstract. Existing research showed that negative mood and the anticipated fear of bad outcomes lead people to prefer risk-averse tendencies, and these effects have often been implicitly considered as a universal phenomenon. Nevertheless, interactionist accounts emphasized the importance of both person and situation in predicting outcomes. We aimed to prove whether trait Emotional Intelligence (EI; a person’s characteristic) was related to risk-taking through factors naturally occurring in decision-making processes (i.e., negative mood and anticipated fear). One hundred fifty-eight participants completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the anticipated fear rating and the hot-Columbia Card Task (CCT; a risk-taking measure), 1 month following assessment of trait EI. Results showed that negative mood and anticipated fear were two simultaneous mediators of the relationship between trait EI and risk-taking.
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Et. al., RadhakrishnaNayak. "Do Market and Herding Effect Really Impact on Investment Decision Making in the Indian Share Market?" Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 5540–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.2218.
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“Mad March – 2020, witnessed dramatic down-slide in the world’s top stock exchanges due to COVID-19 pandemic with worrying volatility which resulted in traders panic sold off their holdings out of fear”.2020’s first quarter witnessed substantial losses in the several well-recognized stock indices, especially between March 6 to 18, more than 20% that were triggered downward by the outbreak of COVID-19. Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 experienced the worst first quarter ever in the history during the year 2020 reducing its value by 23.2%. The year 2020 witnessed several historical landmark changes in the Indian share market movements along with other prominent stock exchanges of the globe. On March 23rd, 2020, Benchmark index SENSEX touched intraday lowest value of 25880 and NIFTY fell to the lowest value of 7583. Throughout the globe, including Indian investors, started to rush for clearing their holdings ahead of dark lines created by the pandemic in spite of most of the financial analysts’ suggestion for fresh buy and/or to hold previous purchase for long. Supporting financial experts’ views, within the next nine months SENSEX has gained around 100% and stood at 48834.34 on 8th Jan 2021.
There are many studies both in India and outside the country that have provided evidence for the role of behavioral factors on investment decision-making at respective stock markets. Here authors attempted to verify, ‘weather market factor and herding effect of behavioral variables do influences on investment decision making of Indian share market investors?’
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Saito, Nagayuki. "Dissemination of Family Internet Rules by Libertarian Paternalism." International Journal of Social Media and Online Communities 11, no. 2 (July 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsmoc.2019070101.
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To examine the future direction of policy making for protecting young people online, this paper discusses the effectiveness of protection policies based on libertarian paternalism from the standpoint of behavioral economics by referring to the efforts of the Kariya authorities, Aichi Prefecture. This paper discusses the effects of setting a default rule as a countermeasure to the human heuristic decision making process with a fear that making irrational decisions causes parents and young people to adopt a passive stance towards policy. The paper specifically analyzes whether the efforts function as libertarian paternalism, and whether the cut-off time of “9 p.m.” was reasonable for parents as a default time. Furthermore, in the case where child protection has been carried out from the perspective of paternalism, this study considers whether young people and parents adjust their behavior.
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Gordillo, Fernando, Lilia Mestas, José M. Arana, Miguel Ángel Pérez, Eduardo Alejandro Escotto, Rafael Manuel López, and Francisco Pérez. "The effect of information bias on the formation of impressions: courtroom implications." Journal of Criminal Psychology 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-09-2016-0029.
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Purpose The ability to form impressions allows predicting future behaviour and assessing past conduct by facilitating decision making in different contexts. Both verbal cues (what we know about someone) and non-verbal cues (the emotion expressed) could modulate this process to a different degree. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between these variables and their impact on the formation of impressions within criminal proceedings. Design/methodology/approach An experiment was conducted that involved 142 Mexican students, who evaluated emotional response (happiness, sadness, fear and anger) and personality (emotional stability, kindness, responsibility, sociability and creativity) through the facial expression of a Spanish child-murderer. Two groups were formed for comparative purposes, one of which was provided with information on the murderer (activated information (AI)), while the second group had no related information whatsoever (deactivated information (DI)). Findings The results recorded a higher score for happiness (p=0.037, η2=0.03) and anger (p=0.001, η2=0.08), and a lower one for sadness (p=0.002, η2=0.06), fear (p=0.002, η2=0.07), emotional stability (p<0.001, η2=0.09) responsibility (p<0.001, η2=0.10) and kindness (p=0.01, η2=0.05) in the AI condition compared to the DI condition. Originality/value The formation of impressions is an adaptive process that may be affected by variables that are complex and difficult to control, which within legal proceedings might bias court decisions and compromise the objectivity required of the judiciary.
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Dolman, Clare, Ian R. Jones, and Louise M. Howard. "Women with bipolar disorder and pregnancy: factors influencing their decision-making." BJPsych Open 2, no. 5 (September 2016): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.003079.
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BackgroundWomen with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of having a severe episode of illness associated with childbirth.AimsTo explore the factors that influence the decision-making of women with bipolar disorder regarding pregnancy and childbirth.MethodQualitative study with a purposive sample of women with bipolar disorder considering pregnancy, or currently or previously pregnant, supplemented by data from an online forum. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsTwenty-one women with bipolar disorder from an NHS organisation were interviewed, and data were used from 50 women's comments via the online forum of the UK's national bipolar charity. The centrality of motherhood, social and economic contextual factors, stigma and fear were major themes. Within these themes, new findings included women considering an elective Caesarian section in an attempt to avoid the deleterious effects of a long labour and loss of sleep, or trying to avoid the risks of pregnancy altogether by means of adoption or surrogacy.ConclusionsThis study highlights the information needs of women with bipolar disorder, both pre-conception and when childbearing, and the need for improved training for all health professionals working with women with bipolar disorder of childbearing age to reduce stigmatising attitudes and increase knowledge of the evidence base on treatment in the perinatal period.
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Chhabra, Sakhhi. "Why Does Privacy Paradox Exist?" Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations 20, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeco.292470.
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In this exploratory study, the main aim was to find, ‘why do people disclose information when they are concerned about their privacy?’. The reasons that provide a plausible explanation to the privacy paradox have been conjectural. From the analysis of the eighteen in-depth interviews using grounded theory, themes were then conceptualized. We found rational and irrational explanations in terms of cognitive biases and heuristics that explain the privacy paradox among mobile users. We figured out some reasons in this context of mobile computing which were not emphasized earlier in the privacy paradox literature such as Peanut Effect, Fear of Missing Out- FoMo, Learned Helplessness, and Neophiliac Personality. These results add to the privacy paradox discourse and provide implications for smartphone users for making privacy-related decisions more consciously rather than inconsiderately disclosing information. Also, the results would help marketers and policymakers design nudges and choice architectures that consider privacy decision-making hurdles.
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Barnhart, Wesley R., Melissa T. Buelow, and Zina Trost. "Effects of acute pain and pain-related fear on risky decision-making and effort during cognitive tests." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 41, no. 10 (July 31, 2019): 1033–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2019.1646711.
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Bouffard, Jeff A. "Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Fear and Anger on Criminal Decision Making Among Known Offenders." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 59, no. 13 (June 13, 2014): 1385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x14539126.
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Singh, Jasvinder A., Haiyan Qu, Jinoos Yazdany, Winn Chatham, Maria Dall’era, and Richard M. Shewchuk. "Barriers to Medication Decision Making in Women with Lupus Nephritis: A Formative Study using Nominal Group Technique." Journal of Rheumatology 42, no. 9 (July 15, 2015): 1616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150168.
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Objective.To assess the perspectives of women with lupus nephritis on barriers to medication decision making.Methods.We used the nominal group technique (NGT), a structured process to elicit ideas from participants, for a formative assessment. Eight NGT meetings were conducted in English and moderated by an expert NGT researcher at 2 medical centers. Participants responded to the question: “What sorts of things make it hard for people to decide to take the medicines that doctors prescribe for treating their lupus kidney disease?” Patients nominated, discussed, and prioritized barriers to decisional processes involving medications for treating lupus nephritis.Results.Fifty-one women with lupus nephritis with a mean age of 40.6 ± 13.3 years and disease duration of 11.8 ± 8.3 years participated in 8 NGT meetings: 26 African Americans (4 panels), 13 Hispanics (2 panels), and 12 whites (2 panels). Of the participants, 36.5% had obtained at least a college degree and 55.8% needed some help in reading health materials. Of the 248 responses generated (range 19–37 responses/panel), 100 responses (40%) were perceived by patients as having relatively greater importance than other barriers in their own decision-making processes. The most salient perceived barriers, as indicated by percent-weighted votes assigned, were known/anticipated side effects (15.6%), medication expense/ability to afford medications (8.2%), and the fear that the medication could cause other diseases (7.8%).Conclusion.Women with lupus nephritis identified specific barriers to decisions related to medications. Information relevant to known/anticipated medication side effects and medication cost will form the basis of a patient guide for women with systemic lupus erythematosus, currently under development.
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Farías, Pablo. "The Use of Fear versus Hope in Health Advertisements: The Moderating Role of Individual Characteristics on Subsequent Health Decisions in Chile." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 9148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239148.
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No studies have addressed the way the effectiveness of fear and hope advertisements differs across differently characterized individuals. The present study aims to find out in which situations related to different individual characteristics do fear and hope advertisements work as tools in generating healthy eating intention and physical activity intention. This study conducted an experiment using 283 adults from Chile. The results suggest that fear versus hope appeals in health advertisements have a more positive influence on healthy eating intention. The results suggest that the effect of fear advertisements on healthy eating intention is positively moderated by the frequency of fast food consumption and is negatively moderated by self-efficacy. The results suggest that fear versus hope appeals in health advertisements have no main effect on physical activity intention. However, the results suggest that the effect of fear advertisements on physical activity intention is positively moderated by perceived body weight and past healthy eating behavior and is negatively moderated by subjective norms. The results indicate that when making health advertising, homogenous messages are not persuasive for heterogeneous audiences. The present study results suggest that fear and hope advertisements should be delivered considering the individual characteristics identified in the present study.
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Özşahin, Mehtap, Senay Yürür, and Erman Coşkun. "A Field Research to Identify Psychological Factors Influencing the Debt Repayment Behavior in Turkey." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 8, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2018.156.
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This research aims to exploratively search relevant psychological determinants for debt repayment behavior. In this regard, the research question is: Which psychological factors affect the debt repayment behavior? Some research in literature argue that the socio-economic factors alone may not be sufficient to explain debt and repayment behavior, and some other factors should be also utilized. This study will focus on psychological factors consisting of personality and attitudes. To the our best knowledge, in Turkey there is very limited amount of research conducted in this area and as one of the highest individual credit using countries it is essential to use psychological factors in credit risk evaluation processes. Thus, this research, examines effects of personality characteristics and attitude on debt repayment behavior in the context of Turkish culture, and is expected to fill a gap and to contribute to both national and international literatures. The study utilizes qualitative research methodology to explore psychological determinants and their effects on debt repayment behavior. In depth interview research methodology has been used to explore the personality characteristics and attitude influencing debt repayment behavior. The research findings revealed that, the responsibility, long term orientation, sanction fear, sense of collectivism, rational decision making and risk aversion are main characteristics of regular payers, while external locus of control, irresponsibility, short term orientation, irrational decision making, emotional imbalance are common characteristics of irregular payers. So, according to findings, , conscientious, time orientation, sanction fear, sense of collectivism, locus of control and decision making style can be enlisted as primary personal and attitudinal factors explaining the repayment behavior.
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Barrionuevo, Patricia, Michael R. Gionfriddo, Ana Castaneda-Guarderas, Claudia Zeballos-Palacios, Pavithra Bora, Khaled Mohammed, Khalid Benkhadra, Maria Sarigianni, and Mohammad Hassan Murad. "Women’s Values and Preferences Regarding Osteoporosis Treatments: A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 5 (March 25, 2019): 1631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00193.
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Abstract Background Several treatments are available to reduce the risk of fragility fractures associated with osteoporosis. The choice of treatment requires knowledge of patients’ values and preferences. The aim of the present study was to summarize what is known about the values and preferences relevant to the management of osteoporosis in women. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of several databases for studies reported in any language that had included women who had already started or were about to start any pharmacological therapy for osteoporosis. Pairs of reviewers independently selected the studies and extracted the data. The results were synthesized narratively. Results We included 26 studies reporting on 15,348 women (mean age, 66 years). The women considered the effectiveness and adverse events equally, followed by the convenience of taking the drug and its effect on daily routine (less frequent dosing was preferred, the oral route was preferred, and the injectable route was preferred over oral if given less frequently). The treatment cost and duration were less important factors for decision making. Fear of breast cancer and fear of resuming uterine bleeding were common reasons for not choosing estrogen therapy. Calcium and vitamin D were viewed as safe and natural. Across the studies, the preferences were not affected by age, previous drug exposure, or employment status. Conclusions Women starting osteoporosis medications value effectiveness and side effects equally and prefer medications given less frequently. Injectable drugs appear acceptable if given less frequently. More research on patient values and preferences is needed to guide decision making in osteoporosis.
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Alfiani, Leli, Ambar Lukitaningsih, and Bernadetta Diansepti Maharani. "Pengaruh Electronic Word of Mouth dan Security Terhadap Buying Decision Melalui Electronic Trust Sebagai Variabel Media." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan 9, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v9i2.434.
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The rapid development of technology has made business competition in the e-commerce sector even tighter. Consumer purchasing decision making is influenced by several factors such as Trust Online. Tokopedia is an Indonesian company that is engaged in e-commerce. The problems of this research are worry, uncertainty and fear of the risks received when faced withshopping online. For this reason, in this study, the researcher wanted to know what factors influence generation Y. Researchers narrowed down three variables, E-Wom, Security, E-Trust
This study used a quantitative research type and selected 150 people (male & female, 18-28 years old, and using e-commerce Tokopedia) as research subjects. Researchers used the SPSS application to test the results of the study. The results showed that the most influencing factor in influencing purchasing decisions when doingshopping online application-basedwas Electronic Trust, followed by Electronic Word Of Mouth, and the last which had the least effect was Security.
Keywords: E-commerce, E-Wom, Security, E-Trust, Buying Decision
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Eibl, Ferdinand, and Halfdan Lynge-Mangueira. "Constraints, competition, and competitiveness: explaining the non-linear effect of democratization on political budget cycles." European Political Science Review 9, no. 4 (September 30, 2016): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773916000205.
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The literature on political budget cycles (PBCs) does not offer a full-fledged theory about the effect of democratization. However, it does imply a non-linear effect along the regime spectrum: positive at the autocratic end, negative at the democratic end. We theoretically develop and empirically test this implication by pointing to two countervailing effects of democratization:executive constraintsandpolitical competition. While the former contains PBCs, the latter stimulates them. Because of their empirical covariation, PBCs occur primarily in hybrid regimes where the decision-making powers of the executive are relatively unrestricted and politics is relatively competitive. We also show that while executive constraints and political competition condition PBCs, what triggers the fluctuations iselectoral competitiveness. Only when incumbents fear electoral defeat, do they create PBCs. The study is based on novel data on public spending in 112 countries, covering the entire regime spectrum over the period from 1960 to 2006.
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Naweed, Anjum, and Kate Kingshott. "Flying Off the Handle: Affective Influences on Decision Making and Action Tendencies in Real-World Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Scenarios." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343418821507.
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While not as glamorous as flying, aircraft maintenance is a fundamental of aviation safety, and improper or inadequate maintenance can have far reaching consequences. With this in mind, and considering the paucity of substantive research in aircraft maintenance engineering, this study investigated how affect influenced decision making and action tendency in real-world challenging maintenance engineering scenarios in general aviation (GA). A study was undertaken combining a naturalistic decision making (NDM) technique with the Appraisal Tendency Framework (ATF) to analyze 10 different scenarios collected from aircraft maintenance engineers. A total of 11 contextual factors were elicited from which seven specific emotions emerged: anger, frustration, pride, hope, guilt, fear, and contempt. In most instances, the emotion was found to be incidental, meaning that the feelings at the time of the decision were not normatively relevant for deciding. Anger and contempt created action tendencies for risk taking, while feelings of pride were found to have a protective effect. The findings suggest that affect regulation is an inherent part of the system, such that affect dysregulation may represent a potential contributing factor for negative outcomes arising from action tendencies associated with other complex system influences. Future research directions are given.
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Griva, Konstadina, Zhi Hui Li, Alden Yuanhong Lai, Meng Chan Choong, and Marjorie Wai Yin Foo. "Perspectives of Patients, Families, and Health Care Professionals on Decision-Making about Dialysis Modality—the Good, the Bad, and the Misunderstandings!" Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 33, no. 3 (May 2013): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2011.00308.
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ObjectivesThis study explored the factors influencing decision-making about dialysis modality, integrating the perspectives of patients, their families, and health care professionals within an Asian population. The study further sought to understand the low penetration rate of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in Singapore.MethodsA sample of 59 participants comprising pre-dialysis patients, dialysis patients, caregivers, and health care professionals (HCPs) participated in semi-structured interviews to explore the decision-making process and their views about various dialysis modalities. Data were thematically analyzed using NVivo9 (QSR International, Doncaster, Australia) to explore barriers to and facilitators of various dialysis modalities and decisional support needs.ResultsFear of infection, daily commitment to PD, and misperceptions of PD emerged as barriers to PD. Side effects, distance to dialysis centers, and fear of needling and pain were barriers to hemodialysis (HD). The experiences of other patients, communicated informally or opportunistically, influenced the preferences and choices of patients and family members for a dialysis modality. Patients and families value input from HCPs and yet express strong needs to discuss subjective experiences of life on dialysis (PD or HD) with other patients before making a decision about dialysis modality.ConclusionsPre-dialysis education should expand its focus on the family as the unit of care and should provide opportunities for interaction with dialysis patients and for peer-led learning. Barriers to PD, especially misperceptions and misunderstandings, can be targeted to improve PD uptake.
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Wishnia, Jodi, and Jane Goudge. "Impact of financial management centralisation in a health system under austerity: a qualitative study from South Africa." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 10 (October 2020): e003524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003524.
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IntroductionInternational calls for universal health coverage (UHC) have led many countries to implement health sector reforms, however, since the 2008 global recession, economic growth has slowed in many lower-income and middle-income countries. In a renewed interest in public financial management (PFM), international organisations have emphasised the importance of giving spending control to those responsible for healthcare. However, centralisation is a common response when there is a need to cut expenditure due to a reduced budget; yet failure to decentralise often hampers the achievement of important goals. This paper examines the effect of centralising financial decision-making on the functioning of the South African health system.MethodsWe used a case study design with an ethnographic approach. Primary data collection was conducted through participant-observation and semistructured interviews, over 1 year. Member checking was conducted.ResultsNew management implemented centralisation due to a reduced budget, a history of financial mismanagement, the punitive regulatory environment financial managers face, and their fear of poor audit outcomes. The reform, together with an authoritarian management style to ensure compliance, created a large power distance between financial and clinical managers. District managers felt that there was poor communication about the reform and that decision-making was opaque. This lowered commitment to the reform, even for those who thought it was necessary. It also reduced communal action, creating an individualistic environment. The authoritarian management style, and the impact of centralisation on service delivery, negatively affected planning and decision making, impairing organisational functioning.ConclusionAs public health systems become even more financially constrained, recognising how PFM reforms can influence organisational culture, and how the negative effects can be mitigated, is of international importance. We highlight the importance of a participatory culture that encourages shared decision making and coproduction, particularly as countries grapple with how to achieve UHC with limited funds.
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Kim, A. Rim, and Jin-ryung Kang. "The Mediating Effect of Fear of Failure in the Relationship of College Students' Achievement Goal Orientation and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 20, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2020.20.11.93.
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van Poelgeest, E. P., A. C. Pronk, D. Rhebergen, and N. van der Velde. "Depression, antidepressants and fall risk: therapeutic dilemmas—a clinical review." European Geriatric Medicine 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41999-021-00475-7.
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Abstract Purpose The aim of this clinical review was to summarize the existing knowledge on fall risk associated with antidepressant use in older adults, describe underlying mechanisms, and assist clinicians in decision-making with regard to (de-) prescribing antidepressants in older persons. Methodology We comprehensively examined the literature based on a literature search in Pubmed and Google Scholar, and identified additional relevant articles from reference lists, with an emphasis on the most commonly prescribed drugs in depression in geriatric patients. We discuss use of antidepressants, potential fall-related side effects, and deprescribing of antidepressants in older persons. Results Untreated depression and antidepressant use both contribute to fall risk. Antidepressants are equally effective, but differ in fall-related side effect profile. They contribute to (or cause) falling through orthostatic hypotension, sedation/impaired attention, hyponatremia, movement disorder and cardiac toxicity. Falling is an important driver of morbidity and mortality and, therefore, requires prevention. If clinical condition allows, withdrawal of antidepressants is recommended in fall-prone elderly persons. An important barrier is reluctance of prescribers to deprescribe antidepressants resulting from fear of withdrawal symptoms or disease relapse/recurrence, and the level of complexity of deprescribing antidepressants in older persons with multiple comorbidities and medications. Practical resources and algorithms are available that guide and assist clinicians in deprescribing antidepressants. Conclusions (De-) prescribing antidepressants in fall-prone older adults is often challenging, but detailed insight in fall-related side effect profile of the different antidepressants and a recently developed expert-based decision aid STOPPFalls assists prescribers in clinical decision-making.
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Jacobs, Bruce A., and Michael Cherbonneau. "Nerve Management and Crime Accomplishment." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 5 (February 17, 2017): 617–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427817693037.
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Objective: To examine the theoretical import of nerve management for offender decision-making and crime accomplishment. Methods: Data were culled from in-depth, semistructured interviews with 35 active auto thieves. Results: Nerve management is best considered an intervening exercise in the threat perception process that moderates the fear-offending relationship through its effect on nervousness. Offenders draw from both cognitive and presentational tactics to this end. Such tactics include self-medication, shunting, fatalism, smoothness, and lens widening. Conclusions: Since nervousness is both caused by sanction threats and produces conduct that potentially neutralizes those threats, nerve management is best considered an agentic response that modifies the perception of risk itself.
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Renshon, Jonathan. "Losing Face and Sinking Costs: Experimental Evidence on the Judgment of Political and Military Leaders." International Organization 69, no. 3 (2015): 659–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818315000107.
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AbstractStatus has long been implicated as a critical value of states and leaders in international politics. However, decades of research on the link between status and conflict have yielded divergent findings, and little evidence of a causal relationship. I attempt to resolve this impasse by shifting the focus from status to relative status concerns in building a theory of status from the ground up, beginning with its behavioral microfoundations. I build on and extend previous work through an experimental study of status threats and the escalation of commitment, operationalized here as a new behavioral escalation task using real financial incentives and framed around a narrative of war and peace. I utilize a unique sample of high-profile political and military leaders from the Senior Executive Fellow (SEF) program at the Harvard Kennedy School, as well as a group of demographically matched control subjects, allowing me to evaluate the moderating effect of power on status concerns while also addressing typical concerns about external validity in IR experiments. I find strong evidence that the fear of losing status impedes decision making and increases the tendency to “throw good money after bad,” but that power aids decision making by buffering high-power subjects against the worst effects of status loss.
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Shen, Jiancheng, Mohammad Najand, Feng Dong, and Wu He. "News and social media emotions in the commodity market." Review of Behavioral Finance 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 148–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rbf-09-2016-0060.
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Purpose Emotion plays a significant role in both institutional and individual investors’ decision-making process. Emotions affect the perception of risk and the assessment of monetary value. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence available that addresses how investors’ emotions affect commodity market returns. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether media-based emotions can be used to predict future commodity returns. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine the short-term predictive power of media-based emotion indices on the following five days’ commodity returns. The research adopts a proprietary data set of commodity-specific market emotions, which is computed based on a comprehensive textual analysis of sources from newswires, internet news sources and social media. Time series econometrics models (threshold generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and vector autoregressive) are employed to analyze 14 years (January 1998-December 2011) of daily observations of the CRB commodity market index, crude oil and gold returns, and the market-level sentiments and emotions (optimism, fear and joy). Findings The empirical results suggest that the commodity-specific emotions (optimism, fear and joy) have significant influence on individual commodity returns, but not on commodity market index returns. Additionally, the research findings support the short-term predictability of the commodity-specific emotions on the following five days’ individual commodity returns. Compared to the previous studies of news sentiment on commodity returns (Borovkova, 2011; Borovkova and Mahakena, 2015; Smales, 2014), this research provides further evidence of the effects of news and social media-based emotions (optimism, fear and joy) in the commodity market. Additionally, this work proposes that market emotion incorporates both a sentimental effect and appraisal effect on commodity returns. Empirical results are shown to support both the sentimental effect and appraisal effect when market sentiment is controlled in crude oil and gold spot markets. Originality/value This paper adopts the valence-arousal approach and cognitive appraisal approach to explain financial anomalies caused by investors’ emotions. Additionally, this is the first paper to explore the predictive power of investors’ emotions (optimism, fear and joy) on commodity returns.
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Michel, Janet, Annette Mettler, Raphael Stuber, Martin Müller, Meret E. Ricklin, Philipp Jent, Wolf E. Hautz, and Thomas C. Sauter. "Effects and utility of an online forward triage tool during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a mixed method study and patient perspectives, Switzerland." BMJ Open 12, no. 7 (July 2022): e059765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059765.
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ObjectiveTo assess the effects (quantitatively) and the utility (qualitatively) of a COVID-19 online forward triage tool (OFTT) in a pandemic context.DesignA mixed method sequential explanatory study was employed. Quantitative data of all OFTT users, between 2 March 2020 and 12 May 2020, were collected. Second, qualitative data were collected through key informant interviews (n=19) to explain the quantitative findings, explore tool utility, user experience and elicit recommendations.SettingThe working group e-emergency medicine at the emergency department developed an OFTT, which was made available online.ParticipantsParticipants included all users above the age of 18 that used the OFTT between 2 March 2020 and 12 May 2020.InterventionAn OFTT that displayed the current test recommendations of the Federal Office of Public Health on whether someone needed testing for COVID-19 or not. No diagnosis was provided.ResultsIn the study period, 6272 users consulted our OFTT; 40.2% (1626/4049) would have contacted a healthcare provider had the tool not existed. 560 participants consented to a follow-up survey and provided a valid email address. 31.4% (176/560) participants returned a complete follow-up questionnaire. 84.7% (149/176) followed the recommendations given. 41.5% (73/176) reported that their fear was allayed after using the tool. Qualitatively, seven overarching themes emerged namely (1) accessibility of tool, (2) user-friendliness of tool, (3) utility of tool as an information source, (4) utility of tool in allaying fear and anxiety, (5) utility of tool in medical decision-making (6) utility of tool in reducing the potential for onward transmissions and (7) utility of tool in reducing health system burden.ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that a COVID-19 OFTT does not only reduce the health system burden but can also serve as an information source, reduce anxiety and fear, reduce potential for cross infections and facilitate medical decision-making.
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Valero-Martínez, Carla, Christopher Martínez-Rivera, Jenny Zhen-Duan, Marie Fukuda, and Margarita Alegría. "Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: A Qualitative Study of Mostly Immigrant Racial/Ethnic Minority Older Adults." Geriatrics 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics8010017.
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(1) Background: Few qualitative studies address diverse older adults’ perceptions of COVID-19 vaccination in the United States, including non-English speakers and immigrant populations. This study aims to understand the attitudes of diverse, primarily immigrant older adults in the U.S. toward the COVID-19 vaccine and its influences on their vaccination decision-making. (2) Methods: The research team conducted semi-structured interviews (N = 100) in 2021 focused on understanding ethnically/racially diverse older adults’ perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine. Interviews were recorded, coded, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. (3) Results: Thematic analyses identified three themes. (1) Older adults showed mixed attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine associated with information consumed and trust in healthcare systems; (2) health concerns and underlying medical conditions were the most influential factors of vaccine uptake; and (3) systemic barriers and trusted figures impacted vaccination decision-making of older adults. (4) Conclusions: Accessible information in diverse languages tailored to the community’s fears is needed to combat vaccine mistrust. Vaccine rollout programs need to tackle the fear of vaccine side effects. Attitudes of religious leaders, family members, and physicians considerably influenced vaccine uptake, suggesting their role as trusted members for vaccine messaging for older, primarily immigrant adults. Systemic barriers, namely lack of transportation and inaccessible vaccination sites, contributed to vaccine deterrence.
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Stephens, Dionne P., Hod Tamir, and Tami L. Thomas. "Factors Motivating HPV Vaccine Uptake Among Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Hispanic Young Adult Women." Hispanic Health Care International 14, no. 4 (December 2016): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1540415316679808.
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Introduction: To identify factors influencing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination up taking decision making among vaccinated and nonvaccinated Hispanic college women. Participants: Hispanic young women between the ages of 18 and 24 years ( N = 49). In total, 26 had not received the HPV vaccine, and 23 had started/completed the vaccine series. Method: Participants registered for the study via a psychology research pool at a large public university in the southeast United States after institutional review board approval. After completing a demographic information and HPV knowledge Web-based survey, participants were individually interviewed. Results: Differences in HPV vaccine knowledge emerged between vaccinated and nonvaccinated women. Fear of side effects, perceptions of risk, and sources of encouragement influenced willingness to be vaccinated against HPV. Health care providers played a central role in addressing concerns and promoting vaccination. Conclusions: Health care providers must address and integrate unique decision-making processes influencing Hispanic young adult women’s perceptions of HPV vaccination.