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Journal articles on the topic 'Decision logic'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Vershinina, Natalia, Rowena Barrett, and Peter McHardy. "Logics and rationalisations underpinning entrepreneurial decision-making." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-06-2016-0092.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the logics that expert entrepreneurs use when faced with a critical incident threat. Design/methodology/approach Attempts have been made to define “entrepreneurial logic”. This paper is influenced by Sarasvathy’s work on high-performance entrepreneurs, which finds that when faced with uncertainty entrepreneurs employ unconventional logic, and encompasses later research acknowledging social contexts where entrepreneurs operate. A typology of decision-making logics is developed, taking into account the situation of crisis. Seven expert entrepreneurs who faced crisis and, despite this, are still successfully operating businesses were interviewed. The paper develops a critical incidents methodology. Findings Experienced entrepreneurs were found to tend towards causal logic when “the stakes were high” and the decision may affect the survival of their business. They also weigh up options before acting and tend to seek advice from trusted “others” within their network before or after they have made a decision. A mixture of causal and intuitive logic is evident in decisions dealing with internal business problems. Research limitations/implications The decisions that entrepreneurs make shape and define their business and their ability to recover from crisis. If researchers can develop an understanding of how entrepreneurs make decisions – what information they draw upon, what support systems they use and the logic of their decision-making and rationalisation – then this can be used to help structure support. Originality/value By exploring decision-making through critical incidents we offer an innovative way to understand context-rich, first-hand experiences and behaviours of entrepreneurs around a focal point.

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Reva, Nataliia. "Logic, Reasoning, Decision-Making." Future Human Image, no. 10 (November 2018): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29202/fhi/10/8.

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Glasziou, Paul, and Jörgen Hilden. "Decision Tables and logic in Decision Analysis." Medical Decision Making 6, no. 3 (August 1986): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x8600600305.

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Kornberger, Martin, Stephan Leixnering, and Renate E. Meyer. "The Logic of Tact: How Decisions Happen in Situations of Crisis." Organization Studies 40, no. 2 (December 7, 2018): 239–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840618814573.

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The mass migration of refugees in the fall of 2015 in Europe posed an immense humanitarian and logistical challenge: exhausted from their week-long journeys, refugees arrived in Vienna in need of care, shelter, food, medical aid, and onward transport. The refugee crisis was managed by an emerging polycentric and intersectoral collective of organizations. In this paper, we investigate how leaders of these organizations made decisions in concert with each other and hence sustained the capacity to act as collective. We ask: what was the logic of decision-making that orchestrated collective action during the crisis? In answering this question, we make the following contribution: departing from March’s logics of consequences and appropriateness as well as Weick’s work on sensemaking during crisis, we introduce an alternative logic that informed decision-making in our study: the logic of tact. With this concept (a) we offer a better understanding of how managers may make decisions under the condition of bounded rationality and the simultaneous transgression of their institutional identity in situations of crisis; and (b) we show that in decision-making under extreme pressure cognition is neither ahead of action, nor is action ahead of cognition; rather, tact explicates the rapid switching between cognition and action, orchestrating decision-making through their interplay.

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Hodge, Emily M. "“Common” Instruction? Logics of Ability and Teacher Decision Making Across Tracks in the Era of Common Standards." American Educational Research Journal 56, no. 3 (October 20, 2018): 638–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831218803328.

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This article investigates the interaction between the Common Core State Standards and curricular tracking by examining instructional decision making across tracks in a large metropolitan district. This study draws on institutional logics as a framework to analyze 106 instructional decisions from 24 participants involved in middle school literacy instruction. In lower-track classes, participants often adapted the curriculum and adopted a more teacher-centered approach. About half of the rationales for those decisions reflected a logic of tracking, less than a fifth reflected a logic of differentiation, and almost a third reflected elements of both logics. These findings demonstrate that despite common standards, a tracked school structure continues to serve as a powerful signal about the curriculum and instruction seen as appropriate for different groups of students.

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Salmasian, Hojjat, David Rubins, and David W. Bates. "Using the Electronic Health Record User Context in Clinical Decision Support Criteria." Applied Clinical Informatics 13, no. 04 (August 2022): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1756426.

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Abstract Background Computerized clinical decision support (CDS) used in electronic health record systems (EHRs) has led to positive outcomes as well as unintended consequences, such as alert fatigue. Characteristics of the EHR session can be used to restrict CDS tools and increase their relevance, but implications of this approach are not rigorously studied. Objectives To assess the utility of using “login location” of EHR users—that is, the location they chose on the login screen—as a variable in the CDS logic. Methods We measured concordance between user's login location and the location of the patients they placed orders for and conducted stratified analyses by user groups. We also estimated how often login location data may be stale or inaccurate. Results One in five CDS alerts incorporated the EHR users' login location into their logic. Analysis of nearly 2 million orders placed by nearly 8,000 users showed that concordance between login location and patient location was high for nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistance (all >95%), but lower for fellows (77%) and residents (55%). When providers switched between patients in the EHR, they usually did not update their login location accordingly. Conclusion CDS alerts commonly incorporate user's login location into their logic. User's login location is often the same as the location of the patient the user is providing care for, but substantial discordance can be observed for certain user groups. While this may provide additional information that could be useful to the CDS logic, a substantial amount of discordance happened in specific user groups or when users appeared not to change their login location across different sessions. Those who design CDS alerts should consider a data-driven approach to evaluate the appropriateness of login location for each use case.

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QIAN, ZHONGSHENG. "USEFUL SPECIFICATION-BASED LOGIC COVERAGE CRITERIA." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 23, no. 07 (September 2013): 1033–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194013500307.

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The specification-based testing can be employed to evaluate software functionalities without knowing program code. Decisions are the primary form of the pre- and post-conditions in formal specifications. This work expatiates on logic coverage criteria for specification-based testing at great length. It proposes and then expounds mask logic coverage criteria to solve the problems which existing determinant logic coverage criteria cannot solve. A feasible test case generation algorithm based on mask logic coverage criteria is developed. The test cases satisfying mask logic coverage criteria can detect those errors caused by the mask property of conditions. An experiment is conducted to compare MC/DC, RC/DC and two mask logic coverage criteria (RMCC and GMCC) on their test effectiveness and fault detection ability. It also elaborates on the constraint among conditions, how to decompose and compose a complicated decision, and the relationship among decisions. All these can respectively clarify the coupling problem among conditions, the multiple occurrences of a condition in a decision, and the location of a decision in a specification or program. Additionally, coverage criteria including full true decision coverage, full false decision coverage, all sub-decisions coverage, unique condition true coverage and unique condition false coverage are proposed. The test sets satisfying these criteria can detect respectively different types of errors. Finally, the hierarchical subsumption relation is established among these presented coverage criteria and some existing ones, and various applicable scenarios for different coverage criteria are suggested.

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Ulten, Taylan Ozgur, and Omer Faruk BAY. "TEWA Interface with Fuzzy Logic." International Journal of Engineering Research in Computer Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 25, 2022): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijercse/09.04.art002.

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It is an important task to determine the degree of threat of threats in military applications and in the war environment. Small mistakes that can be made during the threat evaluation phase can cause great loss of life and property. Mistakes that can be made at this stage can lead to serious consequences that are difficult to compensate. For this reason, it is of great importance to accurately calculate the threat degree of the detected aircraft. For this purpose, computer decision support systems provide significant support to the operators in the decision-making process in order to increase the cognitive ability of the operator and to implement the decisions taken quickly. In this study, a decision support system is designed to contribute to the decision-making processes of the operators. In order to perform calculations in the decision support system; A threat assessment interface was created with the help of C# programming language using Microsoft Visual Studio. In the study, calculations were made using the speed, altitude and distance parameters of an aircraft classified as a threat to be used in the threat evaluation and weapon assignment interface. Fuzzy logic method was used to calculate the threat degree.

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Lyu, Daoming, Fangkai Yang, Bo Liu, and Daesub Yoon. "Logic-Based Sequential Decision-Making." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 9995–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019995.

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Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has gained great success by learning directly from high-dimensional sensory inputs, yet is notorious for the lack of interpretability. Interpretability of the subtasks is critical in hierarchical decision-making as it increases the transparency of black-box-style DRL approach and helps the RL practitioners to understand the high-level behavior of the system better. In this paper, we introduce symbolic planning into DRL and propose a framework of Symbolic Deep Reinforcement Learning (SDRL) that can handle both high-dimensional sensory inputs and symbolic planning. The task-level interpretability is enabled by relating symbolic actions to options. This framework features a planner – controller – meta-controller architecture, which takes charge of subtask scheduling, data-driven subtask learning, and subtask evaluation, respectively. The three components cross-fertilize each other and eventually converge to an optimal symbolic plan along with the learned subtasks, bringing together the advantages of long-term planning capability with symbolic knowledge and end-to-end reinforcement learning directly from a high-dimensional sensory input. Experimental results validate the interpretability of subtasks, along with improved data efficiency compared with state-of-the-art approaches.

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Bronder, Edmund. "A Decision that Defies Logic." American Journal of Nursing 101, no. 4 (April 2001): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200104000-00025.

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Moser, Louise E. "A Nonmonotonic Logic of Belief." Fundamenta Informaticae 12, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1989-12405.

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A nonmonotonic logic of belief based on a combined monotonic logic of knowledge and belief is presented. Unlike previous nonmonotonic logics of belief, this logic contains an unless operator by means of which preference for beliefs and refutation of those beliefs can be expressed, thereby providing explicit representation of nonmonotonicity. A decision procedure based on Kripke structures for deciding validity of formulas in the logic is described and proved correct.

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Ilonen, Sanna, Jarna Heinonen, and Pekka Stenholm. "Identifying and understanding entrepreneurial decision-making logics in entrepreneurship education." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 24, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2017-0163.

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Purpose It is unclear how nascent entrepreneurs make decisions during the venture creation process. The purpose of this paper is to investigate decision-making logics and their transformation over time among student entrepreneurs who aim to create new business ventures in the higher education setting. Design/methodology/approach The study employs the mixed methods approach through the use of survey and observation data. The longitudinal survey data comprise three surveys collected via an internet-aided tool. The constructs of causation and effectuation are measured using previously tested scales (Chandler et al., 2011). Non-participant observation data were collected during the course, focussing on the venture creation processes of four different start-ups, and were analysed thematically. Findings The findings show three transformation patterns – doubts in how to proceed, unwillingness to proceed, and unsatisfactory team dynamics – that led individuals towards a coping decision-making logic in which no causation or effectuation is emphasised. The findings illustrate that, despite this stage of decision-making logic, the learning process continues: Even if no new business venture is launched, entrepreneurship education can still generate learning outcomes that improve students’ understanding of entrepreneurship as well as understanding of themselves as entrepreneurs. Originality/value This study brings the theories of causation and effectuation into the teaching of entrepreneurship. Of particular value to scholars is the fact that the study generates new understanding of the decision-making logics during new venture creation. Accordingly, this study sheds new light on the transformation and complementarity of the decision-making logic of an individual as new ventures emerge in an educational context reflecting the real-life start-up context.

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Devedzic, Goran, Danijela Milosevic, Lozica Ivanovic, Dragan Adamovic, and Miodrag Manic. "Reasoning with linguistic preferences using NPN logic." Computer Science and Information Systems 7, no. 3 (2010): 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis090223003d.

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Negative-positive-neutral logic provides an alternative framework for fuzzy cognitive maps development and decision analysis. This paper reviews basic notion of NPN logic and NPN relations and proposes adaptive approach to causality weights assessment. It employs linguistic models of causality weights activated by measurement-based fuzzy cognitive maps? concepts values. These models allow for quasi-dynamical adaptation to the change of concepts values, providing deeper understanding of possible side effects. Since in the real-world environments almost every decision has its consequences, presenting very valuable portion of information upon which we also make our decisions, the knowledge about the side effects enables more reliable decision analysis and directs actions of decision maker.

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Nur, Akbar. "The Effect of Neighboring Cells on Handover Decision Making Based on Fuzzy in the WCDMA Network." Jurnal Jartel: Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 5, no. 2 (November 1, 2017): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v5i2.205.

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In channel transfer (handover) from one Base Station to another Base Station. The purpose of this final project is to analyze the effect of neighboring cells on handover decisions on WCDMA networks based on fuzzy, in this handover process, handover decisions use several parameters related to handovers and supported by fuzzy logic. Relatively high user mobility demands a guarantee until the use of the service ends, the impact of user mobility results in the output being analyzed for this handover decision to help give consideration to the optimal handover decision. The method used is Tsukamoto fuzzy logic, for decision making, while the measurement method In the field, the drive test method is carried out by measuring the signal level around the base station area, and comparing the results of the two methods. Comparison of handover decisions between the results of fuzzy logic and measurements, for example for the results of no proper in fuzzy logic, yields a rate value of 0% for soft handovers and 100% for hard handovers, and for proper results in fuzzy logic, yields a rate value for measurement. 95.22% for soft / soft handover and 4.72% for hard handover

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Druzhynin, V. A., M. M. Stepanov, G. B. Zhyrov, and L. O. Rіaba. "ALGORITHM FOR USING FUZZY LOGIC IN MANAGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING MODELS." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 69 (2020): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2020/69-08.

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In real conditions, when the task of formally describing the control process of a rather complex process arises, it is necessary to take into account several external factors (parameters) and their values, which potentially tend to Infinity. At the same time, the system's response is not limited to just one control action. To automate the process of composing all possible combinations of linguistic descriptions of variables at the stage of fuzzy conditional statements and the decision-making mechanism on the use of control actions in the development of control and decision-making models, it is proposed to use fuzzy logical models. Ways to construct algorithms for converting input perturbations of complex systems into conceptual relations for automating the control process and supporting decision-making are considered. The fuzzy logic apparatus relation is used to formalize, process, and make decisions about the use of system control signals in response to external disturbances. Fuzzy control systems combine information from human experts (natural language) with measurements and mathematical models. Fuzzy Systems will turn the knowledge base into a mathematical formulation that has proven very effective in many applications. When designing a fuzzy system, many questions need to be answered, in particular in creating linguistic models to describe the functioning of complex systems, in particular radar mapping systems with recognition of objects on the ground and making decisions for controlling unmanned systems. Thus, at the stage of composing a set of fuzzy instructions (statements), it is of interest to formalize the following processes, such as determining all possible combinations of terms of linguistic variables and making a decision on the application of control actions, depending on external factors. In the process of formalizing the process of determining all possible combinations and terms of linguistic variables, it is necessary to create fuzzy instructions (rules) for managing a system or object for fuzzy-logical control models and decision-making in the process of developing models for the functioning of complex systems.

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Urquhart, Alasdair. "The complexity of decision procedures in relevance logic II." Journal of Symbolic Logic 64, no. 4 (December 1999): 1774–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586811.

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In this paper, we show that there is no primitive recursive decision procedure for the implication-conjunction fragments of the relevant logics R, E and T, as well as for a family of related logics. The lower bound on the complexity is proved by combining the techniques of an earlier paper on the same subject [20] with a method used by Lincoln, Mitchell, Scedrov and Shankar in proving that propositional linear logic is undecidable.The decision problem for the pure implicational fragments of E and R were solved by Saul Kripke in a tour de force of combinatorial reasoning, published only as an abstract [9]. Belnap and Wallace extended Kripke's decision procedure to the implication-negation fragment of E in [3]; an account of their decision method is to be found in [1, pp. 124–139]. The decision method extends immediately to the implication/negation fragment of R. In fact, in the case of R we can go farther: Meyer in his thesis [13] showed how to translate the logic LR, which results from R by omitting the distribution axiom, into R→⋀, so that the decision procedure can be extended to all of LR. This decision procedure has been implemented as a program Kripke by Thistlewaite, McRobbie and Meyer [17]. The program is not simply a straightforward implementation of the decision procedure; finite matrices are used extensively to prune invalid nodes from the search tree.

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Ferreira, Karina Fernanda Oliveira, Liliane de Oliveira Guimarães, Paula Karina Salume, and Maria Luiza de Fátima Costa Proença Doyle. "Analysis of the entrepreneurial process from effectuation and causation logic: a case study in two companies from Minas Gerais." Revista de Administração da UFSM 15, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465964831.

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Objective: The article aimed to analyze how the effectuation and causation logics were used in the entrepreneurial process of two companies from Minas Gerais. The effectuation logic is based on issues related to the entrepreneur's decision making and contrasts with the causation logic - which refers to traditional methods of the entrepreneurial process based on planning and determined sequences. Methodology: A qualitative comparative study was carried out in two companies from Minas Gerais. The evidence was obtained from interviews with the founding partners, in addition to observation and documents, and the data analysis was performed using content analysis. Results: The results showed that in the two cases analyzed, the entrepreneurs relied on effectuation logic for setting up the businesses, with little use of causation logic but as the businesses consolidated and moved beyond the initial founding phase, the entrepreneurs took different attitudes, basing their decisions and actions on greater planning and systematic analysis of the context. Limitations: Some studies show that cultural differences can have an influence on the entrepreneurial process and how entrepreneurs make decisions. This variable was not contemplated in this study, which represents a limitation. Additionally, the study analyzed the entrepreneurial process of two companies from Minas Gerais, which does not allow for generalization. Originality/contributions: the work contributes to the national studies on the entrepreneurial process, mainly from the principles that compose the effectuation logic, seeking to identify and classify the decisions and actions of entrepreneurs in the causation and effectuation logics.

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Maldonato, Mauro Nelson. "The unconscious logic of decision-making." puntOorg International Journal 2, no. 2 (June 2017): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19245/25.05.wpn.2.2.2.

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Pletnev, D. A., and T. V. Levikova. "Causation Logic of Entrepreneurial Decision-Making." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University, no. 10 (2020): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2020-11027.

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Jeffrey, Richard. "Causality in the Logic of Decision." Philosophical Topics 21, no. 1 (1993): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics19932118.

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Sharma, Manoj. "Fuzzy Logic Based Handover Decision System." International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing 3, no. 4 (August 31, 2012): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijasuc.2012.3403.

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Skyrms, Brian. "Ratifiability and the Logic of Decision." Midwest Studies in Philosophy 15 (1990): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.1990.tb00204.x.

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Popchev, Vania Peneva, Ivan. "FUZZY LOGIC OPERATORS IN DECISION-MAKING." Cybernetics and Systems 30, no. 8 (November 1999): 725–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019697299124966.

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Bradley, Richard. "Conditionals and the Logic of Decision." Philosophy of Science 67 (September 2000): S18—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/392806.

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Lincoln, Patrick, John Mitchell, Andre Scedrov, and Natarajan Shankar. "Decision problems for propositional linear logic." Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 56, no. 1-3 (April 1992): 239–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-0072(92)90075-b.

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Sivam, Alpana, Sadasivam Karuppannan, and David Evans. "Public Decision Making Using Fuzzy Logic." Urban Policy and Research 25, no. 2 (May 31, 2007): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111140701344817.

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Levin, V. I. "Continuous logic and combinatorial problems decision." Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International 47, no. 3 (June 2008): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064230708030118.

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Dujmović, Jozo. "Graded logic for decision support systems." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 34, no. 11 (August 25, 2019): 2900–2919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.22177.

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Maher, Patrick. "Causality in the logic of decision." Theory and Decision 22, no. 2 (March 1987): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00126389.

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Duer, Stanisław. "Inference diagnostic state of the technical object in logic k-valuable." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 66, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.9488.

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The article presents the problem of describing the theoretical basis for inference (decision-making) in the multi-valued logic. A significant part of the article concerns the descrip-tion of the basis for the development of the logic k-value, where k = 2, 3, 4. In the work, as a basis for the development of multivalent logics, the interval suitability for two-valued logic has been taken. The third chapter is an example of diagnosing the technical object in the logic of 4-valuable. Keywords: technical diagnostics, diagnostic reasoning, multivalent logic, artificial intelligence

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Valaskova, Katarina, Viera Bartosova, and Pavol Kubala. "Behavioural Aspects of the Financial Decision-Making." Organizacija 52, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orga-2019-0003.

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Abstract Background and Purpose: Behavioural finance is a relatively new, but rapidly evolving field that provides explanations of an economic decision-making by cognitive psychology, conventional economic and financial theory. Behavioural finance searches the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effects on the financial markets. The purpose of the paper is the research on behavioural aspects of financial decision-making as they help explain why and how markets might be inefficient. Design/Methodology/Approach: Fuzzy logic is an excellent tool for working with linguistic variables that are often found when working with behavioural data. Thus, we analyse the financial decision-making process from the perspective of behavioural finance aimed at better understanding of the decision-making process of investors applying the principles of fuzzy logic to solve various financial problems. Results: The results of the study indicate that fuzzy logic is applicable when solving problems of financial management and financial decision-making problems. The urgency of the fuzzy logic application for managerial and financial decisions should be emphasized. Research in this area indicates that in some cases, as in the case of behavioural financing, the use of fuzzy logic is far more suitable than the use of other methods (Peters, Aguiar and Sales). Conclusion: The novelty of the paper is to extend the application of fuzzy sets in the area of financial decision-making. The paper demonstrates that despite the fact, that fuzzy logic is currently used mainly in technical directions, it is applicable also in financial management, especially, in cases where it is necessary to consider the influence of human and the occurrence of linguistic variables.

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Nielsen, Janni Grouleff, Rainer Lueg, and Dennis van Liempd. "Managing Multiple Logics: The Role of Performance Measurement Systems in Social Enterprises." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 18, 2019): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082327.

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This systematic literature review explores the role of performance measurement systems (PMSs) in managing multiple logics in social enterprises. Social enterprises are hybrid organizations that simultaneously pursue a social mission (social logic) and financial sustainability (commercial logic). Satisfying multiple logics often leads to tensions, which are addressed and managed through PMSs. For this, we conduct a systematic literature review to derive our conclusions. PMSs in social enterprises may assume the roles of mediator, disrupter and symbolizer. The PMS works as a mediator in combination with sincere stakeholder involvement when both logics are represented in the PMS. If a PMS represents only one logic, it increases tensions and the PMS becomes a disrupter. When the PMS is used to enhance legitimacy, the PMS assumes the role of a symbolizer. In particular, we find that PMSs are most useful for monitoring performance and enhancing legitimacy. The role of PMSs in decision-making is limited due to difficulties of integrating social and commercial logics into a single PMS. Several factors—such as decision-makers’ influence—further shape the role of PMSs.

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Williams, Glanville. "The Logic of “Exceptions”." Cambridge Law Journal 47, no. 2 (July 1988): 261–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300118021.

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Every so often the Appeal Committee of the House of Lords produces a decision that sets back the rational development of the criminal law for several years or decades.Other courts do this too. But when the lords are at fault it is particularly disappointing: because they should be the élite of the judiciary; because they have the time to consider their decisions properly; because counsel who argue cases before them (having thrashed them out in two lower courts) should be unusually well-prepared; because the lords have the authority to overrule ill-considered decisions of the lower courts; and because their own pronouncements are (if things go wrong) especially hard to overturn. What makes these aberrational decisions particularly disconcerting is that the lords commonly show no appreciation of, and make no attempt to answer, the powerful arguments in the existing literature against the position they adopt.

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Rognes, André. "Turning decision procedures into disprovers." Mathematical Logic Quarterly 55, no. 1 (December 15, 2008): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/malq.200710083.

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., Saifulloh, Wing Wahyu Winarno, and Emha Taufiq Luthfi. "PENERAPAN FUZZY LOGIC DALAM PENENTUAN KELAYAKAN PEMBERIAN KREDIT." MULTITEK INDONESIA 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/mtkind.v10i2.333.

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Cooperatives provide financing assistance in the form of credit or installment payments and have multiple systems, procedures andrequirements to be met by the prospective customer. Nonetheless, there is the problem that many cases lending arrears return ofcredit. For this reason the study was conducted in an effort to develop a decision support system that can help the credit in taking adecision. This decision support system using Fuzzy Logic method application. This study will produce a prototype system whichfunctions which resulted in the decision creditworthiness and alternative decisions based on nominal submission. On the other handwith this system can also assist the cooperative in minimizing non-performing loans with an effort to provide loans based on thelowest value.

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Liu, Yu Zhen, Xing Bao Liu, and Xin Fen Zhang. "Decision on Function of One Simple Separable Relation for the Minimal Covering of P^*_K." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 2303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.2303.

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In the function structure theory of multi-logic, decision on Sheffer function is an important role. It contains structure and decision of full multi-logic and partial multi-logic. Its decision is closely related to decision of completeness of function which can be done by deciding the minimal covering of full multi-logic and partial-logic. By theory of completeness of partial multi-logic, we prove that function of one simple separable ralation is not minimal covering of P*K under the condition of m=2, σ=e .

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Haider, Sajjad, and Francesca Mariotti. "Unfolding critical events and strategic decisions: the role of spatial and temporal cognition." Management Decision 54, no. 7 (August 15, 2016): 1813–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2015-0521.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine strategic decisions surrounding critical events to show how the decision-making processes evolve and how the dominant logic changes vis-à-vis those decisions. Further, this study explores the processes of managerial decision making focusing on spatial and temporal cognition dimensions. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology adopted in this study is a case study using the retrospective processual analysis approach. Data were collected using both primary and secondary sources. In all, 40 years of secondary data on key critical events and decision making were collected using a range of secondary sources. Those events were further examined using 49 in-depth semi structured interviews. Findings – The findings of this study explain the relationship between operant conditions, strategic actions and outcomes of strategic decisions by highlighting the significance of knowledge strategy, strategic agility and intentionality in shaping and reshaping managers’ dominant logic. Further, the authors show that the dominant coalition, among other factors, plays an important role in building decision-making capacity and in the formation and transformation of an existing dominant logic. Research limitations/implications – The study identified a number of limitations. First, the issue of generalization as the data were collected from only two case study companies. Second, in some cases respondents were asked to respond to research questions using “memory of the events” which took place a long time ago, hence the issue of credibility. Further, sometimes respondents reported information collected through hearsay. To overcome the limitations of this research, the authors made all efforts to ensure that the data collected were reliable and credible such as by using diverse data sources, confirmation of events at multiple level and personal observations. Practical implications – The study identifies and explains a number of factors which influence decision making. The authors also present the revised dominant logic model which can act as a tool in managerial decision making. Originality/value – The paper shows how managerial decision making changes knowledge strategy, which in turn leads to changes in existing dominant logic or the creation of a new dominant logic, hence looking at the issues of decision making using an evolutionary perspective. Second, the paper empirically tests and explains the relationship between intentionality, actions and organizational outcomes using spatial and temporal learning. Finally, the use of the longitudinal retrospective processual analysis and events analysis, is a novel way of understanding a particular phenomenon.

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Onishi, Tamaki. "Venture Philanthropy and Practice Variations: The Interplay of Institutional Logics and Organizational Identities." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 48, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018819875.

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While institutional logics and organizational identity become effective theoretical lenses to analyze hybrid organizations, the literature often focuses on tensions between multiple logics or multiple identities and remains relatively silent regarding how logics and identities simultaneously constrain organizations and how organizations respond to incompatibilities as well as compatibilities between logic and identity. To address this gap, the present study draws from burgeoning research that theorizes identity as an integral part of the mechanism from which logics shape organizational decision making. I examined how social-welfare/commercial logics and social/businesslike identities directly and indirectly shape 138 organizations’ practices of venture philanthropy—a hybrid approach combining philanthropy and venture capitalism. The findings confirm identity’s overall mediating effects and offer new theoretical insights into organizational responses to logic–identity incompatibility, especially the dominant role of social identity in consistently suppressing external pressures from commercial logic, whereas businesslike identity overcomes social-welfare logic only associated with the nonprofit status.

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Ramseyer, Robert L. "Reason, Religion, and Decision-Making in Mission." Missiology: An International Review 14, no. 3 (July 1986): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968601400304.

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A continuum in criteria for decision-making is proposed. Human culture pulls toward the “closed” end where decisions are dependent on precedent and tradition, on logic and consistency. The God of the Bible, a law unto himself is at the other “open” end. Jesus and the early Christians were near the open end where considerations about people are always more important than precedent, logic, and consistency when decisions are made. However, we, as human beings, are always being pulled by our culture toward the opposite end of the continuum. A model of incarnational decision-making is outlined, modeled on the example of Jesus in the Gospels, in which decisions are made by those who are fully involved in the situation rather than by those who are “disinterested” and “objective.” The implications of this for Christian mission today are probed.

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Nakayama, Yotaro, Seiki Akama, and Tetsuya Murai. "Bilattice Logic for Rough Sets." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 24, no. 6 (November 20, 2020): 774–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2020.p0774.

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Rough set theory is studied to manage uncertain and inconsistent information. Because Pawlak’s decision logic for rough sets is based on the classical two-valued logic, it is inconvenient for handling inconsistent information. We propose a bilattice logic as the deduction basis for the decision logic of rough sets to address inconsistent and ambiguous information. To enhance the decision logic to bilattice semantics, we introduce Variable Precision Rough Set (VPRS). As a deductive basis for bilattice decision logic, we define a consequence relation for Belnap’s four-valued semantics and provide a bilattice semantic tableau TB4 for a deduction system. We demonstrate the soundness and completeness of TB4 and enhance it with weak negation.

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De Capua, Claudio, Rosario Morello, and Rosario Carbone. "Measurement Uncertainty in Decision-Making." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 1, no. 3 (July 2011): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2011070104.

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In this paper, the authors examine a common issue concerning the influence of measurement uncertainty on decisions. In fact, in some practical applications, it can be necessary to put in comparison measurement data with thresholds and limits. It occurs when the conformity with fixed specifications has to be verified or if warning and alert levels have to be not exceeded. In such a circumstance, to take reliable decisions in presence of uncertainty is a concrete problem. Measurement uncertainty may reasonably be the cause of unreliable decisions. In order to manage properly the uncertainty effect, the authors have developed a decision making procedure based on a methodical approach to measurement uncertainty. In detail, a fuzzy logic algorithm estimates the probability to take a wrong decision because of the uncertainty. Such information is so used in order to optimize the decisional criteria, improving the consistency of the final computing results. Risks and costs associated to the possibility to take a mistaken decision are minimized. Consequently the algorithm singles out the most reliable decision.

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Dunér, Anna, and Gerd Gustafsson. "Manoeuvring challenging demands: care managers, the Free Choice System and older users of home care services with reduced decision-making capacity." International Journal of Care and Caring 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239788220x15966470345919.

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The aim of this article is to describe and analyse how care managers experience and manage the Swedish Free Choice System in relation to older users of home care services with reduced decision-making capacity. The empirical data were generated by focus group interviews with care managers working in local eldercare authorities that had implemented the Free Choice System. The findings reveal that care managers used various strategies, and justifications for them, based on various coexisting logics: the market logic; the logic of public administration; and the logic of care.

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Burgess, John P., and Yuri Gurevich. "The decision problem for linear temporal logic." Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 26, no. 2 (April 1985): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1305/ndjfl/1093870820.

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Zajec, Maja, Davorin Kofjač, and Matjaž Roblek. "Eliminating Knowledge Bottlenecks Using Fuzzy Logic." Organizacija 46, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orga-2013-0018.

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Abstract In the formation of new processes, innovations generated by people possessing the right knowledge and talent play a crucial role. Our starting point was the fact that every new change in processes can alter the knowledge structure of a work position or work role. This means that a person can become a knowledge bottleneck in the process. If this person is found on a critical path, the process cannot produce the output in a desired form, extent or quality, unless the bottleneck is removed. For this reason, we developed a decision model founded on fuzzy logic. The result of the fuzzy model is knowledge estimation based on deviation between the required and actual knowledge. For faster decision making, we made a presentation of allocated people on desired roles using the heat map technique. Therefore, the employers make better decisions on actual knowledge allocation, acquiring missing knowledge, or defining knowledge required for the future, which makes them more competitive.

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Greenslade-Yeats, James, and Patricia Corner. "Entrepreneurs’ Decision Logic and Multiple Venture Startups." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1 (August 2018): 12580. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.12580abstract.

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Pletnev, D. A., and T. V. Levikova. "Effectuation Decision-Making Logic by Modern Entrepreneurs." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University, no. 12 (2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2021-11216.

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Gurevich, Yuri, and Saharon Shelah. "The decision problem for branching time logic." Journal of Symbolic Logic 50, no. 3 (September 1985): 668–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274321.

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AbstractThe theory of trees with additional unary predicates and quantification over nodes and branches embraces a rich branching time logic. This theory was reduced in the companion paper to the first-order theory of binary, bounded, well-founded trees with additional unary predicates. Here we prove the decidability of the latter theory.

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Babenyshev, Sergey, and Vladimir Rybakov. "Logic of discovery and knowledge. Decision algorithm." Intelligent Decision Technologies 3, no. 2 (July 9, 2009): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/idt-2009-0052.

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Grant, Paul, and Ole Naesh. "Fuzzy Logic and Decision-Making in Anaesthetics." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 98, no. 1 (January 2005): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680509800103.

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Rothfus, Gerard J. "Dynamic consistency in the logic of decision." Philosophical Studies 177, no. 12 (January 24, 2020): 3923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-020-01415-0.

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