Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Déchets radioactifs – Élimination dans le sol – France'
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Charpentier, Delphine. "Rôle de l'oxydation chimique et de l'acidification des eaux sur les propriétés minéralogiques et physico-chimiques de la formation argileuse de Tournemire." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10199.
Full textThe Tournemire (France) site has been selected for research programmes on deep geological waste disposal in clay-rich rock formation. A railway tunnel is used to study the evolution of rock properties and water-rock interactions in the excavated disturbed zone. Multi-scale and multi-technique investigations were carried out. Experiments and numerical modelling were used to predict changes due to rock mineralogy and water chemistry modifications. The tunnel and galleries digging induces fracture formation. In the altered samples, the clay particles show a better orientation in the stratification plan. The oxidation effect yields to mineralogical transformation on the surfaces of the argillite: oxidation of pyrite, dissolution of calcite, dissolution of illite layers in interstratified I/S and formation of gypsum, Fe-oxi/hydroxides, celestite and jarosite. During cycles of hydration/dehydration, condensation water interacts with the argillite and quickly becomes Ca and SO4-rich
Galai, Leila. "Les mécanismes réactionnels régissant les interactions verre-fer en solution aqueuse." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS029.
Full textThe geological disposal of high-level waste (HLW) developed by ANDRA, in France, is based on a multi-layer concept. The vitrified radioactive waste is placed in a stainless-steel container itself placed in a carbon steel overpack and disposed in Callovo-Oxfordian (Cox) claystone. The proximity between iron, glass and groundwater should involve a chemical interaction between them which can impact the long-term behaviour of nuclear vitrified waste. Previous study on the glass-iron system in geological storage conditions have highlights the phenomenology linked to this interaction. Iron has been almost unanimously described as increasing the alteration of glass. However, in the experimental setups chosen, the simultaneous alteration of glass and iron makes it difficult to identify the mechanisms prevailing at the interface of each material. In this thesis, we have therefore chosen to decompose the real and complex Glass / Steel / Clay / Solution system into two model study systems in order to better characterize the different mechanisms at each interface. The first experiments were about the corrosion of iron powder in the presence of Si. These experiments have shown that an increase in [Si] promotes the formation of Fe silicates at the expense of Fe oxides, but without leading to an increase in the amount of corroded iron. Kinetic investigations revealed that a complex germination-growth mechanism is behind the formation of Fe silicates. A simplified kinetic model has also been proposed. Then, the experimental system has been complexified with iron corrosion experiments in the presence of CJ1 simple glass and ISG glass. These experiments have shown that the presence of iron certainly leads to the deterioration of the glass, but this increase is strongly limited by three main parameters : the glass composition, the iron flux associated with the corrosion kinetics of the metal and pH. The chosen simplification approach therefore made it possible to dissociate the effect of each parameter and to locate the effect of Si on the corrosion of iron, to dissociate the effect of iron from the effect of pH on alteration of the glass and above all to highlight the importance of parameters such as the iron flow and the initial composition of the glass on the effect that the iron will have on the deterioration of the glass
Lin, Zhenhua. "Development of high sensitivity gamma and beta sensors for in situ diffusion tests in the mudstone in France." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1024/document.
Full textThe precise monitoring of radiotracers, for example used for medical imaging, for the storage of ultimate waste, or for certain industrial applications can be a very complex subject. The development of low-noise sensors with long-term stability and high geometric flexibility were engaged by the AXINT company. (Hautefeuille, et al., 2006). My PhD thesis was focused on experiments in the diffusion of radiotracers, typically to monitor the possible leakage of radioactive products from the geological repositories. We focuses on the study of the 22Na and 36Cl ion diffusion, which is one of the highest cation and anions diffusion rate in geological medium, as well as actinides, which represent the majority of the radioactive elements of Stored nuclear waste. This thesis is in continuity with the research carried out by ANDRA (National Agency for Radioactive Waste), under contract with the laboratory ILM (Institute Light Matter), of which AXINT is the main subcontractor. The present project describes the research work that foreseen the radiation impact on the environment for the coming years during the deep disposal of nuclear waste. Our work focus on the investigation and quantification of the radionuclide diffusion through the geological clay barriers. A new in situ experiment was considered by Andra for the study of the radionuclide migration. Compared to previous experiments, this new in situ diffusion test required longer distance (hundreds of mm), longer time-scale (over 10 years), and real time in situ monitoring of radionuclides migration. To fulfill these conditions, the work was organized as following: 1: Conception and dimensional design of the Diffusion of Radio Nuclide (DRN) experiments in solving emission of beta and gamma radiations 2: Development of corresponding beta and gamma monitoring systems by means of sensors located in peripheral boreholes
Petit, Jean-Claude. "Le stockage des déchets radioactifs : perspective historique et analyse sociotechnique." Paris, ENMP, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENMP0419.
Full textMenard, Olivier. "Partage des terres rares et des actinides entre solution et produits d'altération du verrre nucléaire type R7T7 en fonction des conditions de stockage." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30058.
Full textSoulet, Stéphane. "Etude des effets d'auto-irradiation dans des matériaux à structure apatitique." Paris 11, 2000. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00068309.
Full textChabroullet, Christophe. "Étude de la remobilisation d'éléments traces à partir d'un sol de surface contaminé : influence du vieillissement de la matière organique du sol sur la remobilisation du sélénium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10033.
Full text79Se is a high-life fission product presents in high-activity nuclear wastes. Selenium is often taking into account for health and environmental risk assessments as it is usually considered as a mobile and a toxic element. The terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a potential reservoir of selenium. In this study, we specially studied how the associations between selenium and soil organic matter and/or microorganisms modify soils selenium mobility and partition (solid, liquid and gazeous). A particular attention was paid to the temporal evolution of the retention parameters, which remains one of the weak points of modeling especially for long term simulations (several tens-hundreds of thousand years). Methodology developed consists on a regular characterization of 3 soils samples pre-contaminated at a very week selenium concentration (2. 2x10-9 gSe. G-1soil) and incubated during 1. 5 year in controlled conditions. The evolution of the organic status of the soil samples was established and well modeled (Roth C). Alternatively, the selenium-OM associations did not present any significant modification with time affecting selenium mobility. The detailed study of selenium mobility showed that selenium sorption processes was poorly reversible (sorption Kd: 20-50 L. Kg-1 ; desorption Kd: 100-500 L. Kg-1), whatever the soil organic status. In addition, numerous transitory phenomenons were able to disturb the “basic” behavior of selenium by increasing the amount of soluble selenium. We specially established that: (i) the use of phosphate fertilizers constituted the most important way of selenium remobilization leading to the release of 30-40 % of sorbed selenium in some extreme cases; (ii) the week selenium volatilization (~ 0. 2 % for 1. 5 year of incubation) may constitute a significant biotic way of 79Se dispersion as soon as very long time scales are considered; (iii) the colloidal transport due to the soil microorganisms could also constituted a source of selenium mobilization however this extend of this process has still to be quantify
Barnel, Nathalie. "Comportement en température des argiles de barrières ouvragées : réexamen de la phénoménologie et amélioration des modèles existants." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EVRY0007.
Full textIn some common concepts of a radioactive waste repository, waste is surrounded by an engineered barrier consisting of a swelling clay. Performance of this engineered barrier may be affected by temperature distribution in the clay. To discuss this issue, thermo-hydro-mechanical simulations of the argillaceous barrier submitted to different heating sources are performed. Part of this study is a comparison between the codes ASTER and CAST3M. According to our results, it is necessary to improve the mechanical model. We choose the thermodynamic approach and we propose to re-examine thermal clay behaviour from a phenomenological point of view. Thermal contraction of the double layer in swelling clays is a possible interpretation of the experimental results. Thus we decide to introduce electrochemical phenomena in a thermodynamic formulation dedicated to partially saturated porous media
Sammartino, Stéphane. "La caractérisation d'un matériau à faible perméabilité : mesures expérimentales et analyses d'images ; application à la tonalité du sud-Vienne, effet de l'altération." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2309.
Full textDelisée, Annie. "Etude expérimentale, modélisation et optimisation de la rétention du césium sur des matériaux argileux." Reims, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REIMS008.
Full textJenab-Vossoughi, Bahar. "Etude numérique de la modélisation thermo-élasto-plastique des sols non saturés." Marne-la-Vallée, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENPC0013.
Full textOne of the most important geotechnical applications where temperature variations become significant is the case of the nuclear waste disposal. Hence the thermo-hydromechanical behaviour of porous media should be studied by considering coupling effects of the three following mechanisms: thermal, hydraulic and mechanical. Many studies have been achieved on this subject lately in order to investigate the viability of this option of disposal. The work done here is a challenge for responding this type of question. So, the thermo - hydro - mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils is investigated. The equations of transfer and conservation of mass of different constituents of the medium (solid skeleton, water, air and heat) are studied in order to comprehend the established system of differential equations of the problem. Afterwards, the irreversible mechanical behaviour of the solid skeleton is thoroughly examined. A constitutive model is then presented in which the effect of simultaneous temperature and suction variations is integrated. Also, the transport phenomena in the presence of temperature in an unsaturated soil are studied. The final set of differential governing equations is resolved numerically by the finite element method. The final matrix form describing the thermo - hydro - mechanical behaviour of unsaturated porous media with irreversible mechanical aspects is then implemented in the finite element code, 8 - STOCK. It should be mentioned that the special features corresponding to the numerical implementation by the finite element method of an elasto - plastic algorithm and the related numerical corrections are carefully examined. Finally, the finite element code is validated by comparing its results with analytical solutions, other numerical approaches and experimental results of literature. All these analyses show the good performance of the code and the relevance of the developed model and the implemented parts
Koriche, Mohamed Amine. "Caractérisation du comportement couplé des argilites de Meuse/Haute-Marne aux états saturé et partiellement saturé." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL057N.
Full textThe framework of this thesis is to study the possibility to realize the underground waste isolation project in the clayey Callovo-Oxfordien. The layer is constituted of swelling clay rock called Meuse/Haute-Marne argilite. The aim is to define the behaviour of this rock by thermo-hydro- mechanical model proposed by Coussy (1991, 1995) at the saturated and partially saturated states. The parameters of this model can be measured by the direct or indirect experimental process. We realise different tests to determinate fluids transport properties in saturated and partially saturated conditions. The difficulty of these kinds of tests is the very low permeability of the argilite. That is why the transitive method has to be used. Ln quasi saturated conditions "the pulse test" method is chosen. This process proposed by Hsieh et al. (1881) allows the measurement of the intrinsic permeability, k, and the specific storage coefficient, Ss. These experiments have permitted to measure the order of magnitude of these two parameters and to estimate the anisotropy magnitude of permeability. The results of the series of investigation were compared to results obtained from other laboratories at the polytechnic school of Paris and the University of Lille. The conclusion of this comparison is that similar results were obtained. Ln the partially saturated conditions we have developed an original method to estimate the apparent permeability and the capillary capacity of argilite samples. Numerical analyses have permitted to mode! the bidirectional diffusion of liquid and gas fluid phases. Final tests consisted in wetting and drying cycles at different temperatures using microgravimetric and saturated saline solution methods. The aim is to verity the hypothesis that the saturation depends on the meniscus superficial tension gas/water only. We displayed the degrees of saturation as a function of capillary pressure at different temperatures. This graphic demonstrated that the hypothesis is not completely correct. The difference between theoretical and experimental results depends on the mode of interpretation of these results and the paths followed during the tests wetting or drying
Piccolo, Arianna. "Tunnel structural health monitoring in radioactive environment based on special distributed optical fibre strain sensing cables." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4063.
Full textIn the framework of Cigéo, the future underground repository for long-lived radioactive waste, the monitoring of the structures must be guaranteed for almost a century to ensure its reversibilit. The horizontal repository cells will be loaded by 500 m of rock which will reduce their section over time. This reduction, called convergence, must be monitored by sensors with resistance to harsh environment, low intrusiveness, proper sensitivity. We propose the use of distributed optical fiber strain sensing cables, whose strain measurements are used to calculate convergence via an inverse-analysis finite-element method, using Brillouin and Rayleigh backscatterings. The method is described, assessing the influence of structural parameters and measurements noise on its sensitivity. We validate it in a laboratory test, in controlled conditions and underground, reproducing convergences up to the representative value of 10 mm on a mock-up of the high-level waste repository cell. We compare two fixation methods and loading schemes, using other sensors as reference. Results show how distributed optical fiber sensors can achieve the required 1 mm of resolution, close to standard methods. The fibers have been firstly analysed under the coupled effect of temperature and radiation up to a total γ-rays dose of 1 MGy. Temperatures around 100°C preserve the fiber functioning better than being at room temperature. A specific cable for strain sensing, with a radiation resistant fiber inside, is then developed and tested, reporting that temperature and strain sensitivities and the mechanical behaviour remain stable up to 500 kGy. We evaluate also the role of the protective layers of the tested cable and its plastic behaviour up to 10000 με
Dauzères, Alexandre. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des mécanismes physico-chimiques des interactions béton-argile dans le contexte du stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Dauzeres-Alexandre/2010-Dauzeres-Alexandre-These.pdf.
Full textThese research works are carried out as part of the radioactive wastes geological disposal feasibility study. The current option developed by Andra, includes several cementitious materials in contact with the surrounding Callovo-Oxfordian (COX) (an argillite). Concretes and argillite present very different pore solutions (ionic concentrations and pH). Controlled by the concentrations differences, the aqueous species diffusion in the solids generates chemical and physical disturbances. This study is based on experimental, analytical and numerical works, in order to identify the mechanisms controlling the clayey environment influence on cementitious materials. Two hardened cement pastes (HCP) are studied: a CEM I HCP and a “low-pH” HCP (CEM I cement + silica fume + fly ashe). The latter is especially developed for the geological disposal application in order to reduce the alkaline plume towards the host-rock. Two experimental devices are created: first, the HCP is immerged in a COX pore solution. The conditions are in agreement with the clayey environment chemistry (high pCO2, carbonates and sulfates concentrations, neutral pH…). The tests are carried out at 25°C, over several months (up to 10). The second device allows the clayey rock containment in contact with a HCP at 20°C and 50°C, over several months (up to 12). The materials are saturated: only diffusion controls the soluble species exchanges. All the results obtained show that the CEM I HCP presents decalcification, carbonation and ettringite precipitation; where as the “low-pH” HCP undergoes decalcification, ettringite dissolution and silicate magnesium hydrates formation (M-S-H). When a CEM I HCP is immerged in the COX solution: a calcite crust formation is observed on the external surface, which slows down (clogging) the alteration front progression (100 µm after 10 months). When the same material is put in contact with the COX argillite, a much stronger degradation is observed (1 mm depth after 1 year), inducing porosity opening in the degraded zone layer (no clogging, low carbonation). In this last configuration, at 20°C as well as at 50°C, the alteration front evolution is proportional to the interaction duration. The argillite presents illitisation (due to KOH diffusion from the cement HCP). This mechanism releases silicon and induces C-S-H precipitation with a low CaO/SiO2 ratio (0. 8) at the interface. When the “low-pH” HCP is immerged in the COX solution, a total deconstruction linked to the C-S-H decalcification is observed (low CaO/SiO2 ratio ≈ 0. 8), leading to the formation of amorphous silica. Carbonation has occurred as well as decalcification (calcite precipitation), but its effect is not pronounced enough to lead to clogging (as observed for CEM I HCP). An important capillary pore network is formed. The alteration front evolves as a function of the square root of time (1. 5 mm after 5 months). When the same material is put in contact with the COX argillite (or bentonite), a lower alteration is observed, with the M-S-H formation at the interface. The liberated calcium during the decalcification (C-S-H + ettringite) diffuses towards the clayey material and is substituted to the sodium in the montmorillonite interlayer: no illitisation was identified. The altered zone thicknesses, from both sides from the interface, do not exceed a few hundred microns after 1 year. The reactive transport code (HYTEC) is used to describe the experiments detailed above. It allows reproducing all the mechanisms observed experimentally and then estimating the exchange of all soluble species. These simulations have mainly allowed to validate the experimental assumptions concerning the silicon diffusion from the argillite to the CEM I HCP linked to the illitisation, source of C-S-H precipitation at the interface
Riffaud, Oana. "Réversibilité du stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs : la théorie des options réelles dans l'aide à la décision." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN20009.
Full textIn France, the Act n° 2006-739 of 28 June 2006 establishes the reversible geological disposal for intermediate and high-level waste (ILWand HLW). The reversibility is mainly justified by the need to preserve some ability to adapt over the long term (at least one hundred years) in a context of multiple uncertainties. The proposed thesis examines how the real options approach can be effectively applied to the French project of reversible geological disposal for the radioactive waste, developed by the National Agency for Radioactive Waste (ANDRA). Different aspects of decision making process are addressed through three real options models. Each model emphasizes a certain type of real option : the switching option, the extension option and the learning option. The first model focuses on the uncertainty about the value of a radioactive waste package and its influence on the switching options between different stages of retrievability. The results show that the reversible project of geological disposal involves a series of compound options (options on options) which may create follow-up opportunities and interactions. For example, realizing an earlier real option (such as closing the galleries of access) can change the value of future options for the retrieval of waste packages. Given these interactions between options, their value must be simultaneously determined. In the second model, the focus is moved to the construction of the geological repository. The result of the second model shows that there may be a value associated with the progressive development of the operating capacity due to the uncertainty on the demand for radioactive waste disposal. This is precisely the value of the extension option which must be calculated to determine whether it is economically advantageous to increase the capacity. The third model, more conceptual, is an attempt to open new avenues of research on the value of the learning option in the presence of endogenous information. The option value is analyzed by integrating two sources of learning (Learning by doing and R & D)
Carde, Christophe. "Caractérisation et modélisation de l'altération des propriétés mécaniques due à la lixiviation des matériaux cimentaires." Toulouse, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAT0010.
Full textPerfettini, Josée. "Etude de l'altération d'un matériau d'enrobage des déchets radioactifs, le ciment CPA, par des microorganismes hétérotrophes isolés de milieux naturels." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30040.
Full textVuillod, Emmanuelle. "Modélisation thermo-hydro-mécanique de massifs rocheux fracturés : application au stockage de déchets radioactifs." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL072N.
Full textYang, Diansen. "Caractérisation par la mesure de perméabilité au gaz de l’endommagement mécanique et hydrique dans l’EDZ des argilites du Callovo-Oxfordien." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004660.
Full textThe work presented here covers the investigations on the variation of geomechanical proprieties of the approximately 500 m deep MHM in France (mudstone in the departments of Meuse/Haute-Marne), chosen as a potential medium for nuclear waste disposal by ANDRA. In order to measure the very low permeability of mudstone and to observe the dependency on saturation, a special test scheme on measurement of gas permeability has been developed. In the scheme, in situ referenced stresses have been chosen as the stresses acting on the solid matrix. To estimate the mechanical damage of storage induced by the excavation, laboratory tests on gas permeability have been conducted on samples recovered from different locations situated at different distances from the wall of the main access shaft of the MHM (from 0,1 m to 12,5 m). Results of gas permeability obtained under iso of 11 MPa vary between 10-21 and 10-22 m² and do not show significant variations between damaged zones and intact zones. The variation of gas permeability under the cycle of loading and unloading is not significant. The oviparous intact samples have been imposed different saturations by salt solutions (with HR from 25 % to 98 %) to form a cycle of de- and re-saturation. The characters of mudstone during the sorption and desorption were measured and analyzed. Kgaz under iso of 5 MPa increases from 10-21 to 10-18 m² when the HR decreases from 98 % to 25 %. A quasi-linear relation between log(k) and Saturation has been observed and mathematically formulated. The study of kgaz as a function of deviator stress confirms that the effect of the deviator is not evident, even when the deviator excesses the damage threshold. The deformation and the acoustics velocity of samples have been traced during the tests and the microstructure of mudstone has been studied with the method of mercury intrusion. The factors influencing the measure of gas permeability, such as the Klinkenberg effect, the variation of saturation during the tests, the dissolution of gas in water and the water transformation due to the gas pressure, especially the leak tightness of the testing system, have been discussed in the study
Kharkhour, Hanan. "Modélisation des couplages thermo-hydro-mécaniques et de l'endommagement des roches viscoplastiques dans le contexte du stockage de déchets radioactifs." Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1196.
Full textAchour, Rim. "Etude de la fissuration précoce d’une série argileuse : analyse tridimensionnelle du réseau fissural et modélisation numérique." Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENMP1509.
Full textThis research arose from the co-operation between ENSMP and ANDRA for the study of a potential geological formation for the disposal of the radioactive waste. A main goal is the study of the early cracking within shales from “le Puy” hill in the S-E of France. The originality consists in trying to reconstitute through a timescale the phases of the geological history of the sediment since its mud state to its hardened state. Thus to be able to understand the factors which generated the initiation of early cracking. A scenario of the early cracking based on the study of the structure and the lithology of and from observations and analyses of representative samples was proposed. With the aim of confirming this scenario, a methodology based on the GOCAD software, was established to be able to reconstitute in 3D and individualize the generations of cracks. This confirms the results obtained by other methods and informs us about the nature of the modes of deformations. A numerical FLAC hydro-mechanic modelling simulates a model composed of a marl band intercalated between two argillaceous bands. The model validates the first modes of deformations located on heterogeneities. The witnesses of this history of the early deformations affecting the lithological series are very largely obliterated in the most argillaceous layers. It is one of the originalities of this work to have made it possible to locate them in marl layers whose fast induration allowed their conservation then to gather the informations allowing the establishment of a chronology of cracks applicable to the whole series
Fourno, André. "Modélisation multi-échelle des transferts en milieux fracturés : application au site de Äspö (Suède)." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2277.
Full textIn the field of nuclear waste storage, the geological barrier is the last transfer zone for radio-elements. Since fractures are to be found in geological media, special emphasis is put on improving modeling approaches to transfer processes in fractured media. It remains a challenging task due to the medium complexities. In addition, for post closure natural flow conditions, flow is slow and diffusion processes play a major role contributing to the retention of the plume. In this context, a Smeared Fractures approach was developed for a Mixed and Hybrid Finite Element scheme and implemented in our code, Cast3M. The fractured block is represented on regular mesh, the presence of the fracture being taken into account through an heterogeneous field of parameters. Considering conservation of flow and mass fluxes for each fracture, these parameters are derived. The Smeared Fractures approach, comparable to discrete modeling for flow, takes full 3D matrix block geometry into account for transport. The discretization have to comply with criteria that were established. Nevertheless, within these boundaries coarser discretization is possible allowing for notable computing costs. The validation and qualification phase was conducted for 2D and 3D cases. These include results on synthetics and realistic systems, for different flow regimes and parameter values. The approach is finally applied on several cases from the Äspö site, Sweden
Khvoenkova, Nina. "Homogénéisation d'un site de stockage et-ou d'entreposage, en milieu souterrain fracturé ou endommagé." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10108.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the development and the validation of homogenized flow and radioactive pollutant transport in the fractured rock obtained by homogenization method. We established homogenized models for different physical cases (thin or thick fracturation type, different relations between the permeability and diffusion coefficients, porosities and retard coefficients) from the experimental data on the granite or limestone sites. The homogenized equations keep the information on the microscopic system~: the exchange between fractures and matrix blocs and the initial nonhomogenised media. The studied microscopic models result in three different exchange types. The numerical study of homogenized models shows that the results are closes to the direct simulations. Conclusion is that it is possible to use the homogenization method for industrial needs
Gin, Stéphane. "Etude expérimentale de l'influence d'espèces aqueuses sur la cinétique de dissolution du verre nucléaire R7T7." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2323.
Full textMarty, Nicolas. "Modélisation couplée (transport-réaction) des interactions fluides-argiles et de leurs effets en retour sur les propriétés physiques de barrières ouvragées en bentonite." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/MARTY_Nicolas_2006.pdf.
Full textChen, Zongyuan. "Adsorption of radionuclides on engineered and geological barriers of high-level nuclear waste repositories : sorption experiments, spectroscopy study, geochemical modelling and molecular dynamics simulation." Nantes, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NANT2081.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the development of sorption models for cations (Eu3+, Cs+ and Ni2+) on clay materials relevant and important in the context of high-level radioactive waste disposal (engineering and geological barriers). The geochemical modeling is based on the results of batch-type experiments and spectroscopic studies performed to take into account the significant factors which may affect the sorption(pH, impact of the complexation in solution) under conditions expected to be nearly in-situ (intact system, controlled atmosphere). A complementary molecular dynamics simulation study is realized to improve the qualitative and quantitative understanding of the interaction between the cations and the clayey minerals at the molecular scale with a focus on the notion of additivity. The study on the Eu/phosphate/bentonite system indicates the formation of ternary surface complexes which contributes to the increase of sorption. The adsorption of Cs+ an Ni2+on Callovo-Oxfordien formation (COx) is dominated by the clayey fraction. A model using a « bottom-up » approach and based on the mechanisms of surface adsorption allows us to describe well the Cs+ behavior observed in-situ and studied in the laboratory. The parameters from the Cs+modeling are compared with those determined by molecular dynamics. The description of the Ni/COx system seems more complex, because a slow phenomenon of sorption must be taken into account which is likely to correspond to the incorporation by carbonated minerals
Postel, Catherine. "Contribution à l'étude des radionucléides émetteurs gamma dans les huitres du département de la Manche." Caen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CAEN3070.
Full textPoulard, Karine. "Étude de l'influence de la corrosion en milieu basique sur le relâchement d'activité par la zircone : application au stockage des coques." Lyon 1, 2001. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007333.
Full textBaudu, Samuel. "Étude d'une couverture capillaire et dynamique pour le recouvrement des matériaux issus de l'extraction et du traitement des minerais d'uranium." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL021N.
Full textHoteit, Hussein. "Simulation d'écoulements et de transports de polluants en milieu poreux : application à la modélisation de la sûreté des dépôts de déchets radioactifs." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10060.
Full textRobinet, Jean-Charles. "Minéralogie, porosité et diffusion des solutés dans l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Bure (Meuse, Haute-Marne, France) de l'échelle centimétrique à micrométrique." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/Robinet-Jean-Charles/2008-Robinet-Jean-Charles-These.pdf.
Full textIn Bure Callovo-Oxfordian argillite (Meuse/Haute Marne, France), the spatial organisation of porosity and minerals (mainly quartz, carbonates, and clays) controls the solute diffusion at mescoscopic scale (~cm-µm). New developments in the field of image analysis were devoted to extract mineral maps from 2-D (scanning electron microscopy) and 3-D (X-ray microtomography) imaging techniques. The porosity maps provided by the 3H-PMMA method demonstrate that porosity and mineral distributions are clearly correlated. The local (~µm) and global (~cm) porosity depend mainly on clay mineral content, carbonates and quartz being unporous. Solute diffusion was modelled from actual 3-D mineral and porosity spatial distribution. Using this numerical approach, diffusion pathways were quantified according to the mineral distribution. The geometry factor was correlated to the fraction and the morphology of unporous mineral. A diffusion anisotropy due to the preferential orientation of carbonates and quartz was also underlined by this approach. In an experimental way, Cu2+ diffusion and mineral was visualised and quantify at mescoscopic scale from elemental mapping methods. These techniques provide various relationships between Copper distribution and mineralogy
Larive, Elodie. "Etude expérimentale des roches à très faible perméabilité par la mise en oeuvre d'un perméamètre de précision." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20070.
Full textMassat, Myriam. "Caractérisation de la microfissuration, de la perméabilité et de la diffusion d'un béton : application au stockage des déchets radioactifs." Toulouse, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAT0033.
Full textPoulain, Sébastien. "Caractérisation microbiologique de l'argile à Opalinus du Mont Terri et de l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse/Haute-Marne." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13281.
Full textJougnot, Damien. "Etude géophysique des phénomènes de transfert dans les argilites du callovo-oxfordien partiellement saturées en eau : application à l'EDZ du site de Bure." Chambéry, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720664.
Full textIn order to study the high activity long life radioactive waste storage, ANDRA has built an underground laboratory in the Callovo-Oxfordian clay-rocks at 500 meters deep. Gallery excavation in deep clay-rock formations induces an Excavated Damaged Zone (EDZ) characterized by hydro-mechanical perturbations evolving with time. We have used geo-electrical methods to study hydraulic, ionic, and thermal transfer phenomena in partially saturated clay-rocks: the spectral induced polarization and the streaming potential. We have developed mechanistic models to link geo-electrical results on samples to transport properties in partially saturated conditions: effective diffusion coefficient and thermal conductivity
Koffi, Kouadio. "Contribution à l'étude des processus couples hydrogéochimiques dans les stocks de déchets miniers : le cas du site de Carnoulès (Gard, France)." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20072.
Full textBoulin, Pierre. "Expérimentation et Modélisation du Transfert d'hydrogène à travers des argiles de centre de stockage de déchets radioactifs." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00331826.
Full textKister, Philippe. "Mobilité des éléments géochimiques dans un bassin sédimentaire clastique, du Protérozoi͏̈que à nos jours : le bassin Athabasca (Saskatchewan, Canada)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL062N.
Full textIn order to understand the mechanisms of migration and deposition of ore elements, it is essential to determine the timing, source, and destination of the geochemical element mass transfers and/or transportation on a scale encompassing the great sedimentary basins. The purpose of this study is to trace and to date the element migrations that occurred during the history of a Paleoproterozoic clastic sedimentary basin, the Athabasca Basin, which hosts the world's largest and richest uranium deposits. As this geological environment was proved to be efficient to preserve high grade ore deposits for over more than one billion years, it provides an opportunity to study some natural analogues of deep geological nuclear waste storage
Chapoulade, Elodie. "Optimisation de l'instrumentation pour le suivi et l'évaluation de l'état des alvéoles de strockage de déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC049.
Full textIn the Cigéo project for deep geological of radioactive waste, Andra wants to optimize the number of Vibrating Wire Extensometers (VWE) to follow the convergence tunnel (cells) cross-section built at 490 m depth. The answer to this problem is given in four chapters with (1) a state of the art on methods of damage detection, optimizations and inverse models, (2) the implementation of the numerical model, (3) the optimization methodology to estimate the horizontal stress or the deformed cell cross-section and finally (4) the results of the optimization. The numerical model allows creating a DataBase (DB) of potential strain according to the input parameters measured in situ. Uncertainties of the stiffness of the soil, the thickness variation of the coating and locations and intrinsic error of each sensor are considered. The genetic algorithm optimization methodology consists in determining the optimal number and location of the sensors allowing either to estimate the horizontal stress having generated strains measured by sensors, or build a probable deformation of the cell cross-section from the measured strains. The first method makes it possible to know the optimal location of VWE to detect strains linked to probable stresses. It is based on an inverse model. The second method is to ensure the reversibility of the storage (cell deformed allowing the withdrawal packages). It constructs a spline passing through the deformed values at the VWE locations. To estimate the horizontal stress, the best sensors placements are close to the kidneys. For the deformed estimation, sensors tend to be distributed on the cross-section periphery. Given the possibility of placing sensors in different orientations, the influence of this orientation gives preference to orthoradial VWEs while radial VWEs do not provide additional information
Gaillard, Sophie. "Implications de la thermodiffusion dans le problème de la stabilité hydrodynamique des fluides en milieu poreux." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1191.
Full textThis research involved experimental, analytical and numerical investigations to characterize the impact of thermal diffusion (mass transport under thermal gradient) on the hydrodynamic stability of fluids in porous media. The METIS code, which solves the mass and heat transport equation in porous medium, was extended to account for thermal diffusion transport in binary and ternary solutions (METSOR code). We verified the numerical results quality on experimental data and analytical results. An experimental program has provided the experimental data on the time evolution and distribution of the solute concentration at stationary state in a porous medium (zircon balls) saturated by binary or ternary solutions and operated under a downward vertical and horizontal thermal gradient. The METSOR outputs are in good agreement with the experimental data with the help of the thermal diffusion coefficient that characterize the solute transport and with the Fontainebleau benchmarking exercise. To investigate the hydrodynamic stability problem, we developed and used some analytical solutions. The Rayleigh numbers, which characterize the marginal state in pure thermal and thermal diffusion problems for binary solutions, are in good agreement. Exploratory modelling with the METSOR code showed that there was no significant change in the chemical composition pattern of the system due to the potential coupling between convection and thermal diffusion, as is the case with an horizontal thermal gradient (thermogravitational coupling). One of the applications of this research is the safety analysis of radioactive waste disposals geologic media for ANDRA
Perronnet, Murielle. "Réactivité des matériaux argileux dans un contexte de corrosion métallique : application au stockage des déchets radioactifs en site argileux." Phd thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2004_PERRONNET_M.pdf.
Full textLn order to confine radioactive wastes in deep settings, it is envisaged to use some natural clay materials and bentonites. Their stability when in contact with metallic iron, main component of the canisters, is studied. These studies show that the reactivity of such materials is mainly controlled by those of their dioctaedral smectites and kaolinites. On the contrary, the presence of sulfides stops the Fe(O)-clays reaction. The kind of reaction products depends on the quantity of available metallic iron. When pH is over 7, the Fe(O) is oxidized consecutive to a physical contact with the oxidant agents of the smectite (H+, OH- et Fe3+). This reaction is favored by the heterogeneities of the lateral surfaces of the smectite, which then describes a microenvironments in which some serpentines grow up if the iron supply is sufficient. Such new-crystallizations imply a decrease of the confinement properties of the clay barrier
Lefèvre, Grégory. "Mécanismes de sorption des ions iodure sur les oxydes et les sulfures de cuivre divisés : perspectives environnementales." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10257.
Full textDidot, Alexandre. "Corrosion sous contrainte des aciers non alliés dans les conditions du stockage géologique." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1787.
Full textThe aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), in the conditions of the nuclear waste storage in deep geological layer, on the carbon steels which are postpone for the construction of the lining and the canisters. References, regarding the SCC susceptibility of buried pipelines, show two types of SCC, trans- and intergranular, which are related to two potential - pH domains. Usually, transgranular SCC is attributed to hydrogen embrittlement mechanism and intergranular SCC to film rupture processes. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were performed in order to identify SCC susceptibility domains on samples extracted from prototypes representatives of the canisters. As SSRT tests overestimate the potential SCC susceptibility, a one year duration experiment was carried on to evaluate the materials resistance toward crack initiation under static loads representatives of residual stresses. SCC tests results did not allow us to exclude, as regards to the expected chemical conditions, intergranular SCC risks. Nevertheless, we observed delayed cracking caused by the poor quality of the selected steels which are far from the usual recommendations specified for buried pipelines. Thus, a dedicated experimental program, for this deep geological storage, is set up to assess carbon steel selection compliant with existing specifications
Doan, Phuong Hoai Linh. "Prise en compte économique du long terme dans les choix énergétiques relatifs à la gestion des déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED050/document.
Full textNowadays, the deep geological repository is generally considered as the reference solution for the definitive management of spent nuclear fuel/high-level waste, but different countries have decided different disposal deployment schedules. Via the economic calculation, we hope to offer some answers to the following question: In terms of disposal time management, how should the present generations, benefiting from the nuclear power generation, bear the costs of radioactive waste management, while taking into account future generations? This thesis proposes to analyze specifically the French decision in its context. We propose a set of tools to evaluate the Utility of the deep geological repository project according to the deployment schedule choices. Our thesis also studies the influence of disposal choices on the nuclear fuel cycle. Beyond, we also take into account the interactions between the deep geological repository, nuclear fleet and cycle choices which constitute a "complete system"
Limery, Anasthase. "Étude et réalisation d’un lidar Raman pour la détection d’hydrogène et de vapeur d’eau dans une alvéole de stockage de colis radioactifs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV005/document.
Full textThe CIGEO project, led by the ANDRA agency, aims at enabling future deep geological disposal of french nuclear waste packages. Those packages could be stored in hundred-meters long underground galleries, and may release hydrogen gas (H2), which is explosive at concentrations above 4% in the air. For safety concerns, it is important to ensure that H2 concentration remains well below the lower explosive limit. The objective of this thesis work, conducted at the ONERA agency, is to design and build a lidar which enable high-resolution (3 m) remote profiling of H2 concentration (0-4%) over hundreds of meters. Such a lidar could perform nonintrusive H2 detection and then prevent H2-related explosion risks. This lidar measures vibrational Raman scattering in the UV domain (355 – 420 nm). Its design takes into account the specific conditions expected in storage galleries. A highspeed and sensitive detection stage has been chosen, based on SiPM (Silicium Photomultiplier) technology in photon counting mode. Due to a spectral overlap between molecular hydrogen and water vapor Raman spectra, the need of a H2O measurement channel has been demonstrated. A three-channel spectral analyzer (H2, H2O and N2 used as reference) has been designed and implemented. Signal processing in real time has been developed to display H2 and H2O concentration profiles. This lidar has been tested in a reduced range scene (100 m) enabling hydrogen gas releases. Simultaneous measurements of concentration profiles of natural water vapor and hydrogen gas (0-2%) have been performed at 85 m with 1-meter and 1-minute resolution and a 600 ppm detectivity
Esnault, Loïc. "Réactivité géomicrobiologique des matériaux et minéraux ferrifères : impact sur la sureté d'un stockage de déchets radioactifs en milieux argileux." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10139/document.
Full textThis thesis sought to describe the dynamic concept of a viable and sustainable microbiological activity under deep geological disposal conditions and to assess its impact on containment properties and storage components. Thus, in this study, a model based on the bacterial ferric reduction was chosen for its sustainability criteria in the system and its ability to alter the materials in storage conditions. The main results of this work demonstrated the capability of the environment to stand the iron-reducing bacterial activity and the conditions of its development in the deep clay environments. The bio-availability of structural Fe (III) in clay minerals and iron oxides produced during the process of metal corrosion was clearly demonstrated. In this system, the corrosion appears to be a positive factor on bacterial activities by producing an energy source, hydrogen. The iron-reducing bacterial activities can lead to a resumption of metallic corrosion through the consumption of iron oxides in the passive film. The direct consequence would be a reduction of the lifetime of metal containers. In the case of ferric clay minerals, the consequences of such an activity are such that they can have an impact on the overall porous structure both in terms of chemical reactivity of the materials or physical behavior of the clayey barrier. One of the most significant results is the crystallization of new clay phases at very low temperatures, below 40°C, highlighting the influence of the anaerobic microbial activity in the mineralogical transformations of clay minerals. Furthermore, these experiments also allowed to visualize, for the first time, a mechanism of bacterial respiration at distance, this increases the field of the availability of essential elements as Fe3+ for bacterial growth in extreme environment. In conclusion, these results clearly showed the impact of the microbiological factor on the reactivity of clay and metal minerals, while relying on control parameters on bacterial activity. The relevance of taking into account these microbiological activities in the case of safety assessments of a repository is then established
Devoy, Jérôme. "Mécanismes de sorption des espèces du sélénium (sélénite et séléniate) sur des minéraux à base de cuivre." Nancy 1, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2001_0134_DEVOY.pdf.
Full textHuang, Jiao. "L'intégration des Services Écosystémiques et de la Multifonctionnalité pour la préservation des terres agricoles péri-urbaines : analyse multi-scalaire dans le cas de la région Ile-de-France." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0091.
Full textPeri-urban agriculture is in great challenge because of the pressure from urban extension or the expansion of natural and recreational spaces. Multifunctional Agriculture (MFA) and Ecosystem Services (ES) are two strategies that recognize and manage multiple services and disservices from agriculture beyond food and material production. MFA and ES are closely related and highly complementary. Each has advantages and also shortcomings. However, the two communities have limited interaction and exchange.The objective of the dissertation is to contribute to integrated approaches of MFA and ES for peri-urban agricultural research. It (i) develops an integrated framework of ES and MFA for peri-urban agriculture based upon a comparative review on agricultural research working on the two strategies and application in the Region of Ile-de-France, (ii) and also demonstrates how the integrated approach of MFA and ES works on concrete problems linked to peri-urban agriculture with two in-depth studies on management of abandoned farmlands and agricultural recycling of urban wastes in Ile-de-France Region, respectively. Multi-scale analyzes were carried out for the two in-depth studies.The integrated framework of ES and MFA for peri-urban agriculture distinguishes four categories of ES/function combinations: (i) includes provisioning ES and related functions.(ii) landscape amenity and cultural ES and related functions. (iii) agricultural recycling of urban wastes and the underpinning ES of waste breaking down and fertilization. (iv) environmental functions, which characterize the contributions of farmers to the maintaining of multiple regulating and supporting ES in agroecosystem and surrounding semi-natural habitats.The in-depth study about management of abandoned farmlands identifies that land abandonment in urban area is especially linked to the New Towns and the pole of Airport Charles-de-Gaulle. In rural area, the reason is usually linked to poor agronomical conditions. Perceptions of local actors of ES and disservices of abandoned farmlands differ with the geographical area and scale. The actors prefer a MFA strategy for the reuse of abandoned farmlands.The second in-depth study finds out that the production of sewage sludge spatially mismatches with the distribution of agricultural lands. Land application of sewage sludge is withdrawing from the peri-urban area in the western part of Ile-de-France. Contrarily, green waste compost is becoming popular. A framework concludes the multiscale influences on the supply-demand relationship regarding urban wastes, followed by a classification of seven categories of farmers.The integrated framework of ES and MFA, and the multi-scale approach for in-depth studies will be interesting for application in other conditions. Comparison between different countries will help to understand the differences and common points in ranking the importance of different functions and formulate efficient instruments for the preservation of peri-urban agriculture
Véran, Marie-Pierre. "Etude des transferts de l'241 Am en eau douce : application à l'écosystème rhodanien." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11083.
Full textChiarelli, Anne-Sophie. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation du comportement mécanique de l'argilité de l'Est : influence de la profondeur et de la teneur en eau." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-188.pdf.
Full textEnfin, on presente la maniere dont le modele est implante dans un code de calcul par elements finis. Les simulations des essais disponibles sont comparees aux resultats experimentaux. La confrontation des resultats numeriques avec les donnees experimentales des essais n'ayant pas ete utilises pour l'identification des parametres, doit permettre une premiere validation. Des calculs simulant l'excavation d'un tunnel sont realises afin d'etudier le comportement de la barriere geologique dans de telles conditions. Puis, afin d'etudier l'influence de la teneur en eau lors d'une telle sollicitation, des calculs ont ete effectues a partir des parametres relatifs a deux teneurs en eau differentes